SNP rs11190870 near LBX1 is associated with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in southern Chinese

Association between genetic polymorphisms and risk of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in case-control studies: a systematic review

BACKGROUND

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a structural lateral spinal curvature of ≥10° with rotation. Approximately 2%-3% of children across populations are affected with AIS, and this condition is responsible for ~$3 billion in costs within the USA. Although AIS is believed to have a strong genetic contribution, clinical translation of identified genetic variants has stalled.

METHODS

The databases MEDLINE (via PubMed), Embase, Google Scholar and Ovid MEDLINE were searched and limited to articles in English. Title and abstract, full-text and data extraction screening was conducted through Covidence, followed by data transfer to a custom REDCap database. Studies containing variant-level data using genome-wide methodology as well as validation studies of genome-wide methods were considered. Quality assessment was conducted using Q-Genie.

RESULTS

33 studies were included, including 9 genome-wide association studies, 4 whole exome sequencing and 20 validation studies. Combined, these studies included data from >35,000 cases and >67,000 controls, not including validation cohorts. Additionally, results from six meta-analyses containing novel cohorts were also reported. All included study cohorts were from populations of primarily East Asian or Caucasian descent. Quality assessment found that overall study quality was high and control group selection was moderate. The highest number of reported associations were in single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in or near LBX1, LBX1-AS1, GPR126/ADGRG6 or BNC2.

CONCLUSION

AIS risk may be influenced by specific SNPs, particularly those in/near LBX1 and GPR126. Translatability of study findings is unknown due to an underrepresentation of most ethnic groups as well as few identified genome-wide studies. Further studies may benefit from increased cohort diversity and thorough evaluation of control cohort groups.

The Role of Muscle Biomarkers in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the predominant orthopedic disorder in children, affecting 1-3% of the global population. Research in this field has tried to delineate the genetic factors behind scoliosis and its association with heredity since AIS is considered a polygenic disease and has different genetic and epigenetic factors. The current study conducted a narrative review of the literature, focusing on biomarkers in the pathophysiology of muscle in AIS patients. Articles were collected from Scopus, Pubmed, and Web of Science. The key screening parameters were scoliosis classification, sampling, and the biomarkers evaluated. This review emphasizes potential key mechanisms and molecular regulators in muscle tissue. While there has been limited focus on the proteins contributing to muscle changes in AIS, significant attention has been given to genomic studies of single-nucleotide polymorphisms, particularly in LBX1. Despite these efforts, the exact causes of AIS remain elusive, with several theories suggesting genetic and hormonal factors. This review identified critical protein biomarkers such as Gi-protein alpha subunits, fibrillin-1 and -2, and various differentially expressed proteins, which may be linked to muscle alterations in AIS. This field of research is still limited due to a lack of homogeneity in the distinction of patients by groups and curve severity. Although the pathophysiology of AIS is still unclear, molecular research is important to guide the treatment of AIS before achieving skeletal maturity, thus avoiding serious problems associated with posture changes and low quality of life. In the future, a more comprehensive synergy between orthopedic and molecular research might ameliorate the diagnosis and treatment of AIS patients.

Knowledge mapping of idiopathic scoliosis genes and research hotspots (2002-2022): a bibliometric analysis

Background

The etiology of idiopathic scoliosis (IS) remains unclear. Gene-based studies on genetic etiology and molecular mechanisms have improved our understanding of IS and guided treatment and diagnosis. Therefore, it is imperative to explicate and demarcate the preponderant areas of inquiry, key scholars, and their aggregate scholarly output, in addition to the collaborative associations amongst publications or researchers.

Methods

Documents were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) with the following criteria: TS = ("idiopathic scoliosis" AND gene) refined by search operators (genomic OR "hereditary substance" OR "germ plasm" OR Cistrons OR genetics OR genetic OR genes OR Polygenic OR genotype OR genome OR allele OR polygenes OR Polygene) AND DOCUMENT TYPES (ARTICLE OR REVIEW), and the timespan of 2002-01-01 to 2022-11-26. The online bibliometric analysis platform (bibliometric), bibliographic item co-occurrence matrix builder (BICOMB), CiteSpace 6.1. R6 and VOS viewer were used to evaluate articles for publications, nations, institutions, journals, references, knowledge bases, keywords, and research hotspots.

Results

A total of 479 documents were retrieved from WoSCC. Fourty-four countries published relevant articles. The country with the most significant number of articles was China, and the institution with the most significant number of articles was Nanjing University. Citation analysis formed eight meaningful clusters and 16 high-frequency keywords. (2) The citation knowledge map included single nucleotide polymorphisms, whole exome sequencing, axonal dynamin, drug development, mesenchymal stem cells, dietary intake, curve progression, zebrafish development model, extracellular matrix, and rare variants were the current research hotspots and frontiers.

Conclusions

Recent research has focused on IS-related genes, whereas the extracellular matrix and unusual variants are research frontiers and hotspots. Functional analysis of susceptibility genes will prove to be valuable for identifying this disease.

Proprioception-related gene mutations in relation to the aetiopathogenesis of idiopathic scoliosis: A scoping review

Since idiopathic scoliosis is a multifactorial disorder, the proprioceptive defect is considered one of its etiological factors. Genetic studies have separately revealed this relationship, yet it remains indeterminate which specific genes that related to proprioception contributed to the initiation, progression, pathology, and treatment outcomes of the curvature. A systematic search was conducted on four online databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Academic search complete. Studies were included if they involved human or animal subjects with idiopathic scoliosis and evaluated with proprioceptive genes. The search period was the inception of the database to February 21, 2023. Four genes (i.e., Ladybird homeobox 1 [LBX1], Piezo type mechanosensitive ion channel component 2 [PIEZO2], Runx family transcription factor 3 [RUNX3], and neurotrophin 3 [NTF3]) investigated in 19 studies were included. LBX1 has confirmed the correlation with the development of idiopathic scoliosis in 10 ethnicities, whereas PIEZO2 has shown a connection with clinical proprioceptive tests in subjects with idiopathic scoliosis. However, curve severity was less likely to be related to the proprioceptive genes. The potential pathology took place at the proprioceptive neurons. Evidence of proprioception-related gene mutations in association with idiopathic scoliosis was established. Nevertheless, the causation between the initiation, progression, and treatment outcomes with proprioceptive defect requires further investigation.

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Literature

STUDY DESIGN

Meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are related to adult idiopathic scoliosis.

SUMMARY AND BACKGROUND DATA

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is considered one of the most prevalent spinal diseases. Even though the cause of AIS is yet to be determined, family history and sex have shown conclusive associations. Multiple studies have indicated that AIS is more prevalent in families where at least one other first-degree relative is similarly affected, indicating a possible genetic etiology to AIS.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Articles were collected from 3 different search engines and then processed in 2 stages for final article selection for quantitative analysis. Five different genetic models were represented to show the association between the different SNPs and AIS. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was examined using Fisher exact test, with significance set at P <0.05. The final analysis paper's quality was evaluated using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale. Kappa interrater agreement was calculated to evaluate the agreement between authors.

RESULTS

The final analysis comprised 43 publications, 19412 cases, 22005 controls, and 25 distinct genes. LBX1 rs11190870 T>C and MATN-1 SNPs were associated with an increased risk of AIS in one or all of the 5 genetic models. IGF-1 , estrogen receptor alfa, and MTNR1B , SNPs were not associated with AIS in all 5 genetic models. Newcastle Ottawa Scale showed good quality for the selected articles. Cohen k = 0.741 and Kappa interrater agreement of 84% showed that the writers were in strong agreement.

