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Bhartiya D, Raouf S, Pansare K, Tripathi A, Tripathi A. Initiation of Cancer: The Journey From Mutations in Somatic Cells to Epigenetic Changes in Tissue-resident VSELs. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2024; 20:857-880. [PMID: 38457060 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-024-10694-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Multiple theories exist to explain cancer initiation, although a consensus on this is crucial for developing effective therapies. 'Somatic mutation theory' suggests that mutations in somatic cells during DNA repair initiates cancer but this concept has several attached paradoxes. Research efforts to identify quiescent cancer stem cells (CSCs) that survive therapy and result in metastasis and recurrence have remained futile. In solid cancers, CSCs are suggested to appear during epithelial-mesenchymal transition by the dedifferentiation and reprogramming of epithelial cells. Pluripotent and quiescent very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) exist in multiple tissues but remain elusive owing to their small size and scarce nature. VSELs are developmentally connected to primordial germ cells, undergo rare, asymmetrical cell divisions and are responsible for the regular turnover of cells to maintain tissue homeostasis throughout life. VSELs are directly vulnerable to extrinsic endocrine insults because they express gonadal and gonadotropin hormone receptors. VSELs undergo epigenetic changes due to endocrine insults and transform into CSCs. CSCs exhibit genomic instability and develop mutations due to errors during DNA replication while undergoing excessive proliferation and clonal expansion to form spheroids. Thus tissue-resident VSELs offer a connection between extrinsic insults and variations in cancer incidence reported in various body tissues. To conclude, cancer is indeed a stem cell disease with mutations occurring as a consequence. In addition to immunotherapy, targeting mutations, and Lgr5 + organoids for developing new therapeutics, targeting CSCs (epigenetically altered VSELs) by improving their niche and epigenetic status could serve as a promising strategy to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Bhartiya
- Epigeneres Biotech Pvt Ltd, Todi Mill Compound, Senapati Bapat Marg, Lower Parel, 400013, Mumbai, India.
| | | | - Kshama Pansare
- Epigeneres Biotech Pvt Ltd, Todi Mill Compound, Senapati Bapat Marg, Lower Parel, 400013, Mumbai, India
| | - Anish Tripathi
- Epigeneres Biotech Pvt Ltd, Todi Mill Compound, Senapati Bapat Marg, Lower Parel, 400013, Mumbai, India
| | - Ashish Tripathi
- Epigeneres Biotech Pvt Ltd, Todi Mill Compound, Senapati Bapat Marg, Lower Parel, 400013, Mumbai, India
- 23Ikigai Pte Ltd, 30 Cecil Street, #21-08 Prudentsial Tower, Singapore, 049712, Singapore
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Kaushik A, Metkari SM, Ali S, Bhartiya D. Preventing/Reversing Adverse Effects of Endocrine Disruption on Mouse Testes by Normalizing Tissue Resident VSELs. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023; 19:2525-2540. [PMID: 37561284 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10601-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive health of men is declining in today's world due to increased developmental exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). We earlier reported that neonatal exposure to endocrine disruption resulted in reduced numbers of seminiferous tubules in Stage VIII, decreased sperm count, and infertility along with testicular tumors in 65% of diethylstilbestrol (DES) treated mice. Epigenetic changes due to EDCs, pushed the VSELs out of a quiescent state to enter cell cycle and undergo excessive self-renewal while transition of c-KIT- stem cells into c-KIT + germ cells was blocked due to altered MMR axis (Np95, Pcna, Dnmts), global hypomethylation (reduced expression of 5-methylcytosine) and loss of imprinting at Igf2-H19 and Dlk1-Meg3 loci. The present study was undertaken to firstly show similar defects in FACS sorted VSELs from DES treated testis and to further explore the reversal of these testicular pathologies by (i) oral administration of XAR (a nano-formulation of resveratrol) or (ii) inter-tubular transplantation of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Similar defects as reported earlier in the testes were evident, based on RNAseq data, on FACS sorted VSELs from DES treated mice. Both strategies were found effective, improved spermatogenesis, increased number of tubules in Stage VIII, normalized numbers of VSELs and c-KIT + cells, improved epigenetic status of VSELs to restore quiescent state, and reduced cancer incidence from 65% after DES to 13.33% and 20% after XAR treatment or MSCs transplantation respectively. Results provide a basis for initiating clinical studies and the study falls under the umbrella of United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3 to ensure healthy lives and well-being for all of all ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Kaushik
- Stem Cell Biology Department, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive & Child Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012, India
| | - S M Metkari
- Stem Cell Biology Department, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive & Child Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012, India
| | - Subhan Ali
- Stem Cell Biology Department, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive & Child Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012, India
| | - Deepa Bhartiya
- Stem Cell Biology Department, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive & Child Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012, India.
- Epigeneres Biotech Pvt Ltd, Lower Parel, Mumbai, 400 013, India.
