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Thomsen M, Marth K, Loens S, Everding J, Junker J, Borngräber F, Ott F, Jesús S, Gelderblom M, Odorfer T, Kuhlenbäumer G, Kim HJ, Schaeffer E, Becktepe J, Kasten M, Brüggemann N, Pfister R, Kollewe K, Krauss JK, Lohmann E, Hinrichs F, Berg D, Jeon B, Busch H, Altenmüller E, Mir P, Kamm C, Volkmann J, Zittel S, Ferbert A, Zeuner KE, Rolfs A, Bauer P, Kühn AA, Bäumer T, Klein C, Lohmann K. Large-Scale Screening: Phenotypic and Mutational Spectrum in Isolated and Combined Dystonia Genes. Mov Disord 2024; 39:526-538. [PMID: 38214203 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogenic variants in several genes have been linked to genetic forms of isolated or combined dystonia. The phenotypic and genetic spectrum and the frequency of pathogenic variants in these genes have not yet been fully elucidated, neither in patients with dystonia nor with other, sometimes co-occurring movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). OBJECTIVES To screen >2000 patients with dystonia or PD for rare variants in known dystonia-causing genes. METHODS We screened 1207 dystonia patients from Germany (DysTract consortium), Spain, and South Korea, and 1036 PD patients from Germany for pathogenic variants using a next-generation sequencing gene panel. The impact on DNA methylation of KMT2B variants was evaluated by analyzing the gene's characteristic episignature. RESULTS We identified 171 carriers (109 with dystonia [9.0%]; 62 with PD [6.0%]) of 131 rare variants (minor allele frequency <0.005). A total of 52 patients (48 dystonia [4.0%]; four PD [0.4%, all with GCH1 variants]) carried 33 different (likely) pathogenic variants, of which 17 were not previously reported. Pathogenic biallelic variants in PRKRA were not found. Episignature analysis of 48 KMT2B variants revealed that only two of these should be considered (likely) pathogenic. CONCLUSION This study confirms pathogenic variants in GCH1, GNAL, KMT2B, SGCE, THAP1, and TOR1A as relevant causes in dystonia and expands the mutational spectrum. Of note, likely pathogenic variants only in GCH1 were also found among PD patients. For DYT-KMT2B, the recently described episignature served as a reliable readout to determine the functional effect of newly identified variants. © 2024 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirja Thomsen
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Katrin Marth
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sebastian Loens
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Systems Motor Science, CBBM, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Judith Everding
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Johanna Junker
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Fabian Ott
- Medical Systems Biology Group, Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Silvia Jesús
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Mathias Gelderblom
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Odorfer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gregor Kuhlenbäumer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Han-Joon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eva Schaeffer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jos Becktepe
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Meike Kasten
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Norbert Brüggemann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Katja Kollewe
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Joachim K Krauss
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ebba Lohmann
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Frauke Hinrichs
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Daniela Berg
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Beomseok Jeon
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hauke Busch
- Medical Systems Biology Group, Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Eckart Altenmüller
- Institute of Music Physiology and Musicians' Medicine, Hanover University of Music, Drama and Media, Hanover, Germany
| | - Pablo Mir
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Christoph Kamm
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jens Volkmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Simone Zittel
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Kirsten E Zeuner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Arndt Rolfs
- Medical Faculty, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Agyany Pharmaceuticals, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Andrea A Kühn
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Bäumer
- Institute of Systems Motor Science, CBBM, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Center of Rare Diseases, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Thomsen M, Lange LM, Zech M, Lohmann K. Genetics and Pathogenesis of Dystonia. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 19:99-131. [PMID: 37738511 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-051122-110756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Dystonia is a clinically and genetically highly heterogeneous neurological disorder characterized by abnormal movements and postures caused by involuntary sustained or intermittent muscle contractions. A number of groundbreaking genetic and molecular insights have recently been gained. While they enable genetic testing and counseling, their translation into new therapies is still limited. However, we are beginning to understand shared pathophysiological pathways and molecular mechanisms. It has become clear that dystonia results from a dysfunctional network involving the basal ganglia, cerebellum, thalamus, and cortex. On the molecular level, more than a handful of, often intertwined, pathways have been linked to pathogenic variants in dystonia genes, including gene transcription during neurodevelopment (e.g., KMT2B, THAP1), calcium homeostasis (e.g., ANO3, HPCA), striatal dopamine signaling (e.g., GNAL), endoplasmic reticulum stress response (e.g., EIF2AK2, PRKRA, TOR1A), autophagy (e.g., VPS16), and others. Thus, different forms of dystonia can be molecularly grouped, which may facilitate treatment development in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirja Thomsen
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany;
| | - Lara M Lange
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany;
| | - Michael Zech
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany;
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Yellajoshyula D. Transcriptional regulatory network for neuron-glia interactions and its implication for DYT6 dystonia. DYSTONIA (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 2:11796. [PMID: 38737544 PMCID: PMC11087070 DOI: 10.3389/dyst.2023.11796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Advances in sequencing technologies have identified novel genes associated with inherited forms of dystonia, providing valuable insights into its genetic basis and revealing diverse genetic pathways and mechanisms involved in its pathophysiology. Since identifying genetic variation in the transcription factor coding THAP1 gene linked to isolated dystonia, numerous investigations have employed transcriptomic studies in DYT-THAP1 models to uncover pathogenic molecular mechanisms underlying dystonia. This review examines key findings from transcriptomic studies conducted on in vivo and in vitro DYT-THAP1 models, which demonstrate that the THAP1-regulated transcriptome is diverse and cell-specific, yet it is bound and co-regulated by a common set of proteins. Prominent among its functions, THAP1 and its co-regulatory network target molecular pathways critical for generating myelinating oligodendrocytes that ensheath axons and generate white matter in the central nervous system. Several lines of investigation have demonstrated the importance of myelination and oligodendrogenesis in motor function during development and in adults, emphasizing the non-cell autonomous contributions of glial cells to neural circuits involved in motor function. Further research on the role of myelin abnormalities in motor deficits in DYT6 models will enhance our understanding of axon-glia interactions in dystonia pathophysiology and provide potential therapeutic interventions targeting these pathways.
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Diaw SH, Ott F, Münchau A, Lohmann K, Busch H. Emerging role of a systems biology approach to elucidate factors of reduced penetrance: transcriptional changes in THAP1-linked dystonia as an example. MED GENET-BERLIN 2022; 34:131-141. [PMID: 38835919 PMCID: PMC11006298 DOI: 10.1515/medgen-2022-2126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Pathogenic variants in THAP1 can cause dystonia with a penetrance of about 50 %. The underlying mechanisms are unknown and can be considered as means of endogenous disease protection. Since THAP1 encodes a transcription factor, drivers of this variability putatively act at the transcriptome level. Several transcriptome studies tried to elucidate THAP1 function in diverse cellular and mouse models, including mutation carrier-derived cells and iPSC-derived neurons, unveiling various differentially expressed genes and affected pathways. These include nervous system development, dopamine signalling, myelination, or cell-cell adhesion. A network diffusion analysis revealed mRNA splicing, mitochondria, DNA repair, and metabolism as significant pathways that may represent potential targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sokhna Haissatou Diaw
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Fabian Ott
- Institute of Experimental Dermatology and Institute of Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alexander Münchau
- Institute of Systems Motor Science, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hauke Busch
- Institute of Experimental Dermatology and Institute of Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
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Genetic screening in patients of Meige syndrome and blepharospasm. Neurol Sci 2022; 43:3683-3694. [PMID: 35044558 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-022-05900-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Meige syndrome (MS) is cranial dystonia, including bilateral eyelid spasms (blepharospasm; BSP) and involuntary movements of the jaw muscles (oromandibular dystonia; OMD). Up to now, the pathogenic genes of MS and BSP are still unclear. METHODS We performed Sanger sequencing of GNAL, TOR1A, TOR2A, THAP1, and REEP4 exons on 78 patients, including 53 BSP and 25 MS and 96 healthy controls. RESULTS c.845G > C[R282P] of TOR1A, c.629delC[p.Gly210AlafsTer60] of TOR2A, c.1322A > G[N441S] of GNAL, c.446G > A[R149Q], and c.649C > T[R217C] of REEP4 were identified and predicated as deleterious probably damaging variants. Three potential alterations of splicing variants of TOR1A and TOR2A were identified in patients. The frequencies of TOR1A rs1435566780 and THAP1 rs545930392 were higher in patients than in controls. CONCLUSIONS TOR1A rs1435566780 (c.*16G > C(G > A)) and THAP1 rs545930392 (c.192G > A[K64K]) may contribute to the etiology of MS and BSP. Other identified rare mutations predicted as deleterious probably damaging need further confirmation. Larger MS and BSP cohorts and functional studies will need to be performed further to elucidate the association between these genes and the diseases.
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Manzo N, Ginatempo F, Belvisi D, Defazio G, Conte A, Deriu F, Berardelli A. Pathophysiological mechanisms of oromandibular dystonia. Clin Neurophysiol 2021; 134:73-80. [PMID: 34979293 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2021.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Oromandibular dystonia (OMD) is a rare form of focal idiopathic dystonia. OMD was clinically identified at the beginning of the 20th century, and the main clinical features have been progressively described over the years. However, OMD has several peculiarities that still remain unexplained, including the high rate of oral trauma, which is often related to the onset of motor symptoms. The purpose of this paper was to formulate a hypothesis regarding the pathophysiology of OMD, starting from the neuroanatomical basis of the masticatory and facial systems and highlighting the features that differentiate this condition from other forms of focal idiopathic dystonia. We provide a brief review of the clinical and etiological features of OMD as well as neurophysiological and neuroimaging findings obtained from studies in patients with OMD. We discuss possible pathophysiological mechanisms underlying OMD and suggest that abnormalities in sensory input processing may play a prominent role in OMD pathophysiology, possibly triggering a cascade of events that results in sensorimotor cortex network dysfunction. Finally, we identify open questions that future studies should address, including the effect of abnormal sensory input processing and oral trauma on the peculiar neurophysiological abnormalities observed in OMD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniele Belvisi
- IRCCS NEUROMED, Via Atinense, 18, 86077 Pozzilli, IS, Italy; Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza, University of Rome, Viale Dell' Università 30, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Defazio
- Movement Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, University of Cagliari, SS 554 km 4.500, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonella Conte
- IRCCS NEUROMED, Via Atinense, 18, 86077 Pozzilli, IS, Italy; Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza, University of Rome, Viale Dell' Università 30, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Franca Deriu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro, 43c, 07100 Sassari, Italy; Unit of Endocrinology, Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders, AOU Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- IRCCS NEUROMED, Via Atinense, 18, 86077 Pozzilli, IS, Italy; Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza, University of Rome, Viale Dell' Università 30, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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Pandey S, Bhattad S, Dinesh S. Tremor in Primary Monogenic Dystonia. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2021; 21:48. [PMID: 34264428 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-021-01135-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Tremor is an important phenotypic feature of dystonia with wide variability in the reported prevalence ranging from 14 to 86.67%. This variability may be due to the types of dystonia patients reported in different studies. This article reviews research articles reporting tremor in primary monogenic dystonia. RECENT FINDINGS We searched the MDS gene data and selected all research articles reporting tremor in primary monogenic dystonia. Tremor was reported in nine dystonia genes, namely DYT-HPCA, DYT-ANO3, DYT-KCTD17, DYT-THAP1, DYT-PRKRA, DYT-GNAL, DYT-TOR1A, DYT-KMT2B, and DYT-SGCE in the descending order of its frequency. HPCA gene mutation is rare, but all reported patients had tremor. Similarly, tremor was reported in eight genes associated with dystonia parkinsonism, namely DYT-SLC6A3, DYT-TH, DYT-SPR, DYT-PTS, DYT-GCH1, DYT-TAF1, DYT-QDPR, and DYT-SCL30A10 in the descending order of its prevalence. DYT-HPCA and DYT-ANO3 gene showed the highest prevalence of tremor in isolated dystonia, and DYT-SLC6A3 has the highest prevalence of tremor in combined dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Pandey
- Department of Neurology, Govind Ballabh Pant Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Academic Block, Room No 501, New Delhi, 110002, India.
