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Abar L, Zuber V, Otto GW, Tzoulaki I, Dehghan A. Unravelling genetic architecture of circulatory amino acid levels, and their effect on risk of complex disorders. NAR Genom Bioinform 2024; 6:lqae046. [PMID: 38711861 PMCID: PMC11071119 DOI: 10.1093/nargab/lqae046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Variations in serum amino acid levels are linked to a multitude of complex disorders. We report the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) on nine serum amino acids in the UK Biobank participants (117 944, European descent). We identified 34 genomic loci for circulatory levels of alanine, 48 loci for glutamine, 44 loci for glycine, 16 loci for histidine, 11 loci for isoleucine, 19 loci for leucine, 9 loci for phenylalanine, 32 loci for tyrosine and 20 loci for valine. Our gene-based analysis mapped 46-293 genes associated with serum amino acids, including MIP, GLS2, SLC gene family, GCKR, LMO1, CPS1 and COBLL1.The gene-property analysis across 30 tissues highlighted enriched expression of the identified genes in liver tissues for all studied amino acids, except for isoleucine and valine, in muscle tissues for serum alanine and glycine, in adrenal gland tissues for serum isoleucine and leucine, and in pancreatic tissues for serum phenylalanine. Mendelian randomization (MR) phenome-wide association study analysis and subsequent two-sample MR analysis provided evidence that every standard deviation increase in valine is associated with 35% higher risk of type 2 diabetes and elevated levels of serum alanine and branched-chain amino acids with higher levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein, and lower levels of high-density lipoprotein. In contrast to reports by observational studies, MR analysis did not support a causal association between studied amino acids and coronary artery disease, Alzheimer's disease, breast cancer or prostate cancer. In conclusion, we explored the genetic architecture of serum amino acids and provided evidence supporting a causal role of amino acids in cardiometabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Abar
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Verena Zuber
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Georg W Otto
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Ioanna Tzoulaki
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
- Centre for Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
- BHF Centre of Excellence, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
- BHF Centre of Excellence, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK
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2
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Ni M, Yue Z, Tian M, Luo X, Wang W, Shi H, Luo J, Deng L, Li C. Leucine-Mediated SLC7A5 Promotes Milk Protein and Milk Fat Synthesis through mTOR Signaling Pathway in Goat Mammary Epithelial Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 38807030 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The SLC7A5 gene encodes a Na+ and pH-independent transporter protein that regulates cell growth by regulating the uptake of AA. This study, utilizing RNA-seq, aimed to explore the effect of SLC7A5 on the synthesis of milk proteins and fats in goat mammary epithelial cells (GMECs) through gene interference and overexpression techniques. The results demonstrated that the overexpression of SLC7A5 resulted in a significant increase in the expression of CSN1S1, SCD, CEBPB, ACACA, αS1-casein, p-S6K, and p-S6. The levels of p-S6K and p-S6 gradually increased as the AA/Leu stimulation time lengthened. The overexpression of SLC7A5 rescued the role of Torin1 in GMECs. In conclusion, SLC7A5 plays a crucial role in promoting the synthesis of milk proteins and milk fats through the mTOR signaling pathway in GMECs, providing a theoretical foundation for improving the quality of goat milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengke Ni
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Ziting Yue
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Min Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xinran Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Wanting Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Huaiping Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jun Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Lu Deng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Cong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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3
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Yang C, Pataskar A, Feng X, Montenegro Navarro J, Paniagua I, Jacobs JJL, Zaal EA, Berkers CR, Bleijerveld OB, Agami R. Arginine deprivation enriches lung cancer proteomes with cysteine by inducing arginine-to-cysteine substitutants. Mol Cell 2024; 84:1904-1916.e7. [PMID: 38759626 PMCID: PMC11129317 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2024.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Many types of human cancers suppress the expression of argininosuccinate synthase 1 (ASS1), a rate-limiting enzyme for arginine production. Although dependency on exogenous arginine can be harnessed by arginine-deprivation therapies, the impact of ASS1 suppression on the quality of the tumor proteome is unknown. We therefore interrogated proteomes of cancer patients for arginine codon reassignments (substitutants) and surprisingly identified a strong enrichment for cysteine (R>C) in lung tumors specifically. Most R>C events did not coincide with genetically encoded R>C mutations but were likely products of tRNA misalignments. The expression of R>C substitutants was highly associated with oncogenic kelch-like epichlorohydrin (ECH)-associated protein 1 (KEAP1)-pathway mutations and suppressed by intact-KEAP1 in KEAP1-mutated cancer cells. Finally, functional interrogation indicated a key role for R>C substitutants in cell survival to cisplatin, suggesting that regulatory codon reassignments endow cancer cells with more resilience to stress. Thus, we present a mechanism for enriching lung cancer proteomes with cysteines that may affect therapeutic decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Abhijeet Pataskar
- Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Xiaodong Feng
- Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jasmine Montenegro Navarro
- Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Inés Paniagua
- Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline J L Jacobs
- Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Esther A Zaal
- Division of Cell Biology, Metabolism & Cancer, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Celia R Berkers
- Division of Cell Biology, Metabolism & Cancer, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Onno B Bleijerveld
- NKI Proteomics Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Reuven Agami
- Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Erasmus MC, Department of Genetics, Rotterdam University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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4
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Ouyang D, Xiong Y, Hu Z, He J, He S, Liu R, Gao Z, Hu D. mTORC1 - TFEB pathway was involved in sodium arsenite induced lysosomal alteration, oxidative stress and genetic damage in BEAS-2B cells. Toxicology 2024; 504:153795. [PMID: 38574842 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (RAPA) complex 1 (mTORC1) - transcription factor EB (TFEB) pathway plays a crucial role in response to nutritional status, energy and environmental stress for maintaining cellular homeostasis. But there is few reports on its role in the toxic effects of arsenic exposure and the related mechanisms. Here, we show that the exposure of bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) to sodium arsenite promoted the activation of mTORC1 (p-mTORC1) and the inactivation of TFEB (p-TFEB), the number and activity of lysosomes decreased, the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) decreased, the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased, the DNA and chromosome damage elevated. Further, when mTORC1 was inhibited with RAPA, p-mTORC1 and p-TFEB down-regulated, GSH and SOD increased, MDA decreased, the DNA and chromosome damage reduced significantly, as compared with the control group. Our data revealed for the first time that mTORC1 - TFEB pathway was involved in sodium arsenite induced lysosomal alteration, oxidative stress and genetic damage in BEAS-2B cells, and it may be a potential intervention target for the toxic effects of arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Ouyang
- Department of Environmental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Road North, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Yiren Xiong
- Department of Environmental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Road North, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Zuqing Hu
- Department of Environmental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Road North, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Jiayi He
- Department of Environmental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Road North, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Shanshan He
- Department of Environmental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Road North, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Renyi Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Road North, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Zhenjie Gao
- Department of Environmental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Road North, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Dalin Hu
- Department of Environmental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Road North, Guangzhou 510515, PR China.
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5
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Zimmermann A, Madeo F, Diwan A, Sadoshima J, Sedej S, Kroemer G, Abdellatif M. Metabolic control of mitophagy. Eur J Clin Invest 2024; 54:e14138. [PMID: 38041247 DOI: 10.1111/eci.14138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a major hallmark of ageing and related chronic disorders. Controlled removal of damaged mitochondria by the autophagic machinery, a process known as mitophagy, is vital for mitochondrial homeostasis and cell survival. The central role of mitochondria in cellular metabolism places mitochondrial removal at the interface of key metabolic pathways affecting the biosynthesis or catabolism of acetyl-coenzyme A, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, polyamines, as well as fatty acids and amino acids. Molecular switches that integrate the metabolic status of the cell, like AMP-dependent protein kinase, protein kinase A, mechanistic target of rapamycin and sirtuins, have also emerged as important regulators of mitophagy. In this review, we discuss how metabolic regulation intersects with mitophagy. We place special emphasis on the metabolic regulatory circuits that may be therapeutically targeted to delay ageing and mitochondria-associated chronic diseases. Moreover, we identify outstanding knowledge gaps, such as the ill-defined distinction between basal and damage-induced mitophagy, which must be resolved to boost progress in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth-University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth-University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Abhinav Diwan
- Division of Cardiology and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Washington University School of Medicine, and John Cochran Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Simon Sedej
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Department of Biology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Paris, France
| | - Mahmoud Abdellatif
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
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6
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Zhu M, Lu EQ, Yan L, Liu G, Huang K, Xu E, Zhang YY, Li XG. Phospholipase D Mediates Glutamine-Induced mTORC1 Activation to Promote Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cell Proliferation. J Nutr 2024; 154:1119-1129. [PMID: 38365119 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intestinal epithelium is one of the fastest self-renewal tissues in the body, and glutamine plays a crucial role in providing carbon and nitrogen for biosynthesis. In intestinal homeostasis, phosphorylation-mediated signaling networks that cause altered cell proliferation, differentiation, and metabolic regulation have been observed. However, our understanding of how glutamine affects protein phosphorylation in the intestinal epithelium is limited, and identifying the essential signaling pathways involved in regulating intestinal epithelial cell growth is particularly challenging. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to identify the essential proteins and signaling pathways involved in glutamine's promotion of porcine intestinal epithelial cell proliferation. METHODS Phosphoproteomics was applied to describe the protein phosphorylation landscape under glutamine treatment. Kinase-substrate enrichment analysis was subjected to predict kinase activity and validated by qRT-PCR and Western blotting. Cell Counting Kit-8, glutamine rescue experiment, chloroquine treatment, and 5-fluoro-2-indolyl deschlorohalopemide inhibition assay revealed the possible underlying mechanism of glutamine promoting porcine intestinal epithelial cell proliferation. RESULTS In this study, glutamine starvation was found to significantly suppress the proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells and change phosphoproteomic profiles with 575 downregulated sites and 321 upregulated sites. Interestingly, phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 at position Threonine70 was decreased, which is a crucial downstream of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway. Further studies showed that glutamine supplementation rescued cell proliferation and mTORC1 activity, dependent on lysosomal function and phospholipase D activation. CONCLUSION In conclusion, glutamine activates mTORC1 signaling dependent on phospholipase D and a functional lysosome to promote intestinal epithelial cell proliferation. This discovery provides new insight into regulating the homeostasis of the intestinal epithelium, particularly in pig production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China; Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - En-Qing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China; Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ling Yan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China; Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Guowei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China; Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ke Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China; Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - E Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China; Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yi-Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China.
