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Aguilar G, Pagano N, Manuelidis L. Reduced Expression of Prion Protein With Increased Interferon-β Fail to Limit Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Agent Replication in Differentiating Neuronal Cells. Front Physiol 2022; 13:837662. [PMID: 35250638 PMCID: PMC8895124 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.837662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immortalized uninfected septal (SEP) neurons proliferate but after physiological mitotic arrest they express differentiated neuronal characteristics including enhanced cell-to-cell membrane contacts and ≥ 8 fold increases in host prion protein (PrP). We compared proliferating uninfected and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) agent infected cells with their arrested counterparts over 33 days by quantitative mRNA and protein blot analyses. Surprisingly, uninfected arrested cells increased interferon-β (IFN-β) mRNA by 2.5–8 fold; IFN-β mRNA elevations were not previously associated with neuronal differentiation. SEP cells with high CJD infectivity titers produced a much larger 40–68-fold increase in IFN-β mRNA, a classic host anti-viral response that is virucidal for RNA but not DNA viruses. High titers of CJD agent also induced dramatic decreases in host PrP, a protein needed for productive agent replication. Uninfected arrested cells produced large sustained 20–30-fold increases in PrP mRNA and protein, whereas CJD arrested cells showed only transient small 5-fold increases in PrP. A > 10-fold increase in infectivity, but not PrP misfolding, induced host PrP reductions that can limit CJD agent replication. In contrast to neuronal lineage cells, functionally distinct migratory microglia with high titers of CJD agent do not induce an IFN-β mRNA response. Because they have 1/50th of PrP of an average brain cell, microglia would be unable to produce the many new infectious particles needed to induce a large IFN-β response by host cells. Instead, microglia and related cells can be persistent reservoirs of infection and spread. Phase separations of agent-associated molecules in neurons, microglia and other cell types can yield new insights into the molecular structure, persistent, and evasive behavior of CJD-type agents.
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Dabin LC, Guntoro F, Campbell T, Bélicard T, Smith AR, Smith RG, Raybould R, Schott JM, Lunnon K, Sarkies P, Collinge J, Mead S, Viré E. Altered DNA methylation profiles in blood from patients with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 140:863-879. [PMID: 32918118 PMCID: PMC7666287 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02224-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal and transmissible neurodegenerative disorders caused by the misfolding and aggregation of prion protein. Although recent studies have implicated epigenetic variation in common neurodegenerative disorders, no study has yet explored their role in human prion diseases. Here we profiled genome-wide blood DNA methylation in the most common human prion disease, sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (sCJD). Our case–control study (n = 219), when accounting for differences in cell type composition between individuals, identified 38 probes at genome-wide significance (p < 1.24 × 10–7). Nine of these sites were taken forward in a replication study, performed in an independent case–control (n = 186) cohort using pyrosequencing. Sites in or close to FKBP5, AIM2 (2 probes), UHRF1, KCNAB2 successfully replicated. The blood-based DNA methylation signal was tissue- and disease-specific, in that the replicated probe signals were unchanged in case–control studies using sCJD frontal-cortex (n = 84), blood samples from patients with Alzheimer’s disease, and from inherited and acquired prion diseases. Machine learning algorithms using blood DNA methylation array profiles accurately distinguished sCJD patients and controls. Finally, we identified sites whose methylation levels associated with prolonged survival in sCJD patients. Altogether, this study has identified a peripheral DNA methylation signature of sCJD with a variety of potential biomarker applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke C Dabin
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, Courtauld Building, 33 Cleveland Street, London, W1W 7FF, UK
| | - Fernando Guntoro
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, Courtauld Building, 33 Cleveland Street, London, W1W 7FF, UK
| | - Tracy Campbell
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, Courtauld Building, 33 Cleveland Street, London, W1W 7FF, UK
| | - Tony Bélicard
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences Du Cane Road London W12 0NN and Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London Du Cane Road London W12 0NN, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Adam R Smith
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter University, RILD Building Level 4, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Rd, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Rebecca G Smith
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter University, RILD Building Level 4, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Rd, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Rachel Raybould
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, UHW Main Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Jonathan M Schott
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, 8-11 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Katie Lunnon
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter University, RILD Building Level 4, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Rd, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Peter Sarkies
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences Du Cane Road London W12 0NN and Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London Du Cane Road London W12 0NN, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - John Collinge
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, Courtauld Building, 33 Cleveland Street, London, W1W 7FF, UK
| | - Simon Mead
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, Courtauld Building, 33 Cleveland Street, London, W1W 7FF, UK.
