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Labusca L. Adipose tissue in bone regeneration - stem cell source and beyond. World J Stem Cells 2022; 14:372-392. [PMID: 35949397 PMCID: PMC9244952 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v14.i6.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) is recognized as a complex organ involved in major home-ostatic body functions, such as food intake, energy balance, immunomodulation, development and growth, and functioning of the reproductive organs. The role of AT in tissue and organ homeostasis, repair and regeneration is increasingly recognized. Different AT compartments (white AT, brown AT and bone marrow AT) and their interrelation with bone metabolism will be presented. AT-derived stem cell populations - adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells and pluripotent-like stem cells. Multilineage differentiating stress-enduring and dedifferentiated fat cells can be obtained in relatively high quantities compared to other sources. Their role in different strategies of bone and fracture healing tissue engineering and cell therapy will be described. The current use of AT- or AT-derived stem cell populations for fracture healing and bone regenerative strategies will be presented, as well as major challenges in furthering bone regenerative strategies to clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luminita Labusca
- Magnetic Materials and Sensors, National Institute of Research and Development for Technical Physics, Iasi 700050, Romania
- Orthopedics and Traumatology, County Emergency Hospital Saint Spiridon Iasi, Iasi 700050, Romania
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2
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Chen L, Ma R, Luo P, Shi D, Shi X, Nian H, Chang SX, Yuan W, Li GW. Effects of Total Flavonoids of Epimedium on Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue in Ovariectomized Rats. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:900816. [PMID: 35733771 PMCID: PMC9207204 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.900816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow adipose tissue has brown fat characteristics. Several studies have demonstrated that total flavonoids of Epimedium (TFE) could prevent bone loss and reduce the white adiposity in bone marrow induced by ovariectomy (OVX) in rats. However, the effects of TFE on marrow brown fat in OVX rats remain unclear. In this word, we addressed this question expected to provide a new target for preventing and treating osteoporosis. Thirty-six 3-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were equally divided into Sham controls, OVX controls, and OVX treated with TFE. Chemical shift coding magnetic resonance was performed to detect marrow fat fraction at the left femur at baseline, 6 and 12 weeks post-OVX. Bone mineral density at the lumbar spine and femur was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Serum bone biomarkers by ELISA, trabecular bone microarchitecture at the proximal tibia by micro-CT, quantitative parameters of marrow adipocyte by hematoxylin, and eosin staining were evaluated. The marrow adipocyte gene and protein expressions profile were determined by real-time quantitative PCR and immunostaining in whole tibiae. We found that TFE treatment could decrease bone turnover rate and improved bone mineral density and trabecular microarchitecture in OVX rats. OVX resulted in marrow adipogenesis as evidenced by increased marrow fat fraction, larger marrow adipocyte size, increased adipocyte number and percentage of adipocyte area, marrow white adipocyte gene, and protein expression, including PPARγ2 and FABP4. These pathological changes induced by estrogen deficiency were restored by TFE treatment. TFE also increased brown adipocyte expressions of the transcription factor Ucp1 and Prdm16 in whole tibiae. There was no detectible protein expression of brown adipocyte markers in the proximal tibia. Taken together, TFE regulation of bone marrow adiposity in OVX rats is mediated, at least in part, via maintaining the reciprocity of white and brown adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Radiology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Ma
- Department of Geriatrics, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Radiology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Shi
- Department of Geriatrics, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Shi
- Department of Geriatrics, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Nian
- Department of Pharmacy, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Xin Chang
- Department of Radiology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Shi-Xin Chang, ; Wei Yuan, ; Guan-Wu Li,
| | - Wei Yuan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Shi-Xin Chang, ; Wei Yuan, ; Guan-Wu Li,
| | - Guan-Wu Li
- Department of Radiology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Shi-Xin Chang, ; Wei Yuan, ; Guan-Wu Li,
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3
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Du J, He Z, Cui J, Li H, Xu M, Zhang S, Zhang S, Yan M, Qu X, Yu Z. Osteocyte Apoptosis Contributes to Cold Exposure-induced Bone Loss. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:733582. [PMID: 34858954 PMCID: PMC8632005 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.733582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that bone mass is regulated by systemic energy balance. Temperature variations have profound effects on energy metabolism in animals, which will affect bone remodeling. But the mechanism remains unclear. 2-month-old C57BL/6J male mice were exposed to cold (4°C) and normal (23°C) temperatures for 28 days and the effects of cold exposure on bone mass was investigated. Micro-computed tomography results showed that bone volume fraction was significantly reduced after 14 days of exposure to cold temperature, and it was recovered after 28 days. Ploton silver staining and immunohistochemical results further revealed that exposure to cold decreased canalicular length, number of E11-and MMP13-positive osteocytes after 14 days, but they returned to the baseline levels after 28 days, different from the normal temperature control group. In addition, change of Caspase-3 indicated that exposure to cold temperature augmented apoptosis of osteocytes. In vitro results confirmed the positive effect of brown adipocytes on osteocyte‘s dendrites and E11 expression. In conclusion, our findings indicate that cold exposure can influence bone mass in a time-dependent manner, with bone mass decreasing and recovering at 2 and 4 weeks respectively. The change of bone mass may be caused by the apoptosis osteocytes. Brown adipocyte tissue could influence bone remodeling through affecting osteocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingke Du