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Bhartiya D, Jha N, Tripathi A, Tripathi A. Very small embryonic-like stem cells have the potential to win the three-front war on tissue damage, cancer, and aging. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:1061022. [PMID: 36684436 PMCID: PMC9846763 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1061022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of dedifferentiation and reprogramming of mature somatic cells holds much promise for the three-front "war" against tissue damage, cancer, and aging. It was hoped that reprogramming human somatic cells into the induced pluripotent state, along with the use of embryonic stem cells, would transform regenerative medicine. However, despite global efforts, clinical applications remain a distant dream, due to associated factors such as genomic instability, tumorigenicity, immunogenicity, and heterogeneity. Meanwhile, the expression of embryonic (pluripotent) markers in multiple cancers has baffled the scientific community, and it has been suggested that somatic cells dedifferentiate and "reprogram" into the pluripotent state in vivo to initiate cancer. It has also been suggested that aging can be reversed by partial reprogramming in vivo. However, better methods are needed; using vectors or Yamanaka factors in vivo, for example, is dangerous, and many potential anti-aging therapies carry the same risks as those using induced pluripotent cells, as described above. The present perspective examines the potential of endogenous, pluripotent very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs). These cells are naturally present in multiple tissues; they routinely replace diseased tissue and ensure regeneration to maintain life-long homeostasis, and they have the ability to differentiate into adult counterparts. Recent evidence suggests that cancers initiate due to the selective expansion of epigenetically altered VSELs and their blocked differentiation. Furthermore, VSEL numbers have been directly linked to lifespan in studies of long- and short-lived transgenic mice, and VSEL dysfunction has been found in the ovaries of aged mice. To conclude, a greater interest in VSELs, with their potential to address all three fronts of this war, could be the "light at the end of the tunnel."
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Proteomic Analysis of Murine Bone Marrow Very Small Embryonic-like Stem Cells at Steady-State Conditions and after In Vivo Stimulation by Nicotinamide and Follicle-Stimulating Factor Reflects their Germ-Lineage Origin and Multi Germ Layer Differentiation Potential. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023; 19:120-132. [PMID: 35986128 PMCID: PMC9823037 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10445-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) are a dormant population of development early stem cells deposited in adult tissues that as demonstrated contribute to tissue/organ repair and regeneration. We postulated developmental relationship of these cells to migrating primordial germ cells (PGCs) and explained the quiescent state of these cells by the erasure of differently methylated regions (DMRs) at some of the paternally imprinted genes involved in embryogenesis. Recently, we reported that VSELs began to proliferate and expand in vivo in murine bone marrow (BM) after exposure to nicotinamide (NAM) and selected pituitary and gonadal sex hormones. In the current report, we performed proteomic analysis of VSELs purified from murine bone marrow (BM) after repeated injections of NAM + Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) that in our previous studies turned out to be an effective combination to expand these cells. By employing the Gene Ontology (GO) resources, we have performed a combination of standard GO annotations (GO-CAM) to produce a network between BM steady-state conditions VSELs (SSC-VSELS) and FSH + NAM expanded VSELs (FSH + NAM VSELs). We have identified several GO biological processes regulating development, organogenesis, gene expression, signal transduction, Wnt signaling, insulin signaling, cytoskeleton organization, cell adhesion, inhibiting apoptosis, responses to extra- and intracellular stimuli, protein transport and stabilization, protein phosphorylation and ubiquitination, DNA repair, immune response, and regulation of circadian rhythm. We report that VSELs express a unique panel of proteins that only partially overlapped with the proteome of BM - derived hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and hematopoietic mononuclear cells (MNCs) and respond to FSH + NAM stimulation by expressing proteins involved in the development of all three germ layers. Thus, our current data supports further germ-lineage origin and multi germ layer differentiation potential of these cells.
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Network Approaches for Charting the Transcriptomic and Epigenetic Landscape of the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13050764. [PMID: 35627149 PMCID: PMC9141211 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The early developmental phase is of critical importance for human health and disease later in life. To decipher the molecular mechanisms at play, current biomedical research is increasingly relying on large quantities of diverse omics data. The integration and interpretation of the different datasets pose a critical challenge towards the holistic understanding of the complex biological processes that are involved in early development. In this review, we outline the major transcriptomic and epigenetic processes and the respective datasets that are most relevant for studying the periconceptional period. We cover both basic data processing and analysis steps, as well as more advanced data integration methods. A particular focus is given to network-based methods. Finally, we review the medical applications of such integrative analyses.
