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Krishna E, Pal A, Galhotra A, Shukla AK, Parija PP, Pathak VK, Rajath Rao UR, Naik BN. Undiagnosed hypertension and associated factors among adults in the urban field practice area of AIIMS Raipur: A community-based screening survey. J Family Med Prim Care 2023; 12:1540-1546. [PMID: 37767439 PMCID: PMC10521818 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1819_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Undiagnosed hypertension (HTN) increases the risk of severe consequences such as chronic kidney disease (CKD), hypertensive retinopathy, heart failure, and stroke. Population-based screening can be used to expose the hidden diseased mass with active disease. Thus, a screening survey was conducted to estimate the proportion of people with HTN among apparently healthy adults of age ≥30 years residing at the urban field practice area (UHTC) of AIIMS, Raipur, and also determine the predictors of undiagnosed HTN among the study participants. Methodology This was a community-based cross-sectional study conducted over 2 months duration in the Ramnagar area, which comes under the urban field practice area of AIIMS Raipur using the STEPS tool is an acronym of study tool provided by WHO i.e. STEPwise approach to NCD risk factor surveillance consisting of three steps viz. questionnaire for behavioural risk factors, physical measurements and biochemical measurements. Results In this study, 24.2% (95%, confidence interval [CI]: 20.1-28.2) of participants screened positive for HTN. The proportion of males who screened positive for HTN was 28.8% (95% CI: 22.6-35), whereas the proportion of females who screened positive for HTN was 19.6% (95% CI: 14.3-25). In this study, elderly (>60 years), male gender, daily tobacco use, greater waist circumference (male >90 cm and female >80 cm), and daily salt intake of more than 5 g were found to have higher odds of having HTN. Conclusion The prevalence of undiagnosed HTN in the UHTC of AIIMS Raipur was quite high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Krishna
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Anjali Pal
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Abhiruchi Galhotra
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Arvind Kumar Shukla
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | | | - Vineet Kumar Pathak
- Department of Community Medicine, SGT Medical College, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - UR Rajath Rao
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Bijaya Nanda Naik
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
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Prevalence and associated factors of undiagnosed hypertension among adults in the Central African Republic. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19007. [PMID: 36347923 PMCID: PMC9643345 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23868-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to estimate the prevalence and associated factors of undiagnosed hypertension (HTN) among adults in the Central African Republic (CAR). In the cross-sectional 2017 CAR (Bangui and Ombella M'Poko) STEPS survey, 3265 persons aged 25 to 64 years (non-pregnant and with complete blood pressure measurement), responded to an interview, biomedical and physical, including blood pressure, measurements. Undiagnosed HTN was classified as systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg among adults who had never been told by a doctor or other health worker that they had raised blood pressure or hypertension and had not been taking antihypertensive medication. Binary logistic regressions are used to estimate factors associated with undiagnosed HTN. Among those with HTN (N = 1373), the proportion of undiagnosed HTN was 69.8% and 30.2% diagnosed HTN. In the adjusted logistic regression analysis, male sex (AOR: 2.12, 95% CI 1.39-3.23), current tobacco use (AOR: 1.58, 95% CI 1.03-2.42), and high physical activity (AOR: 1.93, 95% CI 1.00-3.71) were positively associated, and age (AOR: 0.75, 95% CI 0.59-0.96), and underweight (AOR: 0.58, 95% CI 0.37-0.90) were inversely associated with undiagnosed HTN. In addition, among men, ever screened for glucose (AOR: 0.07, 95% CI 0.02-0.27) was negatively associated with undiagnosed HTN, and among women, married or cohabiting (AOR: 1.20, 95% CI 1.00-1.44), current heavy drinking (AOR: 1.41, 95% CI 1.04-1.91) were positively associated with undiagnosed HTN. Seven in ten of the adult population with HTN had undiagnosed HTN in CAR. Efforts should be reinforced to screen for HTN in the general population.