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zihao He
- Arthritis Clinic and Research Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Junqi Cui
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanjun Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingming Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuhong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuangyan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengning Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinhua Qu
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhifeng Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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4
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Brandão BB, Poojari A, Rabiee A. Thermogenic Fat: Development, Physiological Function, and Therapeutic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5906. [PMID: 34072788 PMCID: PMC8198523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The concerning worldwide increase of obesity and chronic metabolic diseases, such as T2D, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease, motivates further investigations into preventive and alternative therapeutic approaches. Over the past decade, there has been growing evidence that the formation and activation of thermogenic adipocytes (brown and beige) may serve as therapy to treat obesity and its associated diseases owing to its capacity to increase energy expenditure and to modulate circulating lipids and glucose levels. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanism of brown and beige adipocytes formation and activation will facilitate the development of strategies to combat metabolic disorders. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of pathways and players involved in the development of brown and beige fat, as well as the role of thermogenic adipocytes in energy homeostasis and metabolism. Furthermore, we discuss the alterations in brown and beige adipose tissue function during obesity and explore the therapeutic potential of thermogenic activation to treat metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna B. Brandão
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
| | - Ankita Poojari
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA;
| | - Atefeh Rabiee
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA;
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Du J, He Z, Xu M, Qu X, Cui J, Zhang S, Zhang S, Li H, Yu Z. Brown Adipose Tissue Rescues Bone Loss Induced by Cold Exposure. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:778019. [PMID: 35126308 PMCID: PMC8811040 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.778019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold temperature activates the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to induce bone loss by altering bone remodeling. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is influenced by the SNS in cold environments. Many studies have confirmed a positive relationship between BAT volume and bone mass, but the influence and mechanism of BAT on bone in vivo and in vitro is still unknown. Two-month-old C57/BL6j male mice were exposed to cold temperature (4°C) to induce BAT generation. BAT volume, bone remodeling and microstructure were assessed after 1 day, 14 days and 28 days of cold exposure. CTX-1, P1NP and IL-6 levels were detected in the serum by ELISA. To determine the effect of BAT on osteoclasts and osteoblasts in vitro, brown adipocyte conditional medium (BAT CM) was collected and added to the differentiation medium of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Micro-CT results showed that the bone volume fraction (BV/TV, %) significantly decreased after 14 days of exposure to cold temperature but recovered after 28 days. Double labeling and TRAP staining in vivo showed that bone remodeling was altered during cold exposure. BAT volume enlarged after 14 days of cold stimulation, and IL-6 increased. BAT CM promoted BMSC mineralization by increasing osteocalcin (Ocn), RUNX family transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and alkaline phosphatase (Alp) expression, while bone absorption was inhibited by BAT CM. In conclusion, restoration of bone volume after cold exposure may be attributed to enlarged BAT. BAT has a beneficial effect on bone mass by facilitating osteogenesis and suppressing osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingke Du
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Knee Surgery Department of the Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zihao He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Arthritis Clinic and Research Center, Peking University People’s Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingming Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinhua Qu
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junqi Cui
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuangyan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuhong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanjun Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhifeng Yu, ; Hanjun Li,
| | - Zhifeng Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhifeng Yu, ; Hanjun Li,
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Abbas Suleiman A, Nader A, Winzenborg I, Beck D, Polepally AR, Ng J, Noertersheuser P, Mostafa NM. Exposure-Safety Analyses Identify Predictors of Change in Bone Mineral Density and Support Elagolix Labeling for Endometriosis-Associated Pain. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 9:639-648. [PMID: 32945631 PMCID: PMC7679073 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Elagolix is a novel oral gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor antagonist, that can suppress estradiol in a dose‐dependent manner. It is indicated for management of moderate‐to‐severe pain associated with endometriosis. A population exposure‐response model describing the relationship between elagolix exposure and changes in bone mineral density (BMD) was developed using data from four phase III studies in premenopausal women with endometriosis‐associated pain. Elagolix pharmacokinetic exposure‐dependent changes in BMD were described by an indirect‐response maximum effect (Emax) model through stimulation of bone resorption. African American race, higher body mass index (BMI), and lower type‐I collagen C‐telopeptide concentrations were significantly associated with higher baseline BMD. Higher BMI was significantly associated with higher bone formation rates. Simulations using the final model demonstrated that elagolix 150 mg q.d. dosing for 24 months is predicted to result in −1.45% (−2.04 to −0.814) decrease from baseline in BMD and were used to support corresponding dosing recommendations in the label.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abbas Suleiman