CONCLUSIONS

There seem to be associations between AIS and genetic SNP. Further larger studies should be conducted to validate the results.

Abrogation of LBX1 in skeletal muscle results in hypoplastic limbs and progressive kyphosis in mice

LBX1 is a gene located near a single-nucleotide polymorphism, rs11190870, which is highly associated with susceptibility to adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. However, the potential involvement of LBX1 in the etiology of this spinal deformity has not been elucidated. In this study, we aimed to determine whether the lack of LBX1 in skeletal muscle results in spinal deformities in mice. We generated mutant mice in which the Lbx1 allele was conditionally excised under the control of a human muscle actin promoter. Mice lacking LBX1 from the skeletal muscle were fertile and available. The mutant mice had hypoplastic forelimbs and weighed less than control animals, but otherwise, there were no overt anomalies. The mice did not exhibit a scoliosis-like spinal deformity; however, they developed moderate kyphosis as they grew old. These observations indicated that LBX1 is involved in limb development and potentially in the maintenance of spinal curvature/alignment in mice.

Genetic animal modeling for idiopathic scoliosis research: history and considerations

PURPOSE

Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) is defined as a structural lateral spinal curvature ≥ 10° in otherwise healthy children and is the most common pediatric spinal deformity. IS is known to have a strong genetic component; however, the underlying etiology is still largely unknown. Animal models have been used historically to both understand and develop treatments for human disease, including within the context of IS. This intended audience for this review is clinicians in the fields of musculoskeletal surgery and research.

METHODS

In this review article, we synthesize current literature of genetic animal models of IS and introduce considerations for researchers.

RESULTS

Due to complex genetic and unique biomechanical factors (i.e., bipedalism) hypothesized to contribute to IS in humans, scoliosis is a difficult condition to replicate in model organisms.

CONCLUSION

We advocate careful selection of animal models based on the scientific question and introduce gaps and limitations in the current literature. We advocate future research efforts to include animal models with multiple characterized genetic or environmental perturbations to reflect current understanding of the human condition.

Upregulation of microRNA-96-5p is associated with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and low bone mass phenotype

Bone densitometry revealed low bone mass in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) and its prognostic potential to predict curve progression. Recent studies showed differential circulating miRNAs in AIS but their diagnostic potential and links to low bone mass have not been well-documented. The present study aimed to compare miRNA profiles in bone tissues collected from AIS and non-scoliotic subjects, and to explore if the selected miRNA candidates could be useful diagnostic biomarkers for AIS. Microarray analysis identified miR-96-5p being the most upregulated among the candidates. miR-96-5p level was measured in plasma samples from 100 AIS and 52 healthy girls. Our results showed significantly higher plasma levels of miR-96-5p in AIS girls with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.671 for diagnostic accuracy. A model that was composed of plasma miR-96-5p and patient-specific parameters (age, body weight and years since menarche) gave rise to an improved AUC of 0.752. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) indicated functional links between bone metabolic pathways and miR-96-5p. In conclusion, differentially expressed miRNAs in AIS bone and plasma samples represented a new source of disease biomarkers and players in AIS etiopathogenesis, which required further validation study involving AIS patients of both genders with long-term follow-up.

Genetic variants associated with the occurrence and progression of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a systematic review protocol

BACKGROUND

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a structural lateral spinal curvature of ≥ 10° with rotation. Approximately 2-3% of children in most populations are affected with AIS, and this condition is responsible for approximately $1.1 billion in surgical costs to the US healthcare system. Although a genetic factor for AIS has been demonstrated for decades, with multiple potentially contributory loci identified across populations, treatment options have remained limited to bracing and surgery.

METHODS

The databases MEDLINE (via PubMed), Embase, Google Scholar, and Ovid MEDLINE will be searched and limited to articles in English. We will conduct title and abstract, full-text, and data extraction screening through Covidence, followed by data transfer to a custom REDCap database. Quality assessment will be confirmed by multiple reviewers. Studies containing variant-level data (i.e., GWAS, exome sequencing) for AIS subjects and controls will be considered. Outcomes of interest will include presence/absence of AIS, scoliosis curve severity, scoliosis curve progression, and presence/absence of nucleotide-level variants. Analyses will include odds ratios and relative risk assessments, and subgroup analysis (i.e., males vs. females, age groups) may be applied. Quality assessment tools will include GRADE and Q-Genie for genetic studies.

DISCUSSION

In this systematic review, we seek to evaluate the quality of genetic evidence for AIS to better inform research efforts, to ultimately improve the quality of patient care and diagnosis.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION

PROSPERO registration #CRD42021243253.

Severity of Idiopathic Scoliosis Is Associated with Differential Methylation: An Epigenome-Wide Association Study of Monozygotic Twins with Idiopathic Scoliosis

Epigenetic mechanisms may contribute to idiopathic scoliosis (IS). We identified 8 monozygotic twin pairs with IS, 6 discordant (Cobb angle difference > 10°) and 2 concordant (Cobb angle difference ≤ 2°). Genome-wide methylation in blood was measured with the Infinium HumanMethylation EPIC Beadchip. We tested for differences in methylation and methylation variability between discordant twins and tested the association between methylation and curve severity in all twins. Differentially methylated region (DMR) analyses identified gene promoter regions. Methylation at cg12959265 (chr. 7 DPY19L1) was less variable in cases (false discovery rate (FDR) = 0.0791). We identified four probes (false discovery rate, FDR < 0.10); cg02477677 (chr. 17, RARA gene), cg12922161 (chr. 2 LOC150622 gene), cg08826461 (chr. 2), and cg16382077 (chr. 7) associated with curve severity. We identified 57 DMRs where hyper- or hypo-methylation was consistent across the region and 28 DMRs with a consistent association with curve severity. Among DMRs, 21 were correlated with bone methylation. Prioritization of regions based on methylation concordance in bone identified promoter regions for WNT10A (WNT signaling), NPY (regulator of bone and energy homeostasis), and others predicted to be relevant for bone formation/remodeling. These regions may aid in understanding the complex interplay between genetics, environment, and IS.

Whole Exome Sequencing of 23 Multigeneration Idiopathic Scoliosis Families Reveals Enrichments in Cytoskeletal Variants, Suggests Highly Polygenic Disease

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a lateral spinal curvature >10° with rotation that affects 2–3% of healthy children across populations. AIS is known to have a significant genetic component, and despite a handful of risk loci identified in unrelated individuals by GWAS and next-generation sequencing methods, the underlying etiology of the condition remains largely unknown. In this study, we performed exome sequencing of affected individuals within 23 multigenerational families, with the hypothesis that the occurrence of rare, low frequency, disease-causing variants will co-occur in distantly related, affected individuals. Bioinformatic filtering of uncommon, potentially damaging variants shared by all sequenced family members revealed 1448 variants in 1160 genes across the 23 families, with 132 genes shared by two or more families. Ten genes were shared by >4 families, and no genes were shared by all. Gene enrichment analysis showed an enrichment of variants in cytoskeletal and extracellular matrix related processes. These data support a model that AIS is a highly polygenic disease, with few variant-containing genes shared between affected individuals across different family lineages. This work presents a novel resource for further exploration in familial AIS genetic research.