| | - Emmanuelle Viré
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, Courtauld Building, 33 Cleveland Street, London, W1W 7FF, UK
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A blood miRNA signature associates with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease diagnosis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3960. [PMID: 32769986 PMCID: PMC7414116 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17655-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) presents as a rapidly progressive dementia which is usually fatal within six months. No clinical blood tests are available for diagnosis or disease monitoring. Here, we profile blood microRNA (miRNA) expression in sCJD. Sequencing of 57 sCJD patients, and healthy controls reveals differential expression of hsa-let-7i-5p, hsa-miR-16-5p, hsa-miR-93-5p and hsa-miR-106b-3p. Downregulation of hsa-let-7i-5p, hsa-miR-16-5p and hsa-miR-93-5p replicates in an independent cohort using quantitative PCR, with concomitant upregulation of four mRNA targets. Absence of correlation in cross-sectional analysis with clinical phenotypes parallels the lack of association between rate of decline in miRNA expression, and rate of disease progression in a longitudinal cohort of samples from 21 patients. Finally, the miRNA signature shows a high level of accuracy in discriminating sCJD from Alzheimer’s disease. These findings highlight molecular alterations in the periphery in sCJD which provide information about differential diagnosis and improve mechanistic understanding of human prion diseases. Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) is a rapidly progressive dementia. No clinical blood tests are available for diagnosis. The authors identified three miRNAs in whole-blood that are downregulated in sCJD patients, and discriminate sCJD from Alzheimer’s disease patients and healthy controls.
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Daude N, Kim C, Kang SG, Eskandari-Sedighi G, Haldiman T, Yang J, Fleck SC, Gomez-Cardona E, Han ZZ, Borrego-Ecija S, Wohlgemuth S, Julien O, Wille H, Molina-Porcel L, Gelpi E, Safar JG, Westaway D. Diverse, evolving conformer populations drive distinct phenotypes in frontotemporal lobar degeneration caused by the same MAPT-P301L mutation. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 139:1045-1070. [PMID: 32219515 PMCID: PMC7244472 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02148-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Tau protein accumulation is a common denominator of major dementias, but this process is inhomogeneous, even when triggered by the same germline mutation. We considered stochastic misfolding of human tau conformers followed by templated conversion of native monomers as an underlying mechanism and derived sensitive conformational assays to test this concept. Assessments of brains from aged TgTauP301L transgenic mice revealed a prodromal state and three distinct signatures for misfolded tau. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD)-MAPT-P301L patients with different clinical phenotypes also displayed three signatures, two resembling those found in TgTauP301L mice. As physicochemical and cell bioassays confirmed diverse tau strains in the mouse and human brain series, we conclude that evolution of diverse tau conformers is intrinsic to the pathogenesis of this uni-allelic form of tauopathy. In turn, effective therapeutic interventions in FTLD will need to address evolving repertoires of misfolded tau species rather than singular, static molecular targets.