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, AbbVie, Inc., Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Ahmed Nader
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Insa Winzenborg
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, AbbVie, Inc., Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Denise Beck
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, AbbVie, Inc., Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Akshanth R Polepally
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Juki Ng
- Development, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter Noertersheuser
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, AbbVie, Inc., Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Nael M Mostafa
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Imerb N, Thonusin C, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. Aging, obese-insulin resistance, and bone remodeling. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 191:111335. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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8
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Shebley M, Polepally AR, Nader A, Ng JW, Winzenborg I, Klein CE, Noertersheuser P, Gibbs MA, Mostafa NM. Clinical Pharmacology of Elagolix: An Oral Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor Antagonist for Endometriosis. Clin Pharmacokinet 2020; 59:297-309. [PMID: 31749075 PMCID: PMC7051932 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-019-00840-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The clinical pharmacology of elagolix was extensively evaluated in clinical studies in healthy subjects and in women with endometriosis. Elagolix pharmacokinetics (PK) show significant population variability, however they are minimally affected by patients' baseline characteristics and demographics, except for clinically relevant extrinsic and intrinsic factors such as coadministrated strong organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1 inhibitors and severe hepatic impairment, which are contraindications for the use of elagolix. These studies enabled a comprehensive understanding of elagolix mechanism of action and the downstream pharmacodynamic (PD) effects on gonadotropin and ovarian hormones, as well as full characterization of the PK/PD (PKPD) relationships of elagolix at various dosages, including the approved 150 mg once daily and 200 mg twice daily dosing regimens for the management of moderate to severe pain associated with endometriosis. Several model-based analyses have contributed to understanding of the benefit-risk profile of elagolix in patients with endometriosis, through characterization of the exposure relationship with responder rates, with changes in bone mineral density over time, as well as the interaction with coadministered drugs. Collectively, these studies and analyses served as supportive evidence for the effectiveness of the approved dosages and provided general dosing instructions of the first approved oral gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Shebley
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
| | - Akshanth R Polepally
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Ahmed Nader
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Juki W Ng
- Pharmaceutical Development, General Medicine, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Insa Winzenborg
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Cheri E Klein
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Peter Noertersheuser
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Megan A Gibbs
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Nael M Mostafa
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
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Analysis of Tks4 Knockout Mice Suggests a Role for Tks4 in Adipose Tissue Homeostasis in the Context of Beigeing. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080831. [PMID: 31387265 PMCID: PMC6721678 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and adipocyte malfunction are related to and arise as consequences of disturbances in signaling pathways. Tyrosine kinase substrate with four Src homology 3 domains (Tks4) is a scaffold protein that establishes a platform for signaling cascade molecules during podosome formation and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling. Several lines of evidence have also suggested that Tks4 has a role in adipocyte biology; however, its roles in the various types of adipocytes at the cellular level and in transcriptional regulation have not been studied. Therefore, we hypothesized that Tks4 functions as an organizing molecule in signaling networks that regulate adipocyte homeostasis. Our aims were to study the white and brown adipose depots of Tks4 knockout (KO) mice using immunohistology and western blotting and to analyze gene expression changes regulated by the white, brown, and beige adipocyte-related transcription factors via a PCR array. Based on morphological differences in the Tks4-KO adipocytes and increased uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression in the white adipose tissue (WAT) of Tks4-KO mice, we concluded that the beigeing process was more robust in the WAT of Tks4-KO mice compared to the wild-type animals. Furthermore, in the Tks4-KO WAT, the expression profile of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ)-regulated adipogenesis-related genes was shifted in favor of the appearance of beige-like cells. These results suggest that Tks4 and its downstream signaling partners are novel regulators of adipocyte functions and PPARγ-directed white to beige adipose tissue conversion.