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Oliveira IM, Araujo TAD, Roediger MDA, Zanetta DMT, Andrade FBD. [Factors associated with undiagnosed hypertension among elderly adults in Brazil - ELSI-Brazil]. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2022; 27:2001-2010. [PMID: 35544826 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232022275.12512021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This article aims to identify factors associated with undiagnosed systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) among elderly adults in Brazil. A total of 5,416 hypertensive participants in the Longitudinal Study of the Health of Elderly Brazilians (ELSI-BRAZIL) were evaluated. Undiagnosed SAH was identified by mean blood pressure (BP) ≥140/90 mmHg without previous SAH diagnosis. Logistic regression was used to verify factors associated with undiagnosed SAH. In this study, 19.8% of the hypertensive patients evaluated did not report a previous diagnosis of SAH. Age between 60 to 69 (OR: 0.68, 95%CI 0.55-0.85) and 70 to79 (OR: 0.67, 95%CI 0.51-0.89), being black (OR: 0.67, 95%CI 0.49-0.91), obese (OR: 0.51, 95%CI 0.40-0.65), having one chronic disease (OR: 0.54, 95%CI 0.44-0.66) or more (OR: 0.32, 95%CI 0.25-0.42) and medical consultations in the last year (OR: 0.47, 95%CI 0.38-0.58) were factors associated with lower chances of undiagnosed SAH, while being male (OR: 1.27, 95%CI 1,05-1,54), presenting low body weight (OR: 1.33, 95%CI 1,00-1,78) and alcohol consumption (OR: 1.36, 95%CI 1,09-1,68) increased the chances of having the undiagnosed condition. The characteristics identified in this study needs to be observed in health services, expanding early diagnosis and preventing the progression of BP and its future consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Martins Oliveira
- Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo. Av. Dr. Arnaldo 715, Cerqueira César. 01246-904 São Paulo SP Brasil.
| | | | - Manuela de Almeida Roediger
- Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo. Av. Dr. Arnaldo 715, Cerqueira César. 01246-904 São Paulo SP Brasil.
| | - Dirce Maria Trevisan Zanetta
- Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo. Av. Dr. Arnaldo 715, Cerqueira César. 01246-904 São Paulo SP Brasil.
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Lim OW, Liew HH, Eng XR, Yong CK, Lim LH. Determinants of Newly-Diagnosed Raised Blood Pressure: The Malaysian Context. Malays J Med Sci 2022; 28:88-99. [PMID: 35002493 PMCID: PMC8715878 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2021.28.6.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Raised blood pressure, also known as hypertension (HPT), has been a distressing health concern among Malaysians. An upward trend is found on the prevalence of newly-diagnosed HPT, contributing to the high number of overall hypertensive patients in Malaysia. To understand the cause and reduce the economic burden caused by HPT, current research aims to examine the dependency among sociodemographic and behavioural determinants of newly-diagnosed HPT among Malaysians. Methods The current study uses secondary data from the Fifth National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS V) 2015, a population based cross-sectional study. This study uses the Bayesian Network (BN) modelling to design and build a ‘causal’ model and identify potential determinants and their respective conditional probability on the prevalence of newly-diagnosed HPT among Malaysians. Results This study shows that Malaysians with newly-diagnosed HPT are directly affected by the age and body mass index (BMI). Additionally, household income, sex, marital status, ethnicity, strata, education levels, occupation, fruit intake, vegetable intake, smoking status, physical activity and plain water intake indirectly affect the incidence of the newly-diagnosed HPT. Conclusion These results may be helpful in implementing appropriate policies to prevent and monitor the increasing prevalence of newly-diagnosed HPT among adults in Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ooi Wei Lim
- Malaysia Foundation Programme, Heriot-Watt University, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - How Hui Liew
- Department of Mathematical and Actuarial Sciences, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia
| | - Xin Ru Eng
- Department of Economics, School of Social Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, United Kingdom
| | - Chin Khian Yong
- Department of Mathematical and Actuarial Sciences, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia
| | - Ling Hong Lim
- Malaysia Foundation Programme, Heriot-Watt University, Putrajaya, Malaysia
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McElfish PA, Long CR, Bursac Z, Scott AJ, Chatrathi HE, Sinclair KA, Nagarsheth N, Calcagni M, Patolia J, Narcisse MR. Examining elevated blood pressure and the effects of diabetes self-management education on blood pressure among a sample of Marshallese with type 2 diabetes in Arkansas. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250489. [PMID: 33886693 PMCID: PMC8062061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypertension is a leading risk factor for heart attack and stroke. Undiagnosed hypertension increases the risk of heart attack and stroke. The risk of hypertension is increased for those with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Diabetes self-management education (DSME) has been shown to be effective at improving clinical outcomes, including reducing blood pressure, but few studies have evaluated the effects of DSME for Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders. METHODS This study examined the baseline prevalence of diagnosed hypertension and undiagnosed high blood pressure and differences in health care access between those with diagnosed hypertension versus undiagnosed high blood pressure. The sample consisted of 221 Marshallese adults with T2DM participating in a DSME randomized controlled trial in northwest Arkansas. The study also examined the effects of DSME interventions on participants' blood pressure, comparing an Adapted-Family DSME with a Standard DSME. RESULTS Nearly two-thirds of participants had blood pressure readings indicative of hypertension, and of those, over one-third were previously undiagnosed. The frequency of doctor visits was significantly lower for those with undiagnosed high blood pressure. There were no differences in health insurance coverage or forgone medical care between those with undiagnosed high blood pressure versus diagnosed hypertension. Across all participants, a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure occurred between baseline and post intervention, and a significant reduction in diastolic blood pressure occurred between baseline and post-intervention, 6 months, and 12 months post-intervention. No differences were observed by study arm. CONCLUSION This study is the first to document the prevalence of diagnosed hypertension and undiagnosed high blood pressure, as well as the effects of DSME on blood pressure among a sample of Marshallese adults with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearl A. McElfish
- College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Christopher R. Long
- College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Zoran Bursac
- Department of Biostatistics, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Aaron J. Scott
- Office of Community Health and Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Harish E. Chatrathi
- Office of Community Health and Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Ka‘imi A. Sinclair
- College of Nursing, Washington State University, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nirav Nagarsheth
- College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Mikaila Calcagni
- College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Jay Patolia
- College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Marie-Rachelle Narcisse
- College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
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Selowo T, Usar I, Isichei M, Mohammed A, Ozoilo J, Adeniyi A. Prevalence of hypertension and assessment of its risk factors among traders in rukuba-road satellite market in Jos, North Central Nigeria. NIGERIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/njm.njm_138_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Abstract
The incidence of prehypertension (blood pressure 120-139 and/or 80-89 mm Hg) in young adults worldwide ranges from ~37.5% to 77.1%. Identifying high-risk groups of prehypertension in young adults is helpful for early and effective interventions and treatments to reduce the occurrence of future hypertension and organ damage. This review summarized the epidemiological characteristics, disease intervention measures, and disease progression characteristics of prehypertension to provide a basis for the development of targeted intervention measures for young adults with prehypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Jun
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, China. E-mail.
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Lim OW, Yong CC. The Risk Factors for Undiagnosed and Known Hypertension among Malaysians. Malays J Med Sci 2019; 26:98-112. [PMID: 31728122 PMCID: PMC6839659 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2019.26.5.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of known hypertension has resulted from the progression of undiagnosed hypertension. This study is targeted to examine and compare the risk factors based on the estimated odds ratios of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors on different outcome levels of hypertension. Methods A nationwide representative secondary data from the Fourth National Health of Morbidity Survey (NHMS IV) which consists of 24,632 non-institutionalised Malaysian population conducted by the Ministry of Health in 2011 has been used. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval has been estimated using multinomial logistic regression. Results Obese and overweight respondents exhibit increased likelihood of having undiagnosed and known hypertension. Physically inactive, ex-smokers and unclassified drinkers are found having higher likelihood to have known hypertension. However, current drinkers are found to have higher likelihood of having undiagnosed hypertension. Elderly, retirees, home makers and lower educated respondents are shown higher odds to have undiagnosed hypertension. Likewise, the likelihood of having known hypertension has been found to increase among the elderly and other Bumiputra. Conclusion Through this research, significant predictors which consist of obese and overweight respondents, current drinkers, older respondents (above 65 years old) and primary educated respondents are having higher likelihood to have undiagnosed hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ooi Wei Lim
- Malaysia Foundation Programme, Heriot-Watt University Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Chen Chen Yong
- Faculty of Economics and Administration University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Zhang JX, Zhu GP, Zhang BL, Cheng YY. Elevated serum retinol-binding protein 4 levels are correlated with blood pressure in prehypertensive Chinese. J Hum Hypertens 2017. [DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2017.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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