| | - Sonali Bhattad
- Department of Neurology, Govind Ballabh Pant Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Academic Block, Room No 501, New Delhi, 110002, India
| | - Shreya Dinesh
- Department of Neurology, Govind Ballabh Pant Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Academic Block, Room No 501, New Delhi, 110002, India
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Staege S, Kutschenko A, Baumann H, Glaß H, Henkel L, Gschwendtberger T, Kalmbach N, Klietz M, Hermann A, Lohmann K, Seibler P, Wegner F. Reduced Expression of GABA A Receptor Alpha2 Subunit Is Associated With Disinhibition of DYT-THAP1 Dystonia Patient-Derived Striatal Medium Spiny Neurons. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:650586. [PMID: 34095114 PMCID: PMC8176025 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.650586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
DYT-THAP1 dystonia (formerly DYT6) is an adolescent-onset dystonia characterized by involuntary muscle contractions usually involving the upper body. It is caused by mutations in the gene THAP1 encoding for the transcription factor Thanatos-associated protein (THAP) domain containing apoptosis-associated protein 1 and inherited in an autosomal-dominant manner with reduced penetrance. Alterations in the development of striatal neuronal projections and synaptic function are known from transgenic mice models. To investigate pathogenetic mechanisms, human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived medium spiny neurons (MSNs) from two patients and one family member with reduced penetrance carrying a mutation in the gene THAP1 (c.474delA and c.38G > A) were functionally characterized in comparison to healthy controls. Calcium imaging and quantitative PCR analysis revealed significantly lower Ca2+ amplitudes upon GABA applications and a marked downregulation of the gene encoding the GABAA receptor alpha2 subunit in THAP1 MSNs indicating a decreased GABAergic transmission. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings showed a significantly lower frequency of miniature postsynaptic currents (mPSCs), whereas the frequency of spontaneous action potentials (APs) was elevated in THAP1 MSNs suggesting that decreased synaptic activity might have resulted in enhanced generation of APs. Our molecular and functional data indicate that a reduced expression of GABAA receptor alpha2 subunit could eventually lead to limited GABAergic synaptic transmission, neuronal disinhibition, and hyperexcitability of THAP1 MSNs. These data give pathophysiological insight and may contribute to the development of novel treatment strategies for DYT-THAP1 dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Staege
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hanover, Germany
| | - Anna Kutschenko
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Hauke Baumann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hannes Glaß
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section "Albrecht-Kossel", Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Lisa Henkel
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hanover, Germany
| | - Thomas Gschwendtberger
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hanover, Germany
| | - Norman Kalmbach
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Martin Klietz
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Andreas Hermann
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section "Albrecht-Kossel", Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany
| | - Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Philip Seibler
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Florian Wegner
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hanover, Germany
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9
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Lange LM, Junker J, Loens S, Baumann H, Olschewski L, Schaake S, Madoev H, Petkovic S, Kuhnke N, Kasten M, Westenberger A, Domingo A, Marras C, König IR, Camargos S, Ozelius LJ, Klein C, Lohmann K. Genotype-Phenotype Relations for Isolated Dystonia Genes: MDSGene Systematic Review. Mov Disord 2021; 36:1086-1103. [PMID: 33502045 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive MDSGene review is devoted to 7 genes - TOR1A, THAP1, GNAL, ANO3, PRKRA, KMT2B, and HPCA - mutations in which may cause isolated dystonia. It followed MDSGene's standardized data extraction protocol and screened a total of ~1200 citations. Phenotypic and genotypic data on ~1200 patients with 254 different mutations were curated and analyzed. There were differences regarding age at onset, site of onset, and distribution of symptoms across mutation carriers in all 7 genes. Although carriers of TOR1A, THAP1, PRKRA, KMT2B, or HPCA mutations mostly showed childhood and adolescent onset, patients with GNAL and ANO3 mutations often developed first symptoms in adulthood. GNAL and KMT2B mutation carriers frequently have 1 predominant site of onset, that is, the neck (GNAL) or the lower limbs (KMT2B), whereas site of onset in DYT-TOR1A, DYT-THAP1, DYT-ANO3, DYT-PRKRA, and DYT-HPCA was broader. However, in most DYT-THAP1 and DYT-ANO3 patients, dystonia first manifested in the upper half of the body (upper limb, neck, and craniofacial/laryngeal), whereas onset in DYT-TOR1A, DYT-PRKRA and DYT-HPCA was frequently observed in an extremity, including both upper and lower ones. For ANO3, a segmental/multifocal distribution was typical, whereas TOR1A, PRKRA, KMT2B, and HPCA mutation carriers commonly developed generalized dystonia. THAP1 mutation carriers presented with focal, segmental/multifocal, or generalized dystonia in almost equal proportions. GNAL mutation carriers rarely showed generalization. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge of hereditary isolated dystonia. The data are also available in an online database (http://www.mdsgene.org), which additionally offers descriptive summary statistics. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara M Lange
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Johanna Junker
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sebastian Loens
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hauke Baumann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Luisa Olschewski
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Susen Schaake
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Harutyun Madoev
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sonja Petkovic
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Neele Kuhnke
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Meike Kasten
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ana Westenberger
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Aloysius Domingo
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Connie Marras
- The Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Inke R König
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sarah Camargos
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital das Clínicas, The Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Laurie J Ozelius
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Ma H, Qu J, Ye L, Shu Y, Qu Q. Blepharospasm, Oromandibular Dystonia, and Meige Syndrome: Clinical and Genetic Update. Front Neurol 2021; 12:630221. [PMID: 33854473 PMCID: PMC8039296 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.630221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Meige syndrome (MS) is cranial dystonia characterized by the combination of upper and lower cranial involvement and including binocular eyelid spasms (blepharospasm; BSP) and involuntary movements of the jaw muscles (oromandibular dystonia; OMD). The etiology and pathogenesis of this disorder of the extrapyramidal system are not well-understood. Neurologic and ophthalmic examinations often reveal no abnormalities, making diagnosis difficult and often resulting in misdiagnosis. A small proportion of patients have a family history of the disease, but to date no causative genes have been identified to date and no cure is available, although botulinum toxin A therapy effectively mitigates the symptoms and deep brain stimulation is gaining increasing attention as a viable alternative treatment option. Here we review the history and progress of research on MS, BSP, and OMD, as well as the etiology, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Institute for Rational and Safe Medication Practices, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jian Qu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liangjun Ye
- Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Provincial Corps Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Shu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiang Qu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Institute for Rational and Safe Medication Practices, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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11
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Domingo A, Yadav R, Ozelius LJ. Isolated dystonia: clinical and genetic updates. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2020; 128:405-416. [PMID: 33247415 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-020-02268-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Four genes associated with isolated dystonia are currently well replicated and validated. DYT-THAP1 manifests as young-onset generalized dystonia with predominant craniocervical symptoms; and is associated with mostly deleterious missense variation in the THAP1 gene. De novo and inherited missense and protein truncating variation in GNAL as well as primarily missense variation in ANO3 cause isolated focal and/or segmental dystonia with preference for the upper half of the body and older ages at onset. The GAG deletion in TOR1A is associated with generalized dystonia with onset in childhood in the lower limbs. Rare variation in these genes causes monogenic sporadic and inherited forms of isolated dystonia; common variation may confer risk and imply that dystonia is a polygenic trait in a subset of cases. Although candidate gene screens have been successful in the past in detecting gene-disease associations, recent application of whole-genome and whole-exome sequencing methods enable unbiased capture of all genetic variation that may explain the phenotype. However, careful variant-level evaluation is necessary in every case, even in genes that have previously been associated with disease. We review the genetic architecture and phenotype of DYT-THAP1, DYT-GNAL, DYT-ANO3, and DYT-TOR1A by collecting case reports from the literature and performing variant classification using pathogenicity criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloysius Domingo
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Rachita Yadav
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Laurie J Ozelius
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA. .,Collaborative Center for X-linked Dystonia-Parkinsonism, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
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12
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Diverse Mechanisms Lead to Common Dysfunction of Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons in Distinct Genetic Mouse Models of Dystonia. J Neurosci 2019; 39:7195-7205. [PMID: 31320448 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0407-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and experimental data indicate striatal cholinergic dysfunction in dystonia, a movement disorder typically resulting in twisted postures via abnormal muscle contraction. Three forms of isolated human dystonia result from mutations in the TOR1A (DYT1), THAP1 (DYT6), and GNAL (DYT25) genes. Experimental models carrying these mutations facilitate identification of possible shared cellular mechanisms. Recently, we reported elevated extracellular striatal acetylcholine by in vivo microdialysis and paradoxical excitation of cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) by dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) agonism using ex vivo slice electrophysiology in Dyt1 ΔGAG/+ mice. The paradoxical excitation was caused by overactive muscarinic receptors (mAChRs), leading to a switch in D2R coupling from canonical Gi/o to noncanonical β-arrestin signaling. We sought to determine whether these mechanisms in Dyt1 ΔGAG/+ mice are shared with Thap1 C54Y/+ knock-in and Gnal +/- knock-out dystonia models and to determine the impact of sex. We found Thap1 C54Y/+ mice of both sexes have elevated extracellular striatal acetylcholine and D2R-induced paradoxical ChI excitation, which was reversed by mAChR inhibition. Elevated extracellular acetylcholine was absent in male and female Gnal +/- mice, but the paradoxical D2R-mediated ChI excitation was retained and only reversed by inhibition of adenosine A2ARs. The Gi/o-preferring D2R agonist failed to increase ChI excitability, suggesting a possible switch in coupling of D2Rs to β-arrestin, as seen previously in a DYT1 model. These data show that, whereas elevated extracellular acetylcholine levels are not always detected across these genetic models of human dystonia, the D2R-mediated paradoxical excitation of ChIs is shared and is caused by altered function of distinct G-protein-coupled receptors.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Dystonia is a common and often disabling movement disorder. The usual medical treatment of dystonia is pharmacotherapy with nonselective antagonists of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, which have many undesirable side effects. Development of new therapeutics is a top priority for dystonia research. The current findings, considered in context with our previous investigations, establish a role for cholinergic dysfunction across three mouse models of human genetic dystonia: DYT1, DYT6, and DYT25. The commonality of cholinergic dysfunction in these models arising from diverse molecular etiologies points the way to new approaches for cholinergic modulation that may be broadly applicable in dystonia.