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Zou W, Rohatgi N, Brestoff JR, Zhang Y, Scheller EL, Craft CS, Brodt MD, Migotsky N, Silva MJ, Harris CA, Teitelbaum SL. Congenital lipodystrophy induces severe osteosclerosis. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008244. [PMID: 31233501 PMCID: PMC6611650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Berardinelli-Seip congenital generalized lipodystrophy is associated with increased bone mass suggesting that fat tissue regulates the skeleton. Because there is little mechanistic information regarding this issue, we generated "fat-free" (FF) mice completely lacking visible visceral, subcutaneous and brown fat. Due to robust osteoblastic activity, trabecular and cortical bone volume is markedly enhanced in these animals. FF mice, like Berardinelli-Seip patients, are diabetic but normalization of glucose tolerance and significant reduction in circulating insulin fails to alter their skeletal phenotype. Importantly, the skeletal phenotype of FF mice is completely rescued by transplantation of adipocyte precursors or white or brown fat depots, indicating that adipocyte derived products regulate bone mass. Confirming such is the case, transplantation of fat derived from adiponectin and leptin double knockout mice, unlike that obtained from their WT counterparts, fails to normalize FF bone. These observations suggest a paucity of leptin and adiponectin may contribute to the increased bone mass of Berardinelli-Seip patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zou
- Division of Anatomic and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Nidhi Rohatgi
- Division of Anatomic and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Jonathan R. Brestoff
- Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Yan Zhang
- Division of Anatomic and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Erica L. Scheller
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Clarissa S. Craft
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Brodt
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Nicole Migotsky
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Silva
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Charles A. Harris
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Steven L. Teitelbaum
- Division of Anatomic and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Andersson J, Roswall J, Kjellberg E, Ahlström H, Dahlgren J, Kullberg J. MRI estimates of brown adipose tissue in children – Associations to adiposity, osteocalcin, and thigh muscle volume. Magn Reson Imaging 2019; 58:135-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
Brown adipokines are regulatory factors secreted by brown and beige adipocytes that exhibit endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine actions. Peptidic and non-peptidic molecules, including miRNAs and lipids, are constituents of brown adipokines. Brown adipose tissue remodeling to meet thermogenic needs is dependent on the secretory properties of brown/beige adipocytes. The association between brown fat activity and a healthy metabolic profile, in relation to energy balance and glucose and lipid homeostasis, is influenced by the endocrine actions of brown adipokines. A comprehensive knowledge of the brown adipocyte secretome is still lacking. Advancements in the identification and characterization of brown adipokines will facilitate therapeutic interventions for metabolic diseases, as these molecules are obvious candidates to therapeutic agents. Moreover, identification of brown adipokines as circulating biomarkers of brown adipose tissue activity may be particularly useful for noninvasive assessment of brown adipose tissue alterations in human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Aleix Gavaldà-Navarro
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marion Peyrou
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Giralt
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
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Association between brown adipose tissue and bone mineral density in humans. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 43:1516-1525. [PMID: 30518823 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0261-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brown adipose tissue (BAT) seems to play a role in bone morphogenesis. A negative association has been reported between BAT and bone mineral density (BMD) in women, but not in men. A panel of experts has recently published a set of recommendations for BAT assessment, and thus, to re-address previously reported associations is needed. This study aimed to investigate the association between cold-induced BAT 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) uptake and BMD in young healthy adults. METHODS Ninety-eight healthy adults (68 women; 22 ± 2.2 years old; 24.3 ± 4.5 kg/m2) cold-induced BAT was assessed by means of an 18F-FDG positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) scan preceded by a personalized cold stimulation. The cold exposure consisted in 2 h in a mild cold room at 19.5-20 °C wearing a water perfused cooling vest set 4 °C above the individual shivering threshold. Total body and lumbar spine BMD were assessed by a whole-body DXA scan. RESULTS We found no association between BMD and cold-induced BAT volume, mean, and maximal activity (all P > 0.1) in neither young and healthy men nor women. These results remained unchanged when adjusting by height, by body composition, and by objectively assessed physical activity. Sensitivity analyses using the criteria to quantify cold-induced BAT-related parameters applied in previous studies did not change the results. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our study shows that there is no association between cold-induced BAT and BMD in young healthy adults. Moreover, our data support the notion that previously shown associations between BAT and BMD in healthy non-calorically restricted individuals, could be driven by methodological issues related to BAT assessment and/or sample size limitations.