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Saá P. Is sporadic Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease transfusion‐transmissible? Transfusion 2020; 60:655-658. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.15763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Saá
- Scientific AffairsAmerican Red Cross Gaithersburg MD USA
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Detection of Pathognomonic Biomarker PrP Sc and the Contribution of Cell Free-Amplification Techniques to the Diagnosis of Prion Diseases. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030469. [PMID: 32204429 PMCID: PMC7175149 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies or prion diseases are rapidly progressive neurodegenerative diseases, the clinical manifestation of which can resemble other promptly evolving neurological maladies. Therefore, the unequivocal ante-mortem diagnosis is highly challenging and was only possible by histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of the brain at necropsy. Although surrogate biomarkers of neurological damage have become invaluable to complement clinical data and provide more accurate diagnostics at early stages, other neurodegenerative diseases show similar alterations hindering the differential diagnosis. To solve that, the detection of the pathognomonic biomarker of disease, PrPSc, the aberrantly folded isoform of the prion protein, could be used. However, the amounts in easily accessible tissues or body fluids at pre-clinical or early clinical stages are extremely low for the standard detection methods. The solution comes from the recent development of in vitro prion propagation techniques, such as Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) and Real Time-Quaking Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC), which have been already applied to detect minute amounts of PrPSc in different matrixes and make early diagnosis of prion diseases feasible in a near future. Herein, the most relevant tissues and body fluids in which PrPSc has been detected in animals and humans are being reviewed, especially those in which cell-free prion propagation systems have been used with diagnostic purposes.
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Abstract
The molecular mechanism that determines under physiological conditions transmissibility of the most common human prion disease, sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) is unknown. We report the synthesis of new human prion from the recombinant human prion protein expressed in bacteria in reaction seeded with sCJD MM1 prions and cofactor, ganglioside GM1. These synthetic human prions were infectious to transgenic mice expressing non-glycosylated human prion protein, causing neurologic dysfunction after 459 and 224 days in the first and second passage, respectively. The neuropathology, replication potency, and biophysical profiling suggest that a novel, particularly neurotoxic human prion strain was created. Distinct biological and structural characteristics of our synthetic human prions suggest that subtle changes in the structural organization of critical domains, some linked to posttranslational modifications of the pathogenic prion protein (PrPSc), play a crucial role as a determinant of human prion infectivity, host range, and targetting of specific brain structures in mice models. Synthetic prions have previously been generated from recombinant rodent PrP. Here the authors generate synthetic human prions, by seeding human PrP with CJD prions, and characterize its infectivity in mice.
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Lau A, McDonald A, Daude N, Mays CE, Walter ED, Aglietti R, Mercer RCC, Wohlgemuth S, van der Merwe J, Yang J, Gapeshina H, Kim C, Grams J, Shi B, Wille H, Balachandran A, Schmitt-Ulms G, Safar JG, Millhauser GL, Westaway D. Octarepeat region flexibility impacts prion function, endoproteolysis and disease manifestation. EMBO Mol Med 2015; 7:339-56. [PMID: 25661904 PMCID: PMC4364950 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201404588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) comprises a natively unstructured N-terminal domain, including a metal-binding octarepeat region (OR) and a linker, followed by a C-terminal domain that misfolds to form PrP(S) (c) in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. PrP(C) β-endoproteolysis to the C2 fragment allows PrP(S) (c) formation, while α-endoproteolysis blocks production. To examine the OR, we used structure-directed design to make novel alleles, 'S1' and 'S3', locking this region in extended or compact conformations, respectively. S1 and S3 PrP resembled WT PrP in supporting peripheral nerve myelination. Prion-infected S1 and S3 transgenic mice both accumulated similar low levels of PrP(S) (c) and infectious prion particles, but differed in their clinical presentation. Unexpectedly, S3 PrP overproduced C2 fragment in the brain by a mechanism distinct from metal-catalysed hydrolysis reported previously. OR flexibility is concluded to impact diverse biological endpoints; it is a salient variable in infectious disease paradigms and modulates how the levels of PrP(S) (c) and infectivity can either uncouple or engage to drive the onset of clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Lau
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Alex McDonald
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Nathalie Daude
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Charles E Mays
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Eric D Walter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Robin Aglietti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Robert C C Mercer
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Serene Wohlgemuth
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jacques van der Merwe
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jing Yang
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Hristina Gapeshina
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Chae Kim
- National Prion Disease Surveillance Center, Departments of Pathology and Neurology, School of Medicine Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer Grams
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Beipei Shi
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Holger Wille
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Gerold Schmitt-Ulms
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jiri G Safar
- National Prion Disease Surveillance Center, Departments of Pathology and Neurology, School of Medicine Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Glenn L Millhauser
