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Bian X, Shao X. Advances in the study of gut microbes in pediatric epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2024; 157:109899. [PMID: 38885595 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2024.109899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Epilepsy a prevalent childhood neurological disorder, arises from chronic brain dysfunction caused by oversynchronized firing of neurons. Frequent seizures often lead to both physical and intellectual damage in children, seriously affecting their growth and development, life and health. Recent research studies have shown that the intestinal microbes in pediatric epilepsy is significantly different from that of healthy children, characterised by changes in the abundance of specific microbe communities and a reduction in diversity. These alterations may influence epileptic seizures through various pathways, including the microbiota-gut-brain axis by modulating neurotransmitters metabolism, affecting gut barrier function and immune responses, and directly impacting brain activity via the vagus nerves. This review highlights the alterations in gut microbes and their metabolites in epileptic children, analyzes their impact on seizures, and explores potential associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Bian
- Pediatrics, Shaoxing People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China; School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoli Shao
- Pediatrics, Shaoxing People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China.
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2
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Liu S, Xi H, Xue X, Sun X, Huang H, Fu D, Mi Y, He Y, Yang P, Tang Y, Zheng P. Clostridium butyricum regulates intestinal barrier function via trek1 to improve behavioral abnormalities in mice with autism spectrum disorder. Cell Biosci 2024; 14:95. [PMID: 39034406 PMCID: PMC11265103 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-024-01278-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that has been found to be associated with dysregulation of gastrointestinal functions and gut microbial homeostasis (the so-called "gut-brain axis"). ASD is often accompanied by poor performances in social interaction and repetitive behaviors. Studies on the gut-brain axis provide novel insights and candidate targets for ASD therapeutics and diagnosis. Based on the ASD mice model, this work aims to reveal the mechanisms behind the interaction of intestinal barrier function and probiotics in ASD mouse models. RESULTS We found an altered intestinal barrier in both BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) and valproic acid (VPA) mice, including increased intestinal permeability, decreased expression of intestinal tight junction proteins (claudin1, claudin3, and occludin), and increased levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. Based on intestinal microbial alternation, C. butyricum can drive reduced expression of histone deacetylases 1 (HDAC1) and enhanced intestinal barrier function, significantly promoting behavioral abnormalities of ASD in BTBR mice. In parallel, we confirmed that C. butyricum was involved in the regulation of intestinal function by the Trek1 channel, indicating that it is a target of C. butyricum/butyric acid to improve intestinal barrier function in ASD mice. CONCLUSIONS Our finding provides solid evidence for the gut microbiota involved in ASD through the brain-gut axis. In addition, the probiotics C. butyricum hold promise to improve gut health and ameliorate behavioral abnormalities associated with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeng Liu
- Marshall B. J. Medical Research Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
- Xiangyu Medical CO., LTD, Anyang, 456300, Henan, China.
| | - Huayuan Xi
- Marshall B. J. Medical Research Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xia Xue
- Marshall B. J. Medical Research Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Xiangdong Sun
- Marshall B. J. Medical Research Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Huang Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Dongjun Fu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yang Mi
- Marshall B. J. Medical Research Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yongzheng He
- Xiangyu Medical CO., LTD, Anyang, 456300, Henan, China
| | - Pingchang Yang
- Brain Body Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Youcai Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Pengyuan Zheng
- Marshall B. J. Medical Research Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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Ding C, Gai S, Ma Z, Yang L, Fu Z. The role of potassium ion channels in chronic sinusitis. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1431330. [PMID: 39015366 PMCID: PMC11249563 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1431330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic sinusitis is a common inflammatory disease of the nasal and sinus mucosa, leading to symptoms such as nasal congestion, runny nose, decreased sense of smell, and headache. It often recurs and seriously affects the quality of life of patients. However, its pathological and physiological mechanisms are not fully understood. In recent years, the role of potassium ion channels in the regulation of mucosal barrier function and inflammatory cell function has received increasing attention. In chronic sinusitis, there are often changes in the expression and function of potassium channels, leading to mucosal damage and a stronger inflammatory response. However, the related research is still in its early stages. This article will review the role of the potassium channel in the pathological and physiological changes of chronic sinusitis. The studies revealed that BK/TREK-1 potassium channel play a protective role in the nasal mucosal function through p38-MAPK pathway, and KCa3.1/Kv1.3 enhance the inflammatory response of Chronic rhinosinusitis by regulating immune cell function, intracellular Ca2+ signaling and ERK/MAPK/NF-κB pathway. Because ion channels are surface proteins of cell membranes, they are easier to intervene with drugs, and the results of these studies may provide new effective targets for the prevention and treatment of chronic sinusitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhui Ding
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Senxi Gai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lizhuo Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Zhijie Fu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
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Min J, Zheng H, Xia H, Tian X, Liang M, Zhang J, Huang W. Ruxolitinib attenuates microglial inflammatory response by inhibiting NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 968:176403. [PMID: 38354846 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is involved in the physiological and pathological processes of numerous neurological diseases, and its inhibition seems to be a promising therapeutic direction for these diseases. Ruxolitinib is a classical Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor that is oral, highly potent and bioavailable, which has recently gained approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. The potential inhibitory effect of ruxolitinib on neuroinflammation has not been fully studied. In the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced neuroinflammatory cell model, we observed that ruxolitinib reduced the levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression, and neuroinflammation by inhibiting the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase/Nuclear factor-κ B (MAPK/NF-κB) signaling pathway. Similarly, mice injected intracerebroventricular with ruxolitinib exhibited significantly reduced LPS-stimulated activation of microglia and astrocytes, and expression of proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6. These results demonstrate that ruxolitinib attenuates the neuroinflammatory responses both in vivo and in vitro, at least in part by inhibiting MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway. Our findings suggest that ruxolitinib may serve as a potential drug for the treatment of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingli Min
- Affiliated Yongkang First People's Hospital and School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongmei Zheng
- Affiliated Yongkang First People's Hospital and School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Heye Xia
- Affiliated Yongkang First People's Hospital and School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuejun Tian
- Affiliated Yongkang First People's Hospital and School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meihao Liang
- Affiliated Yongkang First People's Hospital and School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Affiliated Yongkang First People's Hospital and School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Wenhai Huang
- Affiliated Yongkang First People's Hospital and School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China.
