MDM2 SNP309 and p53 Arg72Pro in cutaneous melanoma: association between SNP309 GG genotype and tumor Breslow thickness

Sex-Specific Associations of MDM2 and MDM4 Variants with Risk of Multiple Primary Melanomas and Melanoma Survival in Non-Hispanic Whites

MDM2-SNP309 (rs2279744), a common genetic modifier of cancer incidence in Li-Fraumeni syndrome, modifies risk, age of onset, or prognosis in a variety of cancers. Melanoma incidence and outcomes vary by sex, and although SNP309 exerts an effect on the estrogen receptor, no consensus exists on its effect on melanoma. MDM2 and MDM4 restrain p53-mediated tumor suppression, independently or together. We investigated SNP309, an a priori MDM4-rs4245739, and two coinherited variants, in a population-based cohort of 3663 primary incident melanomas. Per-allele and per-haplotype (MDM2_SNP309-SNP285; MDM4_rs4245739-rs1563828) odds ratios (OR) for multiple-melanoma were estimated with logistic regression models. Hazard ratios (HR) for melanoma death were estimated with Cox proportional hazards models. In analyses adjusted for covariates, females carrying MDM4-rs4245739*C were more likely to develop multiple melanomas (ORper-allele = 1.25, 95% CI 1.03-1.51, and Ptrend = 0.03), while MDM2-rs2279744*G was inversely associated with melanoma-death (HRper-allele = 0.63, 95% CI 0.42-0.95, and Ptrend = 0.03). We identified 16 coinherited expression quantitative loci that control the expression of MDM2, MDM4, and other genes in the skin, brain, and lungs. Our results suggest that MDM4/MDM2 variants are associated with the development of subsequent primaries and with the death of melanoma in a sex-dependent manner. Further investigations of the complex MDM2/MDM4 motif, and its contribution to the tumor microenvironment and observed associations, are warranted.

The relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms and skin cancer susceptibility: A systematic review and network meta-analysis

Background

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) interfere with the function of certain genes and thus may influence the probability of skin cancer. The correlation between SNPs and skin cancer (SC) lacks statistical power, however. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the gene polymorphisms involved in skin cancer susceptibility using network meta-analysis and to determine the relationship between SNPs and SC risk.

Methods

PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were searched for articles including "SNP" and different types of SC as keywords between January 2005 and May 2022. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess bias judgments. The odds ratio (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were determined to estimate heterogeneity within and between studies. Meta-analysis and network meta-analysis were carried out to identify the SNPs associated with SC. The P-score of each SNP was compared to obtain the rank of probability. Subgroup analyses were performed by cancer type.

Results

A total of 275 SNPs from 59 studies were included in the study. Two subgroup SNP networks using the allele model and dominant model were analyzed. The alternative alleles of rs2228570 (FokI) and rs13181 (ERCC2) were the first-ranking SNPs in both subgroups one and two of the allele model, respectively. The homozygous dominant genotype and heterozygous genotype of rs475007 in subgroup one and the homozygous recessive genotype of rs238406 in subgroup two were most likely to be associated with skin cancer based on the dominant model.

Conclusions

According to the allele model, SNPs FokI rs2228570 and ERCC2 rs13181 and, according to the dominant model, SNPs MMP1 rs475007 and ERCC2 rs238406 are closely linked to SC risk.

The complementary effect of rs1042522 in TP53 and rs1805007 in MC1R is associated with an elevated risk of cutaneous melanoma in Latvian population

Genetic factors serve important roles in melanoma susceptibility. Although much genetic variation has been associated with cutaneous melanoma (CM), little is known about the interactions between genetic variants. The current study investigated the joint effect of rs1042522 in the tumour protein 53 (TP53) gene, rs2279744 in the murine double minute-2 (MDM2) gene and several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene. All of these genes are interconnected in a single signalling pathway that regulates pigmentation. The current study included 479 individuals, of which, 255 were patients with CM and 224 were controls from the Latvian population. Multifaceted analyses of potential interactions between SNPs were performed, whilst taking into account the pigmentation phenotypes of individuals and tumour characteristics (Breslow thickness and ulceration). Univariate analyses revealed a borderline significant association between rs1042522 in the TP53 gene and CM risk. The results also confirmed a known association with rs1805007 in the MC1R gene. The rs1042522 was also selected as a CM risk factor in multivariate models, suggesting an effect that is independent from and complementary to that of rs1805007. The results indicated that these SNPs need to be taken into account when determining melanoma risk. A strong association between CM and red hair was identified for rs1805007, and rs1805008 in the MC1R gene was mainly associated with red hair. An association was also determined between rs2279744 in the MDM2 gene and brown eye colour. No convincing associations were identified between the analysed SNPs and Breslow thickness of tumours or ulcerations.

Increased risk of cutaneous melanoma associated with p53 Arg72Pro polymorphism

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that p53 Arg72Pro polymorphism may contribute to an increased risk of cutaneous melanoma (CM).

