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Groopman EE, Marasa M, Cameron-Christie S, Petrovski S, Aggarwal VS, Milo-Rasouly H, Li Y, Zhang J, Nestor J, Krithivasan P, Lam WY, Mitrotti A, Piva S, Kil BH, Chatterjee D, Reingold R, Bradbury D, DiVecchia M, Snyder H, Mu X, Mehl K, Balderes O, Fasel DA, Weng C, Radhakrishnan J, Canetta P, Appel GB, Bomback AS, Ahn W, Uy NS, Alam S, Cohen DJ, Crew RJ, Dube GK, Rao MK, Kamalakaran S, Copeland B, Ren Z, Bridgers J, Malone CD, Mebane CM, Dagaonkar N, Fellström BC, Haefliger C, Mohan S, Sanna-Cherchi S, Kiryluk K, Fleckner J, March R, Platt A, Goldstein DB, Gharavi AG. Diagnostic Utility of Exome Sequencing for Kidney Disease. N Engl J Med 2019; 380:142-151. [PMID: 30586318 PMCID: PMC6510541 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1806891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exome sequencing is emerging as a first-line diagnostic method in some clinical disciplines, but its usefulness has yet to be examined for most constitutional disorders in adults, including chronic kidney disease, which affects more than 1 in 10 persons globally. METHODS We conducted exome sequencing and diagnostic analysis in two cohorts totaling 3315 patients with chronic kidney disease. We assessed the diagnostic yield and, among the patients for whom detailed clinical data were available, the clinical implications of diagnostic and other medically relevant findings. RESULTS In all, 3037 patients (91.6%) were over 21 years of age, and 1179 (35.6%) were of self-identified non-European ancestry. We detected diagnostic variants in 307 of the 3315 patients (9.3%), encompassing 66 different monogenic disorders. Of the disorders detected, 39 (59%) were found in only a single patient. Diagnostic variants were detected across all clinically defined categories, including congenital or cystic renal disease (127 of 531 patients [23.9%]) and nephropathy of unknown origin (48 of 281 patients [17.1%]). Of the 2187 patients assessed, 34 (1.6%) had genetic findings for medically actionable disorders that, although unrelated to their nephropathy, would also lead to subspecialty referral and inform renal management. CONCLUSIONS Exome sequencing in a combined cohort of more than 3000 patients with chronic kidney disease yielded a genetic diagnosis in just under 10% of cases. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Groopman
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Maddalena Marasa
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Sophia Cameron-Christie
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Slavé Petrovski
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Vimla S Aggarwal
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Hila Milo-Rasouly
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Yifu Li
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Junying Zhang
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Jordan Nestor
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Priya Krithivasan
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Wan Yee Lam
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Adele Mitrotti
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Stacy Piva
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Byum H Kil
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Debanjana Chatterjee
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Rachel Reingold
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Drew Bradbury
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Michael DiVecchia
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Holly Snyder
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Xueru Mu
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Karla Mehl
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Olivia Balderes
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - David A Fasel
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Chunhua Weng
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Jai Radhakrishnan
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Pietro Canetta
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Gerald B Appel
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Andrew S Bomback
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Wooin Ahn
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Natalie S Uy
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Shumyle Alam
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - David J Cohen
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Russell J Crew
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Geoffrey K Dube
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Maya K Rao
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Sitharthan Kamalakaran
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Brett Copeland
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Zhong Ren
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Joshua Bridgers
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Colin D Malone
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Caroline M Mebane
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Neha Dagaonkar
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Bengt C Fellström
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Carolina Haefliger
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Sumit Mohan
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Simone Sanna-Cherchi
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Krzysztof Kiryluk
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Jan Fleckner
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Ruth March
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Adam Platt
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - David B Goldstein
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
| | - Ali G Gharavi
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.E.G., M.M., H.M.-R., Y.L., J.Z., J.N., P.K., W.Y.L., A.M., S. Piva, B.H.K., D.C., R.R., D.B., M.D., H.S., X.M., K.M., O.B., J.R., P.C., G.B.A., A.S.B., W.A., D.J.C., R.J.C., G.K.D., M.K.R., S.M., S.S.-C., K.K., A.G.G.) and Pediatrics (N.S.U.), Division of Nephrology, the Departments of Pathology (V.S.A.), Biomedical Informatics (D.A.F., C.W.), and Urology (S.A.), the Institute for Genomic Medicine (S.K., B.C., Z.R., J.B., C.D.M., C.M.M., N.D., D.B.G., A.G.G.) and the Department of Genetics and Development (D.B.G.), Hammer Health Sciences, and the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (S.M.), Columbia University, New York; AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.C.-C., S. Petrovski, C.H., J.F., R.M., A.P.); and the Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.C.F.)