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5
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Nelke C, Müntefering T, Cengiz D, Theissen L, Dobelmann V, Schroeter CB, Block H, Preuße C, Michels APE, Lichtenberg S, Pawlitzki M, Pfeuffer S, Huntemann N, Zarbock A, Briese T, Kittl C, Dittmayer C, Budde T, Lundberg IE, Stenzel W, Meuth SG, Ruck T. K 2P2.1 is a regulator of inflammatory cell responses in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. J Autoimmun 2024; 142:103136. [PMID: 37935063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2023.103136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
K2P2.1 (TREK1), a two-pore domain potassium channel, has emerged as regulator of leukocyte transmigration into the central nervous system. In the context of skeletal muscle, immune cell infiltration constitutes the pathogenic hallmark of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs). However, the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated the role of K2P2.1 in the autoimmune response of IIMs. We detected K2P2.1 expression in primary skeletal muscle and endothelial cells of murine and human origin. We observed an increased pro-inflammatory cell response, adhesion and transmigration by pharmacological blockade or genetic deletion of K2P2.1 in vitro and in in vivo myositis mouse models. Of note, our findings were not restricted to endothelial cells as skeletal muscle cells with impaired K2P2.1 function also demonstrated a strong pro-inflammatory response. Conversely, these features were abrogated by activation of K2P2.1 and improved the disease course of a myositis mouse model. In humans, K2P2.1 expression was diminished in IIM patients compared to non-diseased controls arguing for the translatability of our findings. In summary, K2P2.1 may regulate the inflammatory response of skeletal muscle. Further research is required to understand whether K2P2.1 could serve as novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Nelke
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Müntefering
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Derya Cengiz
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Neuropathology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lukas Theissen
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Vera Dobelmann
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Christina B Schroeter
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Helena Block
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Corinna Preuße
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Neuropathology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander P E Michels
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefanie Lichtenberg
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Marc Pawlitzki
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Niklas Huntemann
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Zarbock
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Thorben Briese
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Westphalian Wilhelms University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Christoph Kittl
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Westphalian Wilhelms University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Carsten Dittmayer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Neuropathology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Budde
- Institute of Physiology I, University of Muenster, Germany
| | - Ingrid E Lundberg
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Solna (MedS), K2, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Werner Stenzel
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Neuropathology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Tobias Ruck
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany.
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Zhao X, Wu H, Zhu R, Shang G, Wei J, Shang H, Tian P, Chen T, Wei H. Combination of thalidomide and Clostridium butyricum relieves chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting via gut microbiota and vagus nerve activity modulation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1220165. [PMID: 37426650 PMCID: PMC10327820 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1220165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nausea and vomiting (CINV) are distressful and widespread side effects of chemotherapy, and additional efficient regimens to alleviate CINV are urgently needed. In the present study, colorectal cancer (CRC) mice model induced by Azoxymethane (AOM)/Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS) was employed to evaluate the cancer suppression and CINV amelioration effect of the combination of thalidomide (THD) and Clostridium butyricum. Our results suggested that the combination of THD and C. butyricum abundantly enhanced the anticancer effect of cisplatin via activating the caspase-3 apoptosis pathway, and also ameliorated CINV via inhibiting the neurotransmitter (e.g., 5-HT and tachykinin 1) and its receptor (e.g., 5-HT3R and NK-1R) in brain and colon. Additionally, the combination of THD and C. butyricum reversed the gut dysbacteriosis in CRC mice by increasing the abundance of Clostridium, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Ruminococcus at the genus level, and also led to increased expression of occludin and Trek1 in the colon, while decreased expression of TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB, and HDAC1, as well as the mRNA level of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α. In all, these results suggest that the combination of THD and C. butyricum had good efficacy in enhancing cancer treatments and ameliorating CINV, which thus provides a more effective strategy for the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanqi Zhao
- Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Heng Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ruizhe Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | | | - Jing Wei
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Haitao Shang
- Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Puyuan Tian
- Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingtao Chen
- Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hong Wei
- Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Wu XB, Wang J, Tang Y, Jiang J, Li XM. Altered intestinal microbiota in children with bronchiolitis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1197092. [PMID: 37389334 PMCID: PMC10306280 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1197092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the correlation between the alteration of intestinal microbiota and disease in children with bronchiolitis. Methods Fifty seven children diagnosed with bronchiolitis from January 2020 to January 2022 in our pediatric department were included as the case group, and another 36 normal children were included as the control group. Stool and blood were collected from both groups for high-throughput sequencing, untargeted metabolite detection and ELISA. A mouse model of RSV infection was established to validate the results of clinical case detection. Results Body weight, passive smoking, and a host of other factors were possible as acute bronchiolitis influencing factors in the onset of acute bronchiolitis. The alpha diversity Shannon, Simpson and Pielou's evenness indices were significantly lower in children with acute bronchiolitis than in healthy children with gated levels of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and genus levels of Clostridium and other short chain fatty acid-producing bacteria. The relative abundance of short-chain fatty acid (SCFAs)-producing bacteria decreased and the abundance of genus-level sphingolipid-producing bacteria Sphingomonas increased; the progression of acute bronchiolitis is likely to be associated with the abundance of Clostridium and Sphingomonas and higher fecal amino acid concentrations, including FF-MAS, L-aspartic acid, thioinosinic acid, picolinic acid; supplementation with Clostridium butyricum significantly alleviated RSV infection-induced lung inflammation. Conclusion The progression of bronchiolitis may be associated with altered intestinal microbiota, decreased SCFAs and elevated sphingolipids metabolism in children. Some fecal bacteria and metabolites may predict the onset of bronchiolitis, and oral administration of Clostridium butyricum may alleviate RSV infection-induced pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-bin Wu
- Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing, China
- Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing, China
- Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Tang
- Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing, China
- Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing, China
- Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue-mei Li
- Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing, China
- Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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8
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Update on the Pathogenesis of the Hirschsprung-Associated Enterocolitis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054602. [PMID: 36902033 PMCID: PMC10003052 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the significant progress that has been made in terms of understanding the pathophysiology and risk factors of Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis (HAEC), the morbidity rate has remained unsatisfactorily stable, and clinical management of the condition continues to be challenging. Therefore, in the present literature review, we summarized the up-to-date advances that have been made regarding basic research on the pathogenesis of HAEC. Original articles published between August 2013 and October 2022 were searched in a number of databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. The keywords "Hirschsprung enterocolitis", "Hirschsprung's enterocolitis", "Hirschsprung's-associated enterocolitis", and "Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis" were selected and reviewed. A total of 50 eligible articles were obtained. The latest findings of these research articles were grouped into gene, microbiome, barrier function, enteric nervous system, and immune state categories. The present review concludes that HAEC is shown to be a multifactorial clinical syndrome. Only deep insights into this syndrome, with an accrual of knowledge in terms of understanding its pathogenesis, will elicit the necessary changes that are required for managing this disease.
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9
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Feng J, Xie Z, Hu H. Ion channel regulation of gut immunity. J Gen Physiol 2022; 155:213734. [PMID: 36459135 PMCID: PMC9723512 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202113042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence indicates that gastrointestinal (GI) homeostasis hinges on communications among many cellular networks including the intestinal epithelium, the immune system, and both intrinsic and extrinsic nerves innervating the gut. The GI tract, especially the colon, is the home base for gut microbiome which dynamically regulates immune function. The gut's immune system also provides an effective defense against harmful pathogens entering the GI tract while maintaining immune homeostasis to avoid exaggerated immune reaction to innocuous food and commensal antigens which are important causes of inflammatory disorders such as coeliac disease and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Various ion channels have been detected in multiple cell types throughout the GI tract. By regulating membrane properties and intracellular biochemical signaling, ion channels play a critical role in synchronized signaling among diverse cellular components in the gut that orchestrates the GI immune response. This work focuses on the role of ion channels in immune cells, non-immune resident cells, and neuroimmune interactions in the gut at the steady state and pathological conditions. Understanding the cellular and molecular basis of ion channel signaling in these immune-related pathways and initial testing of pharmacological intervention will facilitate the development of ion channel-based therapeutic approaches for the treatment of intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO,Center for Neurological and Psychiatric Research and Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China,Correspondence to Jing Feng:
| | - Zili Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Hongzhen Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO,Hongzhen Hu:
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10
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Wang Y, Wang H. The emerging role of histone deacetylase 1 in allergic diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1027403. [PMID: 36311721 PMCID: PMC9597694 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1027403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) is a unique member of the classes I HDACs and helps to regulate acute and chronic adaptation to environmental stimuli such as allergen, stress. Allergic diseases are complex diseases resulting from the effect of multiple genetic and interacting foreign substances. Epigenetics play an important role in both pathological and immunomodulatory conditions of allergic diseases. To be consistent with this role, recent evidence strongly suggests that histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) plays a critical role in allergic response. HDAC1 expression is stimulated by allergen and attributes to increase T helper 2 (Th2) cytokine levels, decrease Th1/Th17 cells and anti-inflammatory cytokine Interleukin-10 (IL-10), and TWIK-related potassium channel-1 (Trek-1) expression. This review focuses on the contribution of HDAC1 and the regulatory role in characterizing allergic endotypes with common molecular pathways and understanding allergic multimorbidity relationships, as well as addressing their potential as therapeutic targets for these conditions.
