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Brand J, Yeum D, Stewart T, Emond JA, Gilbert-Diamond D. The associations between attentional bias to food cues, parent-report appetitive traits, and concurrent adiposity among adolescents. Eat Behav 2024; 53:101874. [PMID: 38636439 PMCID: PMC11144077 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2024.101874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether attentional bias to food cues and appetitive traits are independently and interactively associated with adiposity in adolescents. METHOD Eighty-five adolescents, 14-17-years had their attentional bias to food images measured in a sated state by computing eye tracking measures of attention (first fixation duration, cumulative fixation duration) to food and control distractor images that bordered a computer game. Parents reported adolescent appetitive traits including the food approach domains of enjoyment of food, food responsiveness, emotional overeating, and the food avoidance domains of satiety responsiveness and emotional overeating through the Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire. RESULTS First fixation bias to food cues was positively associated with enjoyment of food, and negatively associated with satiety responsiveness. In a series of regression models adjusted for relevant covariates, first fixation bias to food cues (β = 0.83, p = 0.007), higher food responsiveness (β = 0.74, p < 0.001), higher emotional overeating (β = 0.51, p = 0.002), and a composite appetite score (β = 1.42, p < 0.001) were each significantly associated with greater BMI z-scores. In models assessing the interactive effects between attentional bias and appetitive traits, higher first fixation bias to food cues interacted synergistically with food responsiveness and emotional overeating in relation to BMI z-score. A synergistic interaction between first fixation bias to food cues and the composite appetite score in relation to BMI z-score was also observed. CONCLUSION Individuals with high attentional bias to food cues and obesogenic appetitive traits may be particularly susceptible to weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Brand
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States; Dartmouth Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, United States.
| | - Dabin Yeum
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Tessa Stewart
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Jennifer A Emond
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States; Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Diane Gilbert-Diamond
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States; Dartmouth Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States; Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, United States
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2
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Aagaard KM, Barkin SL, Burant CF, Carnell S, Demerath E, Donovan SM, Eneli I, Francis LA, Gilbert-Diamond D, Hivert MF, LeBourgeois MK, Loos RJF, Lumeng JC, Miller AL, Okely AD, Osganian SK, Ramirez AG, Trasande L, Van Horn LV, Wake M, Wright RJ, Yanovski SZ. Understanding risk and causal mechanisms for developing obesity in infants and young children: A National Institutes of Health workshop. Obes Rev 2024; 25:e13690. [PMID: 38204366 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Obesity in children remains a major public health problem, with the current prevalence in youth ages 2-19 years estimated to be 19.7%. Despite progress in identifying risk factors, current models do not accurately predict development of obesity in early childhood. There is also substantial individual variability in response to a given intervention that is not well understood. On April 29-30, 2021, the National Institutes of Health convened a virtual workshop on "Understanding Risk and Causal Mechanisms for Developing Obesity in Infants and Young Children." The workshop brought together scientists from diverse disciplines to discuss (1) what is known regarding epidemiology and underlying biological and behavioral mechanisms for rapid weight gain and development of obesity and (2) what new approaches can improve risk prediction and gain novel insights into causes of obesity in early life. Participants identified gaps and opportunities for future research to advance understanding of risk and underlying mechanisms for development of obesity in early life. It was emphasized that future studies will require multi-disciplinary efforts across basic, behavioral, and clinical sciences. An exposome framework is needed to elucidate how behavioral, biological, and environmental risk factors interact. Use of novel statistical methods may provide greater insights into causal mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjersti M Aagaard
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shari L Barkin
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Richmond, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Charles F Burant
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Susan Carnell
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ellen Demerath
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sharon M Donovan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Ihuoma Eneli
- Center for Healthy Weight and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Lori A Francis
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Diane Gilbert-Diamond
- Department of Epidemiology, Medicine and Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Marie-France Hivert
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse (CoRAL), Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Monique K LeBourgeois
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Julie C Lumeng
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Alison L Miller
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Anthony D Okely
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
- llawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Sport, Food, and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
| | - Stavroula K Osganian
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amelie G Ramirez
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Population Health, New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Linda V Van Horn
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Melissa Wake
- Population Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rosalind J Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Exposomic Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Kravis Children's Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Susan Z Yanovski
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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3
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Jindarattanaporn N, Kelly B, Phulkerd S. A comparative analysis of unhealthy food and beverage television advertising to children in Thailand, between 2014 and 2022. Global Health 2024; 20:2. [PMID: 38167506 PMCID: PMC10759748 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-023-01007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food marketing is a key factor that influences children's dietary behaviors. This study assessed the nature and extent of food and beverage advertising on television (TV) in 2014 and 2022 in Thailand. METHODS TV was recorded for one week in March 2014 and in May 2022 from 7-9am and 3-7 pm on weekends, and 3-7 pm on weekdays across two channels (64 h recorded each year). The nutrient profile model from Bureau of Nutrition, Ministry of Public Health Thailand was used to classify food and non-alcoholic beverages as: Group A ('healthy'), Group B ('less unhealthy') or Group C ('unhealthy'). RESULTS In 2014, 475 food advertisements were identified, with on average of 6.3 unhealthy food advertisements per hour. In 2022, 659 food advertisements were identified, with an average of 9.2 unhealthy food advertisement per hour. In both time periods, the most frequently advertised food products were non-alcoholic beverages. The rate of unhealthy food advertising per hour of broadcast was significantly higher than for other moderately unhealthy and healthy foods, and was also significantly higher in 2022 than in 2014. CONCLUSIONS Food and beverage advertising on Thai television is predominantly promotes unhealthy foods and, in particular, sugar-sweetened beverages. Therefore, Thai Government should enact new legislation to protect children from food TV ads in order to control both the frequency and nature of unhealthy TV food marketing to protect the health of Thai children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nongnuch Jindarattanaporn
- Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Phutthamonthon, 73170, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Bridget Kelly
- Early Start, School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Sirinya Phulkerd
- Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Phutthamonthon, 73170, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
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Thapaliya G, Kundu P, Jansen E, Naymik MA, Lee R, Bruchhage MMK, D’Sa V, Huentelman MJ, Lewis CR, Müller HG, Deoni SCL, Carnell S. FTO variation and early frontostriatal brain development in children. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2024; 32:156-165. [PMID: 37817330 PMCID: PMC10840826 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Common obesity-associated genetic variants at the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) locus have been associated with appetitive behaviors and altered structure and function of frontostriatal brain regions. The authors aimed to investigate the influence of FTO variation on frontostriatal appetite circuits in early life. METHODS Data were drawn from RESONANCE, a longitudinal study of early brain development. Growth trajectories of nucleus accumbens and frontal lobe volumes, as well as total gray matter and white matter volume, by risk allele (AA) carrier status on FTO single-nucleotide polymorphism rs9939609 were examined in 228 children (102 female, 126 male) using magnetic resonance imaging assessments obtained from infancy through middle childhood. The authors fit functional concurrent regression models with brain volume outcomes over age as functional responses, and FTO genotype, sex, BMI z score, and maternal education were included as predictors. RESULTS Bootstrap pointwise 95% CI for regression coefficient functions in the functional concurrent regression models showed that the AA group versus the group with no risk allele (TT) had greater nucleus accumbens volume (adjusted for total brain volume) in the interval of 750 to 2250 days (2-6 years). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that common genetic risk for obesity is associated with differences in early development of brain reward circuitry and argue for investigating dynamic relationships among genotype, brain, behavior, and weight throughout development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gita Thapaliya
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Poorbita Kundu
