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Arslan S, Bakir M, Bayyurt B, Aydemir EI, Kinaci K, Engin A. Long noncoding RNA expression analysis in Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever patients. J Med Virol 2022; 94:3257-3262. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serdal Arslan
- Department of Medical BiologyFaculty of Medicine, Mersin University33343MersinTurkey
| | - Mehmet Bakir
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical MicrobiologyFaculty of Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University58140SivasTurkey
| | - Burcu Bayyurt
- Department of Medical BiologyFaculty of Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University58140SivasTurkey
| | - Eylem Itir Aydemir
- Department of StatisticFaculty of Science, Sivas Cumhuriyet University58140SivasTurkey
| | - Kenan Kinaci
- SEM Laboratories, Barbaros NeighbourhoodJuly Street, SEM Plaza, No:6Atasehir, IstanbulTurkey
| | - Aynur Engin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical MicrobiologyFaculty of Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University58140SivasTurkey
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2
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Abstract
MT1 has been demonstrated to be an essential stress protein in maintaining physiological balance and regulating immune homeostasis. While the immunological involvement of MT1 in central nervous system disorders and cancer has been extensively investigated, mounting evidence suggests that MT1 has a broader role in inflammatory diseases and can shape innate and adaptive immunity. In this review, we will first summarize the biological features of MT1 and the regulators that influence MT1 expression, emphasizing metal, inflammation, and immunosuppressive factors. We will then focus on the immunoregulatory function of MT1 on diverse immune cells and the signaling pathways regulated by MT1. Finally, we will discuss recent advances in our knowledge of the biological role of MT1 in several inflammatory diseases to develop novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanying Dai
- Department of Immunology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lingyun Li
- Department of Immunology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhong Huang
- Department of Immunology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liang Ye
- Department of Immunology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
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3
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Yin H, Pranzatelli TJF, French BN, Zhang N, Warner BM, Chiorini JA. Sclerosing Sialadenitis Is Associated With Salivary Gland Hypofunction and a Unique Gene Expression Profile in Sjögren's Syndrome. Front Immunol 2021; 12:699722. [PMID: 34400910 PMCID: PMC8363566 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.699722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To develop a novel method to quantify the amount of fibrosis in the salivary gland and to investigate the relationship between fibrosis and specific symptoms associated with Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) using this method. Materials and Methods Paraffin-embedded labial salivary gland (LSG) slides from 20 female SS patients and their clinical and LSG pathology data were obtained from the Sjögren’s International Collaborative Clinical Alliance. Relative interstitial fibrosis area (RIFA) in Masson’s trichrome-stained LSG sections was quantified from digitally scanned slides and used for correlation analysis. Gene expression levels were assessed by microarray analysis. Core promoter accessibility for RIFA-correlated genes was determined using DNase I hypersensitive sites sequencing analysis. Results RIFA was significantly correlated with unstimulated whole saliva flow rate in SS patients. Sixteen genes were significantly and positively correlated with RIFA. In a separate analysis, a group of differentially expressed genes was identified by comparing severe and moderate fibrosis groups. This combined set of genes was distinct from differentially expressed genes identified in lung epithelium from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients compared with controls. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of salivary glands suggested most of the RIFA-correlated genes are expressed by fibroblasts in the gland and are in a permissive chromatin state. Conclusion RIFA quantification is a novel method for assessing interstitial fibrosis and the impact of fibrosis on SS symptoms. Loss of gland function may be associated with salivary gland fibrosis, which is likely to be driven by a unique set of genes that are mainly expressed by fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongen Yin
- Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Thomas J F Pranzatelli
- Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Benjamin N French
- Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nan Zhang
- Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Blake M Warner
- Salivary Disorders Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - John A Chiorini
- Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Rauff B, Amar A, Chudhary SA, Mahmood S, Tayyab GUN, Hanif R. Interferon-λ rs12979860 genotype association with liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients in the Pakistani population. Arch Virol 2021; 166:1047-1056. [PMID: 33528661 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04901-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Risk and progression of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients is significantly influenced by host genetic factors in a polygenic manner. The rs12979860 genetic polymorphism in the interferon-λ3-interferon-λ4 (IFNL3-IFNL4) region has been found to be a major determinant of hepatic inflammatory and fibrotic progression in CHC patients of mainly Caucasian origin; however, it is not known if this association applies to other ethnicities, including Pakistani CHC patients. Here, we genotyped IFNL3-IFNL4 rs12979860 genetic variants in a sample set of 502 Pakistani patients with CHC and used logistic regression analysis to determine its association with the risk and progression of HCV-related fibrosis and cirrhosis. We demonstrate that the rs12979860 major (CC) genotype, despite not determining the risk of stage-specific hepatic fibrosis independently, is associated with a marginally significant risk of liver cirrhosis (OR: 1.64, p = 0.049) after an adjustment for age, gender, body mass index, HCV viral load, and liver enzymes. In a subgroup of CHC patients with sustained ALT levels of <60 IU/L, a more pronounced impact of the IFNL3-IFNL4 rs12979860 major (CC) genotype on advanced liver fibrosis (OR: 4.99, p = 0.017) and cirrhosis (OR: 3.34, p = 0.005) was seen. The present study suggests that IFNL3-IFNL4 rs12979860 polymorphism may also be a significant predictor of hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis in Pakistani CHC patients, especially in those with normal or near-normal liver enzyme levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bisma Rauff
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Institute of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences (IBAHS), University of Health Sciences (UHS), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ali Amar
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of Health Sciences (UHS), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shafiq Ahmad Chudhary
- Institute of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences (IBAHS), University of Health Sciences (UHS), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saqib Mahmood
- Institute of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences (IBAHS), University of Health Sciences (UHS), Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Rumeza Hanif
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan.
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5
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de Jesus JR, de Araújo Andrade T. Understanding the relationship between viral infections and trace elements from a metallomics perspective: implications for COVID-19. Metallomics 2020; 12:1912-1930. [PMID: 33295922 PMCID: PMC7928718 DOI: 10.1039/d0mt00220h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a pandemic situation due to a new viral infection (COVID-19) caused by a novel virus (Sars-CoV-2). COVID-19 is today the leading cause of death from viral infections in the world. It is known that many elements play important roles in viral infections, both in virus survival, and in the activation of the host's immune system, which depends on the presence of micronutrients to maintain the integrity of its functions. In this sense, the metallome can be an important object of study for understanding viral infections. Therefore, this work presents an overview of the role of trace elements in the immune system and the state of the art in metallomics, highlighting the challenges found in studies focusing on viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemmyson Romário de Jesus
- University of Campinas, Institute of Chemistry, Dept of Analytical Chemistry, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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6
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Fiches GN, Zhou D, Kong W, Biswas A, Ahmed EH, Baiocchi RA, Zhu J, Santoso N. Profiling of immune related genes silenced in EBV-positive gastric carcinoma identified novel restriction factors of human gammaherpesviruses. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008778. [PMID: 32841292 PMCID: PMC7473590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
EBV-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) is characterized by high frequency of DNA methylation. In this study, we investigated how epigenetic alteration of host genome contributes to pathogenesis of EBVaGC through the analysis of transcriptomic and epigenomic datasets from NIH TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) consortium. We identified that immune related genes (IRGs) is a group of host genes preferentially silenced in EBV-positive gastric cancers through DNA hypermethylation. Further functional characterizations of selected IRGs reveal their novel antiviral activity against not only EBV but also KSHV. In particular, we showed that metallothionein-1 (MT1) and homeobox A (HOXA) gene clusters are down-regulated via EBV-driven DNA hypermethylation. Several MT1 isoforms suppress EBV lytic replication and release of progeny virions as well as KSHV lytic reactivation, suggesting functional redundancy of these genes. In addition, single HOXA10 isoform exerts antiviral activity against both EBV and KSHV. We also confirmed the antiviral effect of other dysregulated IRGs, such as IRAK2 and MAL, in scenario of EBV and KSHV lytic reactivation. Collectively, our results demonstrated that epigenetic silencing of IRGs is a viral strategy to escape immune surveillance and promote viral propagation, which is overall beneficial to viral oncogenesis of human gamma-herpesviruses (EBV and KSHV), considering that these IRGs possess antiviral activities against these oncoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume N. Fiches
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Dawei Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Weili Kong
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ayan Biswas
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Elshafa H. Ahmed