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11
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Rahman S, Ghiboub M, Donkers JM, van de Steeg E, van Tol EAF, Hakvoort TBM, de Jonge WJ. The Progress of Intestinal Epithelial Models from Cell Lines to Gut-On-Chip. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413472. [PMID: 34948271 PMCID: PMC8709104 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past years, several preclinical in vitro and ex vivo models have been developed that helped to understand some of the critical aspects of intestinal functions in health and disease such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the translation to the human in vivo situation remains problematic. The main reason for this is that these approaches fail to fully reflect the multifactorial and complex in vivo environment (e.g., including microbiota, nutrition, and immune response) in the gut system. Although conventional models such as cell lines, Ussing chamber, and the everted sac are still used, increasingly more sophisticated intestinal models have been developed over the past years including organoids, InTESTine™ and microfluidic gut-on-chip. In this review, we gathered the most recent insights on the setup, advantages, limitations, and future perspectives of most frequently used in vitro and ex vivo models to study intestinal physiology and functions in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafaque Rahman
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.R.); (M.G.); (T.B.M.H.)
| | - Mohammed Ghiboub
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.R.); (M.G.); (T.B.M.H.)
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Emma Children’s Hospital, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joanne M. Donkers
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands; (J.M.D.); (E.v.d.S.); (E.A.F.v.T.)
| | - Evita van de Steeg
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands; (J.M.D.); (E.v.d.S.); (E.A.F.v.T.)
| | - Eric A. F. van Tol
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands; (J.M.D.); (E.v.d.S.); (E.A.F.v.T.)
| | - Theodorus B. M. Hakvoort
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.R.); (M.G.); (T.B.M.H.)
| | - Wouter J. de Jonge
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.R.); (M.G.); (T.B.M.H.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
- Correspondence:
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12
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Lengyel M, Enyedi P, Czirják G. Negative Influence by the Force: Mechanically Induced Hyperpolarization via K 2P Background Potassium Channels. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22169062. [PMID: 34445768 PMCID: PMC8396510 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The two-pore domain K2P subunits form background (leak) potassium channels, which are characterized by constitutive, although not necessarily constant activity, at all membrane potential values. Among the fifteen pore-forming K2P subunits encoded by the KCNK genes, the three members of the TREK subfamily, TREK-1, TREK-2, and TRAAK are mechanosensitive ion channels. Mechanically induced opening of these channels generally results in outward K+ current under physiological conditions, with consequent hyperpolarization and inhibition of membrane potential-dependent cellular functions. In the past decade, great advances have been made in the investigation of the molecular determinants of mechanosensation, and members of the TREK subfamily have emerged among the best-understood examples of mammalian ion channels directly influenced by the tension of the phospholipid bilayer. In parallel, the crucial contribution of mechano-gated TREK channels to the regulation of membrane potential in several cell types has been reported. In this review, we summarize the general principles underlying the mechanical activation of K2P channels, and focus on the physiological roles of mechanically induced hyperpolarization.
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13
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Zhu W, Wang J, Zhao N, Zheng R, Wang D, Liu W, Liu B. Oral administration of Clostridium butyricum rescues streptomycin-exacerbated respiratory syncytial virus-induced lung inflammation in mice. Virulence 2021; 12:2133-2148. [PMID: 34384038 PMCID: PMC8366546 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1962137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in the intestinal microbiota indirectly impact the health of mucosa distal to the intestine, particularly the respiratory tract. However, the effects of intestinal microbiota dysbiosis on the regulation of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection are not clear. In this study, we examined the effects of altering the intestinal microbiota on the pulmonary immune response against RSV infection. BALB/c mice were treated with streptomycin before infection with RSV to study the altered immune response. The ingestion of streptomycin led to a marked alteration in the intestinal microbiota with a reduced abundance of Lactobacillus and Clostridium genera, followed by greatly aggravated pulmonary inflammation in response to RSV infection. This aggravated inflammation was associated with a dysregulated immune response against RSV infection, characterized by the increased expression of IFN-γ and IL-17 and increased pulmonary M1-like macrophage polarization, and decreased expression of IL-5. Supplementation of Clostridium butyricum (CB) prevented aggravated inflammation and the dysregulated immune response characterized by greater M2 polarization of pulmonary macrophages and decreased release of IFN-γ and IL-17 as well as increased IL-5 levels. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo experiments identified that butyrate, the main metabolite produced by CB, promoted M2 polarization of macrophages in RSV-infected mice exposed to streptomycin. Together, these results demonstrate the mechanism by which intestinal microbiota modulate the pulmonary immune response to RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Zhu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Rui Zheng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dalu Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Beixing Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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14
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Settanni CR, Bibbò S, Ianiro G, Rinninella E, Cintoni M, Mele MC, Cammarota G, Gasbarrini A. Gastrointestinal involvement of autism spectrum disorder: focus on gut microbiota. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 15:599-622. [PMID: 33356668 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2021.1869938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder typical of early age, characterized by impaired communication, social interaction, and repetitive behaviors. ASD patients frequently suffer from gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. Neuro-psychological functions, intestinal homeostasis, and functional GI disturbances are modulated by the gut microbiota through the so-called 'microbiota-gut-brain axis'. AREAS COVERED Literature regarding GI symptoms among the ASD community as well as the involvement and modulation of the gut microbiota in GI disturbances of ASD patients was searched. Constipation, diarrhea, reflux, abdominal bloating, pain, and discomfort are reported with variable prevalence. ASD is characterized by a reduction of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, of the abundance of Bacteroidetes and other imbalances. ASD patients with GI symptoms present microbial changes with plausible relation with deficiency of digestive enzymes, carbohydrate malabsorption, selective eating, bacterial toxins, serotonin metabolism, and inflammation. The strategies to mitigate the GI distress through the gut microbiota modulation comprise antimicrobials, probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and dietary intervention. EXPERT OPINION The modulation of the gut microbiota in ASD individuals with GI disturbances seems a promising target for the future medicine. A standardization of the research strategies for large-scale studies together with a focus on poorly explored fields is necessary to strengthen this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Romano Settanni