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Holly JMP, Biernacka K, Perks CM. The Neglected Insulin: IGF-II, a Metabolic Regulator with Implications for Diabetes, Obesity, and Cancer. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101207. [PMID: 31590432 PMCID: PMC6829378 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
When originally discovered, one of the initial observations was that, when all of the insulin peptide was depleted from serum, the vast majority of the insulin activity remained and this was due to a single additional peptide, IGF-II. The IGF-II gene is adjacent to the insulin gene, which is a result of gene duplication, but has evolved to be considerably more complicated. It was one of the first genes recognised to be imprinted and expressed in a parent-of-origin specific manner. The gene codes for IGF-II mRNA, but, in addition, also codes for antisense RNA, long non-coding RNA, and several micro RNA. Recent evidence suggests that each of these have important independent roles in metabolic regulation. It has also become clear that an alternatively spliced form of the insulin receptor may be the principle IGF-II receptor. These recent discoveries have important implications for metabolic disorders and also for cancer, for which there is renewed acknowledgement of the importance of metabolic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff M P Holly
- Department of Translational Health Science, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK.
| | - Kalina Biernacka
- Department of Translational Health Science, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Claire M Perks
- Department of Translational Health Science, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK
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Plausible Links Between Metabolic Networks, Stem Cells, and Longevity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1201:355-388. [PMID: 31898793 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-31206-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aging is an inevitable consequence of life, and all multicellular organisms undergo a decline in tissue and organ functions as they age. Several well-known risk factors, such as obesity, diabetes, and lack of physical activity that lead to the cardiovascular system, decline and impede the function of vital organs, ultimately limit overall life span. Over recent years, aging research has experienced an unparalleled growth, particularly with the discovery and recognition of genetic pathways and biochemical processes that control to some extent the rate of aging.In this chapter, we focus on several aspects of stem cell biology and aging, beginning with major cellular hallmarks of aging, endocrine regulation of aging and its impact on stem cell compartment, and mechanisms of increased longevity. We then discuss the role of epigenetic modifications associated with aging and provide an overview on a most recent search of antiaging modalities.
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Yue Q, Zhao C, Wang Y, Zhao L, Zhu Q, Li G, Wu N, Jia D, Ma C. Downregulation of growth arrest‑specific transcript 5 alleviates palmitic acid‑induced myocardial inflammatory injury through the miR‑26a/HMGB1/NF‑κB axis. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:5742-5750. [PMID: 30365114 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitic acid (PA) can induce lipotoxic damage to cardiomyocytes, although its precise mechanism of action has not been completely elucidated. Growth arrest‑specific transcript 5 (GAS5) is a long noncoding RNA that serves a regulatory role in several pathological processes, including tumorigenesis, stroke, cardiac fibrosis and osteoarthritis; however, its role in PA‑induced myocardial injury remains elusive. The present study aimed to explore the role and underlying mechanism of GAS5 on PA‑induced myocardial injury. The expression of GAS5 in PA‑treated cardiomyocytes (H9c2 cells) was detected by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR), and its effects on PA‑induced myocardial injury were measured by Cell Counting Kit‑8 and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays. The activities of cytokines and nuclear factor (NF)‑κB were also detected by enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay, while interactions between GAS5 and microRNA (miR)‑26a were evaluated by luciferase reporter assay and RT‑qPCR. The regulation of GAS5 on high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) expression was detected by RT‑qPCR and western blotting. The results demonstrated that GAS5 was significantly upregulated in cardiomyocytes following treatment with PA. GAS5‑knockdown increased the viability of PA‑treated cardiomyocytes and reduced the activity of LDH, tumor necrosis factor‑α and interleukin‑1β. Furthermore, the present study identified that GAS5 specifically binds to miR‑26a, and a reciprocal negative regulation exists between the two. The present study also demonstrated that GAS5 downregulation inhibited HMGB1 expression and NF‑κB activation, while these suppressive effects were mediated by miR‑26a. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that PA can induce GAS5 expression and that the downregulation of GAS5 alleviated PA‑induced myocardial inflammatory injury through the miR‑26a/HMGB1/NF‑κB axis. These data may provide a novel insight into the mechanism of myocardial lipotoxic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxiong Yue
- Department of Cardiovascular Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Cuiting Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yonghuai Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Lanting Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Guangyuan Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Nan Wu
- The Core Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Dalin Jia
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Chunyan Ma
- Department of Cardiovascular Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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Coto E, Díaz Corte C, Tranche S, Gómez J, Reguero JR, Alonso B, Iglesias S, Gil-Peña H, Yin X, Coto-Segura P. Genetic Variation in the H19-IGF2 Cluster Might Confer Risk of Developing Impaired Renal Function. DNA Cell Biol 2018; 37:617-625. [PMID: 29889555 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2017.4135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The H19-IGF2 imprinted gene region could be implicated in the risk of developing impaired renal function (IRF). Our aim was to determine the association of several common H19-IGF2 variants and IRF in a cohort of elderly healthy individuals. The study involved 675 individuals >65 years of age, 184 with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and 105 with IRF (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] <60). They were genotyped for two common H19 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs2839698 and rs10732516), one H19-IGF2 intergenic indel (rs201858505), and one indel in the 3'UTR of the IGF2. For the H19 SNPs, we also determined the allele present in the methylated chromosome through genotyping the DNA digested with a methylation-sensitive endonuclease. None of the four H19-IGF2 variants was associated with IRF in our cohort. We found a significantly higher frequency of the 3'UTR IGF2 deletion (D) in the eGFR <60 group (p = 0.01; odds ratio = 1.16, 95% confidence interval = 1.10-2.51). This association was independent of age and T2DM, two strong predictors of IRF. In conclusion, a common indel variant in the 3'UTR of the IGF2 gene was associated with the risk of IRF. This association could be explained by the role of IGF2 in podocyte survival, through regulation of IGF2 expression by differential binding of miRNAs to the indel sequences. Functional studies should be necessary to clarify this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliecer Coto
- 1 Genética Molecular-Laboratorio Medicina , HUCA, Oviedo, Spain .,2 Universidad de Oviedo , Oviedo, Spain .,3 Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN) , Madrid, Spain .,4 Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias , ISPA, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Carmen Díaz Corte
