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Bano A, Pera A, Almoukayed A, Clarke THS, Kirmani S, Davies KA, Kern F. CD28 null CD4 T-cell expansions in autoimmune disease suggest a link with cytomegalovirus infection. F1000Res 2019; 8. [PMID: 30984377 PMCID: PMC6436193 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.17119.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunosenescence is thought to contribute to the increase of autoimmune diseases in older people. Immunosenescence is often associated with the presence of an expanded population of CD4 T cells lacking expression of CD28 (CD28
null). These highly cytotoxic CD4 T cells were isolated from disease-affected tissues in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, or other chronic inflammatory diseases and their numbers appeared to be linked to disease severity. However, we recently demonstrated that the common herpes virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), not ageing, is the major driver of this subset of cytotoxic T cells. In this review, we discuss how CMV might potentiate and exacerbate autoimmune disease through the expansion of CD28
null CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aalia Bano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, Sussex, BN1 9PX, UK
| | - Alejandra Pera
- Department of Immunology, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia Hospital, University of Cordoba, Av. Menendez Pidal, 14004, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Ahmad Almoukayed
- Department of Clinical and Experimental medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, Sussex, BN1 9PX, UK
| | - Thomas H S Clarke
- Department of Clinical and Experimental medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, Sussex, BN1 9PX, UK
| | - Sukaina Kirmani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, Sussex, BN1 9PX, UK
| | - Kevin A Davies
- Department of Clinical and Experimental medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, Sussex, BN1 9PX, UK
| | - Florian Kern
- Department of Clinical and Experimental medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, Sussex, BN1 9PX, UK
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Wang F, Chen L, Shen Q, Liu T, Jiang L, Gu X, Chen L, Sun J, Liu C. Characterization and clinical relevance of circulating CD4+CD28- T cells in Graves' disease. Immunol Lett 2015; 165:47-51. [PMID: 25839128 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
During autoimmune disease the fraction of CD4+CD28- T cells in the peripheral blood of has been found to be elevated. In the present study, peripheral blood was collected from 61 patients with Graves' disease (GD) and 30 healthy control participants. Serum concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4) and thyrotropin receptor autoantibody (TRAb) were measured and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) surface expression of CD4 and CD28 molecules was detected by flow cytometry. CD4+CD28- cells were sorted from six patients undergoing subtotal thyroidectomy and cultured ex vivo. The influence of TSH pretreated thyroid follicular cells on CD4+CD28- cell proliferation was evaluated using the agonist CD40 mAb 5C11, the blocking CD40L mAb 4F1 or B7-1 mAb 4E5 in 3H-TdR assays. Our data showed that the fraction of CD4+CD28- T cells was higher in GD patients than healthy donors (10.21%±8.56% vs. 2.33%±1.94%; P<0.001), and further elevated in 24 of 61 patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) (7.00±6.57% vs. 15.21±8.96%; P<0.001). A higher proportion of CD4+CD28- cells was detected in patients with degree II or III goiter than those with degree I goiter (11.53±9.18% vs. 6.11±3.97%; P<0.05 and 14.50±10.41% vs. 6.11±3.97%; P<0.01). The percentage of CD4+CD28- T cells correlated positively with serum levels of FT3 (r=0.354, P<0.01) and TRAb (r=0.304, P<0.05), but did not correlate with serum FT4 or TSH. Ex vivo, 5C11 enhanced proliferation of CD4+CD28+ cells (P<0.05), but did not influence the proliferation of CD4+CD28- cells. 4F1 inhibited the proliferation of both CD4+CD28+ (P<0.05) and CD4+CD28- (P<0.01) cells, and 4E5 inhibited proliferation of CD4+CD28+ cells (P<0.05). The elevation in circulating CD4+CD28- cells in GD patients correlates with disease severity and maybe plays an important role in the pathogenesis of GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengming Wang
- Testing Center, Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215007, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215002, China.