| | - Xiang-Guang Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
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Grmai L, Michaca M, Lackner E, Nampoothiri V P N, Vasudevan D. Integrated stress response signaling acts as a metabolic sensor in fat tissues to regulate oocyte maturation and ovulation. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113863. [PMID: 38457339 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Reproduction is an energy-intensive process requiring systemic coordination. However, the inter-organ signaling mechanisms that relay nutrient status to modulate reproductive output are poorly understood. Here, we use Drosophila melanogaster as a model to establish the integrated stress response (ISR) transcription factor, Atf4, as a fat tissue metabolic sensor that instructs oogenesis. We demonstrate that Atf4 regulates lipase activity to mediate yolk lipoprotein synthesis in the fat body. Depletion of Atf4 in the fat body also blunts oogenesis recovery after amino acid deprivation and re-feeding, suggestive of a nutrient-sensing role for Atf4. We also discovered that Atf4 promotes secretion of a fat-body-derived neuropeptide, CNMamide, which modulates neural circuits that promote egg-laying behavior (ovulation). Thus, we posit that ISR signaling in fat tissue acts as a "metabolic sensor" that instructs female reproduction-directly by impacting yolk lipoprotein production and follicle maturation and systemically by regulating ovulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Grmai
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Manuel Michaca
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Emily Lackner
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Deepika Vasudevan
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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8
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ISHIMARU M, OKANO A, MATSUI A, MURASE H, KOROSUE K, AKIYAMA K, TAYA K. Effects of an extended photoperiod on body composition of young Thoroughbreds in training. J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:58-65. [PMID: 37967974 PMCID: PMC10849847 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of an extended photoperiod (EP) on body composition of Thoroughbreds colts and fillies from December at one year old to April at two years old were investigated. Seventy-three Thoroughbreds reared and trained in Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, Hokkaido were used. Forty-one horses were under the EP conditions from December 20 to April 15, and the 32 horses were under natural light alone as the control group. Body weight (BW), rump fat thickness (RFT), fat free mass (FFM) and percentage of fat (%F) were used as parameters of body composition. The present study revealed that BW and FFM increased with age in the EP group in colts. In fillies, BW increased with age in both the EP and the control group, however FFM increased with age only in the EP group. From December to April, only colts had a higher rate of increase in both BW and FFM in the EP group than in the control group. However, according to the mean rates of increase in FFM from January to March, the EP group was significantly higher than the control group in both sexes. Furthermore, monthly increase rate of FFM in March was significantly higher in the EP group than in the control group in both sexes. These results suggests that EP treatment to young Thoroughbreds in training at Hokkaido, which is shorter daylength in winter, accelerate the increase of FFM, representing muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsuki ISHIMARU
- International Department, Japan Racing Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi OKANO
- Ritto Training Center, Japan Racing Association, Shiga, Japan
| | - Akira MATSUI
- Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Harutaka MURASE
- Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kenji KOROSUE
- Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | - Kazuyoshi TAYA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology,
Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Metur SP, Klionsky DJ. Nutrient-dependent signaling pathways that control autophagy in yeast. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:32-47. [PMID: 37758520 PMCID: PMC10841420 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a highly conserved catabolic process vital for cellular stress responses and maintaining equilibrium within the cell. Malfunctioning autophagy has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including certain neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, metabolic diseases, and cancer. Cells face diverse metabolic challenges, such as limitations in nitrogen, carbon, and minerals such as phosphate and iron, necessitating the integration of complex metabolic information. Cells utilize a signal transduction network of sensors, transducers, and effectors to coordinate the execution of the autophagic response, concomitant with the severity of the nutrient-starvation condition. This review presents the current mechanistic understanding of how cells regulate the initiation of autophagy through various nutrient-dependent signaling pathways. Emphasizing findings from studies in yeast, we explore the emerging principles that underlie the nutrient-dependent regulation of autophagy, significantly shaping stress-induced autophagy responses under various metabolic stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shree Padma Metur
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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10
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Jiang C, Liu J, He S, Xu W, Huang R, Pan W, Li X, Dai X, Guo J, Zhang T, Inuzuka H, Wang P, Asara JM, Xiao J, Wei W. PRMT1 orchestrates with SAMTOR to govern mTORC1 methionine sensing via Arg-methylation of NPRL2. Cell Metab 2023; 35:2183-2199.e7. [PMID: 38006878 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Methionine is an essential branch of diverse nutrient inputs that dictate mTORC1 activation. In the absence of methionine, SAMTOR binds to GATOR1 and inhibits mTORC1 signaling. However, how mTORC1 is activated upon methionine stimulation remains largely elusive. Here, we report that PRMT1 senses methionine/SAM by utilizing SAM as a cofactor for an enzymatic activity-based regulation of mTORC1 signaling. Under methionine-sufficient conditions, elevated cytosolic SAM releases SAMTOR from GATOR1, which confers the association of PRMT1 with GATOR1. Subsequently, SAM-loaded PRMT1 methylates NPRL2, the catalytic subunit of GATOR1, thereby suppressing its GAP activity and leading to mTORC1 activation. Notably, genetic or pharmacological inhibition of PRMT1 impedes hepatic methionine sensing by mTORC1 and improves insulin sensitivity in aged mice, establishing the role of PRMT1-mediated methionine sensing at physiological levels. Thus, PRMT1 coordinates with SAMTOR to form the methionine-sensing apparatus of mTORC1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Joint Research Center for Musculoskeletal Tumor of Shanghai Changzheng Hospital and University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, China; Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shaohui He
- Joint Research Center for Musculoskeletal Tumor of Shanghai Changzheng Hospital and University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Joint Research Center for Musculoskeletal Tumor of Shanghai Changzheng Hospital and University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Runzhi Huang
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Weijuan Pan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xiaoming Dai
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jianping Guo
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Inuzuka
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - John M Asara
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jianru Xiao
- Joint Research Center for Musculoskeletal Tumor of Shanghai Changzheng Hospital and University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, China.
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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11
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Jacinto E. mTOR takes charge: Relaying uncharged tRNA levels by mTOR ubiquitination. Cell Metab 2023; 35:2097-2099. [PMID: 38056426 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient availability is conveyed to the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), which couples metabolic processes with cell growth and proliferation. How mTOR itself is modulated by amino acid levels remains poorly understood. Ge and colleagues now demonstrate that broad sensing of uncharged tRNAs by GCN2/FBXO22 inactivates mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) via mTOR ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Jacinto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers University.-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854.
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12
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Khalil MI, Ali MM, Holail J, Houssein M. Growth or death? Control of cell destiny by mTOR and autophagy pathways. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 185:39-55. [PMID: 37944568 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
One of the central regulators of cell growth, proliferation, and metabolism is the mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR, which exists in two structurally and functionally different complexes: mTORC1 and mTORC2; unlike m TORC2, mTORC1 is activated in response to the sufficiency of nutrients and is inhibited by rapamycin. mTOR complexes have critical roles not only in protein synthesis, gene transcription regulation, proliferation, tumor metabolism, but also in the regulation of the programmed cell death mechanisms such as autophagy and apoptosis. Autophagy is a conserved catabolic mechanism in which damaged molecules are recycled in response to nutrient starvation. Emerging evidence indicates that the mTOR signaling pathway is frequently activated in tumors. In addition, dysregulation of autophagy was associated with the development of a variety of human diseases, such as cancer and aging. Since mTOR can inhibit the induction of the autophagic process from the early stages of autophagosome formation to the late stage of lysosome degradation, the use of mTOR inhibitors to regulate autophagy could be considered a potential therapeutic option. The present review sheds light on the mTOR and autophagy signaling pathways and the mechanisms of regulation of mTOR-autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud I Khalil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, 11072809, Lebanon; Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21511, Egypt.
| | - Mohamad M Ali
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Jasmine Holail
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
| | - Marwa Houssein
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, 11072809, Lebanon.
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13
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Wilkins AA, Schwarz B, Torres-Escobar A, Castore R, Landry L, Latimer B, Bohrnsen E, Bosio CM, Dragoi AM, Ivanov SS. The intracellular growth of the vacuolar pathogen Legionella pneumophila is dependent on the acyl chain composition of host membranes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.19.567753. [PMID: 38045297 PMCID: PMC10690232 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.19.567753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is an accidental human bacterial pathogen that infects and replicates within alveolar macrophages causing a severe atypical pneumonia known as Legionnaires' disease. As a prototypical vacuolar pathogen L. pneumophila establishes a unique endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived organelle within which bacterial replication takes place. Bacteria-derived proteins are deposited in the host cytosol and in the lumen of the pathogen-occupied vacuole via a type IVb (T4bSS) and a type II (T2SS) secretion system respectively. These secretion system effector proteins manipulate multiple host functions to facilitate intracellular survival of the bacteria. Subversion of host membrane glycerophospholipids (GPLs) by the internalized bacteria via distinct mechanisms feature prominently in trafficking and biogenesis of the Legionella -containing vacuole (LCV). Conventional GPLs composed of a glycerol backbone linked to a polar headgroup and esterified with two fatty acids constitute the bulk of membrane lipids in eukaryotic cells. The acyl chain composition of GPLs dictates phase separation of the lipid bilayer and therefore determines the physiochemical properties of biological membranes - such as membrane disorder, fluidity and permeability. In mammalian cells, fatty acids esterified in membrane GPLs are sourced endogenously from de novo synthesis or via internalization from the exogenous pool of lipids present in serum and other interstitial fluids. Here, we exploited the preferential utilization of exogenous fatty acids for GPL synthesis by macrophages to reprogram the acyl chain composition of host membranes and investigated its impact on LCV homeostasis and L. pneumophila intracellular replication. Using saturated fatty acids as well as cis - and trans - isomers of monounsaturated fatty acids we discovered that under conditions promoting lipid packing and membrane rigidification L. pneumophila intracellular replication was significantly reduced. Palmitoleic acid - a C16:1 monounsaturated fatty acid - that promotes membrane disorder when enriched in GPLs significantly increased bacterial replication within human and murine macrophages but not in axenic growth assays. Lipidome analysis of infected macrophages showed that treatment with exogenous palmitoleic acid resulted in membrane acyl chain reprogramming in a manner that promotes membrane disorder and live-cell imaging revealed that the consequences of increasing membrane disorder impinge on several LCV homeostasis parameters. Collectively, we provide experimental evidence that L. pneumophila replication within its intracellular niche is a function of the lipid bilayer disorder and hydrophobic thickness.