The Susceptibility and Potential Functions of the LBX1 Gene in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis

Genome-wide association studies have identified many susceptibility genes for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). However, most of the results are hard to be replicated in multi-ethnic populations. LBX1 is the most promising candidate gene in the etiology of AIS. We aimed to appraise the literature for the association of LBX1 gene polymorphisms with susceptibility and curve progression in AIS. We also reviewed the function of the LBX1 gene in muscle progenitor cell migration and neuronal determination processes. Three susceptibility loci (rs11190870, rs625039, and rs11598564) near the LBX1 gene, as well as another susceptibility locus (rs678741), related to LBX1 regulation, have been successfully verified to have robust associations with AIS in multi-ethnic populations. The LBX1 gene plays an essential role in regulating the migration and proliferation of muscle precursor cells, and it is known to play a role in neuronal determination processes, especially for the fate of somatosensory relay neurons. The LBX1 gene is the most promising candidate gene in AIS susceptibility due to its position and possible functions in muscle progenitor cell migration and neuronal determination processes. The causality between susceptibility loci related to the LBX1 gene and the pathogenesis of AIS deserves to be explored with further integrated genome-wide and epigenome-wide association studies.

From genetics to epigenetics to unravel the etiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Scoliosis is defined as the three-dimensional (3D) structural deformity of the spine with a radiological lateral Cobb angle (a measure of spinal curvature) of ≥10° that can be caused by congenital, developmental or degenerative problems. However, those cases whose etiology is still unknown, and affect healthy children and adolescents during growth, are the commonest form of spinal deformity, known as adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). In AIS management, early diagnosis and the accurate prediction of curve progression are most important because they can decrease negative long-term effects of AIS treatment, such as unnecessary bracing, frequent exposure to radiation, as well as saving the high costs of AIS treatment. Despite efforts made to identify a method or technique capable of predicting AIS progression, this challenge still remains unresolved. Genetics and epigenetics, and the application of machine learning and artificial intelligence technologies, open up new avenues to not only clarify AIS etiology, but to also identify potential biomarkers that can substantially improve the clinical management of these patients. This review presents the most relevant biomarkers to help explain the etiopathogenesis of AIS and provide new potential biomarkers to be validated in large clinical trials so they can be finally implemented into clinical settings.

Paraspinal muscle ladybird homeobox 1 (LBX1) in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND CONTEXT

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the leading cause of spinal deformity in adolescents globally. Recent evidence from genome-wide association studies has implicated variants in or near the ladybird homeobox 1 (LBX1) gene, encoding the ladybird homeobox 1 transcription factor, in AIS development. This gene plays a critical role in guiding embryonic neurogenesis and myogenesis and is vital in muscle mass determination. Despite the confirmation of the role for LBX1 gene variants in the development of AIS, the biological basis of LBX1 contribution to AIS remains mostly unknown.

PURPOSE

To investigate the potential role of LBX1 in driving spinal curving, curve laterality, and progression through muscle-based mechanisms in AIS patients by analyzing its gene and protein expression.

STUDY DESIGN

This is a cross-sectional study using clinical data and biological samples from the Immunometabolic CONnections to Scoliosis study (ICONS study).

PATIENT SAMPLE

Twenty-five patients with AIS provided informed consent. Paraspinal muscle biopsies from the maximal points of concavity and convexity for gene expression and protein analysis were obtained at the start of corrective spinal surgery.

OUTCOME MEASURES

The outcome measures included the detection of paraspinal muscle LBX1 mRNA abundance and LBX1 protein expression and the correlation of the latter with age, sex, and curve severity.

METHODS

The measurement of mRNA abundance was done using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Additionally, protein lysates from the biopsied muscle samples were probed with a monoclonal LBX1 antibody to compare the muscle protein levels on either side of the scoliotic curve by western blot. This study received funding from the Division of Orthopedics, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada ($39,900 CAN for 2 years). The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

RESULTS

LBX1 mRNA abundance (concave 2.98±0.87, convex 3.40±1.10, p value 0.73) and protein expression (concave 1.20±0.13, convex 1.21±0.10, p value 0.43) were detected on both sides of the scoliotic curve at equivalent levels. The expression of LBX1 protein did not correlate with age (concave: correlation coefficient 0.32, p value 0.12; convex: correlation coefficient 0.08, p value 0.69), sex (concave: correlation coefficient -0.03, p value 0.08; convex: correlation coefficient 0.07, p value 0.72), or the severity of spinal curving measured using the Cobb angle (concave: correlation coefficient -0.16, p value 0.45; convex: correlation coefficient -0.08, p value 0.69).

CONCLUSIONS

LBX1 is expressed in erector spinae muscles, and its levels are equal in muscles on both sides of the scoliotic curve in AIS. The expression of LBX1 on the convex and concave sides of the scoliotic curve did not correlate with age, sex, or the severity of spinal curving. The molecular mechanisms by which LBX1contributes to the development and propagation of AIS need to be explored further in muscle and other tissues.

Positive association between a polymorphic locus near the LBX1 gene and predisposition of idiopathic scoliosis in Southeastern European population

Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) is a common medical condition in children, characterized by three-dimensional spinal curve and strong evidence of genetic predisposition. The purpose of the present case-control study is to examine the association between the polymorphic variant rs11190870 (T/C), near the LBX1 gene, and IS predisposition in distinct subgroups based on age at onset, family history and gender. A total of 127 IS patients and 254 unrelated controls of Southeastern European descent were recruited. The genotyping was carried out by TaqMan real-time amplification technology. The results were analyzed by the Pearson's Chi-squared Test and the Fisher's Exact Test with a value of p less than 0.05 as statistically significant. The T allele and homozygous TT genotype were associated with a greater incidence of IS. Our results suggest that there is a genetic association with IS in adolescents, familial and non-familial cases, and in females. Larger case-control studies are necessary to examine the genetic factors of IS/AIS etiology in infants, juveniles and males. In conclusion, the molecular genetic identification of diagnostic and prognostic molecular markers would make an early treatment including minimally invasive procedures possible.

Association between ladybird homeobox 1 gene polymorphisms and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A MOOSE-compliant meta-analysis

The Ladybird Homeobox 1 (LBX1) gene has been implicated in the etiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). The association between LBX1 gene polymorphisms and AIS has been investigated in several studies. However, these findings have yield contradictory results rather than conclusive evidence.This study is to provide a meta-analysis of the published case-control studies on the association between LBX1 gene polymorphisms and AIS in Asian and Caucasian populations.This meta-analysis conformed to the Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines. We conducted a literature research on PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library until February 10, 2018. We included all case-control or cohort studies about association between LBX1 gene polymorphisms and AIS. The Risk Of Bias In Non-randomised Studies-of Interventions and Critical Appraisal Skills Programme were used to evaluate the risk of bias and study quality. We assessed the strength of association by pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in all genetic models under a fixed-effect model or random-effect model. We further performed subgroup analysis by ethnicity and sex. Sensitivity analysis and publication bias were also undertaken.A total of 10 studies (11,411 cases and 26,609 controls) were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled results showed a statistically significant association between LBX1 gene polymorphisms and AIS (for rs11190870, T vs C, OR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.48-1.61, P < .00001; for rs625039, G vs A, OR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.38-1.62; P < .00001; for rs678741, G vs A, OR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.63-0.86; P < .0001; for rs11598564, G vs A, OR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.31-1.51; P < .0001). For stratified analyses by ethnicity and sex, robust significant associations were detected in Asian and Caucasian populations, and in women and men under all genetic models.T allele of rs11190870 and G alleles of rs625039 and rs11598564 represent risk factors for AIS, but G allele of rs678741 may play a protective role in the occurrence of AIS. Further research is needed to confirm this finding and to understand its implications.