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13
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Field synopsis and systematic meta-analyses of genetic association studies in isolated dystonia. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2018; 57:50-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Meijer IA, Pearson TS. The Twists of Pediatric Dystonia: Phenomenology, Classification, and Genetics. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2018; 25:65-74. [PMID: 29735118 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This article aims to provide a practical review of pediatric dystonia from a clinician's perspective. The focus is on the underlying genetic causes, recent findings, and treatable conditions. Dystonia can occur in an isolated fashion or accompanied by other neurological or systemic features. The clinical presentation is often a complex overlap of neurological findings with a large differential diagnosis. We recommend an approach guided by thorough clinical evaluation, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), biochemical analysis, and genetic testing to hone in on the diagnosis. This article highlights the clinical and genetic complexity of pediatric dystonia and underlines the importance of a genetic diagnosis for therapeutic considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge A Meijer
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics, Neurology division, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Toni S Pearson
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO.
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15
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Weisheit CE, Pappas SS, Dauer WT. Inherited dystonias: clinical features and molecular pathways. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 147:241-254. [PMID: 29325615 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63233-3.00016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent decades have witnessed dramatic increases in understanding of the genetics of dystonia - a movement disorder characterized by involuntary twisting and abnormal posture. Hampered by a lack of overt neuropathology, researchers are investigating isolated monogenic causes to pinpoint common molecular mechanisms in this heterogeneous disease. Evidence from imaging, cellular, and murine work implicates deficiencies in dopamine neurotransmission, transcriptional dysregulation, and selective vulnerability of distinct neuronal populations to disease mutations. Studies of genetic forms of dystonia are also illuminating the developmental dependence of disease symptoms that is typical of many forms of the disease. As understanding of monogenic forms of dystonia grows, a clearer picture will develop of the abnormal motor circuitry behind this relatively common phenomenology. This chapter focuses on the current data covering the etiology and epidemiology, clinical presentation, and pathogenesis of four monogenic forms of isolated dystonia: DYT-TOR1A, DYT-THAP1, DYT-GCH1, and DYT-GNAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne E Weisheit
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Samuel S Pappas
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - William T Dauer
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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Abstract
Mainly due to the advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS), the field of genetics of dystonia has rapidly grown in recent years, which led to the discovery of a number of novel dystonia genes and the development of a new classification and nomenclature for inherited dystonias. In addition, new findings from both in vivo and in vitro studies have been published on the role of previously known dystonia genes, extending our understanding of the pathophysiology of dystonia. We here review the current knowledge and recent findings in the known genes for isolated dystonia TOR1A, THAP1, and GNAL as well as for the combined dystonias due to mutations in GCH1, ATP1A3, and SGCE. We present confirmatory evidence for a role of dystonia genes that had not yet been unequivocally established including PRKRA, TUBB4A, ANO3, and TAF1. We finally discuss selected novel genes for dystonia such as KMT2B and VAC14 along with the challenges for gene identification in the NGS era and the translational importance of dystonia genetics in clinical practice.
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17
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Hollstein R, Reiz B, Kötter L, Richter A, Schaake S, Lohmann K, Kaiser FJ. Dystonia-causing mutations in the transcription factor THAP1 disrupt HCFC1 cofactor recruitment and alter gene expression. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:2975-2983. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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18
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Lohmann K, Masuho I, Patil DN, Baumann H, Hebert E, Steinrücke S, Trujillano D, Skamangas NK, Dobricic V, Hüning I, Gillessen-Kaesbach G, Westenberger A, Savic-Pavicevic D, Münchau A, Oprea G, Klein C, Rolfs A, Martemyanov KA. Novel GNB1 mutations disrupt assembly and function of G protein heterotrimers and cause global developmental delay in humans. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:1078-1086. [PMID: 28087732 PMCID: PMC6075543 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Global developmental delay (GDD), often accompanied by intellectual disability, seizures and other features is a severe, clinically and genetically highly heterogeneous childhood-onset disorder. In cases where genetic causes have been identified, de novo mutations in neuronally expressed genes are a common scenario. These mutations can be best identified by exome sequencing of parent-offspring trios. De novo mutations in the guanine nucleotide-binding protein, beta 1 (GNB1) gene, encoding the Gβ1 subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins, have recently been identified as a novel genetic cause of GDD. Using exome sequencing, we identified 14 different novel variants (2 splice site, 2 frameshift and 10 missense changes) in GNB1 in 16 pediatric patients. One mutation (R96L) was recurrently found in three ethnically diverse families with an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. Ten variants occurred de novo in the patients. Missense changes were functionally tested for their pathogenicity by assaying the impact on complex formation with Gγ and resultant mutant Gβγ with Gα. Signaling properties of G protein complexes carrying mutant Gβ1 subunits were further analyzed by their ability to couple to dopamine D1R receptors by real-time bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) assays. These studies revealed altered functionality of the missense mutations R52G, G64V, A92T, P94S, P96L, A106T and D118G but not for L30F, H91R and K337Q. In conclusion, we demonstrate a pathogenic role of de novo and autosomal dominant mutations in GNB1 as a cause of GDD and provide insights how perturbation in heterotrimeric G protein function contributes to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ikuo Masuho
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Dipak N. Patil
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Hauke Baumann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Eva Hebert
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sofia Steinrücke
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Irina Hüning
- Institut fur Humangenetik, Universität zu Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Ana Westenberger
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Münchau
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Arndt Rolfs
- Centogene AG, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- Centre for Human Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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19
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In-depth Characterization of the Homodimerization Domain of the Transcription Factor THAP1 and Dystonia-Causing Mutations Therein. J Mol Neurosci 2017; 62:11-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-0904-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Bhagat SL, Qiu S, Caffall ZF, Wan Y, Pan Y, Rodriguiz RM, Wetsel WC, Badea A, Hochgeschwender U, Calakos N. Mouse model of rare TOR1A variant found in sporadic focal dystonia impairs domains affected in DYT1 dystonia patients and animal models. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 93:137-45. [PMID: 27168150 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare de novo mutations in genes associated with inherited Mendelian disorders are potential contributors to sporadic disease. DYT1 dystonia is an autosomal dominant, early-onset, generalized dystonia associated with an in-frame, trinucleotide deletion (n. delGAG, p. ΔE 302/303) in the Tor1a gene. Here we examine the significance of a rare missense variant in the Tor1a gene (c. 613T>A, p. F205I), previously identified in a patient with sporadic late-onset focal dystonia, by modeling it in mice. Homozygous F205I mice have motor impairment, reduced steady-state levels of TorsinA, altered corticostriatal synaptic plasticity, and prominent brain imaging abnormalities in areas associated with motor function. Thus, the F205I variant causes abnormalities in domains affected in people and/or mouse models with the DYT1 Tor1a mutation (ΔE). Our findings establish the pathological significance of the F205I Tor1a variant and provide a model with both etiological and phenotypic relevance to further investigate dystonia mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srishti L Bhagat
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Sunny Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Zachary F Caffall
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Yehong Wan
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Yuanji Pan
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Ramona M Rodriguiz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - William C Wetsel
- Duke Institute of Brain Sciences, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Alexandra Badea
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Ute Hochgeschwender
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Nicole Calakos
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Duke Institute of Brain Sciences, United States.