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14
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Sumi K, Tagawa R, Yamazaki K, Nakayama K, Ichimura T, Sanbongi C, Nakazato K. Nutritional Value of Yogurt as a Protein Source: Digestibility/Absorbability and Effects on Skeletal Muscle. Nutrients 2023; 15:4366. [PMID: 37892442 PMCID: PMC10609537 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Yogurt is a traditional fermented food that is accepted worldwide for its high palatability and various health values. The milk protein contained in yogurt exhibits different physical and biological properties from those of non-fermented milk protein due to the fermentation and manufacturing processes. These differences are suggested to affect the time it takes to digest and absorb milk protein, which in turn will influence the blood levels of amino acids and/or hormones, such as insulin, and thereby, the rate of skeletal muscle protein synthesis via the activation of intracellular signaling, such as the mTORC1 pathway. In addition, based on the relationship between gut microbiota and skeletal muscle conditions, yogurt, including lactic acid bacteria and its metabolites, has been evaluated for its role as a protein source. However, the substantial value of yogurt as a protein source and the additional health benefits on skeletal muscle are not fully understood. The purpose of this review is to summarize the research to date on the digestion and absorption characteristics of yogurt protein, its effect on skeletal muscle, and the contribution of lactic acid bacterial fermentation to these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Sumi
- Nutrition and Food Function Research Department, Food Microbiology and Function Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., Nanakuni, Hachioji 192-0919, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Tagawa
- Nutrition and Food Function Research Department, Food Microbiology and Function Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., Nanakuni, Hachioji 192-0919, Japan
| | - Kae Yamazaki
- Nutrition and Food Function Research Department, Food Microbiology and Function Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., Nanakuni, Hachioji 192-0919, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Nakayama
- Nutrition and Food Function Research Department, Food Microbiology and Function Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., Nanakuni, Hachioji 192-0919, Japan
| | - Takefumi Ichimura
- Next Generation Monozukuri Research Department, Food Science & Technology Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., Nanakuni, Hachioji 192-0919, Japan
| | - Chiaki Sanbongi
- Nutrition and Food Function Research Department, Food Microbiology and Function Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., Nanakuni, Hachioji 192-0919, Japan
| | - Koichi Nakazato
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Nippon Sports Science University, 7-1-1 Fukasawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8508, Japan;
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15
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Yan L, Fang YX, Lu EQ, Xu E, Zhang YY, Chen X, Zhu M. Extracellular Glutamine Promotes Intestinal Porcine Epithelial Cell Proliferation via Arf1-mTORC1 Pathway Independently of Rag GTPases. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:14251-14262. [PMID: 37738360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine (Gln) is the major energy source of intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2 cells) and plays a critical role in the nutritional physiological function of the intestine. However, the underlying mechanism requires further investigation. Here, the Gln-sensing pathway in IPEC-J2 cells was investigated. The results showed that Gln increased the cell proliferation. Subsequently, an analysis of the phosphorylated proteome revealed that Gln markedly upregulated ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6) phosphorylation at serine 235/236, suggesting that Gln activated the mTORC1 pathway. mTOR inhibition revealed that Gln promotes cell proliferation through the mTORC1 pathway. Similarly, blocking ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (Arf1) activity indicated that Gln-induced mTORC1 activation promoted cell proliferation in an Arf1-dependent manner. Additionally, the RagA/B pathway did not participate in Gln-induced mTORC1 activation. Collectively, these findings suggest that Gln-induced mTORC1 activation promotes IPEC-J2 cell proliferation via Arf1, not Rag GTPases. These results broaden our understanding of functional-cell-sensing amino acids, particularly Gln, that are regulated by mTORC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yan
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yong-Xia Fang
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - En-Qing Lu
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - E Xu
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yi-Yu Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province China
| | - Min Zhu
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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16
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Burioli EAV, Hammel M, Vignal E, Vidal-Dupiol J, Mitta G, Thomas F, Bierne N, Destoumieux-Garzón D, Charrière GM. Transcriptomics of mussel transmissible cancer MtrBTN2 suggests accumulation of multiple cancer traits and oncogenic pathways shared among bilaterians. Open Biol 2023; 13:230259. [PMID: 37816387 PMCID: PMC10564563 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmissible cancer cell lines are rare biological entities giving rise to diseases at the crossroads of cancer and parasitic diseases. These malignant cells have acquired the amazing capacity to spread from host to host. They have been described only in dogs, Tasmanian devils and marine bivalves. The Mytilus trossulus bivalve transmissible neoplasia 2 (MtrBTN2) lineage has even acquired the capacity to spread inter-specifically between marine mussels of the Mytilus edulis complex worldwide. To identify the oncogenic processes underpinning the biology of these atypical cancers we performed transcriptomics of MtrBTN2 cells. Differential expression, enrichment, protein-protein interaction network, and targeted analyses were used. Overall, our results suggest the accumulation of multiple cancerous traits that may be linked to the long-term evolution of MtrBTN2. We also highlight that vertebrate and lophotrochozoan cancers could share a large panel of common drivers, which supports the hypothesis of an ancient origin of oncogenic processes in bilaterians.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A V Burioli
- IHPE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
| | - M Hammel
- IHPE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
- ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - E Vignal
- IHPE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
| | - J Vidal-Dupiol
- IHPE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
| | - G Mitta
- IFREMER, UMR 241 Écosystèmes Insulaires Océaniens, Labex Corail, Centre Ifremer du Pacifique, Tahiti, Polynésie française
| | - F Thomas
- CREEC/CANECEV (CREES), MIVEGEC, Unité Mixte de Recherches, IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - N Bierne
- ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - D Destoumieux-Garzón
- IHPE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
| | - G M Charrière
- IHPE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
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17
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Weith M, Großbach J, Clement‐Ziza M, Gillet L, Rodríguez‐López M, Marguerat S, Workman CT, Picotti P, Bähler J, Aebersold R, Beyer A. Genetic effects on molecular network states explain complex traits. Mol Syst Biol 2023; 19:e11493. [PMID: 37485750 PMCID: PMC10407735 DOI: 10.15252/msb.202211493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The complexity of many cellular and organismal traits results from the integration of genetic and environmental factors via molecular networks. Network structure and effect propagation are best understood at the level of functional modules, but so far, no concept has been established to include the global network state. Here, we show when and how genetic perturbations lead to molecular changes that are confined to small parts of a network versus when they lead to modulation of network states. Integrating multi-omics profiling of genetically heterogeneous budding and fission yeast strains with an array of cellular traits identified a central state transition of the yeast molecular network that is related to PKA and TOR (PT) signaling. Genetic variants affecting this PT state globally shifted the molecular network along a single-dimensional axis, thereby modulating processes including energy and amino acid metabolism, transcription, translation, cell cycle control, and cellular stress response. We propose that genetic effects can propagate through large parts of molecular networks because of the functional requirement to centrally coordinate the activity of fundamental cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Weith
- Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated DiseasesUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Jan Großbach
- Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated DiseasesUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | | | - Ludovic Gillet
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - María Rodríguez‐López
- Institute of Healthy Ageing and Department of Genetics, Evolution & EnvironmentUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Samuel Marguerat
- Institute of Healthy Ageing and Department of Genetics, Evolution & EnvironmentUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Christopher T Workman
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
| | - Paola Picotti
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Jürg Bähler
- Institute of Healthy Ageing and Department of Genetics, Evolution & EnvironmentUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Ruedi Aebersold
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Andreas Beyer
- Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated DiseasesUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
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18
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Amleh A, Chen HP, Watad L, Abramovich I, Agranovich B, Gottlieb E, Ben-Dov IZ, Nechama M, Volovelsky O. Arginine depletion attenuates renal cystogenesis in tuberous sclerosis complex model. Cell Rep Med 2023:101073. [PMID: 37290438 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cystic kidney disease is a leading cause of morbidity in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). We characterize the misregulated metabolic pathways using cell lines, a TSC mouse model, and human kidney sections. Our study reveals a substantial perturbation in the arginine biosynthesis pathway in TSC models with overexpression of argininosuccinate synthetase 1 (ASS1). The rise in ASS1 expression is dependent on the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activity. Arginine depletion prevents mTORC1 hyperactivation and cell cycle progression and averts cystogenic signaling overexpression of c-Myc and P65. Accordingly, an arginine-depleted diet substantially reduces the TSC cystic load in mice, indicating the potential therapeutic effects of arginine deprivation for the treatment of TSC-associated kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athar Amleh
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hadass Pri Chen
- Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Nephrology, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lana Watad
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ifat Abramovich
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Bella Agranovich
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Eyal Gottlieb
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Iddo Z Ben-Dov
- Department of Nephrology, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; Laboratory of Medical Transcriptomics, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension and Internal Medicine B, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Morris Nechama
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Oded Volovelsky
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
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19
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Melnik BC, Stadler R, Weiskirchen R, Leitzmann C, Schmitz G. Potential Pathogenic Impact of Cow’s Milk Consumption and Bovine Milk-Derived Exosomal MicroRNAs in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076102. [PMID: 37047075 PMCID: PMC10094152 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence supports an association between cow’s milk consumption and the risk of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the most common non-Hodgkin lymphoma worldwide. This narrative review intends to elucidate the potential impact of milk-related agents, predominantly milk-derived exosomes (MDEs) and their microRNAs (miRs) in lymphomagenesis. Upregulation of PI3K-AKT-mTORC1 signaling is a common feature of DLBCL. Increased expression of B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) and suppression of B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (BLIMP1)/PR domain-containing protein 1 (PRDM1) are crucial pathological deviations in DLBCL. Translational evidence indicates that during the breastfeeding period, human MDE miRs support B cell proliferation via epigenetic upregulation of BCL6 (via miR-148a-3p-mediated suppression of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) and miR-155-5p/miR-29b-5p-mediated suppression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AICDA) and suppression of BLIMP1 (via MDE let-7-5p/miR-125b-5p-targeting of PRDM1). After weaning with the physiological termination of MDE miR signaling, the infant’s BCL6 expression and B cell proliferation declines, whereas BLIMP1-mediated B cell maturation for adequate own antibody production rises. Because human and bovine MDE miRs share identical nucleotide sequences, the consumption of pasteurized cow’s milk in adults with the continued transfer of bioactive bovine MDE miRs may de-differentiate B cells back to the neonatal “proliferation-dominated” B cell phenotype maintaining an increased BLC6/BLIMP1 ratio. Persistent milk-induced epigenetic dysregulation of BCL6 and BLIMP1 expression may thus represent a novel driving mechanism in B cell lymphomagenesis. Bovine MDEs and their miR cargo have to be considered potential pathogens that should be removed from the human food chain.