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Elena Jansen
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD, USA
| | | | - Richard Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Muriel Marisa Katharina Bruchhage
- Advanced Baby Imaging Lab, Hasbro Children’s Hospital, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Psychology, Social Sciences, University of Stavanger, Norway
| | - Viren D’Sa
- Department of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Candace R Lewis
- Neurogenomics Division, TGen, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Hans-Georg Müller
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sean C. L. Deoni
- Maternal, Newborn and Child Health Discovery & Tools, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Susan Carnell
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD, USA
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Boyland E, Maden M, Coates AE, Masterson TD, Alblas MC, Bruce AS, Roberts CA. Food and non-alcoholic beverage marketing in children and adults: A systematic review and activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. Obes Rev 2024; 25:e13643. [PMID: 37766661 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Food marketing impacts the food behaviors of children and adults, but the underpinning neural mechanisms are poorly understood. This systematic review and meta-analysis pooled evidence from neuroimaging studies of exposure to food marketing stimuli (vs. control) on brain activations in children and adults to clarify regions associated with responding. Databases were searched for articles published to March 2022. Inclusion criteria included human functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies employing a contrast between a food marketing stimulus and a non-food/non-exposure control, published in English in a peer-reviewed journal, reporting whole brain (not Region of Interest [ROI] only) co-ordinates. Eleven studies met inclusion criteria, of which eight were included in the quantitative synthesis (Activation Likelihood Estimation [ALE] meta-analysis). Food marketing exposures (vs. controls) produced greater activation in two clusters lying across the middle occipital gyrus, lingual gyrus, and cuneus (cluster 1), and the postcentral gyrus, precentral gyrus, and the inferior parietal lobule/supramarginal gyrus (cluster 2). Brain responses to food marketing are most consistently observed in areas relating to visual processing, attention, sensorimotor activity, and emotional processing. Subgroup analyses (e.g., adults vs. children) were not possible because of the paucity of data, and sensitivity analyses highlighted some instability in the clusters; therefore, conclusions remain tentative pending further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Boyland
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michelle Maden
- Liverpool Reviews and Implementation Group, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Anna E Coates
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Travis D Masterson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Monique C Alblas
- Amsterdam School of Communication Research (ASCoR), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Amanda S Bruce
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas, USA
| | - Carl A Roberts
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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6
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Renier TJ, Yeum D, Emond JA, Lansigan RK, Ballarino GA, Carlson DD, Loos RJF, Gilbert-Diamond D. Elucidating pathways to pediatric obesity: a study evaluating obesity polygenic risk scores related to appetitive traits in children. Int J Obes (Lond) 2024; 48:71-77. [PMID: 37736781 PMCID: PMC10841756 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-023-01385-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Obesity polygenic risk scores (PRS) explain substantial variation in body mass index (BMI), yet associations between PRSs and appetitive traits in children remain unclear. To better understand pathways leading to pediatric obesity, this study aimed to assess the association of obesity PRSs and appetitive traits. SUBJECTS/METHODS This study included 248 unrelated children aged 9-12 years. DNA from the children was genotyped (236 met quality control thresholds) and four weighted polygenic risk scores from previous studies were computed and standardized: a 97 SNP PRS, 266 SNP pediatric-specific PRS, 466 SNP adult-specific PRS, and ~2 million SNP PRS. Appetitive traits were assessed using a parent-completed Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire, which evaluated food approach/avoidance traits and a composite obesogenic appetite score. BMI was directly measured and standardized by age and sex. Three associations were evaluated with linear regression: (1) appetitive traits and BMI, (2) PRSs and BMI, and (3) PRSs and appetitive traits, the primary association of interest. RESULTS Expected positive associations were observed between obesogenic appetitive traits and BMI and all four PRSs and BMI. Examining the association between PRSs and appetitive traits, all PRSs except for the 466 SNP adult PRS were significantly associated with the obesogenic appetite score. Each standard deviation increase in the 266 SNP pediatric PRS was associated with an adjusted 2.1% increase in obesogenic appetite score (95% CI: 0.6%, 3.7%, p = 0.006). Significant partial mediation of the PRS-BMI association by obesogenic appetite score was found for these PRSs; for example, 21.3% of the association between the 266 SNP pediatric PRS and BMI was explained by the obesogenic appetite score. CONCLUSIONS Genetic obesity risk significantly predicted appetitive traits, which partially mediated the association between genetic obesity risk and BMI in children. These findings build a clearer picture of pathways leading to pediatric obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Renier
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA.
| | - Dabin Yeum
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Jennifer A Emond
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Reina K Lansigan
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Grace A Ballarino
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Delaina D Carlson
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Diane Gilbert-Diamond
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
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Lianbiaklal S, Rehman V. Revisiting 42 Years of literature on food marketing to children: A morphological analysis. Appetite 2023; 190:106989. [PMID: 37524244 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite the preventive measures taken by the WHO, childhood obesity is still on the rise and is expected to increase by 100% between 2020 and 2035. Food marketing continues to permeate children's environments in numerous ways and influence the food behaviour of children, thus significantly contributing to the rise of obesity. Studies suggest that the literature on the effects of food marketing on children is complex and multidimensional. To fully understand these effects, a comprehensive and systematic approach is required. Nonetheless, existing reviews have focused only on specific aspects and have not comprehensively covered the literature on food marketing to children. Therefore, this review aims to navigate potential research gaps in the existing literature through a comprehensive examination of the literature by using morphological analysis (MA) methodology, the first time in this domain. Using PRISMA, 202 papers were considered eligible for inclusion and further analysed using MA. The articles were categorised into three dimensions to develop the MA framework: Stimuli (Food well-being), Organism, and Response, and 34 variants. The review has presented future research prospects by identifying at least 218 research gaps. With these findings, researchers can further explore the gaps and develop new research questions that could foster an understanding of the multifarious literature. Moreover, these findings can also provide marketers and practitioners with a better comprehension of the current state of the literature and develop more effective strategies for responsible marketing practices and policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lianbiaklal
- Department of Management Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India.
| | - Varisha Rehman
- Department of Management Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India.
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8
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Carnell S, Thapaliya G, Jansen E, Chen L. Biobehavioral susceptibility for obesity in childhood: Behavioral, genetic and neuroimaging studies of appetite. Physiol Behav 2023; 271:114313. [PMID: 37544571 PMCID: PMC10591980 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Modern food environments are conducive to overeating and weight gain, but not everyone develops obesity. One reason for this may be that individuals differ in appetitive characteristics, or traits, that manifest early in life and go on to influence their behavioral susceptibility to gain and maintain excess weight. Classic studies showing that eating behavior in children can be measured by behavioral paradigms such as tests of caloric compensation and eating in the absence of hunger inspired the development and validation of psychometric instruments to assess appetitive characteristics in children and infants. A large body of evidence now suggests that food approach traits increase obesity risk, while food avoidant traits, such as satiety responsiveness, decrease obesity risk. Twin studies and genetic association studies have demonstrated that appetitive characteristics are heritable, consistent with a biological etiology. However, family environment factors are also influential, with mounting evidence suggesting that genetic and environmental risk factors interact and correlate with consequences for child eating behavior and weight. Further, neuroimaging studies are revealing that individual differences in responses to visual food cues, as well as to small tastes and larger amounts of food, across a number of brain regions involved in reward/motivation, cognitive control and other functions, may contribute to individual variation in appetitive behavior. Growing evidence also suggests that variation on psychometric measures of appetite is associated with regional differences in brain structure, and differential patterns of resting state functional connectivity. Large prospective studies beginning in infancy promise to enrich our understanding of neural and other biological underpinnings of appetite and obesity development in early life, and how the interplay between genetic and environmental factors affects appetitive systems. The biobehavioral susceptibility model of obesity development and maintenance outlined in this narrative review has implications for prevention and treatment of obesity in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Carnell
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD, USA.