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - David Westaway
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Mays CE, Kim C, Haldiman T, van der Merwe J, Lau A, Yang J, Grams J, Di Bari MA, Nonno R, Telling GC, Kong Q, Langeveld J, McKenzie D, Westaway D, Safar JG. Prion disease tempo determined by host-dependent substrate reduction. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:847-58. [PMID: 24430187 DOI: 10.1172/jci72241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The symptoms of prion infection can take years or decades to manifest following the initial exposure. Molecular markers of prion disease include accumulation of the misfolded prion protein (PrPSc), which is derived from its cellular precursor (PrPC), as well as downregulation of the PrP-like Shadoo (Sho) glycoprotein. Given the overlapping cellular environments for PrPC and Sho, we inferred that PrPC levels might also be altered as part of a host response during prion infection. Using rodent models, we found that, in addition to changes in PrPC glycosylation and proteolytic processing, net reductions in PrPC occur in a wide range of prion diseases, including sheep scrapie, human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and cervid chronic wasting disease. The reduction in PrPC results in decreased prion replication, as measured by the protein misfolding cyclic amplification technique for generating PrPSc in vitro. While PrPC downregulation is not discernible in animals with unusually short incubation periods and high PrPC expression, slowly evolving prion infections exhibit downregulation of the PrPC substrate required for new PrPSc synthesis and as a receptor for pathogenic signaling. Our data reveal PrPC downregulation as a previously unappreciated element of disease pathogenesis that defines the extensive, presymptomatic period for many prion strains.
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Schmitz M, Lüllmann K, Zafar S, Ebert E, Wohlhage M, Oikonomou P, Schlomm M, Mitrova E, Beekes M, Zerr I. Association of prion protein genotype and scrapie prion protein type with cellular prion protein charge isoform profiles in cerebrospinal fluid of humans with sporadic or familial prion diseases. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 35:1177-88. [PMID: 24360565 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates whether posttranslational modifications of cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of humans with prion diseases are associated with methionine (M) and/or valine (V) polymorphism at codon 129 of the prion protein gene (PRNP), scrapie prion protein (PrP(Sc)) type in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), or PRNP mutations in familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (fCJD/E200K), and fatal familial insomnia (FFI). We performed comparative 2-dimensional immunoblotting of PrP(C) charge isoforms in CSF samples from cohorts of diseased and control donors. Mean levels of total PrP(C) were significantly lower in the CSF from fCJD patients than from those with sCJD or FFI. Of the 12 most abundant PrP(C) isoforms in the examined CSF, one (IF12) was relatively decreased in (1) sCJD with VV (vs. MM or MV) at PRNP codon 129; (2) in sCJD with PrP(Sc) type 2 (vs. PrP(Sc) type 1); and (3) in FFI versus sCJD or fCJD. Furthermore, truncated PrP(C) species were detected in sCJD and control samples without discernible differences. Finally, serine 43 of PrP(C) in the CSF and brain tissue from CJD patients showed more pronounced phosphorylation than in control donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and DZNE Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Katharina Lüllmann
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and DZNE Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Saima Zafar
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and DZNE Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Ebert
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and DZNE Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marie Wohlhage
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and DZNE Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Panteleimon Oikonomou
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and DZNE Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Schlomm
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and DZNE Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eva Mitrova
- Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michael Beekes
- Robert Koch-Institute, FG 14 - AG 5: Work Group Unconventional Pathogens and Their Inactivation, Division of Applied Infection Control and Nosocomial Hygiene, Berlin, Germany
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and DZNE Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
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Haldiman T, Kim C, Cohen Y, Chen W, Blevins J, Qing L, Cohen ML, Langeveld J, Telling GC, Kong Q, Safar JG. Co-existence of distinct prion types enables conformational evolution of human PrPSc by competitive selection. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:29846-61. [PMID: 23974118 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.500108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique phenotypic characteristics of mammalian prions are thought to be encoded in the conformation of pathogenic prion proteins (PrP(Sc)). The molecular mechanism responsible for the adaptation, mutation, and evolution of prions observed in cloned cells and upon crossing the species barrier remains unsolved. Using biophysical techniques and conformation-dependent immunoassays in tandem, we isolated two distinct populations of PrP(Sc) particles with different conformational stabilities and aggregate sizes, which frequently co-exist in the most common human prion disease, sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The protein misfolding cyclic amplification replicates each of the PrP(Sc) particle types independently and leads to the competitive selection of those with lower initial conformational stability. In serial propagation with a nonglycosylated mutant PrP(C) substrate, the dominant PrP(Sc) conformers are subject to further evolution by natural selection of the subpopulation with the highest replication rate due to its lowest stability. Cumulatively, the data show that sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease PrP(Sc) is not a single conformational entity but a dynamic collection of two distinct populations of particles. This implies the co-existence of different prions, whose adaptation and evolution are governed by the selection of progressively less stable, faster replicating PrP(Sc) conformers.