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21
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Paudel R, Li A, Hardy J, Bhatia KP, Houlden H, Holton J. DYT6 Dystonia: A Neuropathological Study. NEURODEGENER DIS 2015; 16:273-8. [PMID: 26610312 DOI: 10.1159/000440863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the thanatos-associated protein domain containing apoptosis-associated protein 1 gene (THAP1) are responsible for adult-onset isolated dystonia (DYT6). However, no neuropathological studies of genetically proven DYT6 cases have been previously reported. OBJECTIVE We report the first detailed neuropathological investigation carried out on two DYT6 brains. METHODS Genetic screening for THAP1 gene mutations using standard Sanger polymerase chain reaction sequencing identified 2 cases, 1 with a known pathogenic mutation and the other with a novel mutation. A detailed neuropathological assessment of the cases was performed. RESULTS Both DYT6 cases showed no significant neurodegeneration and no specific disease-related pathology. CONCLUSIONS No neuropathological features that could be defined as hallmark features of DYT6 dystonia were identified. Our study supports the notion that in isolated dystonia, there is no significant neurodegeneration or morphological lesions that can be identified using routine methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reema Paudel
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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Krause P, Brüggemann N, Völzmann S, Horn A, Kupsch A, Schneider GH, Lohmann K, Kühn A. Long-term effect on dystonia after pallidal deep brain stimulation (DBS) in three members of a family with a THAP1 mutation. J Neurol 2015; 262:2739-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-015-7908-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Golanska E, Gajos A, Sieruta M, Szybka M, Rudzinska M, Ochudlo S, Kmiec T, Liberski PP, Bogucki A. Screening for THAP1 Mutations in Polish Patients with Dystonia Shows Known and Novel Substitutions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129656. [PMID: 26087139 PMCID: PMC4472661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the presence of DYT6 mutations in Polish patients with isolated dystonia and to characterize their phenotype. We sequenced THAP1 exons 1, 2 and 3 including exon-intron boundaries and 5'UTR fragment in 96 non-DYT1 dystonia patients. In four individuals single nucleotide variations were identified. The coding substitutions were: c. 238A>G (p.Ile80Val), found in two patients, and c.167A>G (p.Glu56Gly), found in one patient. The same variations were present also in the patients' symptomatic as well as asymptomatic relatives. Mutation penetration in the analyzed families was 50-66.7%. In the fourth patient, a novel c.-249C>A substitution in the promoter region was identified. The patient, initially suspected of idiopathic isolated dystonia, finally presented with pantothenate kinase 2-associated neurodegeneration phenotype and was a carrier of two PANK2 mutations. This is the first identified NBIA1 case carrying mutations in both PANK2 and THAP1 genes. In all symptomatic THAP1 mutation carriers (four probands and their three affected relatives) the first signs of dystonia occurred before the age of 23. A primary localization typical for DYT6 dystonia was observed in six individuals. Five subjects developed the first signs of dystonia in the upper limb. In one patient the disease began from laryngeal involvement. An uncommon primary involvement of lower limb was noted in the THAP1 and PANK2 mutations carrier. Neither of these THAP1 substitutions were found in 150 unrelated healthy controls. To the contrary, we identified a heterozygous C/T genotype of c.57C>T single nucleotide variation (p.Pro19Pro, rs146087734) in one healthy control, but in none of the patients. Therefore, a previously proposed association between this substitution and DYT6 dystonia seems unlikely. We found also no significant difference between cases and controls in genotypes distribution of the two-nucleotide -237-236 GA>TT (rs370983900 & rs1844977763) polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Golanska
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Neuropathology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Agata Gajos
- Department of Movement Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Monika Sieruta
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Neuropathology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Szybka
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Neuropathology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Monika Rudzinska
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Silesia, Central Clinical Hospital, Katowice, Poland
- Stroke Department and Department of Neurology, Central Clinical Hospital, Katowice, Poland
| | - Stanislaw Ochudlo
- Stroke Department and Department of Neurology, Central Clinical Hospital, Katowice, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kmiec
- Child Neurology Department, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel P. Liberski
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Neuropathology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Bogucki
- Department of Movement Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Brüggemann N, Kühn A, Schneider SA, Kamm C, Wolters A, Krause P, Moro E, Steigerwald F, Wittstock M, Tronnier V, Lozano AM, Hamani C, Poon YY, Zittel S, Wächter T, Deuschl G, Krüger R, Kupsch A, Münchau A, Lohmann K, Volkmann J, Klein C. Short- and long-term outcome of chronic pallidal neurostimulation in monogenic isolated dystonia. Neurology 2015; 84:895-903. [PMID: 25653290 PMCID: PMC6170184 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000001312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Deep brain stimulation of the internal pallidum (GPi-DBS) is an established therapeutic option in treatment-refractory dystonia, and the identification of factors predicting surgical outcome is needed to optimize patient selection. METHODS In this retrospective multicenter study, GPi-DBS outcome of 8 patients with DYT6, 9 with DYT1, and 38 with isolated dystonia without known monogenic cause (non-DYT) was assessed at early (1-16 months) and late (22-92 months) follow-up using Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale (BFMDRS) scores. RESULTS At early follow-up, mean reduction of dystonia severity was greater in patients with DYT1 (BFMDRS score: -60%) and non-DYT dystonia (-52%) than in patients with DYT6 dystonia (-32%; p = 0.046). Accordingly, the rate of responders was considerably lower in the latter group (57% vs >90%; p = 0.017). At late follow-up, however, GPi-DBS resulted in comparable improvement in all 3 groups (DYT6, -42%; DYT1, -44; non-DYT, -61%). Additional DBS of the same or another brain target was performed in 3 of 8 patients with DYT6 dystonia with varying results. Regardless of the genotype, patients with a shorter duration from onset of dystonia to surgery had better control of dystonia postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS Long-term GPi-DBS is effective in patients with DYT6, DYT1, and non-DYT dystonia. However, the effect of DBS appears to be less predictable in patients with DYT6, suggesting that pre-DBS genetic testing and counseling for known dystonia gene mutations may be indicated. GPi-DBS should probably be considered earlier in the disease course. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class IV evidence that long-term GPi-DBS improves dystonia in patients with DYT1, DYT6, and non-DYT dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Brüggemann
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B., S.A.S., S.Z., A.M., K.L., C. Klein), University of Lübeck; Department of Neurology (N.B.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck; Department of Neurology (A. Kühn, P.K.), Virchow Clinics, University Berlin Charité; Department of Neurology (S.A.S., G.D.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel; Department of Neurology (C. Kamm, A.W., M.W.), University Hospital Rostock, Germany; Movement Disorders Center (E.M., Y.-Y.P.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, UHN, Canada; Movement Disorders Unit (E.M.), Division of Psychiatry and Neurology, CHU Grenoble, Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble, France; Department of Neurology (F.S., J.V.), University Hospital Würzburg; Department of Neurosurgery (V.T.), University Hospital Lübeck, Germany; Division of Neurosurgery (A.M.L., C.H.), Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W., R.K.), University Hospital Tübingen, Center for Integrative Neurosciences, University of Tübingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen; Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience (R.K.), Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg; and Department of Neurology and Stereotactic Neurosurgery (A. Kupsch), Basal Ganglia Research Group, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Andrea Kühn
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B., S.A.S., S.Z., A.M., K.L., C. Klein), University of Lübeck; Department of Neurology (N.B.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck; Department of Neurology (A. Kühn, P.K.), Virchow Clinics, University Berlin Charité; Department of Neurology (S.A.S., G.D.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel; Department of Neurology (C. Kamm, A.W., M.W.), University Hospital Rostock, Germany; Movement Disorders Center (E.M., Y.-Y.P.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, UHN, Canada; Movement Disorders Unit (E.M.), Division of Psychiatry and Neurology, CHU Grenoble, Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble, France; Department of Neurology (F.S., J.V.), University Hospital Würzburg; Department of Neurosurgery (V.T.), University Hospital Lübeck, Germany; Division of Neurosurgery (A.M.L., C.H.), Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W., R.K.), University Hospital Tübingen, Center for Integrative Neurosciences, University of Tübingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen; Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience (R.K.), Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg; and Department of Neurology and Stereotactic Neurosurgery (A. Kupsch), Basal Ganglia Research Group, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Susanne A Schneider
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B., S.A.S., S.Z., A.M., K.L., C. Klein), University of Lübeck; Department of Neurology (N.B.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck; Department of Neurology (A. Kühn, P.K.), Virchow Clinics, University Berlin Charité; Department of Neurology (S.A.S., G.D.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel; Department of Neurology (C. Kamm, A.W., M.W.), University Hospital Rostock, Germany; Movement Disorders Center (E.M., Y.-Y.P.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, UHN, Canada; Movement Disorders Unit (E.M.), Division of Psychiatry and Neurology, CHU Grenoble, Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble, France; Department of Neurology (F.S., J.V.), University Hospital Würzburg; Department of Neurosurgery (V.T.), University Hospital Lübeck, Germany; Division of Neurosurgery (A.M.L., C.H.), Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W., R.K.), University Hospital Tübingen, Center for Integrative Neurosciences, University of Tübingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen; Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience (R.K.), Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg; and Department of Neurology and Stereotactic Neurosurgery (A. Kupsch), Basal Ganglia Research Group, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Kamm
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B., S.A.S., S.Z., A.M., K.L., C. Klein), University of Lübeck; Department of Neurology (N.B.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck; Department of Neurology (A. Kühn, P.K.), Virchow Clinics, University Berlin Charité; Department of Neurology (S.A.S., G.D.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel; Department of Neurology (C. Kamm, A.W., M.W.), University Hospital Rostock, Germany; Movement Disorders Center (E.M., Y.-Y.P.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, UHN, Canada; Movement Disorders Unit (E.M.), Division of Psychiatry and Neurology, CHU Grenoble, Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble, France; Department of Neurology (F.S., J.V.), University Hospital Würzburg; Department of Neurosurgery (V.T.), University Hospital Lübeck, Germany; Division of Neurosurgery (A.M.L., C.H.), Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W., R.K.), University Hospital Tübingen, Center for Integrative Neurosciences, University of Tübingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen; Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience (R.K.), Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg; and Department of Neurology and Stereotactic Neurosurgery (A. Kupsch), Basal Ganglia Research Group, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Wolters
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B., S.A.S., S.Z., A.M., K.L., C. Klein), University of Lübeck; Department of Neurology (N.B.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck; Department of Neurology (A. Kühn, P.K.), Virchow Clinics, University Berlin Charité; Department of Neurology (S.A.S., G.D.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel; Department of Neurology (C. Kamm, A.W., M.W.), University Hospital Rostock, Germany; Movement Disorders Center (E.M., Y.-Y.P.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, UHN, Canada; Movement Disorders Unit (E.M.), Division of Psychiatry and Neurology, CHU Grenoble, Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble, France; Department of Neurology (F.S., J.V.), University Hospital Würzburg; Department of Neurosurgery (V.T.), University Hospital Lübeck, Germany; Division of Neurosurgery (A.M.L., C.H.), Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W., R.K.), University Hospital Tübingen, Center for Integrative Neurosciences, University of Tübingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen; Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience (R.K.), Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg; and Department of Neurology and Stereotactic Neurosurgery (A. Kupsch), Basal Ganglia Research Group, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Patricia Krause