Replication Study for the Association of GWAS-associated Loci With Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Susceptibility and Curve Progression in a Chinese Population

STUDY DESIGN

A genetic association (replication) study.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to replicate and further evaluate the association among seven genome-wide association studies (GWAS)-identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Chinese girls with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) with disease onset, curve types, and progression.

SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA

AIS is the most common pediatric spinal deformity with a strong genetic predisposition. Recent GWAS identified 10 new disease predisposition loci for AIS.

METHODS

Three hundred nineteen female AIS patients with Cobb angle ≥ 10 and 201 healthy controls were studied for the association with disease onset. Seven GWAS-identified SNPs (rs11190870 in LBX1, rs12946942 in SOX9/KCNJ2, rs13398147 in PAX3/EPH4, rs241215 in AJAP1, rs3904778 in BNC2, rs6570507 in GPR126, and rs678741 in LBX1-AS1) were analyzed. In subgroup analysis, AIS patients were subdivided by curve types and disease progression to examine for genotype association.

RESULTS

We replicated the association with disease onset in four common SNPs rs11190870, rs3904778, rs6570507, and rs678741. In addition, rs1190870 and rs678741 remained significantly associated in the right thoracic curves only subgroup. However, no significant difference was observed with both clinical curve progression or Cobb angle.

CONCLUSION

This study replicated the associations of four GWAS-associated SNPs with occurrence of AIS in our Chinese population. However, none of these SNPs was associated with curve severity and progression. The results suggest that curve progression may be determined by environmental (nongenetic) factor, but further study with a larger sample size is required to address this issue.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

4.

A multi-ethnic meta-analysis confirms the association of rs6570507 with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common type of spinal deformity and has a significant genetic background. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) identified several susceptibility loci associated with AIS. Among them is a locus on chromosome 6q24.1 that we identified by a GWAS in a Japanese cohort. The locus is represented by rs6570507 located within GPR126. To ensure the association of rs6570507 with AIS, we conducted a meta-analysis using eight cohorts from East Asia, Northern Europe and USA. The analysis included a total of 6,873 cases and 38,916 controls and yielded significant association (combined P = 2.95 × 10^-20; odds ratio = 1.22), providing convincing evidence of the worldwide association between rs6570507 and AIS susceptibility. In silico analyses strongly suggested that GPR126 is a susceptibility gene at this locus.

Idiopathic Scoliosis Families Highlight Actin-Based and Microtubule-Based Cellular Projections and Extracellular Matrix in Disease Etiology

Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) is a structural lateral spinal curvature of ≥10° that affects up to 3% of otherwise healthy children and can lead to life-long problems in severe cases. It is well-established that IS is a genetic disorder. Previous studies have identified genes that may contribute to the IS phenotype, but the overall genetic etiology of IS is not well understood. We used exome sequencing to study five multigenerational families with IS. Bioinformatic analyses identified unique and low frequency variants (minor allele frequency ≤5%) that were present in all sequenced members of the family. Across the five families, we identified a total of 270 variants with predicted functional consequences in 246 genes, and found that eight genes were shared by two families. We performed GO term enrichment analyses, with the hypothesis that certain functional annotations or pathways would be enriched in the 246 genes identified in our IS families. Using three complementary programs to complete these analyses, we identified enriched categories that include stereocilia and other actin-based cellular projections, cilia and other microtubule-based cellular projections, and the extracellular matrix (ECM). Our results suggest that there are multiple paths to IS and provide a foundation for future studies of IS pathogenesis.

A Replication Study for the Association of rs11190870 With Curve Severity in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis in Japanese

STUDY DESIGN

Case-only study.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to confirm the association of rs11190870 with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) severity in Japanese patients with AIS.

SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA

Although the association of rs11190870 with AIS susceptibility is replicated in multiple ethnics, the association of rs11190870 with curve severity is controversial. Since the previous studies are of small, we performed a replication study using far larger number of patients than previous studies.

METHODS

A total of 1860 Japanese patients with AIS who had reached skeletal maturity or undergone surgical fusion were included in the study. We evaluated the association between rs11190870 and AIS progression for the entire group, and then for patients grouped according to a severe curve (a Cobb angle of ≥40°) or mild curve (a Cobb angle <30°). Because braces could affect the results of the present study, patients in the mild-curve group were divided according to whether or not they had worn a brace. We then evaluated associations between rs11190870 genotype and curve severity in these groups.

RESULTS

The mean Cobb angles were 54.8° ± 12.1° in the severe-curve group and 24.4° ± 4.0° in the mild-curve group. The difference in rs11190870 risk-allele frequency between the severe- and mild-curve groups was evaluated. No significant differences were observed. We then examined the association of rs11190870 risk-allele frequency between patients in the mild- and severe-curve groups using the χ test for three models, and found a marginal association between rs11190870 and curve severity in the dominant model (P = 0.035, odds ratio = 1.51).

CONCLUSION

We found no association between rs11190870 and curve severity using the criteria of previous study. However, we found a marginal association between rs11190870 and curve severity. Large-scale replication studies that consider skeletal maturity and brace history, including replication studies in other ethnic groups, would be helpful for clarifying the association.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

4.

Genetic Variant of SOCS3 Gene is Functionally Associated With Lumbar Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis

STUDY DESIGN

This is a genetic association study.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate association between suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS3) gene polymorphisms and the onset and progression of lumbar adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) and to further clarify its role in the regulation of SOCS3 expression in AIS patients.

SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA

Some studies showed that muscle development imbalance may be responsible for onset and progression of lumbar AIS. SOCS3 is one of the significant regulators of skeletal muscle development, and in vitro study showed that SOCS3 influences myoblast differentiation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Rs4969198 was genotyped in 476 lumbar AIS patients and 672 controls. The differences of genotype and allele distributions between patients and controls were calculated using the χ test. Paravertebral muscles were collected from 53 AIS, 23 congenital scoliosis, and 18 lumbar disk herniation patients. AIS patients were classified into 3 groups according to the genotypes of each single nucleotide polymorphisms, and 1-way analysis of variance test was used to compare SOCS3 expression among different groups and genotypes.

RESULTS

Patients were found to have a significantly higher frequency of GG than the controls (40.8% vs. 29.9%, odds ratio=1.36; P=0.000), and the frequency of allele G was found to be remarkably higher in the patients than the controls (65.3% vs. 56.7%, odds ratio=1.15; P=0.000). AIS patients had significantly less muscle expression of the SOCS3 than the congenital scoliosis patients (2.73±2.17 vs. 4.62±2.41; P=0.006) and the lumbar disk herniation patients (2.73±2.17 vs. 4.12±2.93; P=0.009). The SOCS3 expression was significantly correlated with the curve severity (r=0.472; P=0.014).

CONCLUSIONS

The SOCS3 gene is significantly associated with the development of lumbar AIS in Chinese population. Decreased expression of SOCS3 is associated with larger severity of lumbar AIS.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level III.