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Baiocchi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Netty Santoso
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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Abstract
Fibrosis is a highly conserved and coordinated wound healing response to injury. In the liver, injury is promoted by immune effector mechanisms that are common across various disease etiologies and even between organs such as lungs, kidneys, heart, and other organs. Thus, the liver represents a useful model to study inflammation and repair, particularly as it is frequently biopsied in clinical contexts. Currently, strong evidence implicates IFNL3/4 polymorphisms and interferon (IFN)-λ3 levels as determinants of the extent of hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in viral and nonviral liver diseases, as well as in governing the severity of nonhepatotropic viral diseases. Interestingly, IFNL3/4 polymorphisms and IFN-λ3 levels correlate with fibrosis extent in other organs such as the lung and kidney. In this review, we discuss the association between IFN-λ and tissue inflammation and fibrosis in human disease and the potential clinical utility of the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Eslam
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Golo Ahlenstiel
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
- Blacktown Medical School, Western Sydney University, Blacktown, Australia
| | - Jacob George
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
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8
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Abstract
Zinc is an essential trace element that is crucial for growth, development, and the maintenance of immune function. Its influence reaches all organs and cell types, representing an integral component of approximately 10% of the human proteome, and encompassing hundreds of key enzymes and transcription factors. Zinc deficiency is strikingly common, affecting up to a quarter of the population in developing countries, but also affecting distinct populations in the developed world as a result of lifestyle, age, and disease-mediated factors. Consequently, zinc status is a critical factor that can influence antiviral immunity, particularly as zinc-deficient populations are often most at risk of acquiring viral infections such as HIV or hepatitis C virus. This review summarizes current basic science and clinical evidence examining zinc as a direct antiviral, as well as a stimulant of antiviral immunity. An abundance of evidence has accumulated over the past 50 y to demonstrate the antiviral activity of zinc against a variety of viruses, and via numerous mechanisms. The therapeutic use of zinc for viral infections such as herpes simplex virus and the common cold has stemmed from these findings; however, there remains much to be learned regarding the antiviral mechanisms and clinical benefit of zinc supplementation as a preventative and therapeutic treatment for viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Read
- Blacktown Medical School, Western Sydney University, Blacktown, New South Wales, Australia
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephanie Obeid
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chantelle Ahlenstiel
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Golo Ahlenstiel
- Blacktown Medical School, Western Sydney University, Blacktown, New South Wales, Australia
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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9
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Rahman MT, Hossain A, Pin CH, Yahya NA. Zinc and Metallothionein in the Development and Progression of Dental Caries. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 187:51-58. [PMID: 29744817 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1369-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in oral cavity as well as acidic pH on dental enamel surface due to the metabolic activities of bacterial plaque are the major contributors in the development and progression of dental caries. Along with other factors, deposition or dissolution Ca and Mg mostly determines the re- or demineralization of dental enamel. Zn plays an important role for both Ca and Mg bioavailability in oral cavity. Metallothionein (MT), a group of small molecular weight, cysteine-rich proteins (~ 7 kDa), is commonly induced by ROS, bacterial infection, and Zn. In the current review, we evaluated MT at the junction between the progression of dental caries and its etiologies that are common in MT biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Tariqur Rahman
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Jalan Universiti, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Ashfaque Hossain
- Department Medical Microbiology and Immunology, RAK Medical University, Ras al-Khaimah, UAE
| | - Chew Hooi Pin
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Jalan Universiti, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noor Azlin Yahya
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Jalan Universiti, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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10