| | - Gita Thapaliya
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Elena Jansen
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Liuyi Chen
- Division of Psychiatric Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD, USA
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9
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Rapuano KM, Tejavibulya L, Dinc EN, Li A, Davis H, Korn R, Leibel RL, Walsh BT, Ranzenhofer L, Rosenbaum M, Casey BJ, Mayer L. Heightened sensitivity to high-calorie foods in children at risk for obesity: insights from behavior, neuroimaging, and genetics. Brain Imaging Behav 2023; 17:461-470. [PMID: 37145386 PMCID: PMC10543571 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-023-00773-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric obesity is a major public health concern. Genetic susceptibility and increased availability of energy-dense food are known risk factors for obesity. However, the extent to which these factors jointly bias behavior and neural circuitry towards increased adiposity in children remains unclear. While undergoing fMRI, 108 children (ages 5-11y) performed a food-specific go/no-go task. Participants were instructed to either respond ("go") or inhibit responding ("no-go") to images of food or toys. Half of the runs depicted high-calorie foods (e.g., pizza) whereas the other half depicted low-calorie foods (e.g., salad). Children were also genotyped for a DNA polymorphism associated with energy intake and obesity (FTO rs9939609) to examine the influence of obesity risk on behavioral and brain responses to food. Participants demonstrated differences in behavioral sensitivity to high- and low-calorie food images depending on task demands. Participants were slower but more accurate at detecting high- (relative to low-) calorie foods when responding to a neutral stimulus (i.e., toys) and worse at detecting toys when responding to high-calorie foods. Inhibition failures were accompanied by salience network activity (anterior insula, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex), which was driven by false alarms to food images. Children at a greater genetic risk for obesity (dose-dependent model of the FTO genotype) demonstrated pronounced brain and behavioral relationships such that genetic risk was associated with heightened sensitivity to high-calorie food images and increased anterior insula activity. These findings suggest that high-calorie foods may be particularly salient to children at risk for developing eating habits that promote obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Rapuano
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Ave, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
| | - Link Tejavibulya
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Eda Naz Dinc
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Ave, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Anfei Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Haley Davis
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachel Korn
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rudolph L Leibel
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - B Timothy Walsh
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lisa Ranzenhofer
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Rosenbaum
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - B J Casey
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Ave, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Laurel Mayer
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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Song Y, Wade H, Zhang B, Xu W, Wu R, Li S, Su Q. Polymorphisms of Fat Mass and Obesity-Associated Gene in the Pathogenesis of Child and Adolescent Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients 2023; 15:2643. [PMID: 37375547 DOI: 10.3390/nu15122643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood metabolic syndrome (MetS) is prevalent around the world and is associated with a high likelihood of suffering from severe diseases such as cardiovascular disease later in adulthood. MetS is associated with genetic susceptibility that involves gene polymorphisms. The fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) encodes an RNA N6-methyladenosine demethylase that regulates RNA stability and molecular functions. Human FTO contains genetic variants that significantly contribute to the early onset of MetS in children and adolescents. Emerging evidence has also uncovered that FTO polymorphisms in intron 1, such as rs9939609 and rs9930506 polymorphisms, are significantly associated with the development of MetS in children and adolescents. Mechanistic studies reported that FTO polymorphisms lead to aberrant expressions of FTO and the adjacent genes that promote adipogenesis and appetite and reduce steatolysis, satiety, and energy expenditure in the carriers. The present review highlights the recent observations on the key FTO polymorphisms that are associated with child and adolescent MetS with an exploration of the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of increased waist circumference, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia in child and adolescent MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyan Song
- Central Laboratory, Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Henry Wade
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Bingrui Zhang
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Wenhao Xu
- Clinical Medical College, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Rongxue Wu
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Shujin Li
- Central Laboratory, Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Qiaozhu Su
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
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Ghasemirad M, Ketabi L, Fayyazishishavan E, Hojati A, Maleki ZH, Gerami MH, Moradzadeh M, Fernandez JHO, Akhavan-Sigari R. The association between screen use and central obesity among children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2023; 42:51. [PMID: 37268998 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-023-00391-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there is no summative study evaluating the association between central obesity and screen time. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to summarize the results of studies evaluating the association between screen time and central obesity among children and adolescents. To this end, we performed a systematic search in three electronic databases, including Scopus, PubMed, and Embase to retrieve the related studies up to March 2021. Nine studies were eligible to be included in the meta-analysis. There was no association between odds of central obesity and screen time [odds ratio (OR) 1.136; 95% CI 0.965-1.337; P = 0.125]; however, waist circumference (WC) was 1.23 cm higher in those with highest screen time versus those in the lowest screen time category [weighted mean difference (WMD) = 1.23; 95% 95% CI 0.342-2.112; P = 0.007; Fig. 3]. Moreover, the possible sources of heterogeneity in the included studies were continent and sample size. No evidence of publication bias was reported. For the first time, the current systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that those with the highest screen time had higher WC compared with those with the lowest screen time. Although, there was no association between odds of central obesity and screen time. Due to the observational design of the included studies, it is impossible to infer the cause-effect relationship. Therefore, further interventional and longitudinal studies are warranted to better elucidate the causality of these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ghasemirad
- Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Leyla Ketabi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Bouali Hospital, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Ehsan Fayyazishishavan
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health, The University of Texas and Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, USA
| | - Ali Hojati
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Hosseinzadeh Maleki
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education Sciences and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hadi Gerami
- Bone and Joint Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Mahdi Moradzadeh
- Department of Medical Sciences, Tabriz Branch of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Reza Akhavan-Sigari
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Health Care Management and Clinical Research, Collegium Humanum Warsaw Management University, Warsaw, Poland
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12
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Frías JRG, Cadena LH, Villarreal AB, Piña BGB, Mejía MC, Cerros LAD, Gil GB, Montes JOA. Effect of ultra-processed food intake on metabolic syndrome components and body fat in children and adolescents: A systematic review based on cohort studies. Nutrition 2023; 111:112038. [PMID: 37167924 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.112038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to thoroughly review the scientific literature related to cohort studies that evaluated the association between the intake of ultra-processed foods, according to the NOVA classification, and the increase in the components of metabolic syndrome and body fat in children and adolescents. METHODS We consulted the PubMed, Scielo, Lilacs, and ScienceDirect databases and selected cohort studies that met the main objective of this review and included the age group of interest. We used an adaptation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale to evaluate cohort studies. RESULTS Of 383 articles identified, 367 were excluded after reading the title, abstract, and methodology. Only nine met the selection criteria defined for this review. Of the nine articles, two reported a positive association between high consumption of ultra-processed foods and total cholesterol levels; one reported a positive association with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, one with triacylglycerols, one with diastolic blood pressure, three with body mass index, two with waist circumference, and two with body fat. CONCLUSIONS Seven of nine studies found at least one association with components of metabolic syndrome. This highlights the importance of early intervention to prevent non-communicable diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Ricardo Gómez Frías
- Facultad de Enfermería y Nutriología, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario Campus II, Chihuahua, México
| | - Leticia Hernández Cadena
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Albino Barraza Villarreal
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Blanca Gladiana Beltrán Piña
- Facultad de Enfermería y Nutriología, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario Campus II, Chihuahua, México
| | - Mariana Cardona Mejía
- Facultad de Enfermería y Nutriología, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario Campus II, Chihuahua, México
| | - Luis Alberto Delgado Cerros
- Facultad de Enfermería y Nutriología, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario Campus II, Chihuahua, México
| | - Giovanni Barraza Gil
- Facultad de Enfermería y Nutriología, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario Campus II, Chihuahua, México
| | - Jorge Octavio Acosta Montes
- Facultad de Enfermería y Nutriología, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario Campus II, Chihuahua, México.