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B., S.A.S., S.Z., A.M., K.L., C. Klein), University of Lübeck; Department of Neurology (N.B.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck; Department of Neurology (A. Kühn, P.K.), Virchow Clinics, University Berlin Charité; Department of Neurology (S.A.S., G.D.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel; Department of Neurology (C. Kamm, A.W., M.W.), University Hospital Rostock, Germany; Movement Disorders Center (E.M., Y.-Y.P.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, UHN, Canada; Movement Disorders Unit (E.M.), Division of Psychiatry and Neurology, CHU Grenoble, Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble, France; Department of Neurology (F.S., J.V.), University Hospital Würzburg; Department of Neurosurgery (V.T.), University Hospital Lübeck, Germany; Division of Neurosurgery (A.M.L., C.H.), Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W., R.K.), University Hospital Tübingen, Center for Integrative Neurosciences, University of Tübingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen; Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience (R.K.), Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg; and Department of Neurology and Stereotactic Neurosurgery (A. Kupsch), Basal Ganglia Research Group, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Elena Moro
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B., S.A.S., S.Z., A.M., K.L., C. Klein), University of Lübeck; Department of Neurology (N.B.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck; Department of Neurology (A. Kühn, P.K.), Virchow Clinics, University Berlin Charité; Department of Neurology (S.A.S., G.D.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel; Department of Neurology (C. Kamm, A.W., M.W.), University Hospital Rostock, Germany; Movement Disorders Center (E.M., Y.-Y.P.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, UHN, Canada; Movement Disorders Unit (E.M.), Division of Psychiatry and Neurology, CHU Grenoble, Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble, France; Department of Neurology (F.S., J.V.), University Hospital Würzburg; Department of Neurosurgery (V.T.), University Hospital Lübeck, Germany; Division of Neurosurgery (A.M.L., C.H.), Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W., R.K.), University Hospital Tübingen, Center for Integrative Neurosciences, University of Tübingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen; Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience (R.K.), Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg; and Department of Neurology and Stereotactic Neurosurgery (A. Kupsch), Basal Ganglia Research Group, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Frank Steigerwald
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B., S.A.S., S.Z., A.M., K.L., C. Klein), University of Lübeck; Department of Neurology (N.B.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck; Department of Neurology (A. Kühn, P.K.), Virchow Clinics, University Berlin Charité; Department of Neurology (S.A.S., G.D.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel; Department of Neurology (C. Kamm, A.W., M.W.), University Hospital Rostock, Germany; Movement Disorders Center (E.M., Y.-Y.P.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, UHN, Canada; Movement Disorders Unit (E.M.), Division of Psychiatry and Neurology, CHU Grenoble, Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble, France; Department of Neurology (F.S., J.V.), University Hospital Würzburg; Department of Neurosurgery (V.T.), University Hospital Lübeck, Germany; Division of Neurosurgery (A.M.L., C.H.), Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W., R.K.), University Hospital Tübingen, Center for Integrative Neurosciences, University of Tübingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen; Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience (R.K.), Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg; and Department of Neurology and Stereotactic Neurosurgery (A. Kupsch), Basal Ganglia Research Group, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Wittstock
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B., S.A.S., S.Z., A.M., K.L., C. Klein), University of Lübeck; Department of Neurology (N.B.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck; Department of Neurology (A. Kühn, P.K.), Virchow Clinics, University Berlin Charité; Department of Neurology (S.A.S., G.D.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel; Department of Neurology (C. Kamm, A.W., M.W.), University Hospital Rostock, Germany; Movement Disorders Center (E.M., Y.-Y.P.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, UHN, Canada; Movement Disorders Unit (E.M.), Division of Psychiatry and Neurology, CHU Grenoble, Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble, France; Department of Neurology (F.S., J.V.), University Hospital Würzburg; Department of Neurosurgery (V.T.), University Hospital Lübeck, Germany; Division of Neurosurgery (A.M.L., C.H.), Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W., R.K.), University Hospital Tübingen, Center for Integrative Neurosciences, University of Tübingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen; Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience (R.K.), Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg; and Department of Neurology and Stereotactic Neurosurgery (A. Kupsch), Basal Ganglia Research Group, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Volker Tronnier
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B., S.A.S., S.Z., A.M., K.L., C. Klein), University of Lübeck; Department of Neurology (N.B.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck; Department of Neurology (A. Kühn, P.K.), Virchow Clinics, University Berlin Charité; Department of Neurology (S.A.S., G.D.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel; Department of Neurology (C. Kamm, A.W., M.W.), University Hospital Rostock, Germany; Movement Disorders Center (E.M., Y.-Y.P.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, UHN, Canada; Movement Disorders Unit (E.M.), Division of Psychiatry and Neurology, CHU Grenoble, Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble, France; Department of Neurology (F.S., J.V.), University Hospital Würzburg; Department of Neurosurgery (V.T.), University Hospital Lübeck, Germany; Division of Neurosurgery (A.M.L., C.H.), Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W., R.K.), University Hospital Tübingen, Center for Integrative Neurosciences, University of Tübingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen; Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience (R.K.), Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg; and Department of Neurology and Stereotactic Neurosurgery (A. Kupsch), Basal Ganglia Research Group, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andres M Lozano
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B., S.A.S., S.Z., A.M., K.L., C. Klein), University of Lübeck; Department of Neurology (N.B.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck; Department of Neurology (A. Kühn, P.K.), Virchow Clinics, University Berlin Charité; Department of Neurology (S.A.S., G.D.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel; Department of Neurology (C. Kamm, A.W., M.W.), University Hospital Rostock, Germany; Movement Disorders Center (E.M., Y.-Y.P.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, UHN, Canada; Movement Disorders Unit (E.M.), Division of Psychiatry and Neurology, CHU Grenoble, Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble, France; Department of Neurology (F.S., J.V.), University Hospital Würzburg; Department of Neurosurgery (V.T.), University Hospital Lübeck, Germany; Division of Neurosurgery (A.M.L., C.H.), Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W., R.K.), University Hospital Tübingen, Center for Integrative Neurosciences, University of Tübingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen; Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience (R.K.), Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg; and Department of Neurology and Stereotactic Neurosurgery (A. Kupsch), Basal Ganglia Research Group, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Clement Hamani
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B., S.A.S., S.Z., A.M., K.L., C. Klein), University of Lübeck; Department of Neurology (N.B.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck; Department of Neurology (A. Kühn, P.K.), Virchow Clinics, University Berlin Charité; Department of Neurology (S.A.S., G.D.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel; Department of Neurology (C. Kamm, A.W., M.W.), University Hospital Rostock, Germany; Movement Disorders Center (E.M., Y.-Y.P.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, UHN, Canada; Movement Disorders Unit (E.M.), Division of Psychiatry and Neurology, CHU Grenoble, Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble, France; Department of Neurology (F.S., J.V.), University Hospital Würzburg; Department of Neurosurgery (V.T.), University Hospital Lübeck, Germany; Division of Neurosurgery (A.M.L., C.H.), Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W., R.K.), University Hospital Tübingen, Center for Integrative Neurosciences, University of Tübingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen; Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience (R.K.), Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg; and Department of Neurology and Stereotactic Neurosurgery (A. Kupsch), Basal Ganglia Research Group, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Yu-Yan Poon
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B., S.A.S., S.Z., A.M., K.L., C. Klein), University of Lübeck; Department of Neurology (N.B.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck; Department of Neurology (A. Kühn, P.K.), Virchow Clinics, University Berlin Charité; Department of Neurology (S.A.S., G.D.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel; Department of Neurology (C. Kamm, A.W., M.W.), University Hospital Rostock, Germany; Movement Disorders Center (E.M., Y.-Y.P.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, UHN, Canada; Movement Disorders Unit (E.M.), Division of Psychiatry and Neurology, CHU Grenoble, Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble, France; Department of Neurology (F.S., J.V.), University Hospital Würzburg; Department of Neurosurgery (V.T.), University Hospital Lübeck, Germany; Division of Neurosurgery (A.M.L., C.H.), Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W., R.K.), University Hospital Tübingen, Center for Integrative Neurosciences, University of Tübingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen; Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience (R.K.), Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg; and Department of Neurology and Stereotactic Neurosurgery (A. Kupsch), Basal Ganglia Research Group, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Simone Zittel
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B., S.A.S., S.Z., A.M., K.L., C. Klein), University of Lübeck; Department of Neurology (N.B.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck; Department of Neurology (A. Kühn, P.K.), Virchow Clinics, University Berlin Charité; Department of Neurology (S.A.S., G.D.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel; Department of Neurology (C. Kamm, A.W., M.W.), University Hospital Rostock, Germany; Movement Disorders Center (E.M., Y.-Y.P.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, UHN, Canada; Movement Disorders Unit (E.M.), Division of Psychiatry and Neurology, CHU Grenoble, Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble, France; Department of Neurology (F.S., J.V.), University Hospital Würzburg; Department of Neurosurgery (V.T.), University Hospital Lübeck, Germany; Division of Neurosurgery (A.M.L., C.H.), Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W., R.K.), University Hospital Tübingen, Center for Integrative Neurosciences, University of Tübingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen; Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience (R.K.), Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg; and Department of Neurology and Stereotactic Neurosurgery (A. Kupsch), Basal Ganglia Research Group, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Wächter
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B., S.A.S., S.Z., A.M., K.L., C. Klein), University of Lübeck; Department of Neurology (N.B.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck; Department of Neurology (A. Kühn, P.K.), Virchow Clinics, University Berlin Charité; Department of Neurology (S.A.S., G.D.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel; Department of Neurology (C. Kamm, A.W., M.W.), University Hospital Rostock, Germany; Movement Disorders Center (E.M., Y.-Y.P.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, UHN, Canada; Movement Disorders Unit (E.M.), Division of Psychiatry and Neurology, CHU Grenoble, Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble, France; Department of Neurology (F.S., J.V.), University Hospital Würzburg; Department of Neurosurgery (V.T.), University Hospital Lübeck, Germany; Division of Neurosurgery (A.M.L., C.H.), Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W., R.K.), University Hospital Tübingen, Center for Integrative Neurosciences, University of Tübingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen; Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience (R.K.), Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg; and Department of Neurology and Stereotactic Neurosurgery (A. Kupsch), Basal Ganglia Research Group, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Günther Deuschl
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B., S.A.S., S.Z., A.M., K.L., C. Klein), University of Lübeck; Department of Neurology (N.B.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck; Department of Neurology (A. Kühn, P.K.), Virchow Clinics, University Berlin Charité; Department of Neurology (S.A.S., G.D.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel; Department of Neurology (C. Kamm, A.W., M.W.), University Hospital Rostock, Germany; Movement Disorders Center (E.M., Y.-Y.P.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, UHN, Canada; Movement Disorders Unit (E.M.), Division of Psychiatry and Neurology, CHU Grenoble, Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble, France; Department of Neurology (F.S., J.V.), University Hospital Würzburg; Department of Neurosurgery (V.T.), University Hospital Lübeck, Germany; Division of Neurosurgery (A.M.L., C.H.), Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W., R.K.), University Hospital Tübingen, Center for Integrative Neurosciences, University of Tübingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen; Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience (R.K.), Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg; and Department of Neurology and Stereotactic Neurosurgery (A. Kupsch), Basal Ganglia Research Group, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Rejko Krüger