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Read SA, Parnell G, Booth D, Douglas MW, George J, Ahlenstiel G. The antiviral role of zinc and metallothioneins in hepatitis C infection. J Viral Hepat 2018; 25:491-501. [PMID: 29239069 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) are small, cysteine-rich proteins characterized by a high affinity for monovalent and divalent cations, such as copper and zinc. Of the four known MT isoforms, only, members of the MT 1 and 2 subfamilies are widely expressed, acting as metal chaperones whose primary role is to mediate intracellular zinc homoeostasis. Metallothioneins are potently induced by heavy metals and other sources of oxidative stress where they facilitate metal binding and detoxification as well as free radical scavenging. Metallothionein expression is well documented in the context of viral infection; however, it remains uncertain whether MTs possess specific antiviral roles or whether induction is merely a consequence of cellular stress. To better understand the role of MTs following hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, we examined MT expression and localization in vitro and in vivo and used a siRNA knockdown approach to ascertain their antiviral efficacy. We confirmed HCV-driven MT induction in vitro and demonstrated MT accumulation in the nucleus of HCV-infected hepatocytes by immunofluorescence. Using a pan-MT siRNA to knock down all members of the MT1 and MT2 subfamilies, we demonstrate that they are mildly antiviral against the JFH1 strain of HCV in vitro (~1.4 fold increase in viral RNA, P < .05). Furthermore, the antiviral effect of zinc treatment against HCV in vitro was mediated through MT induction (P < .05). Our data suggest a potential benefit of using zinc as a low-cost adjunct to current HCV antiviral therapies and suggest that zinc may facilitate the antiviral role of MTs against other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Read
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - G Parnell
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - D Booth
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - M W Douglas
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - J George
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - G Ahlenstiel
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Blacktown Medical School, Western Sydney University, Blacktown, NSW, Australia
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Abstract
Nutritional immunity describes mechanisms for withholding essential transition metals as well as directing the toxicity of these metals against infectious agents. Zinc is one of these transition elements that are essential for both humans and microbial pathogens. At the same time, Zn can be toxic both for man and microbes if its concentration is higher than the tolerance limit. Therefore a "delicate" balance of Zn must be maintained to keep the immune cells surveilling while making the level of Zn either to starve or to intoxicate the pathogens. On the other hand, the invading pathogens will exploit the host Zn pool for its survival and replication. Apparently, different sets of protein in human and bacteria are involved to maintain their Zn need. Metallothionein (MT)-a group of low molecular weight proteins, is well known for its Zn-binding ability and is expected to play an important role in that Zn balance at the time of active infection. However, the differences in structural, functional, and molecular control of biosynthesis between human and bacterial MT might play an important role to determine the proper use of Zn and the winning side. The current review explains the possible involvement of human and bacterial MT at the time of infection to control and exploit Zn for their need.
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12
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Subramanian Vignesh K, Deepe GS Jr. Metallothioneins: Emerging Modulators in Immunity and Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2197. [PMID: 29065550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of metal-binding proteins virtually expressed in all organisms including prokaryotes, lower eukaryotes, invertebrates and mammals. These proteins regulate homeostasis of zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu), mitigate heavy metal poisoning, and alleviate superoxide stress. In recent years, MTs have emerged as an important, yet largely underappreciated, component of the immune system. Innate and adaptive immune cells regulate MTs in response to stress stimuli, cytokine signals and microbial challenge. Modulation of MTs in these cells in turn regulates metal ion release, transport and distribution, cellular redox status, enzyme function and cell signaling. While it is well established that the host strictly regulates availability of metal ions during microbial pathogenesis, we are only recently beginning to unravel the interplay between metal-regulatory pathways and immunological defenses. In this perspective, investigation of mechanisms that leverage the potential of MTs to orchestrate inflammatory responses and antimicrobial defenses has gained momentum. The purpose of this review, therefore, is to illumine the role of MTs in immune regulation. We discuss the mechanisms of MT induction and signaling in immune cells and explore the therapeutic potential of the MT-Zn axis in bolstering immune defenses against pathogens.
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Read SA, O'Connor KS, Suppiah V, Ahlenstiel CLE, Obeid S, Cook KM, Cunningham A, Douglas MW, Hogg PJ, Booth D, George J, Ahlenstiel G. Zinc is a potent and specific inhibitor of IFN-λ3 signalling. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15245. [PMID: 28513591 PMCID: PMC5442324 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lambda interferons (IFNL, IFN-λ) are pro-inflammatory cytokines important in acute and chronic viral infection. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms rs12979860 and rs8099917 within the IFNL gene locus predict hepatitis C virus (HCV) clearance, as well as inflammation and fibrosis progression in viral and non-viral liver disease. The underlying mechanism, however, is not defined. Here we show that the rs12979860 CC genotype correlates with increased hepatic metallothionein expression through increased systemic zinc levels. Zinc interferes with IFN-λ3 binding to IFNL receptor 1 (IFNLR1), resulting in decreased antiviral activity and increased viral replication (HCV, influenza) in vitro. HCV patients with high zinc levels have low hepatocyte antiviral and inflammatory gene expression and high viral loads, confirming the inhibitory role of zinc in vivo. We provide the first evidence that zinc can act as a potent and specific inhibitor of IFN-λ3 signalling and highlight its potential as a target of therapeutic intervention for IFN-λ3-mediated chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Read