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20
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Yuan E, Guo H, Chen W, Du B, Mi Y, Qi Z, Yuan Y, Zhu-Salzman K, Ge F, Sun Y. A novel gene REPTOR2 activates the autophagic degradation of wing disc in pea aphid. eLife 2023; 12:e83023. [PMID: 36943031 PMCID: PMC10030113 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Wing dimorphism in insects is an evolutionarily adaptive trait to maximize insect fitness under various environments, by which the population could be balanced between dispersing and reproduction. Most studies concern the regulatory mechanisms underlying the stimulation of wing morph in aphids, but relatively little research addresses the molecular basis of wing loss. Here, we found that, while developing normally in winged-destined pea aphids, the wing disc in wingless-destined aphids degenerated 30-hr postbirth and that this degeneration was due to autophagy rather than apoptosis. Activation of autophagy in first instar nymphs reduced the proportion of winged aphids, and suppression of autophagy increased the proportion. REPTOR2, associated with TOR signaling pathway, was identified by RNA-seq as a differentially expressed gene between the two morphs with higher expression in the thorax of wingless-destined aphids. Further genetic analysis indicated that REPTOR2 could be a novel gene derived from a gene duplication event that occurred exclusively in pea aphids on autosome A1 but translocated to the sex chromosome. Knockdown of REPTOR2 reduced autophagy in the wing disc and increased the proportion of winged aphids. In agreement with REPTOR's canonical negative regulatory role of TOR on autophagy, winged-destined aphids had higher TOR expression in the wing disc. Suppression of TOR activated autophagy of the wing disc and decreased the proportion of winged aphids, and vice versa. Co-suppression of TOR and REPTOR2 showed that dsREPTOR2 could mask the positive effect of dsTOR on autophagy, suggesting that REPTOR2 acted as a key regulator downstream of TOR in the signaling pathway. These results revealed that the TOR signaling pathway suppressed autophagic degradation of the wing disc in pea aphids by negatively regulating the expression of REPTOR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erliang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of ScienceBeijingChina
| | - Huijuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of ScienceBeijingChina
| | - Weiyao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of ScienceBeijingChina
| | - Bingru Du
- School of Life Science, Hebei UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Yingjie Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhaorui Qi
- School of Life Science, Hebei UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Yiyang Yuan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agriculture SciencesJinanChina
| | - Keyan Zhu-Salzman
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
| | - Feng Ge
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agriculture SciencesJinanChina
| | - Yucheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of ScienceBeijingChina
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21
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Alam I, Zhang H, Du H, Rehman NU, Manghwar H, Lei X, Batool K, Ge L. Bioengineering Techniques to Improve Nitrogen Transformation and Utilization: Implications for Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Future Sustainable Crop Production. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:3921-3938. [PMID: 36842151 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is crucial for plant growth and development, especially in physiological and biochemical processes such as component of different proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, and plant growth regulators. Six categories, such as transporters, nitrate absorption, signal molecules, amino acid biosynthesis, transcription factors, and miscellaneous genes, broadly encompass the genes regulating NUE in various cereal crops. Herein, we outline detailed research on bioengineering modifications of N metabolism to improve the different crop yields and biomass. We emphasize effective and precise molecular approaches and technologies, including N transporters, transgenics, omics, etc., which are opening up fascinating opportunities for a complete analysis of the molecular elements that contribute to NUE. Moreover, the detection of various types of N compounds and associated signaling pathways within plant organs have been discussed. Finally, we highlight the broader impacts of increasing NUE in crops, crucial for better agricultural yield and in the greater context of global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Intikhab Alam
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Department of Grassland Science, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Life Sciences, SCAU, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Subcenter of the National Center for Soybean Improvement, SCAU, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hanyin Zhang
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Department of Grassland Science, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Subcenter of the National Center for Soybean Improvement, SCAU, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Huan Du
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Department of Grassland Science, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Life Sciences, SCAU, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Subcenter of the National Center for Soybean Improvement, SCAU, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Naveed Ur Rehman
- Guangdong Subcenter of the National Center for Soybean Improvement, SCAU, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hakim Manghwar
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, SCAU, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiao Lei
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Department of Grassland Science, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Subcenter of the National Center for Soybean Improvement, SCAU, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Khadija Batool
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Liangfa Ge
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Department of Grassland Science, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Subcenter of the National Center for Soybean Improvement, SCAU, Guangzhou 510642, China
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22
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Ondari E, Wilkins A, Latimer B, Dragoi AM, Ivanov SS. Cellular cholesterol licenses Legionella pneumophila intracellular replication in macrophages. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2023; 10:1-17. [PMID: 36636491 PMCID: PMC9806796 DOI: 10.15698/mic2023.01.789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Host membranes are inherently critical for niche homeostasis of vacuolar pathogens. Thus, intracellular bacteria frequently encode the capacity to regulate host lipogenesis as well as to modulate the lipid composition of host membranes. One membrane component that is often subverted by vacuolar bacteria is cholesterol - an abundant lipid that mammalian cells produce de novo at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or acquire exogenously from serum-derived lipoprotein carriers. Legionella pneumophila is an accidental human bacterial pathogen that infects and replicates within alveolar macrophages causing a severe atypical pneumonia known as Legionnaires' disease. From within a unique ER-derived vacuole L. pneumophila promotes host lipogenesis and experimental evidence indicates that cholesterol production might be one facet of this response. Here we investigated the link between cellular cholesterol and L. pneumophila intracellular replication and discovered that disruption of cholesterol biosynthesis or cholesterol trafficking lowered bacterial replication in infected cells. These growth defects were rescued by addition of exogenous cholesterol. Conversely, bacterial growth within cholesterol-leaden macrophages was enhanced. Importantly, the growth benefit of cholesterol was observed strictly in cellular infections and L. pneumophila growth kinetics in axenic cultures did not change in the presence of cholesterol. Microscopy analyses indicate that cholesterol regulates a step in L. pneumophila intracellular lifecycle that occurs after bacteria begin to replicate within an established intracellular niche. Collectively, we provide experimental evidence that cellular cholesterol promotes L. pneumophila replication within a membrane bound organelle in infected macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna Ondari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health - Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130
| | - Ashley Wilkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health - Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130
| | - Brian Latimer
- Innovative North Louisiana Experimental Therapeutics program (INLET), Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health - Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130
| | - Ana-Maria Dragoi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health - Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130.,Innovative North Louisiana Experimental Therapeutics program (INLET), Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health - Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130
| | - Stanimir S. Ivanov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health - Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130.,* Corresponding Author: Stanimir S. Ivanov, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health - Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130; E-mail:
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23
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The Importance of mTORC1-Autophagy Axis for Skeletal Muscle Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010297. [PMID: 36613741 PMCID: PMC9820406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1, mTORC1, integrates nutrient and growth factor signals with cellular responses and plays critical roles in regulating cell growth, proliferation, and lifespan. mTORC1 signaling has been reported as a central regulator of autophagy by modulating almost all aspects of the autophagic process, including initiation, expansion, and termination. An increasing number of studies suggest that mTORC1 and autophagy are critical for the physiological function of skeletal muscle and are involved in diverse muscle diseases. Here, we review recent insights into the essential roles of mTORC1 and autophagy in skeletal muscles and their implications in human muscle diseases. Multiple inhibitors targeting mTORC1 or autophagy have already been clinically approved, while others are under development. These chemical modulators that target the mTORC1/autophagy pathways represent promising potentials to cure muscle diseases.
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24
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Dai W, Shen J, Yan J, Bott AJ, Maimouni S, Daguplo HQ, Wang Y, Khayati K, Guo JY, Zhang L, Wang Y, Valvezan A, Ding WX, Chen X, Su X, Gao S, Zong WX. Glutamine synthetase limits β-catenin-mutated liver cancer growth by maintaining nitrogen homeostasis and suppressing mTORC1. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:161408. [PMID: 36256480 PMCID: PMC9754002 DOI: 10.1172/jci161408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase (GS) catalyzes de novo synthesis of glutamine that facilitates cancer cell growth. In the liver, GS functions next to the urea cycle to remove ammonia waste. As a dysregulated urea cycle is implicated in cancer development, the impact of GS's ammonia clearance function has not been explored in cancer. Here, we show that oncogenic activation of β-catenin (encoded by CTNNB1) led to a decreased urea cycle and elevated ammonia waste burden. While β-catenin induced the expression of GS, which is thought to be cancer promoting, surprisingly, genetic ablation of hepatic GS accelerated the onset of liver tumors in several mouse models that involved β-catenin activation. Mechanistically, GS ablation exacerbated hyperammonemia and facilitated the production of glutamate-derived nonessential amino acids, which subsequently stimulated mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of mTORC1 and glutamic transaminases suppressed tumorigenesis facilitated by GS ablation. While patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, especially those with CTNNB1 mutations, have an overall defective urea cycle and increased expression of GS, there exists a subset of patients with low GS expression that is associated with mTORC1 hyperactivation. Therefore, GS-mediated ammonia clearance serves as a tumor-suppressing mechanism in livers that harbor β-catenin activation mutations and a compromised urea cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Dai
- Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jianliang Shen
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Junrong Yan
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Alex J. Bott
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sara Maimouni
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Heineken Q. Daguplo
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yujue Wang
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Khoosheh Khayati
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jessie Yanxiang Guo
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lanjing Zhang
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yongbo Wang
- Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Alexander Valvezan
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Su
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Shenglan Gao
- Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Xing Zong
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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25
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ISHIMARU M, MATSUI A, SEKI K, KOROSUE K, AKIYAMA K, MIZUKAMI H, YOSHIDA T, TAYA K. Effects of different winter climates in Japan on body composition of young Thoroughbreds in training. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:1585-1594. [PMID: 36244743 PMCID: PMC9791233 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the body composition of 50 Thoroughbreds colts and fillies, born between 2004 and 2010, were compared between those reared at the Hidaka Training and Research Center (Hidaka), Hokkaido, which is extremely cold in winter, and those reared at the Miyazaki Yearling Training Farm (Miyazaki), Kyushu, which is mildly cold in winter. The horses were divided into two sex groups and reared and trained in Hidaka or Miyazaki for 7 months from October of one year of age to April of two years of age. Body weight (BW), rump fat thickness (RFT), fat-free mass (FFM), and percentage of fat (%F) were used as parameters of body composition. This study revealed that BW and FFM were higher, and %F was lower in colts than in fillies at both training sites. Among colts, Miyazaki colts tended to have higher FFM values than Hidaka colts, and %F was significantly lower in Miyazaki colts than in Hidaka colts. Furthermore, from October to April, Miyazaki horses had a higher rate of increase in BW than Hidaka horses in both sexes and a higher rate of increase in FFM in colts. The higher rate of increase in FFM in Miyazaki colts suggests that training young Thoroughbreds in winter under mildly cold climate is more effective, than severely cold climate, particularly in colts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsuki ISHIMARU
- Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, Hokkaido, Japan,Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan,Correspondence to: Ishimaru M: , Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, Nishicha 535-13, Urakawa-cho, Hokkaido 057-0171, Japan
| | - Akira MATSUI
- Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro SEKI
- Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kenji KOROSUE
- Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | - Hirotoshi MIZUKAMI
- Miyazaki Yearling Training Farm, Japan Racing Association, Miyazaki, Japan
| | | | - Kazuyoshi TAYA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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26
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Secreted immune metabolites that mediate immune cell communication and function. Trends Immunol 2022; 43:990-1005. [PMID: 36347788 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Metabolites are emerging as essential factors for the immune system that are involved in both metabolic circuits and signaling cascades. Accumulated evidence suggests that altered metabolic programs initiated by the activation and maturation of immune cell types are accompanied by the delivery of various metabolites into the local environment. We propose that, in addition to protein/peptide ligands, secreted immune metabolites (SIMets) are essential components of immune communication networks that fine-tune immune responses under homeostatic and pathological conditions. We summarize recent advances in our understanding of SIMets and discuss the potential mechanisms by which some metabolites engage in immunological responses through receptor-, transporter-, and post-translational-mediated regulation. These insights may contribute to understanding physiology and developing effective therapeutics for inflammatory and immune-mediated diseases.