- 2 Universidad de Oviedo , Oviedo, Spain .,3 Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN) , Madrid, Spain .,4 Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias , ISPA, Oviedo, Spain .,5 Nefrología , HUCA, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Juan Gómez
- 1 Genética Molecular-Laboratorio Medicina , HUCA, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Belén Alonso
- 1 Genética Molecular-Laboratorio Medicina , HUCA, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Sara Iglesias
- 1 Genética Molecular-Laboratorio Medicina , HUCA, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Helena Gil-Peña
- 1 Genética Molecular-Laboratorio Medicina , HUCA, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Xueqian Yin
- 1 Genética Molecular-Laboratorio Medicina , HUCA, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Pablo Coto-Segura
- 2 Universidad de Oviedo , Oviedo, Spain .,4 Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias , ISPA, Oviedo, Spain .,7 Cardiología , HUCA, Oviedo, Spain .,8 Dermatología , HUCA, Oviedo, Spain
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Prolonged Growth Hormone/Insulin/Insulin-like Growth Factor Nutrient Response Signaling Pathway as a Silent Killer of Stem Cells and a Culprit in Aging. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2018; 13:443-453. [PMID: 28229284 PMCID: PMC5493720 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-017-9728-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The dream of slowing down the aging process has always inspired mankind. Since stem cells are responsible for tissue and organ rejuvenation, it is logical that we should search for encoded mechanisms affecting life span in these cells. However, in adult life the hierarchy within the stem cell compartment is still not very well defined, and evidence has accumulated that adult tissues contain rare stem cells that possess a broad trans-germ layer differentiation potential. These most-primitive stem cells-those endowed with pluripotent or multipotent differentiation ability and that give rise to other cells more restricted in differentiation, known as tissue-committed stem cells (TCSCs) - are of particular interest. In this review we present the concept supported by accumulating evidence that a population of so-called very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) residing in adult tissues positively impacts the overall survival of mammals, including humans. These unique cells are prevented in vertebrates from premature depletion by decreased sensitivity to growth hormone (GH), insulin (INS), and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling, due to epigenetic changes in paternally imprinted genes that regulate their resistance to these factors. In this context, we can envision nutrient response GH/INS/IGF signaling pathway as a lethal factor for these most primitive stem cells and an important culprit in aging.
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Liang Y, Wu Y, Chen X, Zhang S, Wang K, Guan X, Yang K, Li J, Bai Y. A novel long noncoding RNA linc00460 up-regulated by CBP/P300 promotes carcinogenesis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20171019. [PMID: 28939763 PMCID: PMC5964888 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality because of poor prognosis. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been gradually demonstrated to play critical roles in cancer development. We identified a novel long noncoding RNA named linc00460 by microarray analysis using esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) clinical samples, which has not been studied before. Our research indicated that linc00460 was overexpressed in the majority of tumor tissues and ESCC cell lines. Linc00460 expression was positively correlated with ESCC TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, and predicted poor prognosis. In vitro experiments showed that linc00460 depletion suppressed ESCC cell growth through regulating cell proliferation and cell cycle; in additional, linc00460 depletion accelerated ESCC cell apoptosis. We further revealed that linc00460 overexpression was manipulated by transcriptional co-activator CBP/P300 through histone acetylation. Given the high expression and important biological functions of linc00460, we suggest that linc00460 works as an oncogene and might be a valuable prognostic biomarker for ESCC diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Science, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Science, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuedan Chen
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Science, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, China
| | - Shixin Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Science, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingying Guan
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Science, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, China
| | - Kang Yang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Science, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, China
| | - Yun Bai
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Science, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, China
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12
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Chen R, Wang G, Zheng Y, Hua Y, Cai Z. Long non-coding RNAs in osteosarcoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:20462-20475. [PMID: 28103585 PMCID: PMC5386777 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) with more than 200 nuleotides, have been explored to participate in various cancer types including osteosarcoma (OS), which is the most common kind of primary bone tumors with high morbidity in infants and adolescents. These oncogenic or tumor suppressive lncRNAs regulate OS pathogenesis, such as cell growth, proliferation, invasion, migration, metastasis and cell apoptosis, serve as independent prognostic biomarkers or play a significant role in multidrug resistance (MDR) in OS cells. In this review, we attempt to dissect the participation of lncRNAs in pathogenesis of OS and their potential clinical values, and also provide an outlook for viable biomarkers and therapeutic targets in OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiling Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Bone Tumor Institute, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gangyang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Bone Tumor Institute, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Bone Tumor Institute, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingqi Hua
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Bone Tumor Institute, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengdong Cai
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Bone Tumor Institute, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Sun W, Yang Y, Xu C, Guo J. Regulatory mechanisms of long noncoding RNAs on gene expression in cancers. Cancer Genet 2017; 216-217:105-110. [PMID: 29025584 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a heterogeneous class of RNAs that are non-protein coding transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides. In this review, we introduce the mechanisms by which lncRNAs regulate gene expression in four parts, epigenetic regulation (genetic imprinting and chromatin remodeling), transcriptional regulation (molecular decoy), post-transcriptional regulation (splicing and mRNA decay), and translational regulation. H19, Xist, and others are involved in genomic imprinting. HOTAIR and ANRIL function in chromatin remodeling. GAS5 is degraded through an RNA decay pathway. NEAT1 and MALAT1 function not only in the regulation of transcription but also in splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang Sun
- Ningbo Yinzhou People's Hospital and the Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315040, PR China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, PR China
| | - Yunben Yang
- Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Chunjing Xu
- Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Junming Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, PR China.