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Ali Khan A, Hansson J, Weber P, Foehr S, Krijgsveld J, Herzig S, Scheideler M. Comparative Secretome Analyses of Primary Murine White and Brown Adipocytes Reveal Novel Adipokines. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:2358-2370. [PMID: 30135203 PMCID: PMC6283297 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.000704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The adipose organ, including white and brown adipose tissues, is an important player in systemic energy homeostasis, storing excess energy in form of lipids while releasing energy upon various energy demands. Recent studies have demonstrated that white and brown adipocytes also function as endocrine cells and regulate systemic metabolism by secreting factors that act locally and systemically. However, a comparative proteomic analysis of secreted factors from white and brown adipocytes and their responsiveness to adrenergic stimulation has not been reported yet. Therefore, we studied and compared the secretome of white and brown adipocytes, with and without norepinephrine (NE) stimulation. Our results reveal that carbohydrate-metabolism-regulating proteins are preferably secreted from white adipocytes, while brown adipocytes predominantly secrete a large variety of proteins. Upon NE stimulation, an increased secretion of known adipokines is favored by white adipocytes while brown adipocytes secreted higher amounts of novel adipokines. Furthermore, the secretory response between NE-stimulated and basal state was multifaceted addressing lipid and glucose metabolism, adipogenesis, and antioxidative reactions. Intriguingly, NE stimulation drastically changed the secretome in brown adipocytes. In conclusion, our study provides a comprehensive catalogue of novel adipokine candidates secreted from white and brown adipocytes with many of them responsive to NE. Given the beneficial effects of brown adipose tissue activation on its endocrine function and systemic metabolism, this study provides an archive of novel batokine candidates and biomarkers for activated brown adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asrar Ali Khan
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC); Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Molecular Metabolic Control, Medical Faculty, Technical University Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jenny Hansson
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Weber
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC); Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Molecular Metabolic Control, Medical Faculty, Technical University Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sophia Foehr
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany; Proteomics of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jeroen Krijgsveld
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany; Proteomics of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Herzig
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC); Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Molecular Metabolic Control, Medical Faculty, Technical University Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marcel Scheideler
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC); Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Molecular Metabolic Control, Medical Faculty, Technical University Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.
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Mulawa EA, Kirkwood JS, Wolfe LM, Wojda SJ, Prenni JE, Florant GL, Donahue SW. Seasonal Changes in Endocannabinoid Concentrations between Active and Hibernating Marmots (Marmota flaviventris). J Biol Rhythms 2018; 33:388-401. [DOI: 10.1177/0748730418777660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hibernation is a naturally occurring model for studying diseases such as obesity and osteoporosis. Hibernators, marmots (Marmota flaviventris) among them, are able to nearly double their body mass by increasing fat stores prior to hibernation without the negative consequences of obesity. They are also physically inactive for extended periods of time without experiencing negative effects on the skeleton. The endocannabinoid system is involved in modulating neural signaling, circannual rhythms, behavior, appetite, thermogenesis, and bone and energy metabolism. These systems are also altered to maintain homeostasis during hibernation. This study aims to better understand the involvement of the endocannabinoid system in the regulation of physiological processes during hibernation by quantifying the seasonal variation of endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like ligands in both active and hibernating marmots. We hypothesized that there would be significant changes in endocannabinoid concentrations at the tissue level in marmots between active and hibernating states. Concentrations were measured in brain, serum, brown adipose tissue, white adipose tissue, bone marrow, cortical bone, and trabecular bone using microflow chromatography coupled with tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry. Significant changes were found, such as a 30-fold decrease in 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) in cortical bone during hibernation. Many endocannabinoid and endocannabinoid-like ligands decreased in brown adipose tissue, white adipose tissue, and cortical bone, while several ligands increased in bone marrow. This result supports our hypothesis and suggests the possibility of a peripherally controlled shift in energy metabolism, reduction in bone metabolism, and suppression of the immune system during hibernation.