- Dipartimento di Scienze mediche e chirurgiche, Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Bibbò
- Dipartimento di Scienze mediche e chirurgiche, Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ianiro
- Dipartimento di Scienze mediche e chirurgiche, Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Rinninella
- UOC Di Nutrizione Clinica, Dipartimento Di Scienze Gastroenterologiche, Endocrino-Metaboliche E Nefro-Urologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Italy
| | - Marco Cintoni
- Scuola Di Specializzazione in Scienza dell'Alimentazione, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Mele
- UOC Di Nutrizione Clinica, Dipartimento Di Scienze Gastroenterologiche, Endocrino-Metaboliche E Nefro-Urologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cammarota
- Dipartimento di Scienze mediche e chirurgiche, Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.,Istituto Di Patologia Speciale Medica, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Dipartimento di Scienze mediche e chirurgiche, Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.,Istituto Di Patologia Speciale Medica, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Italy
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15
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Gerbeth L, Glauben R. Histone Deacetylases in the Inflamed Intestinal Epithelium-Promises of New Therapeutic Strategies. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:655956. [PMID: 33842512 PMCID: PMC8032862 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.655956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is a complex, dynamic barrier that separates luminal contents from the immune compartment while mediating nutrient absorption and controlled passage of antigens to convey oral tolerance. A compromised epithelial barrier often leads to inflammation because immune cells in the lamina propria come into direct contact with luminal antigens. Defects in epithelial cell function were also shown to be involved in the etiology of inflammatory bowel diseases. These are severe, chronically relapsing inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract that also increase the risk of developing colorectal cancer. Despite major efforts of the scientific community, the precise causes and drivers of these conditions still remain largely obscured impeding the development of a permanent cure. Current therapeutic approaches mostly focus on alleviating symptoms by targeting immune cell signaling. The protein family of histone deacetylases (HDACs) has gained increasing attention over the last years, as HDAC inhibitors were shown to be potent tumor cell suppressors and also alleviate morbid inflammatory responses. Recent research continuously identifies new roles for specific HDACs suggesting that HDACs influence the cell signaling network from many different angles. This makes HDACs very interesting targets for therapeutic approaches but predicting effects after system manipulations can be difficult. In this review, we want to provide a comprehensive overview of current knowledge about the individual roles of HDACs in the intestinal epithelium to evaluate their therapeutic potential for inflammatory conditions of the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Gerbeth
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Glauben
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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16
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Cosme D, Estevinho MM, Rieder F, Magro F. Potassium channels in intestinal epithelial cells and their pharmacological modulation: a systematic review. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 320:C520-C546. [PMID: 33326312 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00393.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several potassium channels (KCs) have been described throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Notwithstanding, their contribution to both physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions, as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), remains underexplored. Therefore, we aim to systematically review, for the first time, the evidence on the characteristics and modulation of KCs in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched to identify studies focusing on KCs and their modulation in IECs. The included studies were assessed using a reporting inclusiveness checklist. From the 745 identified records, 73 met the inclusion criteria; their reporting inclusiveness was moderate-high. Some studies described the physiological role of KCs, while others explored their importance in pathological settings. Globally, in IBD animal models, apical KCa1.1 channels, responsible for luminal secretion, were upregulated. In human colonocytes, basolateral KCa3.1 channels were downregulated. The pharmacological inhibition of K2P and Kv influenced intestinal barrier function, promoting inflammation. Evidence suggests a strong association between KCs expression and secretory mechanisms in human and animal IECs. Further research is warranted to explore the usefulness of KC pharmacological modulation as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Cosme
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,MedInUP, Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Manuela Estevinho
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Gastroenterology, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Florian Rieder
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases, and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Fernando Magro
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,MedInUP, Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Gastroenterology, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
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Abstract
Many studies highlighted that a bidirectional communication between the gut and the central nervous system (CNS) exists. A vigorous immune response to antigens must be avoided, and pathogenic organisms crossing the gut barrier must be detected and killed. For this reason, the immune system developed fine mechanisms able to maintain this delicate balance. The microbiota is beneficial to its host, providing protection against pathogenic bacteria. It is intimately involved in numerous aspects of host physiology, from nutritional status to behavior and stress response. In the last few years, the implication of the gut microbiota and its bioactive microbiota-derived molecules in the progression of multiple diseases, as well as in the development of neurodegenerative disorders, gained increasing attention. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the gut microbiota with particular attention toward neurological disorders and mast cells. Relevant roles are played by the mast cells in neuroimmune communication, such as sensors and effectors of cytokines and neurotransmitters. In this context, the intake of beneficial bacterial strains as probiotics could represent a valuable therapeutic approach to adopt in combination with classical therapies. Further studies need to be performed to understand if the gut bacteria are responsible for neurological disorders or if neurological disorders influence the bacterial profile.