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Warejko JK, Schueler M, Vivante A, Tan W, Daga A, Lawson JA, Braun DA, Shril S, Amann K, Somers MJG, Rodig NM, Baum MA, Daouk G, Traum AZ, Kim HB, Vakili K, Porras D, Lock J, Rivkin MJ, Chaudry G, Smoot LB, Singh MN, Smith ER, Mane SM, Lifton RP, Stein DR, Ferguson MA, Hildebrandt F. Whole Exome Sequencing Reveals a Monogenic Cause of Disease in ≈43% of 35 Families With Midaortic Syndrome. Hypertension 2018; 71:691-699. [PMID: 29483232 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.10296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Midaortic syndrome (MAS) is a rare cause of severe childhood hypertension characterized by narrowing of the abdominal aorta in children and is associated with extensive vascular disease. It may occur as part of a genetic syndrome, such as neurofibromatosis, or as consequence of a pathological inflammatory disease. However, most cases are considered idiopathic. We hypothesized that in a high percentage of these patients, a monogenic cause of disease may be detected by evaluating whole exome sequencing data for mutations in 1 of 38 candidate genes previously described to cause vasculopathy. We studied a cohort of 36 individuals from 35 different families with MAS by exome sequencing. In 15 of 35 families (42.9%), we detected likely causal dominant mutations. In 15 of 35 (42.9%) families with MAS, whole exome sequencing revealed a mutation in one of the genes previously associated with vascular disease (NF1, JAG1, ELN, GATA6, and RNF213). Ten of the 15 mutations have not previously been reported. This is the first report of ELN, RNF213, or GATA6 mutations in individuals with MAS. Mutations were detected in NF1 (6/15 families), JAG1 (4/15 families), ELN (3/15 families), and one family each for GATA6 and RNF213 Eight individuals had syndromic disease and 7 individuals had isolated MAS. Whole exome sequencing can provide conclusive molecular genetic diagnosis in a high fraction of individuals with syndromic or isolated MAS. Establishing an etiologic diagnosis may reveal genotype/phenotype correlations for MAS in the future and should, therefore, be performed routinely in MAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian K Warejko
- From the Department of Medicine (J.K.W., M.S., A.V., W.T., A.D., J.A.L., D.A.B., S.S., K.A., M.J.G.S., N.M.R., M.A.B., G.D., A.Z.T., D.R.S., M.A.F., F.H.), Department of Surgery (H.B.K., K.V.), Department of Cardiology (D.P., J.L., L.B.S., M.N.S.), Department of Neurology (M.J.R.), Department of Radiology (G.C.), and Department of Neurosurgery (E.R.S.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Yale-New Haven Children's Hospital (J.K.W.) and Department of Genetics (S.M.M., R.P.L.), Yale School of Medicine, CT; Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel (A.V.); and Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York (R.P.L.)