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B., S.A.S., S.Z., A.M., K.L., C. Klein), University of Lübeck; Department of Neurology (N.B.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck; Department of Neurology (A. Kühn, P.K.), Virchow Clinics, University Berlin Charité; Department of Neurology (S.A.S., G.D.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel; Department of Neurology (C. Kamm, A.W., M.W.), University Hospital Rostock, Germany; Movement Disorders Center (E.M., Y.-Y.P.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, UHN, Canada; Movement Disorders Unit (E.M.), Division of Psychiatry and Neurology, CHU Grenoble, Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble, France; Department of Neurology (F.S., J.V.), University Hospital Würzburg; Department of Neurosurgery (V.T.), University Hospital Lübeck, Germany; Division of Neurosurgery (A.M.L., C.H.), Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W., R.K.), University Hospital Tübingen, Center for Integrative Neurosciences, University of Tübingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen; Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience (R.K.), Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg; and Department of Neurology and Stereotactic Neurosurgery (A. Kupsch), Basal Ganglia Research Group, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Kupsch
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B., S.A.S., S.Z., A.M., K.L., C. Klein), University of Lübeck; Department of Neurology (N.B.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck; Department of Neurology (A. Kühn, P.K.), Virchow Clinics, University Berlin Charité; Department of Neurology (S.A.S., G.D.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel; Department of Neurology (C. Kamm, A.W., M.W.), University Hospital Rostock, Germany; Movement Disorders Center (E.M., Y.-Y.P.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, UHN, Canada; Movement Disorders Unit (E.M.), Division of Psychiatry and Neurology, CHU Grenoble, Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble, France; Department of Neurology (F.S., J.V.), University Hospital Würzburg; Department of Neurosurgery (V.T.), University Hospital Lübeck, Germany; Division of Neurosurgery (A.M.L., C.H.), Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W., R.K.), University Hospital Tübingen, Center for Integrative Neurosciences, University of Tübingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen; Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience (R.K.), Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg; and Department of Neurology and Stereotactic Neurosurgery (A. Kupsch), Basal Ganglia Research Group, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Münchau
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B., S.A.S., S.Z., A.M., K.L., C. Klein), University of Lübeck; Department of Neurology (N.B.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck; Department of Neurology (A. Kühn, P.K.), Virchow Clinics, University Berlin Charité; Department of Neurology (S.A.S., G.D.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel; Department of Neurology (C. Kamm, A.W., M.W.), University Hospital Rostock, Germany; Movement Disorders Center (E.M., Y.-Y.P.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, UHN, Canada; Movement Disorders Unit (E.M.), Division of Psychiatry and Neurology, CHU Grenoble, Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble, France; Department of Neurology (F.S., J.V.), University Hospital Würzburg; Department of Neurosurgery (V.T.), University Hospital Lübeck, Germany; Division of Neurosurgery (A.M.L., C.H.), Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W., R.K.), University Hospital Tübingen, Center for Integrative Neurosciences, University of Tübingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen; Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience (R.K.), Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg; and Department of Neurology and Stereotactic Neurosurgery (A. Kupsch), Basal Ganglia Research Group, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Katja Lohmann
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B., S.A.S., S.Z., A.M., K.L., C. Klein), University of Lübeck; Department of Neurology (N.B.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck; Department of Neurology (A. Kühn, P.K.), Virchow Clinics, University Berlin Charité; Department of Neurology (S.A.S., G.D.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel; Department of Neurology (C. Kamm, A.W., M.W.), University Hospital Rostock, Germany; Movement Disorders Center (E.M., Y.-Y.P.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, UHN, Canada; Movement Disorders Unit (E.M.), Division of Psychiatry and Neurology, CHU Grenoble, Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble, France; Department of Neurology (F.S., J.V.), University Hospital Würzburg; Department of Neurosurgery (V.T.), University Hospital Lübeck, Germany; Division of Neurosurgery (A.M.L., C.H.), Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W., R.K.), University Hospital Tübingen, Center for Integrative Neurosciences, University of Tübingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen; Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience (R.K.), Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg; and Department of Neurology and Stereotactic Neurosurgery (A. Kupsch), Basal Ganglia Research Group, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jens Volkmann
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B., S.A.S., S.Z., A.M., K.L., C. Klein), University of Lübeck; Department of Neurology (N.B.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck; Department of Neurology (A. Kühn, P.K.), Virchow Clinics, University Berlin Charité; Department of Neurology (S.A.S., G.D.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel; Department of Neurology (C. Kamm, A.W., M.W.), University Hospital Rostock, Germany; Movement Disorders Center (E.M., Y.-Y.P.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, UHN, Canada; Movement Disorders Unit (E.M.), Division of Psychiatry and Neurology, CHU Grenoble, Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble, France; Department of Neurology (F.S., J.V.), University Hospital Würzburg; Department of Neurosurgery (V.T.), University Hospital Lübeck, Germany; Division of Neurosurgery (A.M.L., C.H.), Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W., R.K.), University Hospital Tübingen, Center for Integrative Neurosciences, University of Tübingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen; Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience (R.K.), Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg; and Department of Neurology and Stereotactic Neurosurgery (A. Kupsch), Basal Ganglia Research Group, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christine Klein
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (N.B., S.A.S., S.Z., A.M., K.L., C. Klein), University of Lübeck; Department of Neurology (N.B.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck; Department of Neurology (A. Kühn, P.K.), Virchow Clinics, University Berlin Charité; Department of Neurology (S.A.S., G.D.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel; Department of Neurology (C. Kamm, A.W., M.W.), University Hospital Rostock, Germany; Movement Disorders Center (E.M., Y.-Y.P.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, UHN, Canada; Movement Disorders Unit (E.M.), Division of Psychiatry and Neurology, CHU Grenoble, Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble, France; Department of Neurology (F.S., J.V.), University Hospital Würzburg; Department of Neurosurgery (V.T.), University Hospital Lübeck, Germany; Division of Neurosurgery (A.M.L., C.H.), Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Canada; Center for Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W., R.K.), University Hospital Tübingen, Center for Integrative Neurosciences, University of Tübingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen; Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience (R.K.), Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg; and Department of Neurology and Stereotactic Neurosurgery (A. Kupsch), Basal Ganglia Research Group, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
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25
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LeDoux MS. Dystonia. Mov Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405195-9.00024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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26
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Ziegan J, Wittstock M, Westenberger A, Dobričić V, Wolters A, Benecke R, Klein C, Kamm C. Novel GNAL mutations in two German patients with sporadic dystonia. Mov Disord 2014; 29:1833-4. [PMID: 25382112 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ziegan
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Germany
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Ortiz-Virumbrales M, Ruiz M, Hone E, Dolios G, Wang R, Morant A, Kottwitz J, Ozelius LJ, Gandy S, Ehrlich ME. Dystonia type 6 gene product Thap1: identification of a 50 kDa DNA-binding species in neuronal nuclear fractions. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:139. [PMID: 25231164 PMCID: PMC4177242 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-014-0139-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in THAP1 result in dystonia type 6, with partial penetrance and variable phenotype. The goal of this study was to examine the nature and expression pattern of the protein product(s) of the Thap1 transcription factor (DYT6 gene) in mouse neurons, and to study the regional and developmental distribution, and subcellular localization of Thap1 protein. The goal was accomplished via overexpression and knock-down of Thap1 in the HEK293T cell line and in mouse striatal primary cultures and western blotting of embryonic Thap1-null tissue. The endogenous and transduced Thap1 isoforms were characterized using three different commercially available anti-Thap1 antibodies and validated by immunoprecipitation and DNA oligonucleotide affinity chromatography. We identified multiple, novel Thap1 species of apparent Mr 32 kDa, 47 kDa, and 50–52 kDa in vitro and in vivo, and verified the previously identified species at 29–30 kDa in neurons. The Thap1 species at the 50 kDa size range was exclusively detected in murine brain and testes and were located in the nuclear compartment. Thus, in addition to the predicted 25 kDa apparent Mr, we identified Thap1 species with greater apparent Mr that we speculate may be a result of posttranslational modifications. The neural localization of the 50 kDa species and its nuclear compartmentalization suggests that these may be key Thap1 species controlling neuronal gene transcription. Dysfunction of the neuronal 50 kDa species may therefore be implicated in the pathogenesis of DYT6.
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28
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Erogullari A, Hollstein R, Seibler P, Braunholz D, Koschmidder E, Depping R, Eckhold J, Lohnau T, Gillessen-Kaesbach G, Grünewald A, Rakovic A, Lohmann K, Kaiser FJ. THAP1, the gene mutated in DYT6 dystonia, autoregulates its own expression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1839:1196-204. [PMID: 25088175 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
THAP1 encodes a transcription factor but its regulation is largely elusive. TOR1A was shown to be repressed by THAP1 in vitro. Notably, mutations in both of these genes lead to dystonia (DYT6 or DYT1). Surprisingly, expressional changes of TOR1A in THAP1 mutation carriers have not been detected indicating additional levels of regulation. Here, we investigated whether THAP1 is able to autoregulate its own expression. Using in-silico prediction, luciferase reporter gene assays, and (quantitative) chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), we defined the THAP1 minimal promoter to a 480bp-fragment and demonstrated specific binding of THAP1 to this region which resulted in repression of the THAP1 promoter. This autoregulation was disturbed by different DYT6-causing mutations. Two mutants (Ser6Phe, Arg13His) were shown to be less stable than wildtype THAP1 adding to the effect of reduced binding to the THAP1 promoter. Overexpressed THAP1 is preferably degraded through the proteasome. Notably, endogenous THAP1 expression was significantly reduced in cells overexpressing wildtype THAP1 as demonstrated by quantitative PCR. In contrast, higher THAP1 levels were detected in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS)-derived neurons from THAP1 mutation carriers. Thus, we identified a feedback-loop in the regulation of THAP1 expression and demonstrated that mutant THAP1 leads to higher THAP1 expression levels. This compensatory autoregulation may contribute to the mean age at onset in the late teen years or even reduced penetrance in some THAP1 mutation carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alev Erogullari
- Sektion für Funktionelle Genetik am Institut für Humangenetik, University of Luebeck, Luebeck 23538, Germany
| | - Ronja Hollstein
- Sektion für Funktionelle Genetik am Institut für Humangenetik, University of Luebeck, Luebeck 23538, Germany
| | - Philip Seibler
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck 23538, Germany
| | - Diana Braunholz
- Sektion für Funktionelle Genetik am Institut für Humangenetik, University of Luebeck, Luebeck 23538, Germany
| | - Eva Koschmidder
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck 23538, Germany
| | - Reinhard Depping
- Institute of Physiology, Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Luebeck, Luebeck 23538, Germany
| | - Juliane Eckhold
- Sektion für Funktionelle Genetik am Institut für Humangenetik, University of Luebeck, Luebeck 23538, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik, University of Luebeck, Luebeck 23538, Germany
| | - Thora Lohnau
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck 23538, Germany
| | | | - Anne Grünewald
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck 23538, Germany
| | - Aleksandar Rakovic
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck 23538, Germany
| | - Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck 23538, Germany.