An international meta-analysis confirms the association of BNC2 with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a common spinal deformity with the prevalence of approximately 3%. We previously conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using a Japanese cohort and identified a novel locus on chromosome 9p22.2. However, a replication study using multi-population cohorts has not been conducted. To confirm the association of 9p22.2 locus with AIS in multi-ethnic populations, we conducted international meta-analysis using eight cohorts. In total, we analyzed 8,756 cases and 27,822 controls. The analysis showed a convincing evidence of association between rs3904778 and AIS. Seven out of eight cohorts had significant P value, and remaining one cohort also had the same trend as the seven. The combined P was 3.28 × 10⁻¹⁸ (odds ratio = 1.19, 95% confidence interval = 1.14–1.24). In silico analyses suggested that BNC2 is the AIS susceptibility gene in this locus.

The association of rs11190870 near LBX1 with the susceptibility and severity of AIS, a meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common structural deformity of the spine. Genetics constitute largely to AIS, and the rs11190870 polymorphism has the potential for use in public health and clinical settings as a predictor of AIS risk. The aim of the present meta-analysis was to provide exhaustive evidence to evaluate the association of rs11190870 with the susceptibility and severity of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) in multiple ethnic groups and different genders.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The professional databases, including PubMed, Embase, Social Sciences Citation Index, CINAHL, and International Bibliography of the Social Sciences, were searched from 1966 to October 2015. No language restriction was applied. Reference lists of all the selected articles were hand-searched for any additional studies. Three authors independently extracted data from all eligible studies. The data were analyzed by meta-analysis using fixed-effects or random-effects models with mean differences and risk ratios for continuous and dichotomous variables, respectively.

RESULTS

Eight studies were included, and the pooled analysis suggested that the T genotype of SNP rs11190870 leads to a higher risk of AIS in multiple ethnic groups regardless of gender (Total:OR, 1.66, 95% CI 1.53, 1.79; I² = 37.3%, P = 0.000, Female: OR, 1.62, 95% CI 1.50, 1.73; I² = 26.7%, P = 0.000, Male: OR, 1.79, 95% CI 1.38, 2.20; I2 = 0.00%, P = 0.000). Additionally, the TT and TC genotype had a larger Cobb angle than those with the CC genotype in the overall and female Asian populations.

CONCLUSION

A significant association of rs11190870 with AIS was observed in multiple ethnic groups regardless of gender. Additionally, a significant association was found between rs11190870 and curve severity in the overall and female Asian populations. Due to the limited data and clinical heterogeneity, further studies with large sample sizes are required.

A Replication Study for Association of LBX1 Locus With Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis in French-Canadian Population

STUDY DESIGN

A case-control association study.

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the relationship between LBX1 (lady bird homeobox1) polymorphisms and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) in French-Canadian population.

SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA

It is widely accepted that genetic factors contribute to AIS. Although the LBX1 locus is so far the most successfully replicated locus in different AIS cohorts, these associations were replicated mainly in Asian populations, with few studies in Caucasian populations of European descent.

METHODS

We recruited 1568 participants (667 AIS patients and 901 healthy controls) in the French-Canadian population. Genomic data were generated using the Illumina Human Omni 2.5M BeadChip. An additional 121 AIS cases and 51 controls were genotyped for specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) by multiplex polymerase chain reaction using standard procedures. BEAGLE 3 was used to impute the following markers: rs7893223, rs11190878, and rs678741 against the 1000-genomes European cohort phased genotypes given that they were absent in our genome wide association studies (GWAS) panel. Resulting genotypes were combined then used for single marker and haplotyped-based association.

RESULTS

Four markers showed association with AIS in our cohort at this locus; rs11190870 the most studied marker, rs7893223, rs594791, and rs11190878. When we restricted the analysis to severe cases only, four additional SNPs showed associations: rs11598177, rs1322331, rs670206, and rs678741. In addition, we analyzed the associations of the observed haplotypes and dihaplotypes formed by these SNPs. The haplotype TTAAGAAA and its homozygous dihaplotype showed the highest association with our severe group and was the highest risk haplotype. The haplotype CCGCAGGG was significantly more associated with the control group, and its homozygous or heterozygous dihaplotype was less frequent in the severe group compared with the control group, suggesting that CCGCAGGG may represent a protective haplotype.

CONCLUSION

We have replicated the association of the LBX1 locus with AIS in French-Canadian population, a novel European descent cohort, which is known for its unique genetic architecture.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

3.

Genetic Polymorphism of LBX1 Is Associated With Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis in Northern Chinese Han Population

STUDY DESIGN

A case-control association study was performed to investigate the relationship between ladybird homeobox (LBX1) and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) in northern Chinese Han population.

OBJECTIVE

To explore the prevalence and functional importance of LBX1 polymorphisms in patients with AIS within the northern Chinese Han population.

SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA

AIS is the most common subtype of idiopathic scoliosis. Genetic factors such as LBX1 polymorphisms have been recently proved to be associated with AIS in some populations. In this study we explored the prevalence and functional importance of the polymorphisms around LBX1 in patients with AIS within the northern Chinese Han population.

METHODS

Five tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) around or in LBX1 were genotyped in 180 patients with AIS and 182 controls. And the luciferase assay was performed to explore the functional importance of the most significant SNPs.

RESULTS

We replicated that rs11190870, previously reported as the most significantly associated SNP, was enriched in our AIS cohort. In addition, we found that the T allele of rs1322331 was associated with a novel risk allele (odds ratio = 3.349, 95% confidence interval 1.742-6.436). In the following luciferase assay, the TT-type promoter showed significantly reduced transcription activity in vitro.

CONCLUSION

Two SNPs around LBX1, rs11190870 and rs1322331 are associated with AIS in northern Chinese Han population. The T allele of rs1322331 is a novel risk allele. We hypothesize that rs1322331 might increase patients' susceptibility to AIS by reducing LBX1-AS1 transcription and thus upregulating the function of LBX1.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

3.

Identification of Elongated Primary Cilia with Impaired Mechanotransduction in Idiopathic Scoliosis Patients

The primary cilium is an outward projecting antenna-like organelle with an important role in bone mechanotransduction. The capacity to sense mechanical stimuli can affect important cellular and molecular aspects of bone tissue. Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) is a complex pediatric disease of unknown cause, defined by abnormal spinal curvatures. We demonstrate significant elongation of primary cilia in IS patient bone cells. In response to mechanical stimulation, these IS cells differentially express osteogenic factors, mechanosensitive genes, and signaling genes. Considering that numerous ciliary genes are associated with a scoliosis phenotype, among ciliopathies and knockout animal models, we expected IS patients to have an accumulation of rare variants in ciliary genes. Instead, our SKAT-O analysis of whole exomes showed an enrichment among IS patients for rare variants in genes with a role in cellular mechanotransduction. Our data indicates defective cilia in IS bone cells, which may be linked to heterogeneous gene variants pertaining to cellular mechanotransduction.

Associations of LBX1 gene and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis susceptibility: a meta-analysis based on 34,626 subjects

Background

The results of studies investigating the association between the ladybird homeobox 1 (LBX1) gene polymorphisms and the risk of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) are not all the same. As such, we performed a meta-analysis to estimate the association between LBX1 gene polymorphisms and AIS susceptibility.

Methods

Relevant studies published before 15 November 2015 were identified by searching PubMed, EMBASE, ISI web of knowledge, EBSCO, CNKI and CBM. The strength of relationship was assessed by using odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence interval (CI).