| | - Markus Schueler
- From the Department of Medicine (J.K.W., M.S., A.V., W.T., A.D., J.A.L., D.A.B., S.S., K.A., M.J.G.S., N.M.R., M.A.B., G.D., A.Z.T., D.R.S., M.A.F., F.H.), Department of Surgery (H.B.K., K.V.), Department of Cardiology (D.P., J.L., L.B.S., M.N.S.), Department of Neurology (M.J.R.), Department of Radiology (G.C.), and Department of Neurosurgery (E.R.S.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Yale-New Haven Children's Hospital (J.K.W.) and Department of Genetics (S.M.M., R.P.L.), Yale School of Medicine, CT; Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel (A.V.); and Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York (R.P.L.)
| | - Asaf Vivante
- From the Department of Medicine (J.K.W., M.S., A.V., W.T., A.D., J.A.L., D.A.B., S.S., K.A., M.J.G.S., N.M.R., M.A.B., G.D., A.Z.T., D.R.S., M.A.F., F.H.), Department of Surgery (H.B.K., K.V.), Department of Cardiology (D.P., J.L., L.B.S., M.N.S.), Department of Neurology (M.J.R.), Department of Radiology (G.C.), and Department of Neurosurgery (E.R.S.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Yale-New Haven Children's Hospital (J.K.W.) and Department of Genetics (S.M.M., R.P.L.), Yale School of Medicine, CT; Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel (A.V.); and Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York (R.P.L.)
| | - Weizhen Tan
- From the Department of Medicine (J.K.W., M.S., A.V., W.T., A.D., J.A.L., D.A.B., S.S., K.A., M.J.G.S., N.M.R., M.A.B., G.D., A.Z.T., D.R.S., M.A.F., F.H.), Department of Surgery (H.B.K., K.V.), Department of Cardiology (D.P., J.L., L.B.S., M.N.S.), Department of Neurology (M.J.R.), Department of Radiology (G.C.), and Department of Neurosurgery (E.R.S.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Yale-New Haven Children's Hospital (J.K.W.) and Department of Genetics (S.M.M., R.P.L.), Yale School of Medicine, CT; Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel (A.V.); and Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York (R.P.L.)
| | - Ankana Daga
- From the Department of Medicine (J.K.W., M.S., A.V., W.T., A.D., J.A.L., D.A.B., S.S., K.A., M.J.G.S., N.M.R., M.A.B., G.D., A.Z.T., D.R.S., M.A.F., F.H.), Department of Surgery (H.B.K., K.V.), Department of Cardiology (D.P., J.L., L.B.S., M.N.S.), Department of Neurology (M.J.R.), Department of Radiology (G.C.), and Department of Neurosurgery (E.R.S.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Yale-New Haven Children's Hospital (J.K.W.) and Department of Genetics (S.M.M., R.P.L.), Yale School of Medicine, CT; Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel (A.V.); and Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York (R.P.L.)
| | - Jennifer A Lawson
- From the Department of Medicine (J.K.W., M.S., A.V., W.T., A.D., J.A.L., D.A.B., S.S., K.A., M.J.G.S., N.M.R., M.A.B., G.D., A.Z.T., D.R.S., M.A.F., F.H.), Department of Surgery (H.B.K., K.V.), Department of Cardiology (D.P., J.L., L.B.S., M.N.S.), Department of Neurology (M.J.R.), Department of Radiology (G.C.), and Department of Neurosurgery (E.R.S.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Yale-New Haven Children's Hospital (J.K.W.) and Department of Genetics (S.M.M., R.P.L.), Yale School of Medicine, CT; Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel (A.V.); and Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York (R.P.L.)
| | - Daniela A Braun
- From the Department of Medicine (J.K.W., M.S., A.V., W.T., A.D., J.A.L., D.A.B., S.S., K.A., M.J.G.S., N.M.R., M.A.B., G.D., A.Z.T., D.R.S., M.A.F., F.H.), Department of Surgery (H.B.K., K.V.), Department of Cardiology (D.P., J.L., L.B.S., M.N.S.), Department of Neurology (M.J.R.), Department of Radiology (G.C.), and Department of Neurosurgery (E.R.S.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Yale-New Haven Children's Hospital (J.K.W.) and Department of Genetics (S.M.M., R.P.L.), Yale School of Medicine, CT; Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel (A.V.); and Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York (R.P.L.)