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14
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Ratajczak MZ, Ratajczak J, Suszynska M, Miller DM, Kucia M, Shin DM. A Novel View of the Adult Stem Cell Compartment From the Perspective of a Quiescent Population of Very Small Embryonic-Like Stem Cells. Circ Res 2017; 120:166-178. [PMID: 28057792 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.309362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Evidence has accumulated that adult hematopoietic tissues and other organs contain a population of dormant stem cells (SCs) that are more primitive than other, already restricted, monopotent tissue-committed SCs (TCSCs). These observations raise several questions, such as the developmental origin of these cells, their true pluripotent or multipotent nature, which surface markers they express, how they can be efficiently isolated from adult tissues, and what role they play in the adult organism. The phenotype of these cells and expression of some genes characteristic of embryonic SCs, epiblast SCs, and primordial germ cells suggests their early-embryonic deposition in developing tissues as precursors of adult SCs. In this review, we will critically discuss all these questions and the concept that small dormant SCs related to migratory primordial germ cells, described as very small embryonic-like SCs, are deposited during embryogenesis in bone marrow and other organs as a backup population for adult tissue-committed SCs and are involved in several processes related to tissue or organ rejuvenation, aging, and cancerogenesis. The most recent results on successful ex vivo expansion of human very small embryonic-like SC in chemically defined media free from feeder-layer cells open up new and exciting possibilities for their application in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Z Ratajczak
- From the Department of Medicine, Stem Cell Biology Program at the James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, KY (M.Z.R., J.R., M.S., D.M.M., M.K.); Department of Regenerative Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Poland (M.Z.R., M.K.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (D.-M.S.).
| | - Janina Ratajczak
- From the Department of Medicine, Stem Cell Biology Program at the James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, KY (M.Z.R., J.R., M.S., D.M.M., M.K.); Department of Regenerative Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Poland (M.Z.R., M.K.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (D.-M.S.)
| | - Malwina Suszynska
- From the Department of Medicine, Stem Cell Biology Program at the James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, KY (M.Z.R., J.R., M.S., D.M.M., M.K.); Department of Regenerative Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Poland (M.Z.R., M.K.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (D.-M.S.)
| | - Donald M Miller
- From the Department of Medicine, Stem Cell Biology Program at the James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, KY (M.Z.R., J.R., M.S., D.M.M., M.K.); Department of Regenerative Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Poland (M.Z.R., M.K.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (D.-M.S.)
| | - Magda Kucia
- From the Department of Medicine, Stem Cell Biology Program at the James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, KY (M.Z.R., J.R., M.S., D.M.M., M.K.); Department of Regenerative Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Poland (M.Z.R., M.K.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (D.-M.S.)
| | - Dong-Myung Shin
- From the Department of Medicine, Stem Cell Biology Program at the James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, KY (M.Z.R., J.R., M.S., D.M.M., M.K.); Department of Regenerative Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Poland (M.Z.R., M.K.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (D.-M.S.)