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16
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Pehlivantürk Kızılkan M, Akgül S, Derman O, Kanbur N. Bone mineral density comparison of adolescents with constitutional thinness and anorexia nervosa. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2018; 31:545-550. [PMID: 29672273 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2017-0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The negative impact of anorexia nervosa (AN) on bone health is well defined. However, there are very few studies evaluating the effect of constitutional thinness on bone health, especially in the adolescent period and in the male gender. The aim of this study is to compare the bone mineral density (BMD) measurements of adolescents with AN and with constitutional thinness. METHODS Between April 2013 and March 2014, 40 adolescents with AN and 36 adolescents with constitutional thinness participated in the study. The femoral neck and lumbar spine BMD were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). RESULTS Mean lumbar z and BMD scores of adolescents with constitutional thinness were significantly lower than in adolescents with AN, whereas the mean femoral z and BMD scores were not significantly different. When males were compared separately, lumbar z and BMD values of the constitutionally thin group were found to be significantly lower than in the AN group. This difference was not significant for females. CONCLUSIONS The difference between the male and female results of our study suggested two hypotheses. The significantly lower BMD values in constitutionally thin boys are attributed to their longer duration of low body mass index (BMI). Although the duration of low BMI is also longer for constitutionally thin girls, similar BMD values of AN and constitutionally thin female groups are attributed to the additional negative impact of estrogen deficiency on the bone health of girls with AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melis Pehlivantürk Kızılkan
- Hacettepe University Ihsan Dogramaci Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sinem Akgül
- Hacettepe University Ihsan Dogramaci Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Orhan Derman
- Hacettepe University Ihsan Dogramaci Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nuray Kanbur
- Hacettepe University Ihsan Dogramaci Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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17
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Gilsanz V, Wren TAL, Ponrartana S, Mora S, Rosen CJ. Sexual Dimorphism and the Origins of Human Spinal Health. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:221-239. [PMID: 29385433 PMCID: PMC5888211 DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent observations indicate that the cross-sectional area (CSA) of vertebral bodies is on average 10% smaller in healthy newborn girls than in newborn boys, a striking difference that increases during infancy and puberty and is greatest by the time of sexual and skeletal maturity. The smaller CSA of female vertebrae is associated with greater spinal flexibility and could represent the human adaptation to fetal load in bipedal posture. Unfortunately, it also imparts a mechanical disadvantage that increases stress within the vertebrae for all physical activities. This review summarizes the potential endocrine, genetic, and environmental determinants of vertebral cross-sectional growth and current knowledge of the association between the small female vertebrae and greater risk for a broad array of spinal conditions across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Gilsanz
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90027.,Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90027.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90027
| | - Tishya A L Wren
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90027
| | - Skorn Ponrartana
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90027
| | - Stefano Mora
- Laboratory of Pediatric Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Clifford J Rosen
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074
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18
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Villarroya F, Gavaldà-Navarro A, Peyrou M, Villarroya J, Giralt M. The Lives and Times of Brown Adipokines. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:855-867. [PMID: 29113711 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is responsible for adaptive non-shivering thermogenesis. Moreover, brown fat secretes regulatory factors, so-called brown adipokines, that have autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine actions. Brown adipokines are either polypeptides or nonpeptidic molecules including lipid molecules and microRNAs. The secretory properties of brown fat are essential for tissue remodeling adaptations to thermogenic necessities. The endocrine properties of brown adipokines are thought to contribute to the association between BAT activity and a healthy metabolic profile in relation to glucose and lipid homeostasis. The identification and characterization of brown adipokines may allow the discovery of circulating biomarkers of BAT activity in humans, and will lead to the development of candidate tools for therapeutic interventions in metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red 'Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición', Madrid, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Aleix Gavaldà-Navarro
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red 'Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición', Madrid, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marion Peyrou