Results

A total number of eight case-control studies including 10,088 cases and 24,538 controls were identified. The results showed that T allele of rs111090870 increased AIS susceptibility in Asians (T vs. C, OR = 1.22, 95 % CI: 1.16–1.29, P < 0.001), Caucasians (T vs. C, OR = 1.17, 95 % CI: 1.14–1.21, P < 0.001) and in female (T vs. C, OR = 1.21, 95 % CI: 1.17–1.25, P < 0.001). The G allele of rs678741 decreased AIS risk in female (G vs. A, OR = 0.83, 95 % CI: 0.81–0.85, P < 0.001), and the G allele of the rs625039 increased AIS susceptibility in Asians (G vs. A, OR = 1.14, 95 % CI: 1.11–1.17, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Our meta-analysis provides evidence that rs111090870, rs678741 and rs625039 polymorphisms near LBX1 gene are associated with AIS susceptibility in some populations. However, our findings are based on only a limited number of studies.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12891-016-1139-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Genomic study of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in Japan

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a common disease. It is a multi-factorial (polygenic) disease controlled by genetic and environmental factors. Studies searching for genetic factors of AIS using linkage and association analyses have been conducted and several susceptibility genes have been reported. This paper reviews the recent progress in the genome-wide association study of AIS in Japan and comments on its future task.

Functional Investigation of a Non-coding Variant Associated with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis in Zebrafish: Elevated Expression of the Ladybird Homeobox Gene Causes Body Axis Deformation

Previously, we identified an adolescent idiopathic scoliosis susceptibility locus near human ladybird homeobox 1 (LBX1) and FLJ41350 by a genome-wide association study. Here, we characterized the associated non-coding variant and investigated the function of these genes. A chromosome conformation capture assay revealed that the genome region with the most significantly associated single nucleotide polymorphism (rs11190870) physically interacted with the promoter region of LBX1-FLJ41350. The promoter in the direction of LBX1, combined with a 590-bp region including rs11190870, had higher transcriptional activity with the risk allele than that with the non-risk allele in HEK 293T cells. The ubiquitous overexpression of human LBX1 or either of the zebrafish lbx genes (lbx1a, lbx1b, and lbx2), but not FLJ41350, in zebrafish embryos caused body curvature followed by death prior to vertebral column formation. Such body axis deformation was not observed in transcription activator-like effector nucleases mediated knockout zebrafish of lbx1b or lbx2. Mosaic expression of lbx1b driven by the GATA2 minimal promoter and the lbx1b enhancer in zebrafish significantly alleviated the embryonic lethal phenotype to allow observation of the later onset of the spinal curvature with or without vertebral malformation. Deformation of the embryonic body axis by lbx1b overexpression was associated with defects in convergent extension, which is a component of the main axis-elongation machinery in gastrulating embryos. In embryos overexpressing lbx1b, wnt5b, a ligand of the non-canonical Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, was significantly downregulated. Injection of mRNA for wnt5b or RhoA, a key downstream effector of Wnt/PCP signaling, rescued the defective convergent extension phenotype and attenuated the lbx1b-induced curvature of the body axis. Thus, our study presents a novel pathological feature of LBX1 and its zebrafish homologs in body axis deformation at various stages of embryonic and subsequent growth in zebrafish.

Scoliosis is the most common type of spinal deformity with a lateral spinal curvature of at least 10 degrees, affecting 2–4% of the population. Scoliosis caused by a primary problem related to the spine itself is classified into congenital scoliosis (CS) and idiopathic scoliosis (IS). Among these, adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), the most common form of scoliosis, is known as a common polygenic disease. Severe curving of the spine in scoliosis leads to profound psychological and social impacts, but etiology-based therapies have not been established since the precise pathological mechanisms of both IS and CS remain undefined. Previously, we identified an AIS susceptibility locus near human ladybird homeobox 1 (LBX1) by a genome-wide association study. Here, we report the functional characterization of the most significantly associated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs11190870 and LBX1 as well as its zebrafish homologues. Overexpression of LBX1 and zebrafish lbx genes caused lateral body curvature in association with the impairment of non-canonical Wnt/planar cell polarity signaling. Thus, our study presents a novel pathological feature of LBX1 in body axis deformation.

The TGFB1 gene is associated with curve severity but not with the development of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a replication study in the Chinese population

Background

The transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFB1) gene was recently reported to be a new susceptible gene of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) in Russian population. This study aimed to replicate the relationship between the TGFB1 gene and the susceptibility of AIS in a Chinese population, and to further describe its association with the curve severity.

Methods

A total of 1251 female AIS patients and 994 age-matched healthy controls were included in this study. The rs1800469 of TGFB1 gene was genotyped for all participants using the PCR-based Invader assay. The differences of genotype and allele distributions between AIS patients and healthy controls were assessed using the Chi-square test. One-way ANOVA test was used to compare the mean Cobb angles among patients with different genotypes.

Results

There was no significant difference in terms of the genotype and the allele frequency between the patients and the controls. The mean Cobb angle was 34.7 ± 11.9° (range 25–61°). Case-only analysis showed that rs1800469 was significantly associated with the curve severity. Patients with genotype TT had remarkably higher curve magnitude (39.1 ± 12.8°) than those with genotype CT (34.8 ± 11.1°) or CC (32.1 ± 10.6°).

Conclusions

The TGFB1 gene may not be a predisposition gene of AIS in the Chinese population. However, it can play a role in the curve progression of AIS. Replication studies in other ethnic groups are warranted to understand the implication of TGFB1 gene in AIS.

Candidate gene analysis and exome sequencing confirm LBX1 as a susceptibility gene for idiopathic scoliosis

BACKGROUND CONTEXT

Idiopathic scoliosis is a spinal deformity affecting approximately 3% of otherwise healthy children or adolescents. The etiology is still largely unknown but has an important genetic component. Genome-wide association studies have identified a number of common genetic variants that are significantly associated with idiopathic scoliosis in Asian and Caucasian populations, rs11190870 close to the LBX1 gene being the most replicated finding.

PURPOSE

The aim of the present study was to investigate the genetics of idiopathic scoliosis in a Scandinavian cohort by performing a candidate gene study of four variants previously shown to be associated with idiopathic scoliosis and exome sequencing of idiopathic scoliosis patients with a severe phenotype to identify possible novel scoliosis risk variants.

STUDY DESIGN

This was a case control study.

PATIENT SAMPLE

A total of 1,739 patients with idiopathic scoliosis and 1,812 controls were included.

OUTCOME MEASURE

The outcome measure was idiopathic scoliosis.

METHODS

The variants rs10510181, rs11190870, rs12946942, and rs6570507 were genotyped in 1,739 patients with idiopathic scoliosis and 1,812 controls. Exome sequencing was performed on pooled samples from 100 surgically treated idiopathic scoliosis patients. Novel or rare missense, nonsense, or splice site variants were selected for individual genotyping in the 1,739 cases and 1,812 controls. In addition, the 5'UTR, noncoding exon and promoter regions of LBX1, not covered by exome sequencing, were Sanger sequenced in the 100 pooled samples.

RESULTS

Of the four candidate genes, an intergenic variant, rs11190870, downstream of the LBX1 gene, showed a highly significant association to idiopathic scoliosis in 1,739 cases and 1,812 controls (p=7.0×10(-18)). We identified 20 novel variants by exome sequencing after filtration and an initial genotyping validation. However, we could not verify any association to idiopathic scoliosis in the large cohort of 1,739 cases and 1,812 controls. We did not find any variants in the 5'UTR, noncoding exon and promoter regions of LBX1.

CONCLUSIONS

Here, we confirm LBX1 as a susceptibility gene for idiopathic scoliosis in a Scandinavian population and report that we are unable to find evidence of other genes of similar or stronger effect.