METHODS

By searching the databases of PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science, a total of 8 eligible case-control studies with 1,957 CM cases and 2,887 controls were included in this meta-analysis. Stata software was used to analyze all the statistical data.

RESULTS

The pooled data by a fixed-effects model suggested an increased risk of CM associated with p53 Arg72Pro polymorphism under the genetic model of Arg/Pro vs. Pro/Pro without heterogeneity (ORArg/Pro vs. Pro/Pro = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.55-1.99, Pheterogeneity = 0.075). A similar trend was seen in subgroups of hospital-based studies and population-based studies.

CONCLUSION

Our meta-analysis based on all studies shows that the p53 Arg72Pro polymorphism may increase individual susceptibility to CM, particularly in Caucasians and could serve as a biomarker to predict the population at high risk of CM.

Association between genetic polymorphisms in apoptosis-related genes and risk of cutaneous melanoma in women and men

BACKGROUND

The P53 Arg72Pro, MDM2 c.+309T>G, BAX c.-248G>A, and BCL2 c.-717C>A polymorphisms have variable roles in the apoptosis pathways.

OBJECTIVE

To clarify the roles of these polymorphisms in the risk for cutaneous melanoma (CM).

METHODS

Genomic DNA of 200 CM patients and 215 controls was analyzed by PCR-RFLP.

RESULTS

In women, the frequencies of BAX GG (83.0% vs. 71.0%, P=0.04), BCL2 AA (32.0% vs. 15.0%, P=0.003), P53 ArgArg plus BAX GG (84.9% vs. 63.2%, P=0.01), P53 ArgArg plus BCL2 AA (37.0% vs. 13.1%, P=0.003), BAX GG plus BCL2 AA (70.3% vs. 33.3%, P=0.001), MDM2 GG plus BAX GG plus BCL2 AA (27.3% vs. 3.7%, P=0.03), and P53 ArgArg plus MDM2 GG plus BAX GG plus BCL2 AA (33.3% vs. 5.6%, P=0.04) genotypes were higher in patients than in controls. Female carriers of the respective genotypes were under 1.98 (95% CI: 1.01-3.91), 2.87 (95% CI: 1.43-5.77), 3.48 (95% CI: 1.34-9.04), 4.23 (95% CI: 1.63-10.96), 6.04 (95% CI: 2.10-17.37), 25.61 (95% CI: 1.29-507.24), and 25.69 (95% CI: 1.11-593.59)-fold increased risks for CM than others, respectively. In men, the frequencies of BCL2 CA+AA (83.0% vs. 67.6%, P=0.01) and MDM2 TG+GG plus BCL2 CA+AA (94.2% vs. 68.3%, P=0.003) genotypes were higher in patients than in controls. Male carriers of the respective genotypes were under 2.43 (95% CI: 1.23-4.82) and 9.22 (95% CI: 2.16-39.31)-fold increased CM risks than others, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The data suggest for the first time that P53 Arg72Pro, MDM2 c.+309T>G, BAX c.-248G>A, and BCL2 c.-717C>A polymorphisms, enrolled in apoptosis pathways, constitute distinct determinants of CM in women and men.

Arg72Pro polymorphism of TP53 gene and the risk of skin cancer: a meta-analysis

Background

TP53 gene is one of the most important tumor suppressor genes. We undertook this meta-analysis to explore the association between TP53 Arg72Pro polymorphism and the risk of skin cancer mainly in Caucasians.

Methods

We searched PubMed for case-control studies published up to March 2013. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the strength of association.

Results

A total of 5276 skin cancer cases and 5315 controls from 20 studies were included. Overall, no significant association between TP53 Arg72Pro polymorphism and skin cancer was observed in all genetic contrast models (Pro/Pro versus Arg/Arg, Pro/Arg versus Arg/Arg, Pro/Pro + Pro/Arg versus Arg/Arg, Pro/Pro versus Arg/Arg + Pro/Arg, Pro allele versus Arg allele). Similar results were obtained in the stratified analysis by ethnicity and histological types of skin cancer, such as melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma. Power calculations indicated that some studies were underpowered. No publication bias was found by using the funnel plot and Egger's test.

Conclusions

This meta-analysis indicated that TP53 Arg72Pro polymorphism probably had little association with skin cancer susceptibility mainly in Caucasians. However, larger sample-size studies are required to verify the conclusion as low statistical powers.

Assessment of the XPC (A2920C), XPF (T30028C), TP53 (Arg72Pro) and GSTP1 (Ile105Val) polymorphisms in the risk of cutaneous melanoma

PURPOSE

We examined the influence of XPC A2920C, XPF T30028C, TP53 Arg72Pro and GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphisms in the risk of cutaneous melanoma (CM).

METHODS

DNA from 146 CM patients and 146 controls was analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)--restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP).