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18
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Traina G. Mast Cells in Gut and Brain and Their Potential Role as an Emerging Therapeutic Target for Neural Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:345. [PMID: 31417365 PMCID: PMC6682652 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mast cells (MCs) are the leader cells of inflammation. They are well known for their involvement on allergic reactions through degranulation and release of vasoactive, inflammatory, and nociceptive mediators. Upon encountering potential danger signal, MCs are true sensors of the environment, the first to respond in rapid and selective manner. The MC activates the algic response and modulates the evolution of nociceptive pain, typical of acute inflammation, to neuropathic pain, typical not only of chronic inflammation but also of the dysregulation of the pain system. Yet, MC may contribute to modulate intensity of the associated depressive and anxiogenic component on the neuronal and microglial biological front. Chronic inflammation is a common mediator of these co-morbidities. In parallel to the removal of the etiological factors of tissue damage, the modulation of MC hyperactivity and the reduction of the release of inflammatory factors may constitute a new frontier of pharmacological intervention aimed at preventing the chronicity of inflammation, the evolution of pain, and also the worsening of the depression and anxiogenic state associated with it. So, identifying specific molecules able to modify MC activity may be an important therapeutic tool. Various preclinical evidences suggest that the intestinal microbiota contributes substantially to mood and behavioral disorders. In humans, conditions of the microbiota have been linked to stress, anxiety, depression, and pain. MC is likely the crucial neuroimmune connecting between these components. In this review, the involvement of MCs in pain, stress, and depression is reviewed. We focus on the MC as target that may be mediating stress and mood disorders via microbiota-gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Traina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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19
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[Correlation between gut microbiota and behavior symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2019; 21. [PMID: 31315765 PMCID: PMC7389106 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the composition of gut microbiota and its correlation with the severity of behavior symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). METHODS A total of 30 children with ASD were enrolled as the ASD group, and 20 healthy children matched for age and sex were enrolled as the healthy control group. Related clinical data were analyzed. The V3-V4 hypervariable regions of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene in fecal samples were sequenced. The severity of behavior symptoms in children with ASD was assessed using the autism behavior checklist. The Spearman's correlation analysis was used to investigate the correlation between gut microbiota and the severity of behavior symptoms in children with ASD. RESULTS There was a significant difference in the composition of gut microbiota between the two groups. Compared with the healthy control group, the ASD group had significant reductions in Shannon index and Shannoneven index (P<0.05), as well as a significant reduction in the percentage of Firmicutes and a significant increase in the percentage of Acidobacteria in feces (P<0.05). In the ASD group, the dominant bacteria were Megamonas, Megasphaera, and Barnesiella, while in the healthy control group, the dominant bacteria were Eubacterium_rectale_group, Ezakiella, and Streptococcus. In the children with ASD, the abundance of Megamonas was positively correlated with the scores of health/physical/behavior and language communication (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The development of ASD and the severity of behavior symptoms are closely associated with the composition of gut microbiota.
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20
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Liu S, Li E, Sun Z, Fu D, Duan G, Jiang M, Yu Y, Mei L, Yang P, Tang Y, Zheng P. Altered gut microbiota and short chain fatty acids in Chinese children with autism spectrum disorder. Sci Rep 2019; 9:287. [PMID: 30670726 PMCID: PMC6342986 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36430-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterized by impairments in social interactions and communication, restricted interests and repetitive behaviors. Several studies report a high prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in autistic individuals. Cumulative evidence reveals that the gut microbiota and its metabolites (especially short-chain fatty acids, SCFAs) play an important role in GI disorders and the pathogenesis of ASD. However, the composition of the gut microbiota and its association with fecal SCFAs and GI symptoms of autistic children remain largely unknown. In the present study, we sequenced the bacterial 16S rRNA gene, detected fecal SCFAs, assessed GI symptoms and analyzed the relationship between the gut microbiome and fecal SCFAs in autistic and neurotypical individuals. The results showed that the compositions of the gut microbiota and SCFAs were altered in ASD individuals. We found lower levels of fecal acetic acid and butyrate and a higher level of fecal valeric acid in ASD subjects. We identified decreased abundances of key butyrate-producing taxa (Ruminococcaceae, Eubacterium, Lachnospiraceae and Erysipelotrichaceae) and an increased abundance of valeric acid associated bacteria (Acidobacteria) among autistic individuals. Constipation was the only GI disorder in ASD children in the present study. We also found enriched Fusobacterium, Barnesiella, Coprobacter and valeric acid-associated bacteria (Actinomycetaceae) and reduced butyrate-producing taxa in constipated autistic subjects. It is suggested that the gut microbiota contributes to fecal SCFAs and constipation in autism. Modulating the gut microbiota, especially butyrate-producing bacteria, could be a promising strategy in the search for alternatives for the treatment of autism spectrum disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeng Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Enyao Li
- Department of Children Rehabilitation Medicine, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Zhenyu Sun
- Department of Children Rehabilitation Medicine, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Dongjun Fu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Guiqin Duan
- Center of Children Psychology and Behavior, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Miaomiao Jiang
- Department of Children Rehabilitation Medicine, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yong Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Lu Mei
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Pingchang Yang
- Brain Body Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Youcai Tang