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27
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De Meulemeester AS, Heylen L, Siekierska A, Mills JD, Romagnolo A, Van Der Wel NN, Aronica E, de Witte PAM. Hyperactivation of mTORC1 in a double hit mutant zebrafish model of tuberous sclerosis complex causes increased seizure susceptibility and neurodevelopmental abnormalities. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:952832. [PMID: 36238691 PMCID: PMC9552079 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.952832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a multisystem genetic disorder caused by pathogenic variants in TSC1 and TSC2 genes. TSC patients present with seizures and brain abnormalities such as tubers and subependymal giant cells astrocytoma (SEGA). Despite common molecular and clinical features, the severity of the disease varies greatly, even intrafamilially. The second hit hypothesis suggests that an additional, inactivating mutation in the remaining functional allele causes a more severe phenotype and therefore explains the phenotypic variability. Recently, second hit mutations have been detected frequently in mTORopathies. To investigate the pathophysiological effects of second hit mutations, several mouse models have been developed. Here, we opted for a double mutant zebrafish model that carries a LOF mutation both in the tsc2 and the depdc5 gene. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time a second-hit model has been studied in zebrafish. Significantly, the DEP domain-containing protein 5 (DEPDC5) gene has an important role in the regulation of mTORC1, and the combination of a germline TSC2 and somatic DEPDC5 mutation has been described in a TSC patient with intractable epilepsy. Our depdc5−/−x tsc2−/− double mutant zebrafish line displayed greatly increased levels of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTORC1) activity, augmented seizure susceptibility, and early lethality which could be rescued by rapamycin. Histological analysis of the brain revealed ventricular dilatation in the tsc2 and double homozygotes. RNA-sequencing showed a linear relation between the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and the degree of mTORC1 hyperactivity. Enrichment analysis of their transcriptomes revealed that many genes associated with neurological developmental processes were downregulated and mitochondrial genes were upregulated. In particular, the transcriptome of human SEGA lesions overlapped strongly with the double homozygous zebrafish larvae. The data highlight the clinical relevance of the depdc5−/− x tsc2−/− double mutant zebrafish larvae that showed a more severe phenotype compared to the single mutants. Finally, analysis of gene-drug interactions identified interesting pharmacological targets for SEGA, underscoring the value of our small zebrafish vertebrate model for future drug discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lise Heylen
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - James D. Mills
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
- Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Chalfont St Peter, United Kingdom
| | - Alessia Romagnolo
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nicole N. Van Der Wel
- Department of Medical Biology, Electron Microscopy Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Stichting Epilepsie Instelling Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, Netherlands
| | - Peter A. M. de Witte
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Peter A. M. de Witte,
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28
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van Dijk A, Anten J, Bakker A, Evers N, Hoekstra AT, Chang JC, Scheenstra MR, Veldhuizen EJA, Netea MG, Berkers CR, Haagsman HP. Innate Immune Training of Human Macrophages by Cathelicidin Analogs. Front Immunol 2022; 13:777530. [PMID: 35958593 PMCID: PMC9360325 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.777530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Trained innate immunity can be induced in human macrophages by microbial ligands, but it is unknown if exposure to endogenous alarmins such as cathelicidins can have similar effects. Previously, we demonstrated sustained protection against infection by the chicken cathelicidin-2 analog DCATH-2. Thus, we assessed the capacity of cathelicidins to induce trained immunity. PMA-differentiated THP-1 (dTHP1) cells were trained with cathelicidin analogs for 24 hours and restimulated after a 3-day rest period. DCATH-2 training of dTHP-1 cells amplified their proinflammatory cytokine response when restimulated with TLR2/4 agonists. Trained cells displayed a biased cellular metabolism towards mTOR-dependent aerobic glycolysis and long-chain fatty acid accumulation and augmented microbicidal activity. DCATH-2-induced trained immunity was inhibited by histone acetylase inhibitors, suggesting epigenetic regulation, and depended on caveolae/lipid raft-mediated uptake, MAPK p38 and purinergic signaling. To our knowledge, this is the first report of trained immunity by host defense peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert van Dijk
- Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Albert van Dijk,
| | - Jennifer Anten
- Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anne Bakker
- Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Noah Evers
- Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anna T. Hoekstra
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jung-Chin Chang
- Division Cell Biology, Metabolism & Cancer, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maaike R. Scheenstra
- Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Edwin J. A. Veldhuizen
- Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Celia R. Berkers
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Division Cell Biology, Metabolism & Cancer, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Henk P. Haagsman
- Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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29
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Assaf L, Eid AA, Nassif J. Role of AMPK/mTOR, mitochondria, and ROS in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Life Sci 2022; 306:120805. [PMID: 35850246 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis is the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity usually in the ovaries, fallopian tube, and pelvic cavity. It's a chronic enigmatic gynecological condition associated with dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, pelvic pain, and infertility. Endometriosis lesions exist in a unique microenvironment characterized by increased concentrations of hormones, inflammation, and oxidative stress. This environment promotes cell survival through the binding of membrane receptors and subsequent cascading activation of intracellular kinases that stimulate a cellular response. In endometriosis, well-established signaling pathways, mTOR and AMPK, are altered via steroid hormones and other factors to promote cell growth, migration, and proliferation. This is accompanied by dysfunction in the mitochondria that increase energy production to sustain proliferation demands consequently leading to reactive oxygen species overproduction. This review aims to summarize the role of altered mTOR/AMPK signaling pathway, mitochondrial dysfunction, and reactive oxygen species overproduction along with providing therapeutic and diagnostic approaches. Highlighting these factors would provide a better understanding to reach a coherent theory for the pathogenesis of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lama Assaf
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; AUB Diabetes, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Assaad A Eid
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; AUB Diabetes, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Joseph Nassif
- Division of Minimally Invasive Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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30
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Gautrey SL, Simons MJP. Amino acid availability is not essential for lifespan extension by dietary restriction in the fly. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2022; 77:2181-2185. [PMID: 35486979 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glac100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary restriction (DR) is one of the most potent ways to extend health- and lifespan. Key progress in understanding the mechanisms of DR, and ageing more generally, was made when dietary protein, and more specifically essential amino acids (EAA), were identified as the dietary component to restrict to obtain DR's health and lifespan benefits. This role of dietary amino acids has influenced work on ageing mechanisms, especially in nutrient sensing, e.g. Tor and insulin(-like) signalling networks. Experimental biology in Drosophila melanogaster has been instrumental in generating and confirming the hypothesis that EAA availability is important in ageing. Here, we expand on previous work testing the involvement of EAA in DR through large scale (N=6,238) supplementation experiments across four diets and two genotypes in female flies. Surprisingly, we find that EAA are not essential to DR's lifespan benefits. Importantly, we do identify the fecundity benefits of EAA supplementation suggesting the supplemented EAA were bioavailable. Furthermore, we find that the effects of amino acids on lifespan vary by diet and genetic line studied and that at our most restricted diet fecundity is constrained by other nutrients than EAA. We suggest that DR for optimal health is a concert of nutritional effects, orchestrated by genetic, dietary and other environmental interactions. Our results question the universal importance of amino acid availability in the biology of ageing and DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Gautrey
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
| | - Mirre J P Simons
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
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31
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Tripathi R, Aggarwal T, Lindberg FA, Klemm AH, Fredriksson R. SLC38A10 Regulate Glutamate Homeostasis and Modulate the AKT/TSC2/mTOR Pathway in Mouse Primary Cortex Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:854397. [PMID: 35450293 PMCID: PMC9017388 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.854397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate acts as a critical regulator of neurotransmitter balance, recycling, synaptic function and homeostasis in the brain and glutamate transporters control glutamate levels in the brain. SLC38A10 is a member of the SLC38 family and regulates protein synthesis and cellular stress responses. Here, we uncover the role of SLC38A10 as a transceptor involved in glutamate-sensing signaling pathways that control both the glutamate homeostasis and mTOR-signaling. The culture of primary cortex cells from SLC38A10 knockout mice had increased intracellular glutamate. In addition, under nutrient starvation, KO cells had an impaired response in amino acid-dependent mTORC1 signaling. Combined studies from transcriptomics, protein arrays and metabolomics established that SLC38A10 is involved in mTOR signaling and that SLC38A10 deficient primary cortex cells have increased protein synthesis. Metabolomic data showed decreased cholesterol levels, changed fatty acid synthesis, and altered levels of fumaric acid, citrate, 2-oxoglutarate and succinate in the TCA cycle. These data suggests that SLC38A10 may act as a modulator of glutamate homeostasis, and mTOR-sensing and loss of this transceptor result in lower cholesterol, which could have implications in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Tripathi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Unit of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Rekha Tripathi,
| | - Tanya Aggarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Unit of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frida A. Lindberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Unit of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna H. Klemm