Genome-wide association study identifies new susceptibility loci for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in Chinese girls

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a structural deformity of the spine affecting millions of children. As a complex disease, the genetic aetiology of AIS remains obscure. Here we report the results of a four-stage genome-wide association study (GWAS) conducted in a sample of 4,317 AIS patients and 6,016 controls. Overall, we identify three new susceptibility loci at 1p36.32 near AJAP1 (rs241215, Pcombined=2.95 × 10(-9)), 2q36.1 between PAX3 and EPHA4 (rs13398147, Pcombined=7.59 × 10(-13)) and 18q21.33 near BCL-2 (rs4940576, Pcombined=2.22 × 10(-12)). In addition, we refine a previously reported region associated with AIS at 10q24.32 (rs678741, Pcombined=9.68 × 10(-37)), which suggests LBX1AS1, encoding an antisense transcript of LBX1, might be a functional variant of AIS. This is the first GWAS investigating genetic variants associated with AIS in Chinese population, and the findings provide new insight into the multiple aetiological mechanisms of AIS.

A Functional SNP in BNC2 Is Associated with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common spinal deformity. We previously conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and detected two loci associated with AIS. To identify additional loci, we extended our GWAS by increasing the number of cohorts (2,109 affected subjects and 11,140 control subjects in total) and conducting a whole-genome imputation. Through the extended GWAS and replication studies using independent Japanese and Chinese populations, we identified a susceptibility locus on chromosome 9p22.2 (p = 2.46 × 10(-13); odds ratio = 1.21). The most significantly associated SNPs were in intron 3 of BNC2, which encodes a zinc finger transcription factor, basonuclin-2. Expression quantitative trait loci data suggested that the associated SNPs have the potential to regulate the BNC2 transcriptional activity and that the susceptibility alleles increase BNC2 expression. We identified a functional SNP, rs10738445 in BNC2, whose susceptibility allele showed both higher binding to a transcription factor, YY1 (yin and yang 1), and higher BNC2 enhancer activity than the non-susceptibility allele. BNC2 overexpression produced body curvature in developing zebrafish in a gene-dosage-dependent manner. Our results suggest that increased BNC2 expression is implicated in the etiology of AIS.

Fundamentals of Clinical Outcomes Assessment for Spinal Disorders: Clinical Outcome Instruments and Applications

Study Design A broad narrative review. Objectives Outcome assessment in spinal disorders is imperative to help monitor the safety and efficacy of the treatment in an effort to change the clinical practice and improve patient outcomes. The following article, part two of a two-part series, discusses the various outcome tools and instruments utilized to address spinal disorders and their management. Methods A thorough review of the peer-reviewed literature was performed, irrespective of language, addressing outcome research, instruments and tools, and applications. Results Numerous articles addressing the development and implementation of health-related quality-of-life, neck and low back pain, overall pain, spinal deformity, and other condition-specific outcome instruments have been reported. Their applications in the context of the clinical trial studies, the economic analyses, and overall evidence-based orthopedics have been noted. Additional issues regarding the problems and potential sources of bias utilizing outcomes scales and the concept of minimally clinically important difference were discussed. Conclusion Continuing research needs to assess the outcome instruments and tools used in the clinical outcome assessment for spinal disorders. Understanding the fundamental principles in spinal outcome assessment may also advance the field of "personalized spine care."

Investigation of the 53 Markers in a DNA-Based Prognostic Test Revealing New Predisposition Genes for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis

STUDY DESIGN

A genetic association study of 53 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).

OBJECTIVE

To explore new predisposition genes of AIS in Chinese Han population SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA.: A panel of 53 SNPs were reported to be associated with curve severity of AIS. However, there is still a lack of knowledge concerning the association of these SNPs with the susceptibility of AIS in the Chinese Han population.

METHODS

A gene-based association study was conducted by genotyping the 53 SNPs of a prognostic test. DNA samples of 990 female patients with AIS and 1188 age-matched healthy controls were analyzed using the polymerase chain reaction-based Invader assay. The χ test was carried out to compare the differences of genotype and allele distributions between patients with AIS and healthy controls.

RESULTS

A total of 4 SNPs were found to present significant differences in allele or genotype frequencies between the 2 groups. Compared with normal controls, patients were found to have significantly higher allele G of rs12618119 and allele A of rs9945359. Besides, patients were found to have significantly lower allele T of rs4661748 and allele C of rs4782809 than the normal controls. BIN1, CDH13, SETBP1, and SPATA21 genes could be associated with the susceptibility of AIS.

CONCLUSION

Four new predisposition genes of AIS were identified on the basis of a large-scale case-control study. Putting all these findings together, it suggests that AIS is a multifactorial disease possibly involving different pathways such as development of central neural system and bone formation. Further studies exploring more predisposition gene are essential to illustrate the etiology of AIS and to guide the prevention or prognosis of the disease.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

3.

Current progress in genetic research of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Previous genetic linkage analysis and candidate gene association analysis have unveiled dozens of variants associated with the development of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), which however can seldom be replicated in different ethnics. Recently, two genome-wide association studies of AIS performed in Japan revealed that ladybird homeobox 1 (LBX1) gene and G protein-coupled receptor 126 (GPR126) gene could play a role in the etiopathogenesis of the disease. Since the association between these two genes and AIS were successfully validated in the Caucasian and the Chinese population, LBX1 gene and GPR126 gene were the most reliable genetic variants underling the development of AIS.

Haplotypes at LBX1 have distinct inheritance patterns with opposite effects in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a clinically significant disorder with high heritability that affects 2–4% of the population. Genome-wide association studies have identified LBX1 as a strong susceptibility locus for AIS in Asian and Caucasian populations. Here we further dissect the genetic association with AIS in a Caucasian population. To identify genetic markers associated with AIS we employed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) design comparing 620 female Caucasian patients who developed idiopathic scoliosis during adolescence with 1,287 ethnically matched females who had normal spinal curves by skeletal maturity. The genomic region around LBX1 was imputed and haplotypes investigated for genetic signals under different inheritance models. The strongest signal was identified upstream of LBX1 (rs11190878, P_trend = 4.18×10^-9, OR = 0.63[0.54–0.74]). None of the remaining SNPs pass the genome-wide significance threshold. We found rs11190870, downstream of LBX1 and previously associated with AIS in Asian populations, to be in modest linkage disequilibrium (LD) with rs11190878 (r² = 0.40, D' = 0.81). Haplotype analysis shows that rs11190870 and rs11190878 track a single risk factor that resides on the ancestral haplotype and is shared across ethnic groups. We identify six haplotypes at the LBX1 locus including two strongly associated haplotypes; a recessive risk haplotype (TTA, Control_freq = 0.52, P = 1.25×10^-9, OR = 1.56), and a co-dominant protective haplotype (CCG, Control_freq = 0.28, P = 2.75×10^-7, OR = 0.65). Together the association signals from LBX1 explain 1.4% of phenotypic variance. Our results identify two clinically relevant haplotypes in the LBX1-region with opposite effects on AIS risk. The study demonstrates the utility of haplotypes over un-phased SNPs for individualized risk assessment by more strongly delineating individuals at risk for AIS without compromising the effect size.

Association of rs11190870 near LBX1 with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in East Asians: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND CONTEXT

The rs11190870 single nucleotide polymorphism in the 3'-flanking region of the LBX1 gene has been implicated in the etiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). A thorough appraisal of the evidence supporting this association has not been previously attempted.