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15
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Armakolas N, Armakolas A, Antonopoulos A, Dimakakos A, Stathaki M, Koutsilieris M. The role of the IGF-1 Ec in myoskeletal system and osteosarcoma pathophysiology. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 108:137-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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16
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Schneider G, Sellers ZP, Ratajczak MZ. Parentally imprinted genes regulate hematopoiesis-new evidence from the Dlk1-Gtl2 locus. Stem Cell Investig 2016; 3:29. [PMID: 27580759 DOI: 10.21037/sci.2016.06.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Schneider
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Zachariah Payne Sellers
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Mariusz Z Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA;; Department of Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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17
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He P, Zhang Z, Huang G, Wang H, Xu D, Liao W, Kang Y. miR-141 modulates osteoblastic cell proliferation by regulating the target gene of lncRNA H19 and lncRNA H19-derived miR-675. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:1780-8. [PMID: 27186302 PMCID: PMC4859907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has reported the significant roles of lncRNA or miRNAs in the biology of various diseases. This study was aimed to elucidate the potential roles of miR-141 and lncRNA H19 and H19-derived miR-675 in regulating osteoblasts proliferation and apoptosis and to explore its potential mechanism. miR-141 mimic or miR-141 inhibitor or siRNA-H19 or miR-675 inhibitor was transfected into human hFOB1.19 cells. The effects or miR-141 expression on H19 or miR-675 expression, on osteoblasts proliferation and apoptosis were analyzed. Moreover, effects of H19 and miR-675 expression on cell proliferation were also analyzed. The results showed that miR-141 was down-regulated in both hFOB1.19 cells and osteosarcoma tissues. The overexpressed miR-141 suppressed H19 and miR-675 expression in hFOB1.19 cells. Besides, miR-141 suppression significantly increased cell viability but this effect was blocked by silencing H19 or miR-675 inhibitor, which is similar to the effects on VEGF and IGF2 expression. Furthermore, miR-141 overexpression induced osteoblasts apoptosis, but decreased the levels of caspase-3 and the Bcl-2/Bax ratio. Taken together, our study revealed that tumor-suppressor miR-141 overexpression suppressed osteoblasts proliferation but induced apoptosis through down-regulating H19 or miR-675 in osteosarcoma. This study may provide theoretical basis for illustrating the interaction between lncRNA and miRNAs in osteosarcoma and for the therapeutic target of miR-141 in osteosarcoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiheng He
- Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ziji Zhang
- Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Guangxin Huang
- Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Dongliang Xu
- Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Weiming Liao
- Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yan Kang
- Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510080, China
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18
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Conover CA, Bale LK, Nair KS. Comparative gene expression and phenotype analyses of skeletal muscle from aged wild-type and PAPP-A-deficient mice. Exp Gerontol 2016; 80:36-42. [PMID: 27086066 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mice deficient in pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) have extended lifespan associated with decreased incidence and severity of degenerative diseases of age, such as cardiomyopathy and nephropathy. In this study, the effect of PAPP-A deficiency on aging skeletal muscle was investigated. Whole-genome expression profiling was performed on soleus muscles from 18-month-old wild-type (WT) and PAPP-A knock-out (KO) mice of the same sex and from the same litter ('womb-mates') to identify potential mechanisms of skeletal muscle aging and its retardation in PAPP-A deficiency. Top genes regulated in PAPP-A KO compared to WT muscle were associated with increased muscle function, increased metabolism, in particular lipid metabolism, and decreased stress. Fiber cross-sectional area was significantly increased in solei from PAPP-A KO mice. In vitro contractility experiments indicated increased specific force and decreased fatigue in solei from PAPP-A KO mice. Intrinsic mitochondrial oxidative capacity was significantly increased in skeletal muscle of aged PAPP-A KO compared to WT mice. Moreover, 18-month-old PAPP-A KO mice exhibited significantly enhanced endurance running on a treadmill. Thus, PAPP-A deficiency in mice is associated with indices of healthy skeletal muscle function with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Conover
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States.
| | - Laurie K Bale
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States.
| | - K Sreekumaran Nair
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States.
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19
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Hoffmann A, Daniel G, Schmidt-Edelkraut U, Spengler D. Roles of imprinted genes in neural stem cells. Epigenomics 2015; 6:515-32. [PMID: 25431944 DOI: 10.2217/epi.14.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Imprinted genes and neural stem cells (NSC) play an important role in the developing and mature brain. A central theme of imprinted gene function in NSCs is cell survival and G1 arrest to control cell division, cell-cycle exit, migration and differentiation. Moreover, genomic imprinting can be epigenetically switched off at some genes to ensure stem cell quiescence and differentiation. At the genome scale, imprinted genes are organized in dynamic networks formed by interchromosomal interactions and transcriptional coregulation of imprinted and nonimprinted genes. Such multilayered networks may synchronize NSC activity with the demand from the niche resembling their roles in adjusting fetal size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Hoffmann
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Translational Research, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
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20
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Maj M, Schneider G, Ratajczak J, Suszynska M, Kucia M, Ratajczak MZ. The cell cycle- and insulin-signaling-inhibiting miRNA expression pattern of very small embryonic-like stem cells contributes to their quiescent state. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 240:1107-11. [PMID: 25966979 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215584940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine Oct4(+), very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs), are a quiescent stem cell population that requires a supportive co-culture layer to proliferate and/or to differentiate in vitro. Gene expression studies have revealed that the quiescence of these cells is due to changes in expression of parentally imprinted genes, including genes involved in cell cycle regulation and insulin and insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS). To investigate the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in VSEL quiescence, we performed miRNA studies in highly purified VSELs and observed a unique miRNA expression pattern in these cells. Specifically, we observed significant differences in the expression of certain miRNA species (relative to a reference cell population), including (i) miRNA-25_1 and miRNA-19 b, whose downregulation has the effect of upregulating cell cycle checkpoint genes and (ii) miRNA-675-3 p and miRNA-675-5 p, miRNA-292-5 p, miRNA-184, and miRNA-125 b, whose upregulation attenuates IIS. These observations are important for understanding the biology of these cells and for developing efficient ex vivo expansion strategies for VSELs isolated from adult tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Maj
- Stem Cell Institute, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Gabriela Schneider
- Stem Cell Institute, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Janina Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Malwina Suszynska
- Stem Cell Institute, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Magda Kucia
- Stem Cell Institute, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA Department of Regenerative Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw 02-091, Poland
| | - Mariusz Z Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA Department of Regenerative Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw 02-091, Poland
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21
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Daniel G, Schmidt-Edelkraut U, Spengler D, Hoffmann A. Imprinted Zac1 in neural stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:300-314. [PMID: 25815116 PMCID: PMC4369488 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i2.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) and imprinted genes play an important role in brain development. On historical grounds, these two determinants have been largely studied independently of each other. Recent evidence suggests, however, that NSCs can reset select genomic imprints to prevent precocious depletion of the stem cell reservoir. Moreover, imprinted genes like the transcriptional regulator Zac1 can fine tune neuronal vs astroglial differentiation of NSCs. Zac1 binds in a sequence-specific manner to pro-neuronal and imprinted genes to confer transcriptional regulation and furthermore coregulates members of the p53-family in NSCs. At the genome scale, Zac1 is a central hub of an imprinted gene network comprising genes with an important role for NSC quiescence, proliferation and differentiation. Overall, transcriptional, epigenomic, and genomic mechanisms seem to coordinate the functional relationships of NSCs and imprinted genes from development to maturation, and possibly aging.