- Department of Children Rehabilitation Medicine, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China. .,Department of Pediatrics, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Pengyuan Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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21
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Ponce de León-Rodríguez MDC, Guyot JP, Laurent-Babot C. Intestinal in vitro cell culture models and their potential to study the effect of food components on intestinal inflammation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:3648-3666. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1506734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-Pierre Guyot
- NUTRIPASS—University of Montpellier, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
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22
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Role of TWIK-related potassium channel-1 in chronic rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 141:1124-1127.e6. [PMID: 29103993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Zheng L, Kelly CJ, Battista KD, Schaefer R, Lanis JM, Alexeev EE, Wang RX, Onyiah JC, Kominsky DJ, Colgan SP. Microbial-Derived Butyrate Promotes Epithelial Barrier Function through IL-10 Receptor-Dependent Repression of Claudin-2. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 199:2976-2984. [PMID: 28893958 PMCID: PMC5636678 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Commensal interactions between the enteric microbiota and distal intestine play important roles in regulating human health. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as butyrate, produced through anaerobic microbial metabolism represent a major energy source for the host colonic epithelium and enhance epithelial barrier function through unclear mechanisms. Separate studies revealed that the epithelial anti-inflammatory IL-10 receptor α subunit (IL-10RA) is also important for barrier formation. Based on these findings, we examined if SCFAs promote epithelial barrier through IL-10RA-dependent mechanisms. Using human intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), we discovered that SCFAs, particularly butyrate, enhanced IEC barrier formation, induced IL-10RA mRNA, IL-10RA protein, and transactivation through activated Stat3 and HDAC inhibition. Loss and gain of IL-10RA expression directly correlates with IEC barrier formation and butyrate represses permeability-promoting claudin-2 tight-junction protein expression through an IL-10RA-dependent mechanism. Our findings provide a novel mechanism by which microbial-derived butyrate promotes barrier through IL-10RA-dependent repression of claudin-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Zheng
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Caleb J Kelly
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Kayla D Battista
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Rachel Schaefer
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Jordi M Lanis
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Erica E Alexeev
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Ruth X Wang
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Joseph C Onyiah
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Douglas J Kominsky
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717; and
| | - Sean P Colgan
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045;
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
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24
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Ren YJ, Zhang L, Bai T, Yu HL, Li Y, Qian W, Jin S, Xiong ZF, Wang H, Hou XH. Transfer of CD11c+ lamina propria mononuclear phagocytes from post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome causes mucosal barrier dysfunction and visceral hypersensitivity in recipient mice. Int J Mol Med 2017; 39:1555-1563. [PMID: 28440501 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of low-grade inflammation in the development of post‑infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI‑IBS) has attracted increasing attention. Abnormal CD11c+ mononuclear phagocytes, such as dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, and monocytes, are involved in the disruption of immune tolerance in organisms, which can lead to the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. The present study tested the hypothesis that CD11c+ lamina propria mononuclear phagocytes (CD11c+ LPMPs) contribute to increased mucosal permeability and visceral hypersensitivity in a PI‑IBS mouse model. CD11c+ LPMPs were isolated and purified via the digestion of intestinal tissues and magnetic‑activated cell sorting. We detected increased mucosal permeability, visceral hypersensitivity and intestinal inflammation during both the acute and chronic stages of Trichinella infection. Following the transfer of CD11c+ LPMPs from PI‑IBS mice into normal mice, low‑grade inflammation was detected, as demonstrated by increased IL‑4 expression in the ileum, as well as enhanced mucosal permeability, as indicated by decreased transepithelial electrical resistance and the pre-sence of ultrastructural alterations. More importantly, the mice that underwent adoptive transfer of CD11c+ LPMPs from the PI‑IBS mice also exhibited increased abdominal withdrawal reflex scores and a decreased threshold. Our data demonstrated that the CD11c+ LPMPs from this PI‑IBS mouse model were not only able to transfer enteric inflammation to the normal mice but also caused abnormal intestinal function, characterized by epithelial barrier disruption and visceral hyperalgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jun Ren
- Division of Gastroenterology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430077, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Tao Bai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Lu Yu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430077, P.R. China
| | - Ying Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Wei Qian
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Si Jin
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430077, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Fan Xiong
- Division of Gastroenterology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430077, P.R. China
| | - Huan Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Hua Hou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