| | - Shirlee Shril
- From the Department of Medicine (J.K.W., M.S., A.V., W.T., A.D., J.A.L., D.A.B., S.S., K.A., M.J.G.S., N.M.R., M.A.B., G.D., A.Z.T., D.R.S., M.A.F., F.H.), Department of Surgery (H.B.K., K.V.), Department of Cardiology (D.P., J.L., L.B.S., M.N.S.), Department of Neurology (M.J.R.), Department of Radiology (G.C.), and Department of Neurosurgery (E.R.S.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Yale-New Haven Children's Hospital (J.K.W.) and Department of Genetics (S.M.M., R.P.L.), Yale School of Medicine, CT; Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel (A.V.); and Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York (R.P.L.)
| | - Kassaundra Amann
- From the Department of Medicine (J.K.W., M.S., A.V., W.T., A.D., J.A.L., D.A.B., S.S., K.A., M.J.G.S., N.M.R., M.A.B., G.D., A.Z.T., D.R.S., M.A.F., F.H.), Department of Surgery (H.B.K., K.V.), Department of Cardiology (D.P., J.L., L.B.S., M.N.S.), Department of Neurology (M.J.R.), Department of Radiology (G.C.), and Department of Neurosurgery (E.R.S.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Yale-New Haven Children's Hospital (J.K.W.) and Department of Genetics (S.M.M., R.P.L.), Yale School of Medicine, CT; Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel (A.V.); and Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York (R.P.L.)
| | - Michael J G Somers
- From the Department of Medicine (J.K.W., M.S., A.V., W.T., A.D., J.A.L., D.A.B., S.S., K.A., M.J.G.S., N.M.R., M.A.B., G.D., A.Z.T., D.R.S., M.A.F., F.H.), Department of Surgery (H.B.K., K.V.), Department of Cardiology (D.P., J.L., L.B.S., M.N.S.), Department of Neurology (M.J.R.), Department of Radiology (G.C.), and Department of Neurosurgery (E.R.S.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Yale-New Haven Children's Hospital (J.K.W.) and Department of Genetics (S.M.M., R.P.L.), Yale School of Medicine, CT; Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel (A.V.); and Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York (R.P.L.)
| | - Nancy M Rodig
- From the Department of Medicine (J.K.W., M.S., A.V., W.T., A.D., J.A.L., D.A.B., S.S., K.A., M.J.G.S., N.M.R., M.A.B., G.D., A.Z.T., D.R.S., M.A.F., F.H.), Department of Surgery (H.B.K., K.V.), Department of Cardiology (D.P., J.L., L.B.S., M.N.S.), Department of Neurology (M.J.R.), Department of Radiology (G.C.), and Department of Neurosurgery (E.R.S.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Yale-New Haven Children's Hospital (J.K.W.) and Department of Genetics (S.M.M., R.P.L.), Yale School of Medicine, CT; Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel (A.V.); and Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York (R.P.L.)
| | - Michelle A Baum
- From the Department of Medicine (J.K.W., M.S., A.V., W.T., A.D., J.A.L., D.A.B., S.S., K.A., M.J.G.S., N.M.R., M.A.B., G.D., A.Z.T., D.R.S., M.A.F., F.H.), Department of Surgery (H.B.K., K.V.), Department of Cardiology (D.P., J.L., L.B.S., M.N.S.), Department of Neurology (M.J.R.), Department of Radiology (G.C.), and Department of Neurosurgery (E.R.S.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Yale-New Haven Children's Hospital (J.K.W.) and Department of Genetics (S.M.M., R.P.L.), Yale School of Medicine, CT; Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel (A.V.); and Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York (R.P.L.)