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Ramírez-Coronel AA, Abdu WJ, Alshahrani SH, Treve M, Jalil AT, Alkhayyat AS, Singer N. Childhood obesity risk increases with increased screen time: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2023; 42:5. [PMID: 36691087 PMCID: PMC9869536 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-022-00344-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of screen time in promoting obesity among children has been reported in previous studies. However, the effects of different screen types and the dose-response association between screen time and obesity among children is not summarized yet. In the current meta-analysis we systematically summarized the association between obesity and screen time of different screen types in a dose-response analysis. METHODS A systematic search from Scopus, PubMed and Embase electronic databases was performed. Studies that evaluated the association between screen time and obesity up to September 2021 were retrieved. We included 45 individual studies that were drawn from nine qualified studies into meta-analysis. RESULTS The results of the two-class meta-analysis showed that those at the highest category of screen time were 1.2 times more likely to develop obesity [odds ratio (OR) = 1.21; confidence interval (CI) = 1.113, 1.317; I2 = 60.4%; P < 0.001). The results of subgrouping identified that setting, obesity status and age group were possible heterogeneity sources. No evidence of non-linear association between increased screen time and obesity risk among children was observed (P-nonlinearity = 0.310). CONCLUSION In the current systematic review and meta-analysis we revealed a positive association between screen time and obesity among children without any evidence of non-linear association. Due to the cross-sectional design of included studies, we suggest further studies with longitudinal or interventional design to better elucidate the observed associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Alexis Ramírez-Coronel
- Catholic University of Cuenca, Azogues Campus, Azogues, Ecuador
- University of Palermo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National University of Education, Azogues, Ecuador
- CES University, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Shadia Hamoud Alshahrani
- Medical Surgical Nursing Department, King Khalid University, Khamis Mushate, Almahala, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mark Treve
- School of Languages and General Education, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Abduladheem Turki Jalil
- Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, 51001, Iraq
| | - Ameer S Alkhayyat
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Nermeen Singer
- Department of Media and Children's Culture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Shuvo SD, Biswas BK. The degree of association between overweight and obesity with the use of electronic media among Bangladeshi adolescents. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280544. [PMID: 36662815 PMCID: PMC9858059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronic media usage is recently considered a modifiable risk factor for overweight and obesity among adolescents. The purpose of this present study was to evaluate the association of electronic media (EM) usage with overweight and obesity among school-going adolescents. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted from October to December 2019 among school-going adolescents (14-16 years old) residing in the Jashore Sadar Upazila, Jashore district of Bangladesh. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect information regarding the socio-economic status, time spent watching television, video games playing, computer, and smart mobile phone use through face-to-face interviews. Age- and sex-specific body mass index (BMI) cut-off values for overweight and obesity were determined for Asian adolescents by the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF). Multinomial logistic regression analysis was carried out to determine the association between electronic media use with overweight and obesity. FINDINGS The findings suggest that the overall prevalence of overweight and obesity was 13.5% and 25.2%, respectively. Among the total adolescent students, about 49.1% highly (above 3 hours per day) spent their time on EM use whereas 30.6% moderately (≥121 to 180 min/day) use EM. The regression analysis showed that spending high time using total screen-based electronic devices, television viewing, video game playing, computer use, and smartphone use were significantly associated with overweight (RRR: 7.36, 95% CI: 3.64-11.54; RRR: 4.58, 95% CI: 1.46-7.95; RRR: 4.45, 95% CI: 2.75-6.12; RRR: 3.18, 95% CI: 1.87-4.70; RRR: 2.15, 95% CI: 1.23-3.51) and obesity (RRR: 8.72, 95% CI: 4.64-12.54; RRR: 2.89, 95% CI: 1.31-5.21; RRR: 3.88, 95% CI: 1.74-5.13; RRR: 3.08, 95% CI: 1.32-4.86; RRR: 1.19, 95% CI: 0.93-1.48) in adolescents, respectively. CONCLUSION The results support the total time spent using electronic media was associated with an increased risk of being overweight and obesity. Finally, this study strongly suggests the proper use of electronic media may be necessary to reduce the risk of being overweight and obesity in early adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvasish Das Shuvo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
| | - Biplob Kumar Biswas
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
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15
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Brand J, Carlson D, Ballarino G, Lansigan RK, Emond J, Gilbert-Diamond D. Attention to food cues following media multitasking is associated with cross-sectional BMI among adolescents. Front Psychol 2022; 13:992450. [PMID: 36506992 PMCID: PMC9732437 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.992450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To measure attention to food cues following a multitask or a sustained attention single task, and further, to examine the associations with current weight status and excess consumption. Methods Ninety-six 13-to 17-year-olds were fed a standardized meal and then had their attention to food cues measured following completion of a single sustained attention task, media multitask, or a passive viewing control task. Participants then completed an eating in the absence of hunger paradigm to measure their excess consumption. Adolescents completed each condition on separate visits in randomized order. Attention to food cues was measured by computing eye-tracking measures of attention, first fixation duration, and cumulative fixation duration to distractor images while participants played the video game, Tetris. Participants also had their height and weight measured. Results Although not statistically significant, attention to food cues was greatest following a media multitask and weakest following a task that engaged sustained attention when compared to a control. First fixation duration was positively and statistically significantly associated with BMI-Z when measured following a multitask. Cumulative fixation duration was not associated with BMI-Z. There were no associations between BMI-Z and attention to food cues after the attention or control task, nor any association between attention to food cues and eating in the absence of hunger. Conclusion Among adolescents, we found that current adiposity was related to attention to food cues following a multitask. Multitasking may perturb the cognitive system to increase attention to food cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Brand
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
- Dartmouth Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Delaina Carlson
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Grace Ballarino
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Reina Kato Lansigan
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Jennifer Emond
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Diane Gilbert-Diamond
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
- Dartmouth Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
- Department of Medicine Weight and Wellness Center, Dartmouth Health, Lebanon, NH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
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16
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Factors Associated with Eating in the Absence of Hunger among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224715. [PMID: 36432407 PMCID: PMC9699171 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Eating in the absence of hunger (EAH) has been extensively studied over the past two decades and has been associated with excess body weight and the development of obesity. However, determinants of EAH remain uncertain. This systematic review aims to identify individual, familial, and environmental factors associated with EAH among children and adolescents. We included studies with a measure of EAH in participants aged 3-17 years old and including ≥1 factor associated with EAH. Our search identified 1494 articles. Of these, we included 81 studies: 53 cross-sectional, 19 longitudinal and nine intervention studies. In childhood (≤12 years old), EAH increases with age, it is greater in boys compared to girls, and it is positively associated with adiposity. Moreover, EAH development seems to be influenced by genetics. In adolescence, the number of studies is limited; yet, studies show that EAH slightly increases or remains stable with age, is not clearly different between sexes, and findings for overweight or obesity are less consistent across studies in adolescence. For familial factors, parental restrictive feeding practices are positively associated with EAH during childhood, mostly for girls. Studies assessing environmental factors are lacking and robust longitudinal studies spanning from early childhood to adolescence are needed.
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Boyland E, McGale L, Maden M, Hounsome J, Boland A, Angus K, Jones A. Association of Food and Nonalcoholic Beverage Marketing With Children and Adolescents' Eating Behaviors and Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr 2022; 176:e221037. [PMID: 35499839 PMCID: PMC9062773 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE There is widespread interest in the effect of food marketing on children; however, the comprehensive global evidence reviews are now dated. OBJECTIVE To quantify the association of food and nonalcoholic beverage marketing with behavioral and health outcomes in children and adolescents to inform updated World Health Organization guidelines. DATA SOURCES Twenty-two databases were searched (including MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Embase, and The Cochrane Library) with a publication date limit from January 2009 through March 2020. STUDY SELECTION Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses reporting guidelines were followed. Inclusion criteria were primary studies assessing the association of food marketing with specified outcomes in children and adolescents (aged 0-19 years). Exclusion criteria were qualitative studies or those on advertising of infant formula. Of 31 063 articles identified, 96 articles were eligible for inclusion in the systematic review, and 80 articles in the meta-analysis (19 372 participants). DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Two reviewers independently extracted data. Random-effects models were used for meta-analyses; meta-regressions, sensitivity analyses, and P curve analyses were also performed. Where appropriate, pooling was conducted using combining P values and vote counting by direction of effect. Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation was used to judge certainty of evidence. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Critical outcomes were intake, choice, preference, and purchasing. Important outcomes were purchase requests, dental caries, body weight, and diet-related noncommunicable diseases. RESULTS Participants totaled 19 372 from 80 included articles. Food marketing was associated with significant increases in intake (standardized mean difference [SMD], 0.25; 95% CI, 0.15-0.35; P < .001), choice (odds ratio, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.26-2.50; P < .001), and preference (SMD, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.12-0.49; P = .001). Substantial heterogeneity (all >76%) was unexplained by sensitivity or moderator analyses. The combination of P values for purchase requests was significant but no clear evidence was found for an association of marketing with purchasing. Data on dental health and body weight outcomes were scarce. The certainty of evidence was graded as very low to moderate for intake and choice, and very low for preference and purchasing. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this systematic review and meta-analysis, food marketing was associated with increased intake, choice, preference, and purchase requests in children and adolescents. Implementation of policies to restrict children's exposure is expected to benefit child health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Boyland
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren McGale
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom,Department of Psychology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Maden
- Liverpool Reviews and Implementation Group, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Juliet Hounsome
- Liverpool Reviews and Implementation Group, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Boland
- Liverpool Reviews and Implementation Group, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Angus
- Institute for Social Marketing & Health, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland
| | - Andrew Jones