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Identification of misfolded proteins in body fluids for the diagnosis of prion diseases. Int J Cell Biol 2013; 2013:839329. [PMID: 24027585 PMCID: PMC3763259 DOI: 10.1155/2013/839329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) or prion diseases are fatal rare neurodegenerative disorders affecting man and animals and caused by a transmissible infectious agent. TSE diseases are characterized by spongiform brain lesions with neuronal loss and the abnormal deposition in the CNS, and to less extent in other tissues, of an insoluble and protease resistant form of the cellular prion protein (PrPC), named PrPTSE. In man, TSE diseases affect usually people over 60 years of age with no evident disease-associated risk factors. In some cases, however, TSE diseases are unequivocally linked to infectious episodes related to the use of prion-contaminated medicines, medical devices, or meat products as in the variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). Clinical signs occur months or years after infection, and during this silent period PrPTSE, the only reliable marker of infection, is not easily measurable in blood or other accessible tissues or body fluids causing public health concerns. To overcome the limit of PrPTSE detection, several highly sensitive assays have been developed, but attempts to apply these techniques to blood of infected hosts have been unsuccessful or not yet validated. An update on the latest advances for the detection of misfolded prion protein in body fluids is provided.
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Kim C, Haldiman T, Surewicz K, Cohen Y, Chen W, Blevins J, Sy MS, Cohen M, Kong Q, Telling GC, Surewicz WK, Safar JG. Small protease sensitive oligomers of PrPSc in distinct human prions determine conversion rate of PrP(C). PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002835. [PMID: 22876179 PMCID: PMC3410855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian prions replicate by converting cellular prion protein (PrPC) into pathogenic conformational isoform (PrPSc). Variations in prions, which cause different disease phenotypes, are referred to as strains. The mechanism of high-fidelity replication of prion strains in the absence of nucleic acid remains unsolved. We investigated the impact of different conformational characteristics of PrPSc on conversion of PrPC in vitro using PrPSc seeds from the most frequent human prion disease worldwide, the Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD). The conversion potency of a broad spectrum of distinct sCJD prions was governed by the level, conformation, and stability of small oligomers of the protease-sensitive (s) PrPSc. The smallest most potent prions present in sCJD brains were composed only of∼20 monomers of PrPSc. The tight correlation between conversion potency of small oligomers of human sPrPSc observed in vitro and duration of the disease suggests that sPrPSc conformers are an important determinant of prion strain characteristics that control the progression rate of the disease. Mammalian prion diseases were originally characterized by accumulation of protease-resistant prion protein (PrPSc), often forming large amyloid deposits and fibrils. However, the apparent absence of protease-resistant PrPSc or amyloid fibrils in growing number of prion diseases raised several fundamental questions; specifically, whether presumably protease-sensitive forms of PrPSc exist as distinct conformers; and whether they comprise the initial steps in prion replication or are related to the alternative misfolding pathway generating noninfectious aggregates. We investigated the conformational characteristics of protease sensitive conformers of PrPSc and their role in the pathogenesis of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD). Using two different in vitro prion protein (PrPC) conversion techniques in tandem with biophysical methods, we identified small oligomers of protease sensitive PrPSc present in sCJD brains as the most potent initiators of PrPC conversion. Their concentration and conformational stability determine the distinctly different replication potency of PrPSc in individual isolates of sCJD and each of these characteristics correlates tightly with duration of the disease. These features argue for a broad range of distinct prion strains causing the sCJD and imply that small oligomers of protease sensitive conformers of pathogenic prion protein are encoding incubation time and progression rate of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae Kim
- National Prion Disease Surveillance Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Tracy Haldiman
- National Prion Disease Surveillance Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Krystyna Surewicz
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yvonne Cohen
- National Prion Disease Surveillance Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Wei Chen
- National Prion Disease Surveillance Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Janis Blevins
- National Prion Disease Surveillance Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Man-Sun Sy