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22
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Mierzejewska K, Borkowska S, Suszynska E, Suszynska M, Poniewierska-Baran A, Maj M, Pedziwiatr D, Adamiak M, Abdel-Latif A, Kakar SS, Ratajczak J, Kucia M, Ratajczak MZ. Hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells express several functional sex hormone receptors-novel evidence for a potential developmental link between hematopoiesis and primordial germ cells. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:927-37. [PMID: 25607657 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence has accumulated that hematopoietic stem progenitor cells (HSPCs) share several markers with the germline, a connection supported by reports that prolactin, androgens, and estrogens stimulate hematopoiesis. To address this issue more directly, we tested the expression of receptors for pituitary-derived hormones, such as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), on purified murine bone marrow (BM) cells enriched for HSPCs and tested the functionality of these receptors in ex vivo signal transduction studies and in vitro clonogenic assays. We also tested whether administration of pituitary- and gonad-derived sex hormones (SexHs) increases incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) into HSPCs and expansion of hematopoietic clonogenic progenitors in mice and promotes recovery of blood counts in sublethally irradiated animals. We report for the first time that HSPCs express functional FSH and LH receptors and that both proliferate in vivo and in vitro in response to stimulation by pituitary SexHs. Furthermore, based on our observations that at least some of CD45(-) very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) may become specified into CD45(+) HSPCs, we also evaluated the expression of pituitary and gonadal SexHs receptors on these cells and tested whether these quiescent cells may expand in vivo in response to SexHs administration. We found that VSELs express SexHs receptors and respond in vivo to SexHs stimulation, as evidenced by BrdU accumulation. Since at least some VSELs share several markers characteristic of migrating primordial germ cells and can be specified into HSPCs, this observation sheds new light on the BM stem cell hierarchy.
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23
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Imprinted genes in myeloid lineage commitment in normal and malignant hematopoiesis. Leukemia 2015; 29:1233-42. [PMID: 25703588 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genomic imprinting is characterized by the parent-of-origin monoallelic expression of several diploid genes because of epigenetic regulation. Imprinted genes (IGs) are key factors in development, supporting the ability of a genotype to produce phenotypes in response to environmental stimuli. IGs are highly expressed during prenatal stages but are downregulated after birth. They also affect aspects of life other than growth such as cognition, behavior, adaption to novel environments, social dominance and memory consolidation. Deregulated genomic imprinting leads to developmental disorders and is associated with solid and blood cancer as well. Several data have been published highlighting the involvement of IGs in as early as the very small embryonic-like stem cells stage and further during myeloid lineage commitment in normal and malignant hematopoiesis. Therefore, we have assembled the current knowledge on the topic, based mainly on recent findings, trying not to focus on a particular cluster but rather to have a global view of several different IGs in hematopoiesis.
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24
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A novel view of the adult bone marrow stem cell hierarchy and stem cell trafficking. Leukemia 2014; 29:776-82. [PMID: 25486871 PMCID: PMC4396402 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This review presents a novel view and working hypothesis about the hierarchy within the adult bone marrow stem cell compartment and the still-intriguing question of whether adult bone marrow contains primitive stem cells from early embryonic development, such as cells derived from the epiblast, migrating primordial germ cells or yolk sac-derived hemangioblasts. It also presents a novel view of the mechanisms that govern stem cell mobilization and homing, with special emphasis on the role of the complement cascade as a trigger for egress of hematopoietic stem cells from bone marrow into blood as well as the emerging role of novel homing factors and priming mechanisms that support stromal-derived factor 1-mediated homing of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells after transplantation.