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Kate S. O'Connor
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Vijay Suppiah
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Chantelle L. E. Ahlenstiel
- The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Stephanie Obeid
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Kristina M. Cook
- The Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Anthony Cunningham
- Centre of Virus Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Mark W. Douglas
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Philip J. Hogg
- National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - David Booth
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Jacob George
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Golo Ahlenstiel
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
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Verderame M, Limatola E, Scudiero R. Metallothionein expression and synthesis in the testis of the lizard Podarcis sicula under natural conditions and following estrogenic exposure. Eur J Histochem 2017; 61:2777. [PMID: 28735517 PMCID: PMC5641668 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2017.2777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallothionein (MT) is the main protein involved in the homeostasis of metallic micronutrients and in cellular defence against heavy metals and reactive oxygen species. Found in almost all vertebrate tissues, MT presence and localization in the testis has been controversial. In the present study, by using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical analysis we assessed the localization of both MT transcript and protein in Podarcis sicula testes during two different phases of the reproductive cycle: the autumnal resumption and the springearly summer mating period. In addition, with the same methodological approach, we verified the effect of estradiol-1711and nonylphenol, a potent xenoestrogen, on MT expression and synthesis. These results, the first collected in a non-mammalian oviparous vertebrate, demonstrated that the expression profile of MT mRNA and protein changes during the reproductive cycle. In the fall resumption, MT transcripts are absent in spermatogonia and present in all the other cells of tubules, including spermatozoa; vice versa, the MT protein is evident only in spermatozoa and somatic cells. In the mating period, both MT transcripts and proteins are present in spermatogonia, spermatocytes and spermatids, whereas in the spermatozoa only the proteins are detected, thus suggesting that the MTs translated in the earlier germinal stages are stored up to spermatozoa. Results also demonstrated that in lizard testis the expression of MT gene undergoes a cell-specific regulation after estrogenic exposure; the possible role and the mechanism by which this regulation occurs have been discussed.
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Gunderson MP, Pickett MA, Martin JT, Hulse EJ, Smith SS, Smith LA, Campbell RM, Lowers RH, Boggs ASP, Guillette LJ. Variations in hepatic biomarkers in American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) from three sites in Florida, USA. Chemosphere 2016; 155:180-187. [PMID: 27111470 PMCID: PMC4909370 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Sub-individual biomarkers are sub-lethal biological responses commonly used in the assessment of wildlife exposure to environmental contaminants. In this study, we examined the activity of glutathione-s-transferase (GST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and metallothionein (MT) concentrations among captive-raised alligator hatchlings, wild-caught juveniles, and wild-caught adults. Juveniles and adults were collected from three locations in Florida (USA) with varying degrees of contamination (i.e. Lake Apopka (organochlorine polluted site), Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) (metal polluted site), and Lake Woodruff NWR (reference site)). We examined whether changes in the response of these three biomarkers were age and sex dependent or reflected site-specific variations of environmental contaminants. Juvenile alligators from Merritt Island NWR had higher MT concentrations and lower GST activity compared to those from the other two sites. This outcome was consistent with higher metal pollution at this location. Sexually dimorphic patterns of MT and GST (F > M) were observed in juvenile alligators from all sites, although this pattern was not observed in adults. GST activity was lower in captive-raised alligators from Lake Apopka and Merritt Island NWR as compared to animals from Lake Woodruff NWR, suggesting a possible developmental modulator at these sites. No clear patterns were observed in LDH activity. We concluded that GST and MT demonstrate age and sex specific patterns in the alligators inhabiting these study sites and that the observed variation among sites could be due to differences in contaminant exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Gunderson
- The College of Idaho, Department of Biology, 2112 Cleveland Blvd., Caldwell, ID 83605, USA.