- National Prion Disease Surveillance Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mark Cohen
- National Prion Disease Surveillance Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Qingzhong Kong
- National Prion Disease Surveillance Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Glenn C. Telling
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Witold K. Surewicz
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jiri G. Safar
- National Prion Disease Surveillance Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Abstract
The yeast, fungal and mammalian prions determine heritable and infectious traits that are encoded in alternative conformations of proteins. They cause lethal sporadic, familial and infectious neurodegenerative conditions in man, including Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS), kuru, sporadic fatal insomnia (SFI) and likely variable protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr). The most prevalent of human prion diseases is sporadic (s)CJD. Recent advances in amplification and detection of prions led to considerable optimism that early and possibly preclinical diagnosis and therapy might become a reality. Although several drugs have already been tested in small numbers of sCJD patients, there is no clear evidence of any agent’s efficacy. Therefore, it remains crucial to determine the full spectrum of sCJD prion strains and the conformational features in the pathogenic human prion protein governing replication of sCJD prions. Research in this direction is essential for the rational development of diagnostic as well as therapeutic strategies. Moreover, there is growing recognition that fundamental processes involved in human prion propagation – intercellular induction of protein misfolding and seeded aggregation of misfolded host proteins – are of far wider significance. This insight leads to new avenues of research in the ever-widening spectrum of age-related human neurodegenerative diseases that are caused by protein misfolding and that pose a major challenge for healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri G Safar
- Department of Pathology, National Prion Disease Surveillance Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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15
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Kim C, Haldiman T, Cohen Y, Chen W, Blevins J, Sy MS, Cohen M, Safar JG. Protease-sensitive conformers in broad spectrum of distinct PrPSc structures in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease are indicator of progression rate. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002242. [PMID: 21931554 PMCID: PMC3169556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The origin, range, and structure of prions causing the most common human prion disease, sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), are largely unknown. To investigate the molecular mechanism responsible for the broad phenotypic variability of sCJD, we analyzed the conformational characteristics of protease-sensitive and protease-resistant fractions of the pathogenic prion protein (PrPSc) using novel conformational methods derived from a conformation-dependent immunoassay (CDI). In 46 brains of patients homozygous for polymorphisms in the PRNP gene and exhibiting either Type 1 or Type 2 western blot pattern of the PrPSc, we identified an extensive array of PrPSc structures that differ in protease sensitivity, display of critical domains, and conformational stability. Surprisingly, in sCJD cases homozygous for methionine or valine at codon 129 of the PRNP gene, the concentration and stability of protease-sensitive conformers of PrPSc correlated with progression rate of the disease. These data indicate that sCJD brains exhibit a wide spectrum of PrPSc structural states, and accordingly argue for a broad spectrum of prion strains coding for different phenotypes. The link between disease duration, levels, and stability of protease-sensitive conformers of PrPSc suggests that these conformers play an important role in the pathogenesis of sCJD. Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) is the most common human prion disease worldwide. This neurodegenerative disease, which is transmissible and invariably fatal, is characterized by the accumulation of an abnormally folded isoform (PrPSc) of a host-encoded protein (PrPC), predominantly in the brain. Most researchers believe that PrPSc is the infectious agent and five or six subtypes of sCJD have been identified. Whether or not these subtypes represent distinct strains of sCJD prions is debated in the context of the extraordinary variability of sCJD phenotypes, frequent co-occurrence of different PrPSc fragments in the same brain, and the fact that up to 90% of protease-sensitive PrPSc eludes the conventional analysis because it is destroyed by protease treatment. Using novel conformational methods, we identified within each clinical and pathological category an array of PrPSc structures that differ in protease-sensitivity, display of critical domains, and conformational stability. Each of these features offers evidence of a distinct conformation. The link between the rate at which the disease progresses, on the one hand, and the concentration and stability of protease-sensitive conformers of PrPSc on the other, suggests that these conformers play an important role in how the disease originates and progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae Kim