| | - Frank J Kaiser
- Sektion für Funktionelle Genetik am Institut für Humangenetik, University of Luebeck, Luebeck 23538, Germany
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29
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Kumar KR, Lohmann K, Masuho I, Miyamoto R, Ferbert A, Lohnau T, Kasten M, Hagenah J, Brüggemann N, Graf J, Münchau A, Kostic VS, Sue CM, Domingo AR, Rosales RL, Lee LV, Freimann K, Westenberger A, Mukai Y, Kawarai T, Kaji R, Klein C, Martemyanov KA, Schmidt A. Mutations in GNAL: a novel cause of craniocervical dystonia. JAMA Neurol 2014; 71:490-4. [PMID: 24535567 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.4677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Mutations in the GNAL gene have recently been shown to cause primary torsion dystonia. The GNAL-encoded protein (Gαolf) is important for dopamine D1 receptor function and odorant signal transduction. We sequenced all 12 exons of GNAL in 461 patients from Germany, Serbia, and Japan, including 318 patients with dystonia (190 with cervical dystonia), 51 with hyposmia and Parkinson disease, and 92 with tardive dyskinesia or acute dystonic reactions. OBSERVATIONS We identified the following two novel heterozygous putative mutations in GNAL: p.Gly213Ser in a German patient and p.Ala353Thr in a Japanese patient. These variants were predicted to be pathogenic in silico, were absent in ethnically matched control individuals, and impaired Gαolf coupling to D1 receptors in a bioluminescence energy transfer (BRET) assay. Two additional variants appeared to be benign because they behaved like wild-type samples in the BRET assay (p.Ala311Thr) or were detected in ethnically matched controls (p.Thr92Ala). Both patients with likely pathogenic mutations had craniocervical dystonia with onset in the fifth decade of life. No pathogenic mutations were detected in the patients with hyposmia and Parkinson disease, tardive dyskinesias, or acute dystonic reactions. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Mutations in GNAL can cause craniocervical dystonia in different ethnicities. The BRET assay may be a useful tool to support the pathogenicity of identified variants in the GNAL gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore R Kumar
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany2Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Medical Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Ikuo Masuho
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Ryosuke Miyamoto
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Health Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | | | - Thora Lohnau
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Meike Kasten
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Johann Hagenah
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | | | - Julia Graf
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Alexander Münchau
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany7Department of Pediatric and Adult Movement Disorders and Neuropsychiatry, Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | | | - Carolyn M Sue
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Medical Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Aloysius R Domingo
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany9Department of Neurosciences, Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Raymond L Rosales
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Santo Tomas Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Lilian V Lee
- Child Neurology Section, Philippine Children's Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Karen Freimann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Ana Westenberger
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Youhei Mukai
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Health Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Kawarai
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Health Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ryuji Kaji
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Health Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
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30
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Vemula SR, Xiao J, Zhao Y, Bastian RW, Perlmutter JS, Racette BA, Paniello RC, Wszolek ZK, Uitti RJ, Van Gerpen JA, Hedera P, Truong DD, Blitzer A, Rudzińska M, Momčilović D, Jinnah HA, Frei K, Pfeiffer RF, LeDoux MS. A rare sequence variant in intron 1 of THAP1 is associated with primary dystonia. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2014; 2:261-72. [PMID: 24936516 PMCID: PMC4049367 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although coding variants in THAP1 have been causally associated with primary dystonia, the contribution of noncoding variants remains uncertain. Herein, we examine a previously identified Intron 1 variant (c.71+9C>A, rs200209986). Among 1672 subjects with mainly adult-onset primary dystonia, 12 harbored the variant in contrast to 1/1574 controls (P < 0.01). Dystonia classification included cervical dystonia (N = 3), laryngeal dystonia (adductor subtype, N = 3), jaw-opening oromandibular dystonia (N = 1), blepharospasm (N = 2), and unclassified (N = 3). Age of dystonia onset ranged from 25 to 69 years (mean = 54 years). In comparison to controls with no identified THAP1 sequence variants, the c.71+9C>A variant was associated with an elevated ratio of Isoform 1 (NM_018105) to Isoform 2 (NM_199003) in leukocytes. In silico and minigene analyses indicated that c.71+9C>A alters THAP1 splicing. Lymphoblastoid cells harboring the c.71+9C>A variant showed extensive apoptosis with relatively fewer cells in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. Differentially expressed genes from lymphoblastoid cells revealed that the c.71+9C>A variant exerts effects on DNA synthesis, cell growth and proliferation, cell survival, and cytotoxicity. In aggregate, these data indicate that THAP1 c.71+9C>A is a risk factor for adult-onset primary dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya R Vemula
- Departments of Neurology and Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Tennessee, 38163
| | - Jianfeng Xiao
- Departments of Neurology and Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Tennessee, 38163
| | - Yu Zhao
- Departments of Neurology and Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Tennessee, 38163
| | | | - Joel S Perlmutter
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Brad A Racette
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Randal C Paniello
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Ryan J Uitti
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Florida, 32224
| | - Jay A Van Gerpen
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Florida, 32224
| | - Peter Hedera
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Daniel D Truong
- Parkinson's & Movement Disorder Institute Fountain Valley, California, 92708
| | - Andrew Blitzer
- New York Center for Voice and Swallowing Disorders New York, New York
| | - Monika Rudzińska
- Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Krakow Kraków, Poland
| | - Dragana Momčilović
- Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Hyder A Jinnah
- Departments of Neurology, Human Genetics, and Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University Atlanta, Georgia, 30322
| | - Karen Frei
- Department of Neurology, Loma Linda University Health System Loma Linda, California, 92354
| | - Ronald F Pfeiffer
- Departments of Neurology and Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Tennessee, 38163
| | - Mark S LeDoux
- Departments of Neurology and Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Tennessee, 38163
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31
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Saunders-Pullman R, Fuchs T, San Luciano M, Raymond D, Brashear A, Ortega R, Deik A, Ozelius LJ, Bressman SB. Heterogeneity in primary dystonia: lessons from THAP1, GNAL, and TOR1A in Amish-Mennonites. Mov Disord 2014; 29:812-8. [PMID: 24500857 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A founder mutation in the Thanatos-associated (THAP) domain containing, apoptosis associated protein 1 (THAP1) gene causing primary dystonia was originally described in the Amish-Mennonites. However, there may be both genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity of dystonia in this population that may also inform studies in other ethnic groups. Genotyping for THAP1 and for guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), α-activating activity polypeptide, olfactory type (GNAL) mutations and genotype-phenotype comparisons were performed for 76 individuals of Amish-Mennonites heritage with primary dystonia. Twenty-seven individuals had mutations in THAP1-most with the founder indel mutation-but two had different THAP1 mutations, 8 had mutations in GNAL, and 1 had a de novo GAG deletion in torsin 1A (TOR1A) (dystonia 1 [DYT1]). In the primary analysis comparing THAP1 carriers versus all non-THAP1, non-GNAL, non-TOR1A individuals, age at onset was lower in THAP1 carriers (mean age ± standard deviation, 15.5 ± 9.2 years [range, 5-38 years] vs. 39.2 ± 17.7 years [range, 1-70 years]; P < 0.001), and THAP1 carriers were more likely to have onset of dystonia in an arm (44.4% vs. 15.0%; P = 0.02) and to have arm involvement (88.9% vs. 22.5%; P < 0.01), leg involvement (51.9% vs. 10.0%; P = 0.01), and jaw/tongue involvement (33.3% vs. 7.5%; P = 0.02) involvement at their final examination. Carriers were less likely to have dystonia restricted to a single site (11.11% in carriers vs. 65.9% in noncarriers; P < 0.01) and were less likely to have dystonia onset in cervical regions (25.9% of THAP1 carriers vs. 52.5% of noncarriers; P = 0.04). Primary dystonia in the Amish-Mennonites is genetically diverse and includes not only the THAP1 indel founder mutation but also different mutations in THAP1 and GNAL as well as the TOR1A GAG deletion. Phenotype, particularly age at onset combined with final distribution, may be highly specific for the genetic etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Saunders-Pullman
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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32
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Jinnah HA, Berardelli A, Comella C, Defazio G, Delong MR, Factor S, Galpern WR, Hallett M, Ludlow CL, Perlmutter JS, Rosen AR. The focal dystonias: current views and challenges for future research. Mov Disord 2013; 28:926-43. [PMID: 23893450 PMCID: PMC3733486 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common forms of dystonia are those that develop in adults and affect a relatively isolated region of the body. Although these adult-onset focal dystonias are most prevalent, knowledge of their etiologies and pathogenesis has lagged behind some of the rarer generalized dystonias, in which the identification of genetic defects has facilitated both basic and clinical research. This summary provides a brief review of the clinical manifestations of the adult-onset focal dystonias, focusing attention on less well understood clinical manifestations that need further study. It also provides a simple conceptual model for the similarities and differences among the different adult-onset focal dystonias as a rationale for lumping them together as a class of disorders while at the same time splitting them into subtypes. The concluding section outlines some of the most important research questions for the future. Answers to these questions are critical for advancing our understanding of this group of disorders and for developing novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Jinnah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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33
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Gervais V, Campagne S, Durand J, Muller I, Milon A. NMR studies of a new family of DNA binding proteins: the THAP proteins. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2013; 56:3-15. [PMID: 23306615 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-012-9699-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The THAP (THanatos-Associated Protein) domain is an evolutionary conserved C2CH zinc-coordinating domain shared with a large family of cellular factors (THAP proteins). Many members of the THAP family act as transcription factors that control cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, angiogenesis, apoptosis and epigenetic gene silencing. They recognize specific DNA sequences in the promoters of target genes and subsequently recruit effector proteins. Recent structural and functional studies have allowed getting better insight into the nuclear and cellular functions of some THAP members and the molecular mechanisms by which they recognize DNA. The present article reviews recent advances in the knowledge of the THAP domains structures and their interaction with DNA, with a particular focus on NMR. It provides the solution structure of the THAP domain of THAP11, a recently characterized human THAP protein with important functions in transcription and cell growth in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Gervais
- CNRS, IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), 205 route de Narbonne, BP64182, 31077, Toulouse, France.