| | - Ghaleb Daouk
- From the Department of Medicine (J.K.W., M.S., A.V., W.T., A.D., J.A.L., D.A.B., S.S., K.A., M.J.G.S., N.M.R., M.A.B., G.D., A.Z.T., D.R.S., M.A.F., F.H.), Department of Surgery (H.B.K., K.V.), Department of Cardiology (D.P., J.L., L.B.S., M.N.S.), Department of Neurology (M.J.R.), Department of Radiology (G.C.), and Department of Neurosurgery (E.R.S.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Yale-New Haven Children's Hospital (J.K.W.) and Department of Genetics (S.M.M., R.P.L.), Yale School of Medicine, CT; Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel (A.V.); and Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York (R.P.L.)
| | - Avram Z Traum
- From the Department of Medicine (J.K.W., M.S., A.V., W.T., A.D., J.A.L., D.A.B., S.S., K.A., M.J.G.S., N.M.R., M.A.B., G.D., A.Z.T., D.R.S., M.A.F., F.H.), Department of Surgery (H.B.K., K.V.), Department of Cardiology (D.P., J.L., L.B.S., M.N.S.), Department of Neurology (M.J.R.), Department of Radiology (G.C.), and Department of Neurosurgery (E.R.S.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Yale-New Haven Children's Hospital (J.K.W.) and Department of Genetics (S.M.M., R.P.L.), Yale School of Medicine, CT; Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel (A.V.); and Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York (R.P.L.)
| | - Heung Bae Kim
- From the Department of Medicine (J.K.W., M.S., A.V., W.T., A.D., J.A.L., D.A.B., S.S., K.A., M.J.G.S., N.M.R., M.A.B., G.D., A.Z.T., D.R.S., M.A.F., F.H.), Department of Surgery (H.B.K., K.V.), Department of Cardiology (D.P., J.L., L.B.S., M.N.S.), Department of Neurology (M.J.R.), Department of Radiology (G.C.), and Department of Neurosurgery (E.R.S.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Yale-New Haven Children's Hospital (J.K.W.) and Department of Genetics (S.M.M., R.P.L.), Yale School of Medicine, CT; Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel (A.V.); and Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York (R.P.L.)
| | - Khashayar Vakili
- From the Department of Medicine (J.K.W., M.S., A.V., W.T., A.D., J.A.L., D.A.B., S.S., K.A., M.J.G.S., N.M.R., M.A.B., G.D., A.Z.T., D.R.S., M.A.F., F.H.), Department of Surgery (H.B.K., K.V.), Department of Cardiology (D.P., J.L., L.B.S., M.N.S.), Department of Neurology (M.J.R.), Department of Radiology (G.C.), and Department of Neurosurgery (E.R.S.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Yale-New Haven Children's Hospital (J.K.W.) and Department of Genetics (S.M.M., R.P.L.), Yale School of Medicine, CT; Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel (A.V.); and Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York (R.P.L.)
| | - Diego Porras
- From the Department of Medicine (J.K.W., M.S., A.V., W.T., A.D., J.A.L., D.A.B., S.S., K.A., M.J.G.S., N.M.R., M.A.B., G.D., A.Z.T., D.R.S., M.A.F., F.H.), Department of Surgery (H.B.K., K.V.), Department of Cardiology (D.P., J.L., L.B.S., M.N.S.), Department of Neurology (M.J.R.), Department of Radiology (G.C.), and Department of Neurosurgery (E.R.S.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Yale-New Haven Children's Hospital (J.K.W.) and Department of Genetics (S.M.M., R.P.L.), Yale School of Medicine, CT; Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel (A.V.); and Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York (R.P.L.)