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Tracy Haldiman
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yvonne Cohen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Janis Blevins
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Man-Sun Sy
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mark Cohen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jiri G. Safar
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Kuczius T, Kleinert J, Karch H, Sibrowski W, Kelsch R. Cellular prion proteins in human platelets show a phenotype different to those in brain tissues. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:954-62. [PMID: 21328470 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases are characterized by high accumulation of infectious prion proteins (PrP(Sc)) in brains. PrP(Sc) are propagated by the conversion of host-encoded cellular prion proteins (PrP(C)) which are essential for developing the disease but are heterogeneously expressed in brains. The disease can be transmitted to humans and animals through blood and blood products, however, little attention has been given to molecular characterization of PrP(C) in blood cells. In this presented study, we characterized phenotypically PrP(C) of platelets (plt) and characterized the proteins regarding their glycobanding profiles by quantitative immunoblotting using a panel of monoclonal antibodies. The glycosylation patterns of plt and brain PrP(C) were compared using the ratios of di-, mono-, and non-glycosylated prions. The detergent solubility of plt and brain PrP(C) was also analyzed. The distinct banding patterns and detergent solubility of plt PrP(C) differed clearly from the glycosylation profiles and solubility characteristics of brain PrP(C). Plt PrP(C) exhibited single or only few prion protein types, whereas brain PrP(C) showed more extensive banding patterns and lower detergent solubility. Plt PrP(C) are post-translational modified differently from PrP(C) in brain. These findings suggest other or less physiological functions of plt PrP(C) than in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Kuczius
- Institute for Hygiene, Westfälische Wilhelms-University and University Hospital Münster, Robert Koch-Strasse 41, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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17
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Edwards JC, Moore SJ, Hawthorn JA, Neale MH, Terry LA. PrPSc is associated with B cells in the blood of scrapie-infected sheep. Virology 2010; 405:110-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Schmitz M, Schlomm M, Hasan B, Beekes M, Mitrova E, Korth C, Breil A, Carimalo J, Gawinecka J, Varges D, Zerr I. Codon 129 polymorphism and the E200K mutation do not affect the cellular prion protein isoform composition in the cerebrospinal fluid from patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Eur J Neurosci 2010; 31:2024-31. [PMID: 20529115 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07224.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrP(c)) is a multifunctional, highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed protein. It undergoes a number of modifications during its post-translational processing, resulting in different PrP(c) glycoforms and truncated PrP(c) fragments. Limited data are available in humans on the expression and cleavage of PrP(c). In this study we investigated the PrP(c) isoform composition in the cerebrospinal fluid from patients with different human prion diseases. The first group of patients was affected by sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease exhibiting different PrP codon 129 genotypes. The second group contained patients with a genetic form of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (E200K). The third group consisted of patients with fatal familial insomnia and the last group comprised cases with the Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome. We examined whether the PrP codon 129 polymorphism in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease as well as the type of prion disease in human patients has an impact on the glycosylation and processing of PrP(c). Immunoblotting analyses using different monoclonal PrP(c) antibodies directed against various epitopes of PrP(c) revealed, for all examined groups of patients, a consistent predominance of the glycosylated PrP(c) isoforms as compared with the unglycosylated form. In addition, the antibody SAF70 recognized a variety of PrP(c) fragments with sizes of 21, 18, 13 and 12 kDa. Our findings indicate that the polymorphisms at PrP codon 129, the E200K mutation at codon 200 or the examined types of human transmissible spongiform encephalopathies do not exert a measurable effect on the glycosylation and processing of PrP(c) in human prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schmitz