RESULTS

The frequencies of XPC CC (15.1 vs. 6.9 %, P = 0.02), TP53 ArgArg (59.6 vs. 45.9 %, P = 0.02), XPC CC plus TP53 ArgArg (19.7 vs. 5.2 %, P = 0.01) and TP53 ArgArg plus GSTP1 IleIle (50.7 vs. 35.6 %, P = 0.03) genotypes were higher in patients than in controls. Carriers of the respective genotypes were under a 2.51 (95 % CI: 1.13-5.55), 1.76 (95 % CI: 1.09-2.83), 4.52 (95 % CI: 1.35-15.16), and 2.01 (95 % CI: 1.04-3.90)-fold increased risks for CM than others, respectively. An excess of TP53 ArgArg genotype was seen in patients with excessive sun exposure compared to patients with standard sun exposure (69.2 vs. 44.1 %, P = 0.02) and also compared to controls (69.2 vs. 45.9 %, P = 0.002). Individuals with TP53 ArgArg genotype and highly exposed to sunlight had 2.65 (95 % CI: 1.42-4.92)-fold increased risk for CM than others. XPC CC (27.8 vs. 10.4 %, P = 0.02) and the GSTP1 IleIle (58.3 vs. 36.8 %, P = 0.04) genotypes were more common in patients with advanced tumours than in patients with localized tumours and were also more common in these patients than in controls (27.8 vs. 6.9 %, P = 0.001; 58.3 vs. 37.0 %, P = 0.02, respectively). Individuals with the respective genotypes had 5.23 (95 % CI: 1.97-13.82)-fold and 2.38 (95 % CI: 1.13-5.01)-fold increased risks for advanced tumour than others, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Our data suggest that inherited abnormalities of XPC, XPF, TP53 and GSTP1 pathways of the DNA repair, apoptosis and metabolism of reactive oxygen species are important determinants of CM in individuals from south-eastern Brazil.

TP53 and MDM2 gene polymorphisms and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma among Italian patients

BACKGROUND

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms within TP53 gene (codon 72 exon 4, rs1042522, encoding either arginine or proline) and MDM2 promoter (SNP309; rs2279744), have been independently associated with increased risk of several cancer types. Few studies have analysed the role of these polymorphisms in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma.

METHODS

Genotype distribution of TP53 codon 72 and MDM2 SNP309 in 61 viral hepatitis-related hepatocellular carcinoma cases and 122 blood samples (healthy controls) from Italian subjects were determined by PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP).

RESULTS

Frequencies of TP53 codon 72 alleles were not significantly different between cases and controls. A significant increase of MDM2 SNP309 G/G and T/G genotypes were observed among hepatocellular carcinoma cases (Odds Ratio, OR = 3.56, 95% Confidence Limits, 95% CI = 1.3-9.7; and OR = 2.82, 95% CI = 1.3-6.4, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

These results highlight a significant role of MDM2 SNP309 G allele as a susceptibility gene for the development of viral hepatitis-related hepatocellular carcinoma among Italian subjects.

MDM2 SNP309 contributes to tumor susceptibility: a meta-analysis

The potentially functional polymorphism, SNP309, in the promoter region of MDM2 gene has been implicated in cancer risk, but individual published studies showed inconclusive results. To obtain a more precise estimate of the association between MDM2 SNP309 and risk of cancer, we performed a meta-analysis of 70 individual studies in 59 publications that included 26,160 cases with different types of tumors and 33,046 controls. Summary odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using fixed- and random-effects models when appropriate. Overall, the variant genotypes were associated with a significantly increased cancer risk for all cancer types in different genetic models (GG vs. TT: OR, 1.123; 95% CI, 1.056-1.193; GG/GT vs. TT: OR, 1.028; 95% CI, 1.006-1.050). In the stratified analyses, the increased risk remained for the studies of most types of cancers, Asian populations, and hospital- /population-based studies in different genetic models, whereas significantly decreased risk was found in prostate cancer (GG vs. TT: OR, 0.606; 95% CI, 0.407-0.903; GG/GT vs. TT: OR, 0.748; 95% CI, 0.579-0.968). In conclusion, the data of meta-analysis suggests that MDM2 SNP309 is a potential biomarker for cancer risk.

MDM2 and CDKN1A gene polymorphisms and risk of Kaposi's sarcoma in African and Caucasian patients

A single-nucleotide polymorphism in the MDM2 promoter (SNP309; rs2279744) causes elevated transcription of this major negative regulator of p53 in several cancer types. We investigated MDM2 SNP309 and CDKN1A (p21/Waf1/Cip1) codon 31 (rs1801270) polymorphisms in 86 cases of cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) from African and Caucasian patients, and 210 healthy controls. A significant increase of the MDM2 SNP309 T/G genotype was observed among classic KS cases (odds ratio 2.38, 95% confidence interval 1.0-5.5). Frequencies of CDKN1A codon 31 genotypes were not significantly different between cases and controls. The results suggest that the MDM2 SNP309 G allele may act as a susceptibility gene for the development of classic KS in Caucasian patients.