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Boyland E, McGale L, Maden M, Hounsome J, Boland A, Angus K, Jones A. Association of Food and Nonalcoholic Beverage Marketing With Children and Adolescents' Eating Behaviors and Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr 2022. [PMID: 35499839 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.1037%jjamapediatrics] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE There is widespread interest in the effect of food marketing on children; however, the comprehensive global evidence reviews are now dated. OBJECTIVE To quantify the association of food and nonalcoholic beverage marketing with behavioral and health outcomes in children and adolescents to inform updated World Health Organization guidelines. DATA SOURCES Twenty-two databases were searched (including MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Embase, and The Cochrane Library) with a publication date limit from January 2009 through March 2020. STUDY SELECTION Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses reporting guidelines were followed. Inclusion criteria were primary studies assessing the association of food marketing with specified outcomes in children and adolescents (aged 0-19 years). Exclusion criteria were qualitative studies or those on advertising of infant formula. Of 31 063 articles identified, 96 articles were eligible for inclusion in the systematic review, and 80 articles in the meta-analysis (19 372 participants). DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Two reviewers independently extracted data. Random-effects models were used for meta-analyses; meta-regressions, sensitivity analyses, and P curve analyses were also performed. Where appropriate, pooling was conducted using combining P values and vote counting by direction of effect. Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation was used to judge certainty of evidence. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Critical outcomes were intake, choice, preference, and purchasing. Important outcomes were purchase requests, dental caries, body weight, and diet-related noncommunicable diseases. RESULTS Participants totaled 19 372 from 80 included articles. Food marketing was associated with significant increases in intake (standardized mean difference [SMD], 0.25; 95% CI, 0.15-0.35; P < .001), choice (odds ratio, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.26-2.50; P < .001), and preference (SMD, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.12-0.49; P = .001). Substantial heterogeneity (all >76%) was unexplained by sensitivity or moderator analyses. The combination of P values for purchase requests was significant but no clear evidence was found for an association of marketing with purchasing. Data on dental health and body weight outcomes were scarce. The certainty of evidence was graded as very low to moderate for intake and choice, and very low for preference and purchasing. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this systematic review and meta-analysis, food marketing was associated with increased intake, choice, preference, and purchase requests in children and adolescents. Implementation of policies to restrict children's exposure is expected to benefit child health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Boyland
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren McGale
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Maden
- Liverpool Reviews and Implementation Group, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Juliet Hounsome
- Liverpool Reviews and Implementation Group, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Boland
- Liverpool Reviews and Implementation Group, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Angus
- Institute for Social Marketing & Health, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland
| | - Andrew Jones
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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19
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Haghjoo P, Siri G, Soleimani E, Farhangi MA, Alesaeidi S. Screen time increases overweight and obesity risk among adolescents: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. BMC PRIMARY CARE 2022; 23:161. [PMID: 35761176 PMCID: PMC9238177 DOI: 10.1186/s12875-022-01761-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Adolescence is a critical period in human life, associated with reduced physical activity and increased sedentary behaviors. In this systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis, we evaluated the association between screen time and risk of overweight/obesity among adolescents. Methods A systematic search in electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase, and Scopus was performed up to September 2021. All published studies evaluating the association between screen time and risk of overweight/obesity among adolescents were retrieved. Finally, a total of 44 eligible studies were included in the meta-analysis. Results The results of the two-class meta-analysis showed that adolescents at the highest category of screen time were 1.27 times more likely to develop overweight/obesity (OR = 1.273; 95% CI = 1.166–1.390; P < 0.001; I-squared (variation in ES attributable to heterogeneity) = 82.1%). The results of subgrouping showed that continent and setting were the possible sources of heterogeneity. Moreover, no evidence of non-linear association between increased screen time and risk of overweight/obesity among adolescents was observed (P-nonlinearity = 0.311). Conclusion For the first time, the current systematic review and meta-analysis revealed a positive association between screen time and overweight/obesity among adolescents without any dose-response evidence. Trial registration The protocol of the current work has been registered in the PROSPERO system (Registration number: CRD42021233899). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12875-022-01761-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purya Haghjoo
- Urology Research Center, Razi Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Goli Siri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amir Alam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ensiye Soleimani
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Samira Alesaeidi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Wu Y, Amirfakhraei A, Ebrahimzadeh F, Jahangiry L, Abbasalizad-Farhangi M. Screen Time and Body Mass Index Among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:822108. [PMID: 35620148 PMCID: PMC9127358 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.822108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is no summative quantitative study that report the difference in BMI in high screen user children and adolescents or give a difference in screen time in children and adolescents with obesity vs. children and adolescents without obesity. In the current meta-analysis we systematically summarized the association between obesity and screen time and meta-analyzed the results. Methods A systematic search from Scopus, PubMed and Embase electronic databases. Studies that evaluated the association between screen time and obesity up to June 2021. Results Results revealed that those at the highest screen time category had 0.7 kg/m2 higher BMI (WMD = 0.703; CI = 0.128, 1.278; P < 0.016; I 2 = 95.8%). Moreover, children and adolescents with obesity had a mean value of 0.313 h higher screen time compared with children and adolescents without obesity (WMD: 0.313; OR = 0.219, 0.407; P < 0.001; I 2 = 96%). The results of subgrouping showed that study quality, continent and sample size could reduce the heterogeneity values. No evidence of publication bias was reported according to visual asymmetry of funnel plots and the results of Begg's and Egger's tests. Conclusion For the first time, the current systematic review and meta-analysis revealed a positive association between screen time and obesity among children and adolescents. Due to the cross-sectional design of the included studies, causal inference is impossible, therefore, further studies in separate analysis of both genders are suggested to better elucidate gender-specific results. Systematic Review Registration [www.ClinicalTrials.gov], identifier [CRD4202123 3899].
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Azita Amirfakhraei
- Department of Psychology, Bandar Abbas Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Farnoosh Ebrahimzadeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Leila Jahangiry
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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21
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Pan X, Zhang M, Tian A, Chen L, Sun Z, Wang L, Chen P. Exploring the genetic correlation between obesity-related traits and regional brain volumes: Evidence from UK Biobank cohort. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 33:102870. [PMID: 34872017 PMCID: PMC8648807 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether there is a correlation between obesity-related variants and regional brain volumes. METHODS Based on a mixed linear model (MLM), we analyzed the association between 1,498 obesity-related SNPs in the GWAS Catalog and 164 regional brain volumes from 29,420 participants (discovery cohort N = 19,997, validation cohort N = 9,423) in UK Biobank. The statistically significant brain regions in association analysis were classified into 6 major neural networks (dopamine (DA) motive system, central autonomic network (CAN), cognitive emotion regulation, visual object recognition network, auditory object recognition network, and sensorimotor system). We summarized the association between obesity-related variants (metabolically healthy obesity variants, metabolically unhealthy obesity variants, and unclassified obesity-related variants) and neural networks. RESULTS From association analysis, we determined that 17 obesity-related SNPs were associated with 51 regional brain volumes. Several single SNPs (e.g., rs13107325-T (SLC39A8), rs1876829-C (CRHR1), and rs1538170-T (CENPW)) were associated with multiple regional brain volumes. In addition, several single brain regions (e.g., the white matter, the grey matter in the putamen, subcallosal cortex, and insular cortex) were associated with multiple obesity-related variants. The metabolically healthy obesity variants were mainly associated with the regional brain volumes in the DA motive system, sensorimotor system and cognitive emotion regulation neural networks, while metabolically unhealthy obesity variants were mainly associated with regional brain volumes in the CAN and total tissue volumes. In addition, unclassified obesity-related variants were mainly associated with auditory object recognition network and total tissue volumes. The results of MeSH (medical subject headings) enrichment analysis showed that obesity genes associated with brain structure pointed to the functional relatedness with 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 (5-HT4), growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF5), and high mobility group protein AT-hook 2 (HMGA2 protein). CONCLUSION In summary, we found that obesity-related variants were associated with different brain volume measures. On the basis of the multiple SNPs, we found that metabolically healthy and unhealthy obesity-related SNPs were associated with different brain neural networks. Based on our enrichment analysis, modifications of the 5-HT4 pathway might be a promising therapeutic strategy for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchen Pan
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; Department of Genetics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Miaoran Zhang
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Aowen Tian
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lanlan Chen
- School of Clinical Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Zewen Sun
- Department of Genetics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Liying Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Genetics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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22
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von Nordheim L, Blades M, Oates C, Buckland NJ. Manipulated exposure to television-style healthy food advertising and children's healthy food intake in nurseries. Appetite 2022; 168:105791. [PMID: 34774965 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The detrimental impact of currently disproportionate amounts of digital food advertising for processed foods high in sugar, salt, and fat (HSSF) on children's food intake and dietary health is well-documented. The potential of digital healthy food advertising to encourage healthy eating in children is much less researched. A pre-test post-test control group design was used to compare the effect of specifically designed, television-style advertisements for healthy food versus toys on 172 three-to seven-year-old children's exclusively healthy food intake (vegetable, fruit, whole-grain) in five nurseries in Germany. Within- and between-group comparisons demonstrated the effectiveness of healthy food advertising exposure to increase children's healthy food intake. Three exposures to a 1-min-advertisement for healthy food were sufficient to increase children's healthy food intake by as much as three portions. Children in the control condition ate less healthy foods following viewing of a control advertisement (a matched toy advertisement). We concluded that digital healthy food advertising is likely to increase children's healthy food intake sufficiently to help children meet daily recommended amounts of vegetables, fruit, or whole-grain bread, and that this encouragement may be required as decreases in healthy food intake were found when healthy foods were merely available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura von Nordheim
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Cathedral Court, 1 Vicar Lane, Sheffield, S1 2LT, United Kingdom.