- National TSE Reference Center, Department of Neurology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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19
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Mathiason CK, Hayes-Klug J, Hays SA, Powers J, Osborn DA, Dahmes SJ, Miller KV, Warren RJ, Mason GL, Telling GC, Young AJ, Hoover EA. B cells and platelets harbor prion infectivity in the blood of deer infected with chronic wasting disease. J Virol 2010; 84:5097-107. [PMID: 20219916 PMCID: PMC2863796 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02169-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence for prion transmission via blood transfusion exists for many transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) diseases. Determining which cell phenotype(s) is responsible for trafficking infectivity has important implications for our understanding of the dissemination of prions, as well as their detection and elimination from blood products. We used bioassay studies of native white-tailed deer and transgenic cervidized mice to determine (i) if chronic wasting disease (CWD) blood infectivity is associated with the cellular versus the cell-free/plasma fraction of blood and (ii) in particular if B-cell (MAb 2-104(+)), platelet (CD41/61(+)), or CD14(+) monocyte blood cell phenotypes harbor infectious prions. All four deer transfused with the blood mononuclear cell fraction from CWD(+) donor deer became PrP(CWD) positive by 19 months postinoculation, whereas none of the four deer inoculated with cell-free plasma from the same source developed prion infection. All four of the deer injected with B cells and three of four deer receiving platelets from CWD(+) donor deer became PrP(CWD) positive in as little as 6 months postinoculation, whereas none of the four deer receiving blood CD14(+) monocytes developed evidence of CWD infection (immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis) after 19 months of observation. Results of the Tg(CerPrP) mouse bioassays mirrored those of the native cervid host. These results indicate that CWD blood infectivity is cell associated and suggest a significant role for B cells and platelets in trafficking CWD infectivity in vivo and support earlier tissue-based studies associating putative follicular B cells with PrP(CWD). Localization of CWD infectivity with leukocyte subpopulations may aid in enhancing the sensitivity of blood-based diagnostic assays for CWD and other TSEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace K. Mathiason
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, WASCO Inc., Monroe, Georgia, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota
| | - Jeanette Hayes-Klug
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, WASCO Inc., Monroe, Georgia, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota
| | - Sheila A. Hays
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, WASCO Inc., Monroe, Georgia, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota
| | - Jenny Powers
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, WASCO Inc., Monroe, Georgia, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota
| | - David A. Osborn
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, WASCO Inc., Monroe, Georgia, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota
| | - Sallie J. Dahmes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, WASCO Inc., Monroe, Georgia, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota
| | - Karl V. Miller
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, WASCO Inc., Monroe, Georgia, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota
| | - Robert J. Warren
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, WASCO Inc., Monroe, Georgia, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota
| | - Gary L. Mason
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, WASCO Inc., Monroe, Georgia, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota
| | - Glenn C. Telling
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, WASCO Inc., Monroe, Georgia, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota
| | - Alan J. Young
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, WASCO Inc., Monroe, Georgia, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota
| | - Edward A. Hoover
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, WASCO Inc., Monroe, Georgia, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota
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20
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Sowemimo-Coker SO, Demczyk CA, Andrade F, Baker CA. Evaluation of removal of prion infectivity from red blood cells with prion reduction filters using a new rapid and highly sensitive cell culture-based infectivity assay. Transfusion 2009; 50:980-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2009.02525.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Lee ST, Roh JK. Innocent white blood cells in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease? J Transl Med 2009; 89:612-3. [PMID: 19474820 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2009.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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