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34
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Prudente C, Pardo C, Xiao J, Hanfelt J, Hess E, LeDoux M, Jinnah H. Neuropathology of cervical dystonia. Exp Neurol 2013; 241:95-104. [PMID: 23195594 PMCID: PMC3570661 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Revised: 10/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to search for neuropathological changes in postmortem brain tissue of individuals with cervical dystonia (CD). Multiple regions of formalin-preserved brains were collected from patients with CD and controls and examined with an extensive battery of histopathological stains in a two-stage study design. In stage one, 4 CD brains underwent a broad screening neuropathological examination. In stage two, these 4 CD brains were combined with 2 additional CD brains, and the subjective findings were quantified and compared to 16 age-matched controls. The initial subjective neuropathological assessment revealed only two regions with relatively consistent changes. The substantia nigra had frequent ubiquitin-positive intranuclear inclusions known as Marinesco bodies. Additionally, the cerebellum showed patchy loss of Purkinje cells, areas of focal gliosis and torpedo bodies. Other brain regions showed minor or inconsistent changes. In the second stage of the analysis, quantitative studies failed to reveal significant differences in the numbers of Marinesco bodies in CD versus controls, but confirmed a significantly lower Purkinje cell density in CD. Molecular investigations revealed 4 of the CD cases and 2 controls to harbor sequence variants in non-coding regions of THAP1, and these cases had lower Purkinje cell densities regardless of whether they had CD. The findings suggest that subtle neuropathological changes such as lower Purkinje cell density may be found in primary CD when relevant brain regions are investigated with appropriate methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C.A. Pardo
- Dept. of Neurology & Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD -
| | - J. Xiao
- Dept. of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis TN -
| | - J. Hanfelt
- Dept. of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta GA -
| | - E.J. Hess
- Dept. of Pharmacology & Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta GA -
| | - M.S. LeDoux
- Dept. of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis TN -
| | - H.A. Jinnah
- Dept. of Neurology, Human Genetics & Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta GA
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35
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Abstract
Dystonia has been defined as a syndrome of involuntary, sustained muscle contractions affecting one or more sites of the body, frequently causing twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures. Dystonia is also a clinical sign that can be the presenting or prominent manifestation of many neurodegenerative and neurometabolic disorders. Etiological categories include primary dystonia, secondary dystonia, heredodegenerative diseases with dystonia, and dystonia plus. Primary dystonia includes syndromes in which dystonia is the sole phenotypic manifestation with the exception that tremor can be present as well. Most primary dystonia begins in adults, and approximately 10% of probands report one or more affected family members. Many cases of childhood- and adolescent-onset dystonia are due to mutations in TOR1A and THAP1. Mutations in THAP1 and CIZ1 have been associated with sporadic and familial adult-onset dystonia. Although significant recent progress had been made in defining the genetic basis for most of the dystonia-plus and heredodegenerative diseases with dystonia, a major gap remains in understanding the genetic etiologies for most cases of adult-onset primary dystonia. Common themes in the cellular biology of dystonia include G1/S cell cycle control, monoaminergic neurotransmission, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the neuronal stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S LeDoux
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Paudel R, Hardy J, Revesz T, Holton JL, Houlden H. Review: Genetics and neuropathology of primary pure dystonia. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2012; 38:520-34. [PMID: 22897341 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2012.01298.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Paudel
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience Queen Square Brain Bank and UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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Xiromerisiou G, Houlden H, Scarmeas N, Stamelou M, Kara E, Hardy J, Lees AJ, Korlipara P, Limousin P, Paudel R, Hadjigeorgiou GM, Bhatia KP. THAP1 mutations and dystonia phenotypes: genotype phenotype correlations. Mov Disord 2012; 27:1290-4. [PMID: 22903657 PMCID: PMC3664430 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
THAP1 mutations have been shown to be the cause of DYT6. A number of different mutation types and locations in the THAP1 gene have been associated with a range of severity and dystonia phenotypes, but, as yet, it has been difficult to identify clear genotype phenotype patterns. Here, we screened the THAP1 gene in a further series of dystonia cases and evaluated the mutation pathogenicity in this series as well as previously reported mutations to investigate possible phenotype-genotype correlations. THAP1 mutations have been identified throughout the coding region of the gene, with the greatest concentration of variants localized to the THAP1 domain. In the additional cases analyzed here, a further two mutations were found. No obvious, indisputable genotype-phenotype correlation emerged from these data. However, we managed to find a correlation between the pathogenicity of mutations, distribution, and age of onset of dystonia. THAP1 mutations are an important cause of dystonia, but, as yet, no clear genotype-phenotype correlations have been identified. Greater mutation numbers in different populations will be important and mutation-specific functional studies will be essential to identify the pathogenicity of the various THAP1 mutations. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Xiromerisiou
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston Institute, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.
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Campagne S, Muller I, Milon A, Gervais V. Towards the classification of DYT6 dystonia mutants in the DNA-binding domain of THAP1. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:9927-40. [PMID: 22844099 PMCID: PMC3479173 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor THAP1 (THanatos Associated Protein 1) has emerged recently as the cause of DYT6 primary dystonia, a type of rare, familial and mostly early-onset syndrome that leads to involuntary muscle contractions. Many of the mutations described in the DYT6 patients fall within the sequence-specific DNA-binding domain (THAP domain) of THAP1 and are believed to negatively affect DNA binding. Here, we have used an integrated approach combining spectroscopic (NMR, fluorescence, DSF) and calorimetric (ITC) methods to evaluate the effect of missense mutations, within the THAP domain, on the structure, stability and DNA binding. Our study demonstrates that none of the mutations investigated failed to bind DNA and some of them even bind DNA stronger than the wild-type protein. However, some mutations could alter DNA-binding specificity. Furthermore, the most striking effect is the decrease of stability observed for mutations at positions affecting the zinc coordination, the hydrophobic core or the C-terminal AVPTIF motif, with unfolding temperatures ranging from 46°C for the wild-type to below 37°C for two mutations. These findings suggest that reduction in population of folded protein under physiological conditions could also account for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Campagne
- CNRS; IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale); 205 route de Narbonne, BP64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
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Cheng FB, Wan XH, Feng JC, Ma LY, Hou B, Feng F, Wang L, Yang YM. Subcellular distribution of THAP1 and alterations in the microstructure of brain white matter in DYT6 dystonia. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2012; 18:978-82. [PMID: 22652465 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the THAP1 gene have recently been identified as the cause of DYT6 primary dystonia. However, the changes in THAP1 gene function and in the microstructure of brain white matter have not been well-characterized. METHODS Four different mutations of THAP1 expression (clones F22fs71X, C54F, F25fs53X, and L180S) were transfected into HEK-293T cells. The subcellular distribution of THAP1 in each clone was identified using immunofluorescence microscopy and Western blot. Six patients who harbored these THAP1 mutations underwent diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DTI) of the brain. The fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) were measured in twenty-four regions of interest (ROI). RESULTS In two truncated mutations (F22fs71X and F25fs53X), the subcellular distribution of THAP1 were both in the cytoplasm and nucleus. However, the subcellular distribution was detected almost in the nucleus in two missense mutations (C54F and L180S). In the DTI maps, the average values of fractional anisotropy (FA), a measure of axonal integrity and coherence, was reduced (p < 0.005) in the subgyral white matter of the sensorimotor cortex of the DYT1 carriers, comparing with controls. CONCLUSIONS Truncated THAP1 mutations (F22fs71X and F25fs53X) can alter the subcellular distributions, while some missense mutation (C54F and L180S) can not. The axonal integrity and coherence in the region of sensorimotor area of the brain was damaged in DYT6 dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Bo Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1# Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, PR China
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Yokoi F, Dang MT, Li Y. Improved motor performance in Dyt1 ΔGAG heterozygous knock-in mice by cerebellar Purkinje-cell specific Dyt1 conditional knocking-out. Behav Brain Res 2012; 230:389-98. [PMID: 22391119 PMCID: PMC3322286 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Early-onset generalized torsion dystonia (dystonia 1) is an inherited movement disorder caused by mutations in DYT1 (TOR1A), which codes for torsinA. Most patients have a 3-base pair deletion (ΔGAG) in one allele of DYT1, corresponding to a loss of a glutamic acid residue (ΔE) in the C-terminal region of the protein. Functional alterations in basal ganglia circuits and the cerebellum have been reported in dystonia. Pharmacological manipulations or mutations in genes that result in functional alterations of the cerebellum have been reported to have dystonic symptoms and have been used as phenotypic rodent models. Additionally, structural lesions in the abnormal cerebellar circuits, such as cerebellectomy, have therapeutic effects in these models. A previous study has shown that the Dyt1 ΔGAG heterozygous knock-in (KI) mice exhibit motor deficits in the beam-walking test. Both Dyt1 ΔGAG heterozygous knock-in (KI) and Dyt1 Purkinje cell-specific knockout (Dyt1 pKO) mice exhibit dendritic alterations of cerebellar Purkinje cells. Here, Dyt1 pKO mice exhibited significantly less slip numbers in the beam-walking test, suggesting better motor performance than control littermates, and normal gait. Furthermore, Dyt1 ΔGAG KI/Dyt1 pKO double mutant mice exhibited significantly lower numbers of slips than Dyt1 ΔGAG heterozygous KI mice, suggesting Purkinje-cell specific knockout of Dyt1 wild-type (WT) allele in Dyt1 ΔGAG heterozygous KI mice rescued the motor deficits. The results suggest that molecular lesions of torsinA in Purkinje cells by gene therapy or intervening in the signaling pathway downstream of the cerebellar Purkinje cells may rescue motor symptoms in dystonia 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Yokoi
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0236, USA
| | - Mai Tu Dang
- Department of Neurology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yuqing Li
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0236, USA
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Genotype-phenotype correlations in THAP1 dystonia: molecular foundations and description of new cases. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2012; 18:414-25. [PMID: 22377579 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An extensive variety of THAP1 sequence variants have been associated with focal, segmental and generalized dystonia with age of onset ranging from 3 to over 60 years. In previous work, we screened 1114 subjects with mainly adult-onset primary dystonia (Neurology 2010; 74:229-238) and identified 6 missense mutations in THAP1. For this report, we screened 750 additional subjects for mutations in coding regions of THAP1 and interrogated all published descriptions of THAP1 phenotypes (gender, age of onset, anatomical distribution of dystonia, family history and site of onset) to explore the possibility of THAP1 genotype-phenotype correlations and facilitate a deeper understanding of THAP1 pathobiology. We identified 5 additional missense mutations in THAP1 (p.A7D, p.K16E, p.S21C, p.R29Q, and p.I80V). Three of these variants are associated with appendicular tremors, which were an isolated or presenting sign in some of the affected subjects. Abductor laryngeal dystonia and mild blepharospasm can be manifestations of THAP1 mutations in some individuals. Overall, mean age of onset for THAP1 dystonia is 16.8 years and the most common sites of onset are the arm and neck, and the most frequently affected anatomical site is the neck. In addition, over half of patients exhibit either cranial or laryngeal involvement. Protein truncating mutations and missense mutations within the THAP domain of THAP1 tend to manifest at an earlier age and exhibit more extensive anatomical distributions than mutations localized to other regions of THAP1.
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