| | - Mark Blades
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Cathedral Court, 1 Vicar Lane, Sheffield, S1 2LT, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Oates
- Management School, University of Sheffield, Conduit Road, Sheffield, S10 1FL, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J Buckland
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Cathedral Court, 1 Vicar Lane, Sheffield, S1 2LT, United Kingdom
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23
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Courtney AL, Casey BJ, Rapuano KM. A Neurobiological Model of Alcohol Marketing Effects on Underage Drinking. J Stud Alcohol Drugs Suppl 2021. [PMID: 32079563 PMCID: PMC7064001 DOI: 10.15288/jsads.2020.s19.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Although an association between exposure to alcohol advertising and underage drinking is well documented, the underlying neurobiological contributions to this association remain largely unexplored. From an epidemiological perspective, identifying the neurobiological plausibility of this exposure–outcome association is a crucial step toward establishing marketing as a contributor to youth drinking and informing public policy interventions to decrease this influence. Method: We conducted a critical review of the literature on neurobiological risk factors and adolescent brain development, social influences on drinking, and neural contributions to reward sensitization and risk taking. By drawing from these separate areas of research, we propose a unified, neurobiological model of alcohol marketing effects on underage drinking. Results: We discuss and extend the literature to suggest that responses in prefrontal–reward circuitry help establish alcohol advertisements as reward-predictive cues that may reinforce consumption upon exposure. We focus on adolescence as a sensitive window of development during which youth are particularly susceptible to social and reward cues, which are defining characteristics of many alcohol advertisements. As a result, alcohol marketing may promote positive associations early in life that motivate social drinking, and corresponding neurobiological changes may contribute to later patterns of alcohol abuse. Conclusions: The neurobiological model proposed here, which considers neurodevelopmental risk factors, social influences, and reward sensitization to alcohol cues, suggests that exposure to alcohol marketing could plausibly influence underage drinking by sensitizing prefrontal–reward circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - B J Casey
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
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24
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Mansoor S, Jain P, Hassan N, Farooq U, Mirza MA, Pandith AA, Iqbal Z. Role of Genetic and Dietary Implications in the Pathogenesis of Global Obesity. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1874409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Mansoor
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, SKUAST, Jammu, India
| | - Pooja Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Nazia Hassan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Uzma Farooq
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd. Aamir Mirza
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Arshad A Pandith
- Advanced Centre for Human Genetics, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, J&K, India
| | - Zeenat Iqbal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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25
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Wang CY, Liu KH, Tsai ML, Ho MY, Yeh JK, Hsieh IC, Wen MS, Yeh TS. FTO variants are associated with ANGPTL4 abundances and correlated with body weight reduction after bariatric surgery. Obes Res Clin Pract 2020; 14:257-263. [PMID: 32507396 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The FTO (fat mass- and obesity-associated) gene variant is an established obesity-susceptibility locus. FTO protein is a nucleic acid demethylase and FTO genetic variants form long-range functional connections with IRX3, which regulates fat mass and metabolism in humans. From our previous results, we found FTO regulates the metabolism of triglyceride in adipocytes through demethylating Angptl4 (angiopoietin-like protein 4) mRNA in mice. We hypothesized that the FTO genetic variants regulate ANGPTL4 abundances in human adipose tissues and affect the outcome after bariatric surgery. METHODS AND RESULTS We recruited 188 obesity subjects with body mass indices (BMI)>35kg/m2 and 102 non-obese subjects with BMI<30kg/m2 from the OCEAN registry between 2011 and 2014. The distribution of FTO variants rs9939609 among participates was 73.79% TT, 23.79% AT, and 2.41% AA. The subjects with FTO variants AA or AT were correlated with higher BMI than those with FTO variants TT. The serum ANGPTL4 levels were significantly higher in obese subjects and positively correlated with the presence of FTO AA or AT haplotype. Of these participates, 84 obese subjects underwent bariatric surgery and adipose Angptl4 expressions were analyzed. The adipose Angptl4 mRNA levels and protein abundances were correlated with FTO AA or AT haplotype. The magnitude of excess body weight reduction 2 years after bariatric surgery was correlated with the adipose ANGPTL4 protein levels. CONCLUSION Adipose ANGPTL4 abundances were affected by the presence of FTO obesity risk haplotype and correlated with excess weight loss percentage after bariatric surgery. These data signify the critical role of FTO variants and adipose ANGPTL4 in fatty acid metabolism and bariatric outcomes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yung Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan; Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350, Taiwan.
| | - Keng-Hau Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Lung Tsai
- Department of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yun Ho
- Department of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Kai Yeh
- Department of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
| | - I-Chang Hsieh
- Department of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shien Wen
- Department of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Sen Yeh
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan
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26
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Exploring the Role of Advertising Types on Improving the Water Consumption Behavior: An Application of Integrated Fuzzy AHP and Fuzzy VIKOR Method. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12031232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, many cities have suffered from a shortage of drinking water, mainly due to population growth. Hence, the desire to curb undue water consumption through the identification of the main factors affecting consumer behavior has become very important in managing drinking water supplies. Modifying the consumption pattern means institutionalizing of a sustainable culture in water consumption among consumers and the identification of the main criteria affecting their behavior. In 2018, a survey was applied to examine the role of mass media advertising in modifying the water consumption pattern in Iran. An integration of fuzzy AHP and fuzzy VIKOR was proposed based on group decision making, and fuzzy trapezoidal sets used to model linguistic variables and to deal with uncertainty in opinions. We devised and conducted a questionnaire with 24 main criteria and 8 sub-criteria to measure the impact of advertising on water consumption. The case study population in this study included all urban households over 15 cities of Iran. A total of 5630 questionnaires were distributed among the various populations with cluster method. Then, by analyzing the results, advertisements using animation had the highest impact on consumer behavior, among the available alternatives, and could play a significant role in modifying the water consumption pattern. Additionally, a fuzzy evaluation technique is performed to validate the result of the applied method. Subsequently, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to validate the stability of the final ranking. Finally, the prioritization results of the types of advertising by the proposed method were compared with the results of the fuzzy AHP method.
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27
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Measuring attentional bias to food cues in young children using a visual search task: An eye-tracking study. Appetite 2020; 148:104610. [PMID: 31958480 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Attentional bias to food cues may be a risk factor for childhood obesity, yet there are few paradigms to measure such biases in young children. Therefore, the present work introduces an eye-tracking visual search task to measure attentional bias in young children. METHODS Fifty-one 3-6-year-olds played a game to find a target cartoon character among food (experimental condition) or toy (control condition) distractors. Children completed the experimental and toy conditions on two separate visits in randomized order. Behavioral (response latencies) and eye-tracking measures (time to first fixation, initial gaze duration duration, cumulative gaze duration ) of attention to food and toy cues were computed. Regressions were used to test for attentional bias to food versus toy cues, and whether attentional bias to food cues was related to current BMI z-score. RESULTS Children spent more cumulative time looking at food versus toy distractors and took longer to locate the target when searching through food versus toy distractors. The faster children fixated on their first food versus toy distractor was associated with higher BMI z-scores. CONCLUSIONS Using a game-based paradigm employing eye-tracking, we found a behavioral attentional bias to food vs. toy distractors in young children. Further, attentional bias to food cues was associated with current BMI z-score.