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red 'Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición', Madrid, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Giralt
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red 'Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición', Madrid, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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19
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Shapses SA, Pop LC, Wang Y. Obesity is a concern for bone health with aging. Nutr Res 2017; 39:1-13. [PMID: 28385284 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence supports a complex relationship between adiposity and osteoporosis in overweight/obese individuals, with local interactions and endocrine regulation by adipose tissue on bone metabolism and fracture risk in elderly populations. This review was conducted to summarize existing evidence to test the hypothesis that obesity is a risk factor for bone health in aging individuals. Mechanisms by which obesity adversely affects bone health are believed to be multiple, such as an alteration of bone-regulating hormones, inflammation, oxidative stress, the endocannabinoid system, that affect bone cell metabolism are discussed. In addition, evidence on the effect of fat mass and distribution on bone mass and quality is reviewed together with findings relating energy and fat intake with bone health. In summary, studies indicate that the positive effects of body weight on bone mineral density cannot counteract the detrimental effects of obesity on bone quality. However, the exact mechanism underlying bone deterioration in the obese is not clear yet and further research is required to elucidate the effect of adipose depots on bone and fracture risk in the obese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue A Shapses
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ.
| | - L Claudia Pop
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
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20
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Jatkar A, Kurland IJ, Judex S. Diets High in Fat or Fructose Differentially Modulate Bone Health and Lipid Metabolism. Calcif Tissue Int 2017; 100:20-28. [PMID: 27832314 PMCID: PMC5217484 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-016-0205-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diets high in fat or carbohydrates can lead to obesity and diabetes, two interrelated conditions that have been associated with osteoporosis. Here, we contrasted the effects of a high fat (HF) versus fructose-enriched carbohydrate (CH) versus regular chow (SC) diet on bone morphology, fat content and metabolic balance in BALB/cByJ mice over a 15-week period. For 13 weeks, there were no differences in body mass between groups with small differences in the last 2 weeks. Even without the potentially confounding factor of altered body mass and levels of load bearing, HF consumption was detrimental to bone in the distal femur with lower trabecular bone volume fraction and thinner cortices than controls. These differences in bone were accompanied by twofold greater abdominal fat content and fourfold greater plasma leptin concentrations. High-fat feeding caused a decrease in de-novo lipid synthesis in the liver, kidney, white adipose and brown adipose tissue. In contrast to HF, the fructose diet did not significantly impact bone quantity or architecture. Fructose consumption also did not significantly alter leptin levels or de-novo lipid synthesis but reduced epididymal adipose tissue and increased brown adipose tissue. Cortical stiffness was lower in the CH than in HF mice. There were no differences in glucose or insulin levels between groups. Together, a diet high in fat had a negative influence on bone structure, adipose tissue deposition and lipid synthesis, changes that were largely avoided with a fructose-enriched diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Jatkar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5281, USA
| | - Irwin J Kurland
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Stefan Judex
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5281, USA.
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Physiological determinants and impacts of the adipocyte phenotype. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBESITY SUPPLEMENTS 2015; 5:S21-2. [PMID: 27152170 DOI: 10.1038/ijosup.2015.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The properties of adipose tissues accumulating in various compartments and ectopic sites around the body represent critical determinants of the relationship between obesity and metabolic disease. The increasingly recognized plasticity of the adipose cell phenotype led to many articles on the cellular characteristics and origins on brown, white and also of 'beige' or 'brite' adipocytes in recent years. This overview is a summary of manuscripts that were prepared by speakers at the 16th International Symposium of the Laval University Research Chair in Obesity. The data reviewed herein suggest that brown adipose tissue-inducing therapies may also modulate skeletal status through their effects on bone morphology and structure. Moreover, recently identified beige-like properties of epicardial fat in humans could eventually be considered for the management of coronary heart disease in humans. The regulation of brown adipose tissue activation through sympathetic nervous system innervation or non-sympathetic activators is also a complex phenomenon that needs further investigation. Scientific work aimed at better understanding the characteristics and regulation of metabolic homeostasis in each adipose compartment is an important aspect of our progression toward preventive or even curative approaches for obesity.
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