| | - James Lock
- From the Department of Medicine (J.K.W., M.S., A.V., W.T., A.D., J.A.L., D.A.B., S.S., K.A., M.J.G.S., N.M.R., M.A.B., G.D., A.Z.T., D.R.S., M.A.F., F.H.), Department of Surgery (H.B.K., K.V.), Department of Cardiology (D.P., J.L., L.B.S., M.N.S.), Department of Neurology (M.J.R.), Department of Radiology (G.C.), and Department of Neurosurgery (E.R.S.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Yale-New Haven Children's Hospital (J.K.W.) and Department of Genetics (S.M.M., R.P.L.), Yale School of Medicine, CT; Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel (A.V.); and Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York (R.P.L.)
| | - Michael J Rivkin
- From the Department of Medicine (J.K.W., M.S., A.V., W.T., A.D., J.A.L., D.A.B., S.S., K.A., M.J.G.S., N.M.R., M.A.B., G.D., A.Z.T., D.R.S., M.A.F., F.H.), Department of Surgery (H.B.K., K.V.), Department of Cardiology (D.P., J.L., L.B.S., M.N.S.), Department of Neurology (M.J.R.), Department of Radiology (G.C.), and Department of Neurosurgery (E.R.S.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Yale-New Haven Children's Hospital (J.K.W.) and Department of Genetics (S.M.M., R.P.L.), Yale School of Medicine, CT; Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel (A.V.); and Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York (R.P.L.)
| | - Gulraiz Chaudry
- From the Department of Medicine (J.K.W., M.S., A.V., W.T., A.D., J.A.L., D.A.B., S.S., K.A., M.J.G.S., N.M.R., M.A.B., G.D., A.Z.T., D.R.S., M.A.F., F.H.), Department of Surgery (H.B.K., K.V.), Department of Cardiology (D.P., J.L., L.B.S., M.N.S.), Department of Neurology (M.J.R.), Department of Radiology (G.C.), and Department of Neurosurgery (E.R.S.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Yale-New Haven Children's Hospital (J.K.W.) and Department of Genetics (S.M.M., R.P.L.), Yale School of Medicine, CT; Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel (A.V.); and Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York (R.P.L.)
| | - Leslie B Smoot
- From the Department of Medicine (J.K.W., M.S., A.V., W.T., A.D., J.A.L., D.A.B., S.S., K.A., M.J.G.S., N.M.R., M.A.B., G.D., A.Z.T., D.R.S., M.A.F., F.H.), Department of Surgery (H.B.K., K.V.), Department of Cardiology (D.P., J.L., L.B.S., M.N.S.), Department of Neurology (M.J.R.), Department of Radiology (G.C.), and Department of Neurosurgery (E.R.S.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Yale-New Haven Children's Hospital (J.K.W.) and Department of Genetics (S.M.M., R.P.L.), Yale School of Medicine, CT; Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel (A.V.); and Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York (R.P.L.)
| | - Michael N Singh
- From the Department of Medicine (J.K.W., M.S., A.V., W.T., A.D., J.A.L., D.A.B., S.S., K.A., M.J.G.S., N.M.R., M.A.B., G.D., A.Z.T., D.R.S., M.A.F., F.H.), Department of Surgery (H.B.K., K.V.), Department of Cardiology (D.P., J.L., L.B.S., M.N.S.), Department of Neurology (M.J.R.), Department of Radiology (G.C.), and Department of Neurosurgery (E.R.S.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Yale-New Haven Children's Hospital (J.K.W.) and Department of Genetics (S.M.M., R.P.L.), Yale School of Medicine, CT; Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel (A.V.); and Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York (R.P.L.)
| | - Edward R Smith
- From the Department of Medicine (J.K.W., M.S., A.V., W.T., A.D., J.A.L., D.A.B., S.S., K.A., M.J.G.S., N.M.R., M.A.B., G.D., A.Z.T., D.R.S., M.A.F., F.H.), Department of Surgery (H.B.K., K.V.), Department of Cardiology (D.P., J.L., L.B.S., M.N.S.), Department of Neurology (M.J.R.), Department of Radiology (G.C.), and Department of Neurosurgery (E.R.S.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Yale-New Haven Children's Hospital (J.K.W.) and Department of Genetics (S.M.M., R.P.L.), Yale School of Medicine, CT; Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel (A.V.); and Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York (R.P.L.)