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28
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Qutteina Y, De Backer C, Smits T. Media food marketing and eating outcomes among pre-adolescents and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2019; 20:1708-1719. [PMID: 31468652 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The media marketing's effect on child and adult eating has been extensively researched, yet, little is known about its effect on adolescents. The aim of this review is to synthesize available research on the relation between media food marketing and eating-related cognitions, attitudes, and behaviors among pre-adolescents (8-11) and adolescents (12-19). We systematically screened and retrieved 9324 articles, of which 28 were included in the review-analysis and 19 in the meta-analysis. Robust variance estimation with random effect weights indicated a positive small standard effect size (d = 0.26, P < .001) of media food marketing on all unhealthy eating outcomes, and a subgroup analysis revealed a small effect size (d = 0.26, P < .001) on unhealthy eating behaviors specifically. Another subgroup analysis among adolescents revealed an effect of marketing (d = 0.22, P < .05) on unhealthy eating outcomes. This review demonstrates the significance of media marketing on eating in pre-adolescents and adolescents, and highlights limitations in the food marketing and adolescent eating literature specific to eating outcomes and marketing media studied and research designs utilized. We call for properly designed food marketing research exploring digital media's effect on eating attitudes and cognitions, especially among older adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Qutteina
- Institute for Media Studies, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Charlotte De Backer
- Department of Communication Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tim Smits
- Institute for Media Studies, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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29
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Lopez RB, Brand J, Gilbert-Diamond D. Media Multitasking Is Associated With Higher Body Mass Index in Pre-adolescent Children. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2534. [PMID: 31798499 PMCID: PMC6863887 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity rates among children have climbed dramatically in the past two decades, a time period in which children also experienced greater exposure to portable media devices and smartphones. In the present study, we provide evidence of a potential link between media multitasking – using and switching between unrelated forms of digital media – and risk for obesity, as indexed by body mass index (BMI). Specifically, we recruited 179 pre-adolescent children (aged 9–11 years, 88 females) to participate in a study in which we assessed their media multitasking (MMT) tendencies, as well as BMI. Controlling for the influence of a known genetic risk factor for obesity and other covariates, including physical activity, we found a positive association between the frequency of children’s MMT behaviors and age- and sex-standardized BMI z-scores, b = 1.07, p = 0.011. These findings are consistent with other recent work showing similar patterns of covariation between MMT and risk for obesity in young adults. The present work can also inform future work in this realm, such as the design of longitudinal studies that prospectively measure children’s MMT behaviors and body composition to begin to identify directionality in the association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Lopez
- Department of Psychology, Bard College, Red Hook, NY, United States
| | - John Brand
- Department of Epidemiology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
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30
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Ranzenhofer LM, Mayer LES, Davis HA, Mielke-Maday HK, McInerney H, Korn R, Gupta N, Brown AJ, Schebendach J, Tanofsky-Kraff M, Thaker V, Chung WK, Leibel RL, Walsh BT, Rosenbaum M. The FTO Gene and Measured Food Intake in 5- to 10-Year-Old Children Without Obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2019; 27:1023-1029. [PMID: 31119882 PMCID: PMC6561098 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genetic variation in the first intron of FTO (e.g., single-nucleotide polymorphism [SNP] rs9939609) is strongly associated with adiposity. This effect is thought to be mediated (at least in part) via increasing caloric intake, although the precise molecular genetic mechanisms are not fully understood. Prior pediatric studies of FTO have included youth with overweight and obesity; however, they have not informed whether a genotypic effect on ingestive behavior is present prior to obesity onset. Therefore, this study investigated the association between FTO and caloric intake in children aged 5 to 10 years without obesity (adiposity ≤ 95th percentile). METHODS A total of 122 children were genotyped for rs9939609 and ate ad libitum from a laboratory lunch buffet following a standardized breakfast. Linear regressions, adjusting for body mass, were used to examine the association between FTO "dose" (number of copies of SNP rs9939609) and intake variables. RESULTS There was a significant association between FTO and total intake. Each risk allele predicted an additional 64 calories, accounting for 3% of the variance. There were no associations between FTO and macronutrient preference, energy density, or diet variety. Results were influenced by race. CONCLUSIONS Results corroborate and extend prior work by showing a dose-dependent effect on food intake in children without obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Ranzenhofer
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Laurel E S Mayer
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Haley A Davis
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hanna K Mielke-Maday
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hailey McInerney
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rachel Korn
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nikita Gupta
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Amanda J Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Janet Schebendach
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Vidhu Thaker
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rudolph L Leibel
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - B Timothy Walsh
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael Rosenbaum
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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Abstract
The prevalence of obesity has increased worldwide in the past ~50 years, reaching pandemic levels. Obesity represents a major health challenge because it substantially increases the risk of diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, fatty liver disease, hypertension, myocardial infarction, stroke, dementia, osteoarthritis, obstructive sleep apnoea and several cancers, thereby contributing to a decline in both quality of life and life expectancy. Obesity is also associated with unemployment, social disadvantages and reduced socio-economic productivity, thus increasingly creating an economic burden. Thus far, obesity prevention and treatment strategies - both at the individual and population level - have not been successful in the long term. Lifestyle and behavioural interventions aimed at reducing calorie intake and increasing energy expenditure have limited effectiveness because complex and persistent hormonal, metabolic and neurochemical adaptations defend against weight loss and promote weight regain. Reducing the obesity burden requires approaches that combine individual interventions with changes in the environment and society. Therefore, a better understanding of the remarkable regional differences in obesity prevalence and trends might help to identify societal causes of obesity and provide guidance on which are the most promising intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Blüher
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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32
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Masterson TD, Gilbert-Diamond D, Lansigan RK, Kim SJ, Schiffelbein JE, Emond JA. Measurement of external food cue responsiveness in preschool-age children: Preliminary evidence for the use of the external food cue responsiveness scale. Appetite 2019; 139:119-126. [PMID: 31047939 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conditioned eating in response to external food cues may contribute to obesity risk in young children. OBJECTIVES To develop a brief, parent-reported scale to measure external food cue responsiveness for preschool-age children. METHODS Focus groups with parents of preschool-age children were conducted to create an initial pool of items reflecting children's behavioral responses to external food cues. Items were included in a nationally-distributed online survey of parents of preschool-age children (n = 456). Factor analysis was used to reduce the initial item pool, the scale's psychometric properties were assessed, and scores were correlated with reported snacking behaviors. RESULTS Nine items met inclusion criteria in the final scale, which had high internal consistency (alpha = 0.86). Final scores were the mean across the nine items. External food cue responsiveness was greater among children with, versus without, usual TV advertisement exposure. Furthermore, greater external food cue responsiveness mediated the relationship between children's usual TV advertisement exposure and snacking during TV viewing. Findings remained statistically significant when adjusted for food responsiveness as measured with the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS Findings provide preliminary evidence that external food cue responsiveness is measurable by parental report in preschool-age children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis D Masterson
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
| | - Diane Gilbert-Diamond
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Reina K Lansigan
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Sunny Jung Kim
- Department of Health Behavior and Policy, VCU Massey Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jenna E Schiffelbein
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Jennifer A Emond
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA; Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
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Smith R, Kelly B, Yeatman H, Boyland E. Food Marketing Influences Children's Attitudes, Preferences and Consumption: A Systematic Critical Review. Nutrients 2019; 11:E875. [PMID: 31003489 PMCID: PMC6520952 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to the marketing of unhealthy foods and beverages is a widely acknowledged risk factor for the development of childhood obesity and noncommunicable diseases. Food marketing involves the use of numerous persuasive techniques to influence children's food attitudes, preferences and consumption. This systematic review provides a comprehensive contemporary account of the impact of these marketing techniques on children aged 0-18 years and critically evaluates the methodologies used. Five electronic academic databases were searched using key terms for primary studies (both quantitative and qualitative) published up to September 2018; 71 eligible articles were identified. Significant detrimental effects of food marketing, including enhanced attitudes, preferences and increased consumption of marketed foods were documented for a wide range of marketing techniques, particularly those used in television/movies and product packaging. Together, these studies contribute strong evidence to support the restriction of food marketing to children. However, the review also signposted distinct gaps: Firstly, there is a lack of use of qualitative and physiological methodologies. Secondly, contemporary and sophisticated marketing techniques used in new media warrant increased research attention. Finally, more research is needed to evaluate the longer-term effects of food marketing on children's weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Smith
- Early Start, School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Bridget Kelly
- Early Start, School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Heather Yeatman
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Emma Boyland
- Psychological Sciences, Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Bedford Street South, Liverpool L69 7ZA, UK.