- BioImage Informatics Facility, SciLifeLab, Division of Visual Information and Interaction, Department of Information Technology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert Fredriksson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Unit of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Sankanagoudar S, Shukla R, Shukla KK, Sharma P. Positive association of branched-chain amino acids with triglyceride and glycated haemoglobin in Indian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2022; 16:102481. [PMID: 35427914 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Over the past few years, branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are increasingly being linked to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but their relevance for metabolic dyslipidaemia in T2DM is unclear. This study aims to determine the plasma and urinary BCAAs and their association with insulin resistance, lipid profile and glycated haemoglobin in patients with T2DM among Indian adults. METHODS In this analytical cross-sectional study, a total of eighty subjects were recruited, 40 T2DM cases and 40 healthy controls. Blood samples collected were subjected to fasting blood sugar (FBS), lipid profile, HbA1c, insulin and BCAAs analysis and urine samples were assessed for BCAAs. All associations were assessed using Spearman Rank Correlation. RESULTS The plasma levels of BCAAs were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in subjects with T2DM than in control subjects. Spearman Rank Correlation analyses revealed a non-significant (p = 0.21) but positive association between BCAAs and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in patients with T2DM (Rho: 0.27). Among lipid profile parameters, only triglycerides had a significant positive correlation to plasma BCAAs in cases (Rho: 0.5971) but not in control subjects. Findings also revealed a significant positive (p < 0.05) association between plasma BCAAs and HbA1c in patients with T2DM (Rho: 0.5325). Urinary BCAAs levels had a non-significant increase in T2DM subjects and did not show any significant correlation with other parameters assessed. CONCLUSION Elevated levels of plasma BCAAs are positively associated with triglyceride and HbA1c. They could serve as an effective marker for the assessment of metabolic dyslipidaemia in subjects with T2DM. Further, large scale studies are needed for confirmation of the same.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ravindra Shukla
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Kamla Kant Shukla
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Praveen Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
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Hey HWD, Lam WMR, Chan CX, Zhuo WH, Crombie EM, Tan TC, Chen WC, Cool S, Tsai SY. Paraspinal myopathy-induced intervertebral disc degeneration and thoracolumbar kyphosis in TSC1mKO mice model-a preliminary study. Spine J 2022; 22:483-494. [PMID: 34653636 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing kyphosis of the spine in a human is a well-recognized clinical phenomenon that has been associated with back pain, poor physical performance and disability. The pathophysiology of age-related kyphosis is complex and has been associated with physiological changes in vertebrae, intervertebral disc (IVD) and paraspinal musculature, which current cross-sectional studies are unable to demonstrate. Creating an in vivo, paraspinal myopathic animal model for longitudinal study of these changes under controlled conditions is thus warranted. PURPOSE To confirm the TSC1 gene knockout effect on paraspinal muscle musculature; to analyze the development of spinal kyphosis, IVD degeneration and vertebra structural changes in a longitudinal manner to gain insights into the relationship between these processes. STUDY DESIGN A prospective cohort study of 28 female mice, divided into 4 groups-9-month-old TSC1mKO (n=7), 9-month-old control (n=4), 12-month-old TSC1mKO (n=8), and 12-month-old controls (n=9). METHODS High resolution micro-computed tomography was used to measure sagittal spinal alignment (Cobb's angle), vertebral height, vertebral body wedging, disc height index (DHI), disc wedge index (DWI), histomorphometry of trabecular bone and erector spinae muscle cross-sectional area. Paraspinal muscle specimens were harvested to assess for myopathic features with H&E stain, muscle fiber size, density of triangular fiber and central nucleus with WGA/DAPI stain, and percentage of fibers with PGC-1α stain. Intervertebral discs were evaluated for disc score using FAST stain. RESULTS Compared to controls, paraspinal muscle sections revealed features of myopathy in TSC1mKO mice similar to human sarcopenic paraspinal muscle. While there was significantly greater presence of small triangular fiber and density of central nucleus in 9-and 12-month-old TSC1mKO mice, significantly larger muscle fibers and decreased erector spinae muscle cross-sectional area were only found in 12-month-old TSC1mKO mice compared to controls. TSC1mKO mice developed accelerated thoracolumbar kyphosis, with significantly larger Cobb angles found only at 12 months old. Structural changes to the trabecular bone in terms of higher bone volume fraction and quality, as well as vertebral body wedging were observed only in 12-month-old TSC1mKO mice when compared to controls. Disc degeneration was observed as early as 9 months in TSC1mKO mice and corresponded with disc wedging. However, significant disc height loss was only observed when comparing 12-month-old TSC1mKO mice with controls. CONCLUSIONS This study successfully shows the TSC1 gene knockout effect on the development of paraspinal muscle myopathy in a mouse which is characteristic of sarcopenia. The TSC1mKO mice is by far the best model available to study the pathological consequence of sarcopenia on mice spine. With paraspinal muscle myopathy established as early as 9 months, TSC1mKO mice developed disc degeneration and disc wedging. This is followed by kyphosis of the spine at 12 months with concomitant disc height loss and vertebral body wedging due to bone remodeling. Age-related bone loss was not found in our study, suggesting osteoporosis and myopathy-induced vertebral body wedging are likely two independent processes. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This is the first study to provide key insights on the early and late consequences of paraspinal myopathy on intervertebral disc degeneration, spinal kyphosis, and vertebral body changes. With this new understanding, future studies evaluating therapies for spinal degeneration may be performed to develop time-sensitive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwee Weng Dennis Hey
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University Hospital, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block Level 11, Singapore 119228.
| | - Wing Moon Raymond Lam
- National University of Singapore Engineering Programme (NUSTEP), Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 10 Medical Dr, Singapore 117597
| | - Chloe Xiaoyun Chan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University Hospital, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block Level 11, Singapore 119228.
| | - Wen-Hai Zhuo
- National University of Singapore Engineering Programme (NUSTEP), Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 10 Medical Dr, Singapore 117597
| | - Elisa Marie Crombie
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 10 Medical Dr, Singapore 117597
| | - Tuan Chun Tan
- Institute of Medical Biology (IMB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8a Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138648
| | - Way Cherng Chen
- Bruker Singapore Pte Ltd, Singapore, 30 Biopolis St, Singapore 138671
| | - Simon Cool
- Institute of Medical Biology (IMB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8a Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138648
| | - Shih Yin Tsai
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 10 Medical Dr, Singapore 117597
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Xie Z, Zhang W, Zhang Y. Loss of Slc38a4 imprinting is a major cause of mouse placenta hyperplasia in somatic cell nuclear transferred embryos at late gestation. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110407. [PMID: 35196486 PMCID: PMC8919768 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Placenta hyperplasia is commonly observed in cloned animals and is believed to impede the proper development of cloned embryos. However, the mechanism underlying this phenomenon is largely unknown. Here, we show that placenta hyperplasia of cloned mouse embryos occurs in both middle and late gestation. Interestingly, restoring paternal-specific expression of an amino acid transporter Slc38a4, which loses maternal H3K27me3-dependent imprinting and becomes biallelically expressed in cloned placentae, rescues the overgrowth of cloned placentae at late gestation. Molecular analyses reveal that loss of Slc38a4 imprinting leads to over-activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway in cloned placentae, which is likely due to the increased amino acids transport by SLC38A4. Collectively, our study not only reveals loss of Slc38a4 imprinting is responsible for overgrowth of cloned placentae at late gestation but also suggests the underlying mechanism involves increased amino acid transport and over-activation of mTORC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfei Xie
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Wenhao Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, WAB-149G, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Hutfilz C. Endocrine Regulation of Lifespan in Insect Diapause. Front Physiol 2022; 13:825057. [PMID: 35242054 PMCID: PMC8886022 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.825057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Diapause is a physiological adaptation to conditions that are unfavorable for growth or reproduction. During diapause, animals become long-lived, stress-resistant, developmentally static, and non-reproductive, in the case of diapausing adults. Diapause has been observed at all developmental stages in both vertebrates and invertebrates. In adults, diapause traits weaken into adaptations such as hibernation, estivation, dormancy, or torpor, which represent evolutionarily diverse versions of the traditional diapause traits. These traits are regulated through modifications of the endocrine program guiding development. In insects, this typically includes changes in molting hormones, as well as metabolic signals that limit growth while skewing the organism's energetic demands toward conservation. While much work has been done to characterize these modifications, the interactions between hormones and their downstream consequences are incompletely understood. The current state of diapause endocrinology is reviewed here to highlight the relevance of diapause beyond its use as a model to study seasonality and development. Specifically, insect diapause is an emerging model to study mechanisms that determine lifespan. The induction of diapause represents a dramatic change in the normal progression of age. Hormones such as juvenile hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone, and prothoracicotropic hormone are well-known to modulate this plasticity. The induction of diapause-and by extension, the cessation of normal aging-is coordinated by interactions between these pathways. However, research directly connecting diapause endocrinology to the biology of aging is lacking. This review explores connections between diapause and aging through the perspective of endocrine signaling. The current state of research in both fields suggests appreciable overlap that will greatly contribute to our understanding of diapause and lifespan determination.
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Pan HY, Valapala M. Regulation of Autophagy by the Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 (GSK-3) Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031709. [PMID: 35163631 PMCID: PMC8836041 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a vital cellular mechanism that benefits cellular maintenance and survival during cell stress. It can eliminate damaged or long-lived organelles and improperly folded proteins to maintain cellular homeostasis, development, and differentiation. Impaired autophagy is associated with several diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Several signaling pathways are associated with the regulation of the autophagy pathway. The glycogen synthase kinase-3 signaling pathway was reported to regulate the autophagy pathway. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms by which the GSK-3 signaling pathway regulates autophagy. Autophagy and lysosomal function are regulated by transcription factor EB (TFEB). GSK-3 was shown to be involved in the regulation of TFEB nuclear expression in an mTORC1-dependent manner. In addition to mTORC1, GSK-3β also regulates TFEB via the protein kinase C (PKC) and the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A-3 (eIF4A3) signaling pathways. In addition to TFEB, we will also discuss the mechanisms by which the GSK-3 signaling pathway regulates autophagy by modulating other signaling molecules and autophagy inducers including, mTORC1, AKT and ULK1. In summary, this review provides a comprehensive understanding of the role of the GSK-3 signaling pathway in the regulation of autophagy.