| | - Shrikant M Mane
- From the Department of Medicine (J.K.W., M.S., A.V., W.T., A.D., J.A.L., D.A.B., S.S., K.A., M.J.G.S., N.M.R., M.A.B., G.D., A.Z.T., D.R.S., M.A.F., F.H.), Department of Surgery (H.B.K., K.V.), Department of Cardiology (D.P., J.L., L.B.S., M.N.S.), Department of Neurology (M.J.R.), Department of Radiology (G.C.), and Department of Neurosurgery (E.R.S.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Yale-New Haven Children's Hospital (J.K.W.) and Department of Genetics (S.M.M., R.P.L.), Yale School of Medicine, CT; Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel (A.V.); and Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York (R.P.L.)
| | - Richard P Lifton
- From the Department of Medicine (J.K.W., M.S., A.V., W.T., A.D., J.A.L., D.A.B., S.S., K.A., M.J.G.S., N.M.R., M.A.B., G.D., A.Z.T., D.R.S., M.A.F., F.H.), Department of Surgery (H.B.K., K.V.), Department of Cardiology (D.P., J.L., L.B.S., M.N.S.), Department of Neurology (M.J.R.), Department of Radiology (G.C.), and Department of Neurosurgery (E.R.S.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Yale-New Haven Children's Hospital (J.K.W.) and Department of Genetics (S.M.M., R.P.L.), Yale School of Medicine, CT; Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel (A.V.); and Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York (R.P.L.)
| | - Deborah R Stein
- From the Department of Medicine (J.K.W., M.S., A.V., W.T., A.D., J.A.L., D.A.B., S.S., K.A., M.J.G.S., N.M.R., M.A.B., G.D., A.Z.T., D.R.S., M.A.F., F.H.), Department of Surgery (H.B.K., K.V.), Department of Cardiology (D.P., J.L., L.B.S., M.N.S.), Department of Neurology (M.J.R.), Department of Radiology (G.C.), and Department of Neurosurgery (E.R.S.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Yale-New Haven Children's Hospital (J.K.W.) and Department of Genetics (S.M.M., R.P.L.), Yale School of Medicine, CT; Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel (A.V.); and Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York (R.P.L.)
| | - Michael A Ferguson
- From the Department of Medicine (J.K.W., M.S., A.V., W.T., A.D., J.A.L., D.A.B., S.S., K.A., M.J.G.S., N.M.R., M.A.B., G.D., A.Z.T., D.R.S., M.A.F., F.H.), Department of Surgery (H.B.K., K.V.), Department of Cardiology (D.P., J.L., L.B.S., M.N.S.), Department of Neurology (M.J.R.), Department of Radiology (G.C.), and Department of Neurosurgery (E.R.S.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Yale-New Haven Children's Hospital (J.K.W.) and Department of Genetics (S.M.M., R.P.L.), Yale School of Medicine, CT; Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel (A.V.); and Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York (R.P.L.)
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- From the Department of Medicine (J.K.W., M.S., A.V., W.T., A.D., J.A.L., D.A.B., S.S., K.A., M.J.G.S., N.M.R., M.A.B., G.D., A.Z.T., D.R.S., M.A.F., F.H.), Department of Surgery (H.B.K., K.V.), Department of Cardiology (D.P., J.L., L.B.S., M.N.S.), Department of Neurology (M.J.R.), Department of Radiology (G.C.), and Department of Neurosurgery (E.R.S.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Yale-New Haven Children's Hospital (J.K.W.) and Department of Genetics (S.M.M., R.P.L.), Yale School of Medicine, CT; Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel (A.V.); and Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York (R.P.L.).
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