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Russell SJ, Croker H, Viner RM. The effect of screen advertising on children's dietary intake: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2019; 20:554-568. [PMID: 30576057 PMCID: PMC6446725 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Evidence indicates that screen advertising for unhealthy food results in significant increases in dietary intake among children. This review was undertaken with the main aim of estimating the quantitative effect of screen advertising in experimental and nonexperimental conditions on children's dietary intake. Systematic searches were undertaken of interdisciplinary databases. Studies from 1980 to April 2018, all geography and languages, were included; participants were children and adolescents aged between 2 and 18 years; the intervention was screen advertising; and the outcome was dietary intake. Meta-analyses were conducted for measured and nonmeasured outcomes. Food advertising was found to increase dietary intake among children (age range 2-14, mean 8.8 years) in experimental conditions for television (TV) advertising and advergames. Meta-analysis revealed that children exposed to food advertising on TV (11 studies) and advergames (five studies) respectively consumed an average 60.0 kcal (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.1-116.9) and 53.2 kcal (95% CI, 31.5-74.9) more than children exposed to nonfood advertising. There was also an effect by body mass index (BMI). Findings from nonexperimental studies revealed that exposure to TV food advertising was positively associated with and predictive of dietary intake in children. Short-term exposure to unhealthy food advertising on TV and advergames increases immediate calorie consumption in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Russell
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Helen Croker
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Russell M Viner
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
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Schrempft S, van Jaarsveld CHM, Fisher A, Herle M, Smith AD, Fildes A, Llewellyn CH. Variation in the Heritability of Child Body Mass Index by Obesogenic Home Environment. JAMA Pediatr 2018; 172:1153-1160. [PMID: 30285028 PMCID: PMC6396810 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.1508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Importance The early obesogenic home environment is consistently identified as a key influence on child weight trajectories, but little research has examined the mechanisms of that influence. Such research is essential for the effective prevention and treatment of overweight and obesity. Objective To test behavioral susceptibility theory's hypothesis that the heritability of body mass index (BMI) is higher among children who live in more obesogenic home environments. Design, Setting, and Participants This study was a gene-environment interaction twin study that used cross-sectional data from 925 families (1850 twins) in the Gemini cohort (a population-based prospective cohort of twins born in England and Wales between March and December 2007). Data were analyzed from July to October 2013 and in June 2018. Exposures Parents completed the Home Environment Interview, a comprehensive measure of the obesogenic home environment in early childhood. Three standardized composite scores were created to capture food, physical activity, and media-related influences in the home; these were summed to create an overall obesogenic risk score. The 4 composite scores were split on the mean, reflecting higher-risk and lower-risk home environments. Main Outcomes and Measures Quantitative genetic model fitting was used to estimate heritability of age-adjusted and sex-adjusted BMI (BMI SD score, estimated using British 1990 growth reference data) for children living in lower-risk and higher-risk home environments. Results Among 1850 twins (915 [49.5%] male and 935 [50.5%] female; mean [SD] age, 4.1 [0.4] years), the heritability of BMI SD score was significantly higher among children living in overall higher-risk home environments (86%; 95% CI, 68%-89%) compared with those living in overall lower-risk home environments (39%; 95% CI, 21%-57%). The findings were similar when examining the heritability of BMI in the separate food and physical activity environment domains. Conclusions and Relevance These findings support the hypothesis that obesity-related genes are more strongly associated with BMI in more obesogenic home environments. Modifying the early home environment to prevent weight gain may be particularly important for children genetically at risk for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Schrempft
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cornelia H. M. van Jaarsveld
- Departments for Health Evidence and Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Abigail Fisher
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Moritz Herle
- University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea D. Smith
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Fildes
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Clare H. Llewellyn
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Boswell N, Byrne R, Davies PSW. Aetiology of eating behaviours: A possible mechanism to understand obesity development in early childhood. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 95:438-448. [PMID: 30391377 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Childhood obesity is an issue of public health concern that is understood to emerge due to disequilibrium in energy homeostasis. This commentary explores literature regarding neuro-biological mechanisms of energy homeostasis and the relationship between subjective measures of children's eating behaviours and objective measures of appetite, in order to better understand the aetiology of childhood obesity. Early life influences, such as in utero exposure, breastfeeding, and general disadvantage, appear to have an important influence on neuro-biological mechanisms of appetite and may contribute to inequitable distributions of obesity within the population. Subject measures of eating behaviours appear to capture various aspects of neuro-biologically driven (objective) appetite systems, however, these systems are complex, interdependent and not yet fully understood. Future research focusing attention on early life influences on appetite and eating behaviours is warranted to increase understanding of differences in rates of obesity within the population, to determine opportunities for targeted obesity prevention initiatives, and to explore the potential to measure change in eating behaviours as a marker of appetite and obesity risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Boswell
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD, Australia.
| | - Rebecca Byrne
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane QLD, Australia.
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Emond JA, Tovar A, Li Z, Lansigan RK, Gilbert-Diamond D. FTO genotype and weight status among preadolescents: Assessing the mediating effects of obesogenic appetitive traits. Appetite 2017; 117:321-329. [PMID: 28712975 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in the Fat Mass and Obesity Associated (FTO) gene are robustly associated with overweight and obesity among children, although the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We tested if appetitive traits partially mediated the association between FTO genotype and increased BMI among a sample of US preadolescents. Data were from 178 unrelated 9-10 year olds who participated in an experimental study between 2013 and 2015. Children's DNA was isolated from buccal swabs, and the rs9939609 SNP in the FTO gene was genotyped. Children's age- and sex-adjusted BMI z-scores were computed using height and weight measured at the laboratory. Parents completed the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire that includes three validated scales of habitual appetitive traits related to drive and regulation: satiety responsiveness, enjoyment of food and food responsiveness. Structural equation modeling was used to assess if those traits mediated the relationship between FTO and BMI z-score. The sample of children was 48.9% male and 91.0% non-Hispanic white. FTO distribution was in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, and 16.3% of participants were homozygous for the high-risk allele. Mean BMI z-score was greatest among those with the high-risk genotype (ANOVA P < 0.01). In separate structural equation models adjusted for the child's sex and maternal education, decreased satiety responsiveness and increased food responsiveness each partially mediated the positive association between the high-risk genotype and increased BMI z-score (P-value for each indirect effect <0.05). Continued research is needed to better understand how other known genetic obesity risk factors may impact appetitive traits among children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Emond
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, United States.
| | - Alison Tovar
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - Zhigang Li
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, United States
| | - Reina K Lansigan
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, United States
| | - Diane Gilbert-Diamond
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, United States
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Emond JA, Lansigan RK, Ramanujam A, Gilbert-Diamond D. Randomized Exposure to Food Advertisements and Eating in the Absence of Hunger Among Preschoolers. Pediatrics 2016; 138:peds.2016-2361. [PMID: 27940713 PMCID: PMC5127075 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-2361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preschoolers in the United States are heavily exposed to unhealthy food advertisements. Whether such exposure promotes cued eating has not been documented in this age group. METHODS Randomized experiment among 60 children, aged 2 to 5 years, recruited in 2015-2016 from New Hampshire and Vermont. Children completed the experiment at a behavioral laboratory. Children were provided with a healthy snack to consume upon arrival then randomized to view a 14-minute TV program embedded with advertisements for either a food or a department store. Children were provided 2 snack foods to consume ad libitum while viewing the TV program; 1 of those snacks was the food advertised. Eating in the absence of hunger (EAH) was operationalized as the kilocalories of snack foods consumed. t tests were used to compare EAH by advertisement condition; linear regression models assessed effect modification by the child's age, sex, BMI percentile, and parental feeding restriction. RESULTS Mean age was 4.1 (SD 0.9) years, 55% of children were male, 80% were non-Hispanic white, and 20% were overweight or obese. There were no differences in child or socioeconomic characteristics by advertisement condition. Child BMI was not related to EAH. Mean kilocalories consumed during the EAH phase was greater among children exposed to the food advertisements (126.8, SD: 58.5) versus those exposed to the nonfood advertisements (97.3, SD: 52.3; P = .04), an effect driven by greater consumption of the advertised food (P < .01). There was no evidence of effect modification. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that food advertisement exposure may encourage obesogenic-eating behaviors among the very young.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Emond
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences,,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, and,Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Reina K. Lansigan
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, and,Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire; and
| | - Archana Ramanujam
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, and,Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire; and
| | - Diane Gilbert-Diamond
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, and,Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire; and
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