| | - Melissa A Pickett
- The College of Idaho, Department of Biology, 2112 Cleveland Blvd., Caldwell, ID 83605, USA
| | - Justin T Martin
- The College of Idaho, Department of Biology, 2112 Cleveland Blvd., Caldwell, ID 83605, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Hulse
- The College of Idaho, Department of Biology, 2112 Cleveland Blvd., Caldwell, ID 83605, USA
| | - Spenser S Smith
- The College of Idaho, Department of Biology, 2112 Cleveland Blvd., Caldwell, ID 83605, USA
| | - Levi A Smith
- The College of Idaho, Department of Biology, 2112 Cleveland Blvd., Caldwell, ID 83605, USA
| | - Rachel M Campbell
- The College of Idaho, Department of Biology, 2112 Cleveland Blvd., Caldwell, ID 83605, USA
| | - Russell H Lowers
- Inomedic Health Applications, Aquatics Division, Mail Code IHA-300, Kennedy Space Center, FL, USA
| | - Ashley S P Boggs
- Marine Biomedicine and Environmental Sciences Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University South Carolina, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Louis J Guillette
- Marine Biomedicine and Environmental Sciences Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University South Carolina, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
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Michalek P, Richtera L, Krejcova L, Nejdl L, Kensova R, Zitka J, Kopel P, Heger Z, Adam V, Kizek R. Bioconjugation of peptides using advanced nanomaterials to examine their interactions in 3D printed flow-through device. Electrophoresis 2015; 37:444-54. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Michalek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Mendel University; Brno Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Richtera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Mendel University; Brno Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Krejcova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Mendel University; Brno Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Nejdl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Mendel University; Brno Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Renata Kensova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Mendel University; Brno Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Jan Zitka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Mendel University; Brno Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kopel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Mendel University; Brno Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Heger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Mendel University; Brno Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Mendel University; Brno Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Rene Kizek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Mendel University; Brno Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno Czech Republic
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Read SA, Tay ES, Shahidi M, O’Connor KS, Booth DR, George J, Douglas MW. Hepatitis C Virus Driven AXL Expression Suppresses the Hepatic Type I Interferon Response. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136227. [PMID: 26313459 PMCID: PMC4551482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is evolving rapidly with the development of novel direct acting antivirals (DAAs), however viral clearance remains intimately linked to the hepatic innate immune system. Patients demonstrating a high baseline activation of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs), termed interferon refractoriness, are less likely to mount a strong antiviral response and achieve viral clearance when placed on treatment. As a result, suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS) 3 and other regulators of the IFN response have been identified as key candidates for the IFN refractory phenotype due to their regulatory role on the IFN response. AXL is a receptor tyrosine kinase that has been identified as a key regulator of interferon (IFN) signalling in myeloid cells of the immune system, but has not been examined in the context of chronic HCV infection. Here, we show that AXL is up-regulated following HCV infection, both in vitro and in vivo and is likely induced by type I/III IFNs and inflammatory signalling pathways. AXL inhibited type IFNα mediated ISG expression resulting in a decrease in its antiviral efficacy against HCV in vitro. Furthermore, patients possessing the favourable IFNL3 rs12979860 genotype associated with treatment response, showed lower AXL expression in the liver and a stronger induction of AXL in the blood, following their first dose of IFN. Together, these data suggest that elevated AXL expression in the liver may mediate an IFN-refractory phenotype characteristic of patients possessing the unfavourable rs12979860 genotype, which is associated with lower rates of viral clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Read
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia
| | - Enoch S. Tay
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia
| | - Mahsa Shahidi
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia
| | - Kate S. O’Connor
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia
| | - David R. Booth
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia
| | - Jacob George
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia
| | - Mark W. Douglas
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia
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Sridharan S, Allen AL, Kidney B, Al-Dissi AN. Metallothionein Expression in Dogs With Chronic Hepatitis and Its Correlation With Hepatic Fibrosis, Inflammation, and Ki-67 Expression. Vet Pathol 2015; 52:1127-33. [PMID: 26077783 DOI: 10.1177/0300985815588607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The chronic form of primary hepatitis occurs commonly in dogs, and the etiology is rarely found. Metallothionein (MT) is a heavy metal-binding protein found in many organs, including the liver. MT was recently shown to enhance liver regeneration and decrease hepatic fibrosis in human beings. This study examined the expression of MT in 24 cases of chronic hepatitis in dogs using immunohistochemistry. To understand the role of MT as a determinant of hepatic inflammation, fibrosis, bile duct proliferation, and regeneration, we correlated its expression with histologic lesions of chronic hepatitis, such as hepatic inflammation, fibrosis, and bile duct proliferation, as well as hepatocellular growth fraction as measured by Ki67 immunolabeling. Hepatocellular growth fraction was used as a measure of hepatic regeneration. Regression analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between MT labeling intensity and growth fraction (r(2) = 0.29, P < .05). The percentage of MT-positive cells and the overall MT expression were both positively correlated with growth fraction (r(2) = 0.25 and 0.26, respectively; P < .05). A negative correlation was found between the overall MT labeling and fibrosis (r(2) = 0.18, P < .05). A similar trend of negative correlation was also found between the percentage of MT-positive cells and fibrosis, but the P value was not statistically significant (r(2) = 0.14, P = .0684). These findings suggest a protective role of MT in dogs affected by chronic hepatitis, similar to its role in human beings. These dogs may respond to treatment modules focusing on enhancing the expression of MT.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sridharan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - A L Allen
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - B Kidney
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - A N Al-Dissi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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