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Metabolic Features of Tumor Dormancy: Possible Therapeutic Strategies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030547. [PMID: 35158815 PMCID: PMC8833651 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Tumor recurrence still represents a major clinical challenge for cancer patients. Cancer cells may undergo a dormant state for long times before re-emerging. Both intracellular- and extracellular-driven pathways are involved in maintaining the dormant state and the subsequent awakening, with a mechanism that is still mostly unknown. In this scenario, cancer metabolism is emerging as a critical driver of tumor progression and dissemination and have gained increasing attention in cancer research. This review focuses on the metabolic adaptations characterizing the dormant phenotype and supporting tumor re-growth. Deciphering the metabolic adaptation sustaining tumor dormancy may pave the way for novel therapeutic approaches to prevent tumor recurrence based on combined metabolic drugs. Abstract Tumor relapse represents one of the main obstacles to cancer treatment. Many patients experience cancer relapse even decades from the primary tumor eradication, developing more aggressive and metastatic disease. This phenomenon is associated with the emergence of dormant cancer cells, characterized by cell cycle arrest and largely insensitive to conventional anti-cancer therapies. These rare and elusive cells may regain proliferative abilities upon the induction of cell-intrinsic and extrinsic factors, thus fueling tumor re-growth and metastasis formation. The molecular mechanisms underlying the maintenance of resistant dormant cells and their awakening are intriguing but, currently, still largely unknown. However, increasing evidence recently underlined a strong dependency of cell cycle progression to metabolic adaptations of cancer cells. Even if dormant cells are frequently characterized by a general metabolic slowdown and an increased ability to cope with oxidative stress, different factors, such as extracellular matrix composition, stromal cells influence, and nutrient availability, may dictate specific changes in dormant cells, finally resulting in tumor relapse. The main topic of this review is deciphering the role of the metabolic pathways involved in tumor cells dormancy to provide new strategies for selectively targeting these cells to prevent fatal recurrence and maximize therapeutic benefit.
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Hennigan JN, Lynch MD. The past, present, and future of enzyme-based therapies. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:117-133. [PMID: 34537332 PMCID: PMC8714691 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme-based therapeutics (EBTs) have the potential to tap into an almost unmeasurable amount of enzyme biodiversity and treat myriad conditions. Although EBTs were some of the first biologics used clinically, the rate of development of newer EBTs has lagged behind that of other biologics. Here, we review the history of EBTs, and discuss the state of each class of EBT, their potential clinical advantages, and the unique challenges to their development. Additionally, we discuss key remaining technical barriers that, if addressed, could increase the diversity and rate of the development of EBTs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael D Lynch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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Krencz I, Sztankovics D, Danko T, Sebestyen A, Khoor A. Progression and metastasis of small cell lung carcinoma: the role of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and metabolic alterations. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:1141-1157. [PMID: 34958428 PMCID: PMC8825381 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-021-10012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) is characterized by high metastatic rate and poor prognosis. The platinum-based chemotherapy still represents the backbone of the therapy; however, acquired resistance develops almost in all patients. Although SCLC has been formerly considered a homogeneous disease, recent advances in SCLC research have highlighted the importance of inter- and intratumoral heterogeneity and have resulted in the subclassification of SCLC. The newly described SCLC subtypes are characterized by distinct biological behavior and vulnerabilities that can be therapeutically exploited. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is frequently affected in SCLC, and its activation represents a promising therapeutic target. Since the mTOR pathway is a master regulator of cellular metabolism, its alterations may also influence the bioenergetic processes of SCLC cells. Despite the encouraging preclinical results, both mTOR and metabolic inhibitors have met limited clinical success so far. Patient selection for personalized therapy, the development of rational drug combinations, and a better understanding of heterogeneity and spatiotemporal evolution of the tumor cells may improve efficacy and can help to overcome acquired resistance. Here we provide a summary of current investigations regarding the role of the mTOR pathway and metabolic alterations in the progression and metastasis formation of SCLC.
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Common and diet-specific metabolic pathways underlying residual feed intake in fattening Charolais yearling bulls. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24346. [PMID: 34934071 PMCID: PMC8692463 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03678-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Residual feed intake (RFI) is one of the preferred traits for feed efficiency animal breeding. However, RFI measurement is expensive and time-consuming and animal ranking may depend on the nature of the diets. We aimed to explore RFI plasma biomarkers and to unravel the underlying metabolic pathways in yearling bulls fed either a corn-silage diet rich in starch (corn diet) or a grass-silage diet rich in fiber (grass diet). Forty-eight extreme RFI animals (Low-RFI, n = 24, versus High-RFI, n = 24, balanced per diet) were selected from a population of 364 Charolais bulls and their plasma was subjected to a targeted LC-MS metabolomic approach together with classical metabolite and hormonal plasma analyses. Greater lean body mass and nitrogen use efficiency, and lower protein turnover were identified as common mechanisms underlying RFI irrespective of the diet. On the other hand, greater adiposity and plasma concentrations of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) together with lower insulin sensitivity in High-RFI animals were only observed with corn diet. Conversely, greater plasma concentrations of BCAA and total triglycerides, but similar insulin concentrations were noted in efficient RFI cattle with grass diet. Our data suggest that there are diet-specific mechanisms explaining RFI differences in fattening Charolais yearling bulls.
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Senoo H, Murata D, Wai M, Arai K, Iwata W, Sesaki H, Iijima M. KARATE: PKA-induced KRAS4B-RHOA-mTORC2 supercomplex phosphorylates AKT in insulin signaling and glucose homeostasis. Mol Cell 2021; 81:4622-4634.e8. [PMID: 34551282 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AKT is a serine/threonine kinase that plays an important role in metabolism, cell growth, and cytoskeletal dynamics. AKT is activated by two kinases, PDK1 and mTORC2. Although the regulation of PDK1 is well understood, the mechanism that controls mTORC2 is unknown. Here, by investigating insulin receptor signaling in human cells and biochemical reconstitution, we found that insulin induces the activation of mTORC2 toward AKT by assembling a supercomplex with KRAS4B and RHOA GTPases, termed KARATE (KRAS4B-RHOA-mTORC2 Ensemble). Insulin-induced KARATE assembly is controlled via phosphorylation of GTP-bound KRAS4B at S181 and GDP-bound RHOA at S188 by protein kinase A. By developing a KARATE inhibitor, we demonstrate that KRAS4B-RHOA interaction drives KARATE formation. In adipocytes, KARATE controls insulin-dependent translocation of the glucose transporter GLUT4 to the plasma membrane for glucose uptake. Thus, our work reveals a fundamental mechanism that activates mTORC2 toward AKT in insulin-regulated glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Senoo
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Daisuke Murata
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - May Wai
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kenta Arai
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Wakiko Iwata
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hiromi Sesaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Miho Iijima
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Plasma concentrations of branched-chain amino acids differ with Holstein genetic strain in pasture-based dairy systems. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22414. [PMID: 34789813 PMCID: PMC8599868 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01564-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In pasture-based systems, there are nutritional and climatic challenges exacerbated across lactation; thus, dairy cows require an enhanced adaptive capacity compared with cows in confined systems. We aimed to evaluate the effect of lactation stage (21 vs. 180 days in milk, DIM) and Holstein genetic strain (North American Holstein, NAH, n = 8; New Zealand Holstein, NZH, n = 8) on metabolic adaptations of grazing dairy cows through plasma metabolomic profiling and its association with classical metabolites. Although 67 metabolites were affected (FDR < 0.05) by DIM, no metabolite was observed to differ between genetic strains while only alanine was affected (FDR = 0.02) by the interaction between genetic strain and DIM. However, complementary tools for time-series analysis (ASCA analysis, MEBA ranking) indicated that alanine and the branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) differed between genetic strains in a lactation-stage dependent manner. Indeed, NZH cows had lower (P-Tukey < 0.05) plasma concentrations of leucine, isoleucine and valine than NAH cows at 21 DIM, probably signaling for greater insulin sensitivity. Metabolic pathway analysis also revealed that, independently of genetic strains, AA metabolism might be structurally involved in homeorhetic changes as 40% (19/46) of metabolic pathways differentially expressed (FDR < 0.05) between 21 and 180 DIM belonged to AA metabolism.