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Liu J, Chen FH, Qiu SQ, Yang LT, Zhang HP, Liu JQ, Geng XR, Yang G, Liu ZQ, Li J, Liu ZG, Li HB, Yang PC. Probiotics enhance the effect of allergy immunotherapy on regulating antigen specific B cell activity in asthma patients. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:5256-5270. [PMID: 28078000 PMCID: PMC5209480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Immune regulatory system dysfunction plays a role in the pathogenesis of asthma. The therapeutic effect of allergic asthma is to be improved. The immune regulatory function of probiotics has been recognized. This study tests a hypothesis that Clostridium butyricum (CB) enhances the effect of allergen specific immunotherapy (AIT) on asthma. In this study patients with allergic asthma were treated with AIT or/and CB for six months. The therapeutic effect and IgE production of the patients were observed. The results showed that administration with AIT alone alleviated the asthma symptoms; but the serum levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13 and specific IgE were not altered, which was markedly improved by the administration with CB plus AIT. Such effects were maintained only for two months in the patients treated with AIT alone; but maintained more than 12 months in those patients treated with both AIT and CB. CB facilitated AIT to induce IL-10+ B cells (B10 cells) in asthma patients. AIT/CB therapy converted antigen specific B cells to antigen specific regulatory B cells. Butyrate modulated the gene transcription of IgE and IL-10 in the allergen specific B cells. In conclusion, administration of CB can enhance the therapeutic effect of AIT in the treatment of allergic asthma via facilitating generation of B10 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Shenzhen Maternity & Child Health HospitalShenzhen 518052, China
- The Center of Allergy & Immunology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518060, China
| | - Feng-hong Chen
- The Center of Allergy & Immunology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518060, China
- Allergy Center, Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shu-Qi Qiu
- The Center of Allergy & Immunology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518060, China
- Shenzhen ENT Institute and The Affiliated ENT Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518116, China
| | - Li-Tao Yang
- Shenzhen ENT Institute and The Affiliated ENT Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518116, China
- Brain Body Institute and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster UniversityHamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Huan-Ping Zhang
- Shenzhen ENT Institute and The Affiliated ENT Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518116, China
- Department of Respirology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuan 030001, China
| | - Jiang-Qi Liu
- Shenzhen ENT Institute and The Affiliated ENT Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518116, China
- Brain Body Institute and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster UniversityHamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Xiao-Rui Geng
- Shenzhen ENT Institute and The Affiliated ENT Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518116, China
- Brain Body Institute and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster UniversityHamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Gui Yang
- Shenzhen ENT Institute and The Affiliated ENT Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518116, China
- Brain Body Institute and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster UniversityHamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- Shenzhen ENT Institute and The Affiliated ENT Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518116, China
- Brain Body Institute and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster UniversityHamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510120, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Liu
- The Center of Allergy & Immunology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518060, China
| | - Hua-Bin Li
- Allergy Center, Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ping-Chang Yang
- The Center of Allergy & Immunology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518060, China
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Tomuschat C, O'Donnell AM, Coyle D, Dreher N, Kelly D, Puri P. Altered expression of a two-pore domain (K2P) mechano-gated potassium channel TREK-1 in Hirschsprung's disease. Pediatr Res 2016; 80:729-733. [PMID: 27384506 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2016.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathophysiology of Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) is not fully understood. A significant proportion of patients have persisting bowel symptoms such as constipation, soiling, and enterocolitis despite correctly performed operations. Animal data suggest that stretch-activated 2-pore domain K+ channels play a critical role in the maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity. METHODS We investigated TREK-1 protein expression in ganglionic and aganglionic regions of HSCR patients (n = 10) vs. normal control colon (n = 10). Protein distribution was assessed by using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. Gene and protein expression were quantified using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot analysis, and densitometry. RESULTS Confocal microscopy of the normal colon revealed strong TREK-1 channel expression in the epithelium. TREK-1-positive cells were decreased in aganglionic and ganglionic bowel compared to controls. TREK-1 gene expression levels were significantly decreased in aganglionic and ganglionic bowel compared to controls (P < 0.05). Western blotting revealed decreased TREK-1 protein expression in aganglionic and ganglionic bowel compared to controls. CONCLUSION We demonstrate, for the first time, the expression and distribution of TREK-1 channels in the human colon. The decreased TREK-1 expression in the aganglionic and ganglionic bowel observed in HSCR may alter intestinal epithelial barrier function leading to the development of enterocolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Tomuschat
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anne Marie O'Donnell
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Coyle
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nickolas Dreher
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Danielle Kelly
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Prem Puri
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Medicine and Medical Science and Conway Institute of Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Neutralization of IL-6 and TNF-α ameliorates intestinal permeability in DSS-induced colitis. Cytokine 2016; 83:189-192. [PMID: 27155817 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) have been implicated as important mediators of the inflammatory reaction in patients with intestinal inflammation. The present study was designed to investigate the roles of these cytokines on mucosal barrier function in a mouse model of acute colitis with using anti-cytokine strategies. Mice received 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in their drinking water for 7days showed morphological alteration of mucosa and increase of intestinal permeability. Administration of IL-6 monoclonal antibody (mAb) or TNF-α mAb significantly attenuated intestinal permeability. IL-6 mAb and TNF-α mAb treatment also effectively suppressed the expression of claudin-2 and myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). Taken together, we indicated that anti-IL-6 and anti-TNF-α therapy prevent intestinal permeability induced by intestinal inflammation.
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