PURPOSE

To provide a comprehensive assessment and synthesis of the currently available evidence on the association between rs11190870 and AIS.

STUDY DESIGN

A systematic review and meta-analysis.

METHODS

This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses guidelines. PubMed (MEDLINE), EMBASE, Scopus, and HuGE Literature Finder databases were systematically searched through November 2013 to identify relevant studies following a sensitive strategy. Summary odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using the fixed-effect inverse variance model for allelic (T vs. C) and genotypic comparisons.

RESULTS

Meta-analysis of four studies conducted in East Asian populations (n=3,215 AIS cases and n=15,347 controls) found a highly statistically significant and robust association between rs11190870 and AIS. Comparison of summary ORs indicated a codominant model effect of the T allele. Carriers of the TC and TT genotypes were 69% (OR=1.69, 95% CI: 1.48-1.94, p<.001) and 162% (OR=2.62, 95% CI: 2.28-3.02, p<.001), respectively, more likely to have AIS compared with carriers of the CC genotype.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on a comprehensive analysis of the currently available evidence, rs11190870 is likely a susceptibility variant for AIS in East Asians. Further investigation of this association is necessary in other populations.

Lack of association between suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 gene polymorphism and susceptibility and curve severity of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

PURPOSE

To explore whether the suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS3) gene polymorphisms are associated with the susceptibility and abnormal growth pattern of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).

METHODS

Three hundred and ninety eight AIS girls aged 10-18 years old were enrolled, and 367 age-matched healthy girls were recruited as controls. Only patients who had Cobb angles larger than 20º were included in this study. Anthropometric parameters including body weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) were measured for AIS girls. Rs4969198 was selected as tagSNP to cover all of the related polymorphisms on SOCS3. Genotyping was performed using PCR-based Invader assay with the probe sets designed and synthesized by third wave. The genotyping results were read with an ABI PRISM7900HT sequence detection system (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). A subgroup of 322 skeletally mature AIS patients who did not received bracing or any other conservative treatment previously were analyzed to define the contribution of rs4969168 on curve severity, body height, body weight, and BMI.

RESULTS

Rs4969198 was successfully genotyped. No significant difference of genotype frequencies from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) test was noted for the AIS patients or the normal controls. Neither the genotype nor the allele frequencies of rs49691968 were significantly different between the AIS patients and the normal controls. Rs4969168 was not found to be associated with age, curve severity of scoliosis, and body height. AIS patients with AA genotype had significantly higher body weight and BMI than the patients with AG and GG genotype (P = 0.014).

CONCLUSIONS

The SOCS3 gene polymorphisms are not associated with the occurrence of AIS, but the gene polymorphism (rs4969168) is associated with abnormal growth pattern of AIS, indicating that SOCS3 gene might be a disease-modifying gene of AIS.

Association Between rs11190870 Polymorphism Near LBX1 and Susceptibility to Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis in East Asian Population: A Genetic Meta-Analysis

STUDY DESIGN

Meta-analysis to collect all the relevant studies to date to further investigate whether or not the rs11190870 polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) in East Asian population.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate whether or not the rs11190870 polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to AIS in East Asian population.

SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA

To date, the single nucleotide polymorphism rs11190870 was identified as the most significant common variant in Japanese females. Three association studies conducted in Chinese Han population from Hong Kong, Yangtze River region, and Southern region of mainland China replicated the association between AIS and rs1190870. However, there is limited published data about the association of rs11190870 with AIS in East Asian population.

METHODS

A systematic search of all relevant studies published through August 2013 was conducted using the MEDLINE, EMBASE, OVID, and ScienceDirect. Single nucleotide polymorphism of rs11190870 was evaluated. The included studies were assessed in the analysis of the following allele model: T allele versus C allele for the allele-level comparison; (b) TC + TT versus CC for dominant model of T allele; (c) TT versus TC + CC for recessive model of T allele, and (d) TT versus CC for extreme genotype.

RESULTS

Four studies with 8415 total participants (2889 patients with AIS and 5526 controls), who were all East Asian population, were eligible for inclusion. We searched for genotypes T allele versus C allele, TT versus TC + CC, TC + TT versus CC, and TT versus CC in a fixed/random-effects model. The effect summary odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals were obtained, which shows significant association between rs11190870 and AIS in East Asian populations (all genetic models P < 0.001). Subgroup analyses were conducted according to sex. The results showed a significant association between rs11190870 and AIS in female (all genetic models, P < 0.001) but not in male (all genetic models, P > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

The present meta-analysis demonstrated that the T allele of single nucleotide polymorphism rs11190870 may be a major susceptibility locus in the East Asian population with AIS, especially in female.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

1.

Ultrastructure of Intervertebral Disc and Vertebra-Disc Junctions Zones as a Link in Etiopathogenesis of Idiopathic Scoliosis

Background Context. There is no general accepted theory on the etiology of idiopathic scoliosis (IS). An important role of the vertebrae endplate physes (VEPh) and intervertebral discs (IVD) in spinal curve progression is acknowledged, but ultrastructural mechanisms are not well understood. Purpose. To analyze the current literature on ultrastructural characteristics of VEPh and IVD in the context of IS etiology. Study Design/Setting. A literature review. Results. There is strong evidence for multifactorial etiology of IS. Early wedging of vertebra bodies is likely due to laterally directed appositional bone growth at the concave side, caused by a combination of increased cell proliferation at the vertebrae endplate and altered mechanical properties of the outer annulus fibrosus of the adjacent IVD. Genetic defects in bending proteins necessary for IVD lamellar organization underlie altered mechanical properties. Asymmetrical ligaments, muscular stretch, and spine instability may also play roles in curve formation. Conclusions. Development of a reliable, cost effective method for identifying patients at high risk for curve progression is needed and could lead to a paradigm shift in treatment options. Unnecessary anxiety, bracing, and radiation could potentially be minimized and high risk patient could receive surgery earlier, rendering better outcomes with fewer fused segments needed to mitigate curve progression.

Understanding the Basis of Genetic Studies: Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis as an Example

STUDY DESIGN

A review of the general concepts of genetics studies with specific reference to adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).

OBJECTIVES

To equip the average spine surgeon with the vocabulary and understanding needed to understand the genetics of scoliosis and the approaches used to identify risk genes.

SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is a multifactorial disease. Increasing evidence from families and monozygotic twins suggests the involvement of genetic factors. An estimation of heritability also indicates a strong influence of genetics on the disease. Increasing focus has been placed on identifying genes and genetic variants associated with AIS.

REVIEW

This is a review of genes and genetic variations, the phenotype definition of AIS in genetics studies, concepts and approaches to identifying associated genes, and the evaluation of results. Different types of genetic variations are present in the genome. These variations may modulate the expression or function of protein products, which in turn alter individuals' susceptibility to disease. Identifying the variants related to AIS requires an objective and clearly defined phenotype, among which the Cobb angle is commonly used. The phenotype helps classify subjects into cases and controls. By selecting candidate genes of growth factors and hormonal receptors, which are speculated to be involved in the mechanism of disease, the variants within these genes were compared between cases and controls to identify any differences. Another approach was to use large families and inspect the co-segregation of variants and phenotypes. Recently, arrays covering the variants of the whole genome were developed and assist in high-throughput screening for associated genes.

CONCLUSIONS

Genetic factors have an important role in AIS. Deciphering the genes and genetic variants associated with AIS can improve our understanding of the mechanisms of the disease, as well as assist in designing treatment methods and preventive measures.