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Zhang S, Lin X, Hou Q, Hu Z, Wang Y, Wang Z. Regulation of mTORC1 by amino acids in mammalian cells: A general picture of recent advances. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:1009-1023. [PMID: 34738031 PMCID: PMC8536509 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) integrates various types of signal inputs, such as energy, growth factors, and amino acids to regulate cell growth and proliferation mainly through the 2 direct downstream targets, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP1) and ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1). Most of the signal arms upstream of mTORC1 including energy status, stress signals, and growth factors converge on the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) - Ras homologue enriched in brain (Rheb) axis. Amino acids, however, are distinct from other signals and modulate mTORC1 using a unique pathway. In recent years, the transmission mechanism of amino acid signals upstream of mTORC1 has been gradually elucidated, and some sensors or signal transmission pathways for individual amino acids have also been discovered. With the help of these findings, we propose a general picture of recent advances, which demonstrates that various amino acids from lysosomes, cytoplasm, and Golgi are sensed by their respective sensors. These signals converge on mTORC1 and form a huge and complicated signal network with multiple synergies, antagonisms, and feedback mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Nutrition and Physiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Xueyan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Nutrition and Physiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Qiuling Hou
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Nutrition and Physiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiyong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Nutrition and Physiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Nutrition and Physiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Nutrition and Physiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong, China
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Li Y, Qiu X, Wang X, Liu H, Geck RC, Tewari AK, Xiao T, Font-Tello A, Lim K, Jones KL, Morrow M, Vadhi R, Kao PL, Jaber A, Yerrum S, Xie Y, Chow KH, Cejas P, Nguyen QD, Long HW, Liu XS, Toker A, Brown M. FGFR-inhibitor-mediated dismissal of SWI/SNF complexes from YAP-dependent enhancers induces adaptive therapeutic resistance. Nat Cell Biol 2021; 23:1187-1198. [PMID: 34737445 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-021-00781-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
How cancer cells adapt to evade the therapeutic effects of drugs targeting oncogenic drivers is poorly understood. Here we report an epigenetic mechanism leading to the adaptive resistance of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) to fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitors. Prolonged FGFR inhibition suppresses the function of BRG1-dependent chromatin remodelling, leading to an epigenetic state that derepresses YAP-associated enhancers. These chromatin changes induce the expression of several amino acid transporters, resulting in increased intracellular levels of specific amino acids that reactivate mTORC1. Consistent with this mechanism, addition of mTORC1 or YAP inhibitors to FGFR blockade synergistically attenuated the growth of TNBC patient-derived xenograft models. Collectively, these findings reveal a feedback loop involving an epigenetic state transition and metabolic reprogramming that leads to adaptive therapeutic resistance and provides potential therapeutic strategies to overcome this mechanism of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xintao Qiu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Pathology, and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Renee C Geck
- Department of Pathology, and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alok K Tewari
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tengfei Xiao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alba Font-Tello
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Klothilda Lim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristen L Jones
- Lurie Family Imaging Center, Center for Biomedical Imaging in Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Murry Morrow
- Lurie Family Imaging Center, Center for Biomedical Imaging in Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Raga Vadhi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pei-Lun Kao
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Patient Derived Models, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aliya Jaber
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Patient Derived Models, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Smitha Yerrum
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Patient Derived Models, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yingtian Xie
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kin-Hoe Chow
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Patient Derived Models, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paloma Cejas
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Quang-Dé Nguyen
- Lurie Family Imaging Center, Center for Biomedical Imaging in Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Henry W Long
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - X Shirley Liu
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alex Toker
- Department of Pathology, and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Myles Brown
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA. .,Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Female developmental environment delays development of male honeybee (Apis mellifera). BMC Genomics 2021; 22:699. [PMID: 34579651 PMCID: PMC8477528 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nutrition and cell size play an important role in the determination of caste differentiation in queen and worker of honeybees (Apis mellifera), whereas the haploid genome dominates the differentiation of drones. However, the effects of female developmental environment on the development of males remain unclear. In this study, young drone larvae were transferred into worker cells (WCs) or remained in drone cells (DCs) to rear drones. The drone larvae were also grafted into queen cells (QCs) for 48 h and then transplanted into drone cells until emerging. Morphological indexes and reproductive organs of these three types of newly emerged drones were measured. Newly emerged drones and third instar drone larvae from WCs, DCs and QCs were sequenced by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). Results The amount of food remaining in cells of the QC and WC groups was significantly different to that in the DC group at the early larval stage. Morphological results showed that newly emerged DC drones had bigger body sizes and more well-developed reproductive tissues than WC and QC drones, whereas the reproductive tissues of QC drones were larger than those of WC drones. Additionally, whole body gene expression results showed a clear difference among three groups. At larval stage there were 889, 1761 and 1927 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in WC/DC, QC/DC and WC/QC comparisons, respectively. The number of DEGs decreased in adult drones of these three comparisons [678 (WC/DC), 338 (QC/DC) and 518 (WC/QC)]. A high number of DEGs were involved in sex differentiation, growth, olfaction, vision, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Wnt signaling pathways, and other processes. Conclusions This study demonstrated that the developmental environment of honeybee females can delay male development, which may serve as a model for understanding the regulation of sex differentiation and male development in social insects by environmental factors. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-08014-1.
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Tanigawa M, Yamamoto K, Nagatoishi S, Nagata K, Noshiro D, Noda NN, Tsumoto K, Maeda T. A glutamine sensor that directly activates TORC1. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1093. [PMID: 34535752 PMCID: PMC8448839 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02625-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
TOR complex 1 (TORC1) is an evolutionarily-conserved protein kinase that controls cell growth and metabolism in response to nutrients, particularly amino acids. In mammals, several amino acid sensors have been identified that converge on the multi-layered machinery regulating Rag GTPases to trigger TORC1 activation; however, these sensors are not conserved in many other organisms including yeast. Previously, we reported that glutamine activates yeast TORC1 via a Gtr (Rag ortholog)-independent mechanism involving the vacuolar protein Pib2, although the identity of the supposed glutamine sensor and the exact TORC1 activation mechanism remain unclear. In this study, we successfully reconstituted glutamine-responsive TORC1 activation in vitro using only purified Pib2 and TORC1. In addition, we found that glutamine specifically induced a change in the folding state of Pib2. These findings indicate that Pib2 is a glutamine sensor that directly activates TORC1, providing a new model for the metabolic control of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirai Tanigawa
- Departments of Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Yamamoto
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Nagatoishi
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Nagata
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Nobuo N Noda
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Maeda
- Departments of Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan. .,Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Wilder CS, Chen Z, DiGiovanni J. Pharmacologic approaches to amino acid depletion for cancer therapy. Mol Carcinog 2021; 61:127-152. [PMID: 34534385 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells undergo metabolic reprogramming to support increased demands in bioenergetics and biosynthesis and to maintain reactive oxygen species at optimum levels. As metabolic alterations are broadly observed across many cancer types, metabolic reprogramming is considered a hallmark of cancer. A metabolic alteration commonly seen in cancer cells is an increased demand for certain amino acids. Amino acids are involved in a wide range of cellular functions, including proliferation, redox balance, bioenergetic and biosynthesis support, and homeostatic functions. Thus, targeting amino acid dependency in cancer is an attractive strategy for a number of cancers. In particular, pharmacologically mediated amino acid depletion has been evaluated as a cancer treatment option for several cancers. Amino acids that have been investigated for the feasibility of drug-induced depletion in preclinical and clinical studies for cancer treatment include arginine, asparagine, cysteine, glutamine, lysine, and methionine. In this review, we will summarize the status of current research on pharmacologically mediated amino acid depletion as a strategy for cancer treatment and potential chemotherapeutic combinations that synergize with amino acid depletion to further inhibit tumor growth and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly S Wilder
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Zhao Chen
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - John DiGiovanni
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.,Center for Molecular Carcinogenesis and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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Natural Compounds Attenuate Denervation-Induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158310. [PMID: 34361076 PMCID: PMC8348757 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The weight of skeletal muscle accounts for approximately 40% of the whole weight in a healthy individual, and the normal metabolism and motor function of the muscle are indispensable for healthy life. In addition, the skeletal muscle of the maxillofacial region plays an important role not only in eating and swallowing, but also in communication, such as facial expressions and conversations. In recent years, skeletal muscle atrophy has received worldwide attention as a serious health problem. However, the mechanism of skeletal muscle atrophy that has been clarified at present is insufficient, and a therapeutic method against skeletal muscle atrophy has not been established. This review provides views on the importance of skeletal muscle in the maxillofacial region and explains the differences between skeletal muscles in the maxillofacial region and other regions. We summarize the findings to change in gene expression in muscle remodeling and emphasize the advantages and disadvantages of denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy model. Finally, we discuss the newly discovered beneficial effects of natural compounds on skeletal muscle atrophy.
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Tooley AS, Kazyken D, Bodur C, Gonzalez IE, Fingar DC. The innate immune kinase TBK1 directly increases mTORC2 activity and downstream signaling to Akt. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100942. [PMID: 34245780 PMCID: PMC8342794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
TBK1 responds to microbes to initiate cellular responses critical for host innate immune defense. We found previously that TBK1 phosphorylates mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) on S2159 to increase mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling in response to the growth factor EGF and the viral dsRNA mimetic poly(I:C). mTORC1 and the less well studied mTORC2 respond to diverse cues to control cellular metabolism, proliferation, and survival. Although TBK1 has been linked to Akt phosphorylation, a direct relationship between TBK1 and mTORC2, an Akt kinase, has not been described. By studying MEFs lacking TBK1, as well as MEFs, macrophages, and mice bearing an Mtor S2159A knock-in allele (MtorA/A) using in vitro kinase assays and cell-based approaches, we demonstrate here that TBK1 activates mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) directly to increase Akt phosphorylation. We find that TBK1 and mTOR S2159 phosphorylation promotes mTOR-dependent phosphorylation of Akt in response to several growth factors and poly(I:C). Mechanistically, TBK1 coimmunoprecipitates with mTORC2 and phosphorylates mTOR S2159 within mTORC2 in cells. Kinase assays demonstrate that TBK1 and mTOR S2159 phosphorylation increase mTORC2 intrinsic catalytic activity. Growth factors failed to activate TBK1 or increase mTOR S2159 phosphorylation in MEFs. Thus, basal TBK1 activity cooperates with growth factors in parallel to increase mTORC2 (and mTORC1) signaling. Collectively, these results reveal cross talk between TBK1 and mTOR, key regulatory nodes within two major signaling networks. As TBK1 and mTOR contribute to tumorigenesis and metabolic disorders, these kinases may work together in a direct manner in a variety of physiological and pathological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Seth Tooley
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Dubek Kazyken
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Cagri Bodur
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ian E Gonzalez
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Diane C Fingar
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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Jiang Q, Shi L. Coordination of the Uptake and Metabolism of Amino Acids in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Infected Macrophages. Front Immunol 2021; 12:711462. [PMID: 34326848 PMCID: PMC8315098 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.711462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage polarization to the M1-like phenotype, which is critical for the pro-inflammatory and antimicrobial responses of macrophages against intracellular pathogens, is associated with metabolic reprogramming to the Warburg effect and a high output of NO from increased expression of NOS2. However, there is limited understanding about the uptake and metabolism of other amino acids during M1 polarization. Based on functional analysis of a group of upregulated transporters and enzymes involved in the uptake and/or metabolism of amino acids in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages, plus studies of immune cell activation, we postulate a coherent scheme for amino acid uptake and metabolism during macrophage polarization to the M1-like phenotype. We describe potential mechanisms that the increased arginine metabolism by NOS2 is metabolically coupled with system L transporters LAT1 and LAT2 for the uptake of neutral amino acids, including those that drive mTORC1 signaling toward the M1-like phenotype. We also discuss the underappreciated pleiotropic roles of glutamine metabolism in the metabolic reprogramming of M1-like macrophages. Collectively, our analyses argue that a coordinated amino acid uptake and metabolism constitutes an integral component of the broad metabolic scheme required for macrophage polarization to M1-like phenotype against M. tuberculosis infection. This idea could stimulate future experimental efforts to elucidate the metabolic map of macrophage activation for the development of anti-tuberculosis therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingkui Jiang
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Lanbo Shi
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
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