| | - Qiong Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215002, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215007, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lian Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215002, China
| | - Xinhua Gu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215002, China
| | - Lujun Chen
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215007, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215007, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cuiping Liu
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215007, Jiangsu, China
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Abstract
Since the initial description of apoptosis, a number of different forms of cell death have been described. In this review we will focus on classic caspase-dependent apoptosis and its variations that contribute to diseases. Over fifty years of research have clarified molecular mechanisms involved in apoptotic signaling as well and shown that alterations of these pathways lead to human diseases. Indeed both reduced and increased apoptosis can result in pathology. More recently these findings have led to the development of therapeutic approaches based on regulation of apoptosis, some of which are in clinical trials or have entered medical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartolo Favaloro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universita' "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Italy
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Study on Systemic Immune Tolerance Induction in Rat Islet Transplantation by Intravenous Infusion of Sertoli Cells. Transplantation 2010; 89:1430-7. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3181da607e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Fountoulakis S, Vartholomatos G, Kolaitis N, Frillingos S, Philippou G, Tsatsoulis A. Differential expression of Fas system apoptotic molecules in peripheral lymphocytes from patients with Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Eur J Endocrinol 2008; 158:853-9. [PMID: 18505906 DOI: 10.1530/eje-08-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether the Fas system apoptotic molecules are differentially expressed in Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), the two opposite phenotypes of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD). DESIGN The expression of Fas and Fas ligand (FasL) on peripheral CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes, and non-lymphoid immune cells as well as their soluble forms in serum from untreated patients with GD and HT were evaluated. METHODS Flow cytometry was performed for the study of peripheral immune cells from 70 newly diagnosed patients with AITD (55 with HT and 15 with GD) and 20 controls. ELISA was used for the measurement of soluble Fas (sFas) in serum samples from a subgroup of 35 AITD patients. RESULTS An increase in the proportion of CD4 and CD8 cells expressing Fas was found in both GD and HT, albeit with some differences, when compared with controls. Importantly, in GD patients, the intensity of Fas expression on CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes was reduced and sFas levels in serum were simultaneously increased when compared with HT patients and controls. CONCLUSIONS The Fas system apoptotic molecules appear to be differentially expressed on peripheral lymphocytes in the two opposite phenotypes of AITD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stelios Fountoulakis
- Department of Endocrinology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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Abstract
There is increasing evidence showing that apoptosis plays a role in the development of the autoimmune thyroid diseases-Hashimoto's (lymphocytic) thyroiditis (HT) and Graves' disease (GD). The immune pathogenesis of HT and GD is not yet fully understood, but evidence points toward several steps. A defect in CD4(+)CD25(+) T regulatory cells breaks the immunological tolerance of the host and induces an abnormal production of cytokines, which facilitates the initiation of apoptosis. Though apoptosis appears to play a role in the pathogenesis of both HT and GD, the mechanisms that mediate these processes appear different. The induction of apoptosis in HT results in the destruction of thyrocytes, while apoptosis in the GD leads to damage of thyroid-infiltrating lymphocytes. The differences in the apoptotic mechanisms produce two very different forms of thyroid autoimmune responses, eventually developing into HT and GD, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su He Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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Abusamra AJ, Zhong Z, Zheng X, Li M, Ichim TE, Chin JL, Min WP. Tumor exosomes expressing Fas ligand mediate CD8+ T-cell apoptosis. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2006; 35:169-73. [PMID: 16081306 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2005.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2005] [Accepted: 07/07/2005] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-derived immune suppression is considered to be a major mechanism of tumor evasion from the immune system destruction, however, little is known regarding the induction of T-cell functional suppression by tumor-derived exosomes. Herein, we investigate tumor-derived exosomes involved in normal immunological communications as means of inhibiting an antitumor T-cell response. Exosomes derived from LNCaP, a human prostate cancer cell line, were visualized by FACS and identified based on size (80-200 nm) in comparison to marker beads. Exosomes from tumor cell line inhibited T-cell proliferation. Dose-dependent apoptosis of T cells was induced by co-culture with tumor exosomes. Addition of anti-FasL antibody blocked the apoptosis induction by tumor exosomes. This study suggests that induction of T-cell apoptosis by tumor-derived exosomes appears to be a novel mechanism of tumor immune evasion.
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Aversano M, Caiazzo P, Iorio G, Ponticiello L, Laganá B, Leccese F. Improvement of chronic idiopathic urticaria with L-thyroxine: a new TSH role in immune response? Allergy 2005; 60:489-93. [PMID: 15727581 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2005.00723.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between chronic idiopathic urticaria (CIU) and autoimmune thyroiditis (AT) is known, as well as major prevalence of antithyroid antibodies in the allergical subjects and other autoimmune diseases. We have evaluated the effects of l-thyroxine on clinical symptoms of CIU in AT patients suggesting the hypothesis of a new thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) role in immune system. METHODS In 20 female patients with CIU + AT, both hypothyroid and euthyroid, we have investigated the therapeutic effects of l-thyroxine dosed to suppress the TSH. Free-T3, Free-T4, TSH, antithyroperoxidase and antithyroglobulin antibodies, total immunoglobulin (Ig)E, Rheuma test and eritro-sedimentation rate were monitored during treatment. RESULTS In 16 patients a strong decrease of urticaria symptoms has happened after 12 weeks. The TPO Ab and HTG Ab clearly decreased in 14 patients. Furthermore, in two patients with rheumatoid arthritis and in two patients with pollen allergy a strong decrease of rheuma test titer and total IgE has happened. CONCLUSION The reason of AT is associated to CIU and others allergical and autoimmune diseases is poorly known. The exclusive hormonal therapy reduces the symptoms of CIU and inflammatory response in many chronic diseases associated to AT. We suggest a stimulatory effect of TSH able to produce considerable changes of the immune response and immune tolerance in patients with AT causing target organs damage. The causal mechanism involves immune, nervous and endocrine system, sharing a common set of hormones, cytokines and receptors, in a unique totally integrated loop (the neuro-immuno-endocrine axis).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aversano
- Endocrinology Unit ASL NA3, Naples, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- Stelios Fountoulakis
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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Bona G, Defranco S, Chiocchetti A, Indelicato M, Biava A, Difranco D, Dianzani I, Ramenghi U, Corrias A, Weber G, De Sanctis V, Iughetti L, Radetti G, Dianzani U. Defective function of Fas in T cells from paediatric patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 133:430-7. [PMID: 12930371 PMCID: PMC1808790 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Triggering of the Fas receptor induces T cell apoptosis and is involved in shutting-off the immune response. Inherited defects impairing Fas function cause the autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome, and may play a role in other autoimmune diseases. The aim of this work was to analyse the Fas function in paediatric patients with thyroid autoimmunities. We found that T cells from 24/28 patients with Graves' disease (GD) and 12/35 patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) displayed defective Fas function. In HT, the defect was more frequent in patients requiring replacement therapy (11/20) than in those not requiring (1/15); moreover, in untreated HT the highest defect was displayed by patients with the highest levels of autoantibodies. Fas was always expressed at normal levels and no Fas mutations were detected. Analysis of the healthy parents of seven Fas-resistant patients showed that several of them were Fas-resistant, which suggests a genetic component. Fusion of Fas-resistant T cells with the Fas-sensitive HUT78 T cell line generated Fas-resistant hybrid cells, which suggests the presence of molecules exerting a dominant negative effect on Fas function. Analysis of Fas-induced activation of caspase-8 and -9 showed decreased activity of both caspases in HT, whereas activity of caspase-9 was increased and that of caspase-8 was decreased in GD. These data suggest that heterogeneous inherited defects impairing Fas function favour the development of thyroid autoimmunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bona
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD) and Department of Medical Sciences, 'A.Avogadro' University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Bretz
- Center for Biologic Nanotechnology and the Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0648, USA
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Stassi G, De Maria R. Response to 'Thyrocytes - not innocent bystanders in autoimmune disease'. Nat Immunol 2001; 2:183. [PMID: 11224509 DOI: 10.1038/85226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Stassi
- Department of Surgical, Anatomical and Oncological Sciences, Human Anatomy Section, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
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