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25
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Peters J. The role of genomic imprinting in biology and disease: an expanding view. Nat Rev Genet 2014; 15:517-30. [PMID: 24958438 DOI: 10.1038/nrg3766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic phenomenon that results in monoallelic gene expression according to parental origin. It has long been established that imprinted genes have major effects on development and placental biology before birth. More recently, it has become evident that imprinted genes also have important roles after birth. In this Review, I bring together studies of the effects of imprinted genes from the prenatal period onwards. Recent work on postnatal stages shows that imprinted genes influence an extraordinarily wide-ranging array of biological processes, the effects of which extend into adulthood, and play important parts in common diseases that range from obesity to psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Peters
- Medical Research Council Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
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26
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Suszynska M, Poniewierska-Baran A, Gunjal P, Ratajczak J, Marycz K, Kakar SS, Kucia M, Ratajczak MZ. Expression of the erythropoietin receptor by germline-derived cells - further support for a potential developmental link between the germline and hematopoiesis. J Ovarian Res 2014; 7:66. [PMID: 24982693 PMCID: PMC4074848 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-7-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expressing several markers of migrating primordial germ cells (PGCs), the rare population of quiescent, bone marrow (BM)-residing very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) can be specified like PGCs into hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). These two properties of VSELs support the possibility of a developmental origin of HSPCs from migrating PGCs. METHODS To address a potential link between VSELs and germ line cells we analyzed by RT-PCR and FACS expression of erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) on murine bone marrow- and human umbilical cord blood-derived VSELs, murine and human teratocarcinoma cell lines and human ovarian cancer cells. A proper gating strategy and immunostaining excluded from FACS analysis potential contamination by erythroblasts. Furthermore, the transwell chemotaxis assays as well as adhesion and signaling studies were performed to demonstrate functionality of erythropoietin - EpoR axes on these cells. RESULTS We report here that murine and human VSELs as well as murine and human teratocarcinoma cell lines and ovarian cancer cell lines share a functional EpoR. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide more evidence of a potential developmental link between germline cells, VSELs, and HSCs and sheds more light on the developmental hierarchy of the stem cell compartment in adult tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malwina Suszynska
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 S. Floyd Street, Rm. 107, Louisville, KY 40202, USA ; Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Agata Poniewierska-Baran
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 S. Floyd Street, Rm. 107, Louisville, KY 40202, USA ; Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Pranesh Gunjal
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 S. Floyd Street, Rm. 107, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Janina Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 S. Floyd Street, Rm. 107, Louisville, KY 40202, USA ; Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Sham S Kakar
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 S. Floyd Street, Rm. 107, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Magda Kucia
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 S. Floyd Street, Rm. 107, Louisville, KY 40202, USA ; Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Mariusz Z Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 S. Floyd Street, Rm. 107, Louisville, KY 40202, USA ; Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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27
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Brouwer-Visser J, Lee J, McCullagh K, Cossio MJ, Wang Y, Huang GS. Insulin-like growth factor 2 silencing restores taxol sensitivity in drug resistant ovarian cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100165. [PMID: 24932685 PMCID: PMC4059749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance is an obstacle to the effective treatment of ovarian cancer. We and others have shown that the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathway is a novel potential target to overcome drug resistance. The purpose of this study was to validate IGF2 as a potential therapeutic target in drug resistant ovarian cancer and to determine the efficacy of targeting IGF2 in vivo. An analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data in the serous ovarian cancer cohort showed that high IGF2 mRNA expression is significantly associated with shortened interval to disease progression and death, clinical indicators of drug resistance. In a genetically diverse panel of ovarian cancer cell lines, the IGF2 mRNA levels measured in cell lines resistant to various microtubule-stabilizing agents including Taxol were found to be significantly elevated compared to the drug sensitive cell lines. The effect of IGF2 knockdown on Taxol resistance was investigated in vitro and in vivo. Transient IGF2 knockdown significantly sensitized drug resistant cells to Taxol treatment. A Taxol-resistant ovarian cancer xenograft model, developed from HEY-T30 cells, exhibited extreme drug resistance, wherein the maximal tolerated dose of Taxol did not delay tumor growth in mice. Blocking the IGF1R (a transmembrane receptor that transmits signals from IGF1 and IGF2) using a monoclonal antibody did not alter the response to Taxol. However, stable IGF2 knockdown using short-hairpin RNA in HEY-T30 effectively restored Taxol sensitivity. These findings validate IGF2 as a potential therapeutic target in drug resistant ovarian cancer and show that directly targeting IGF2 may be a preferable strategy compared with targeting IGF1R alone.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/drug therapy
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/genetics
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/pathology
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Female
- Humans
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/genetics
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/metabolism
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/antagonists & inhibitors
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/genetics
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Ovarian Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Paclitaxel/pharmacology
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurriaan Brouwer-Visser
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology & Women’s Health (Division of Gynecologic Oncology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Jiyeon Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology & Women’s Health (Division of Gynecologic Oncology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - KellyAnne McCullagh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology & Women’s Health (Division of Gynecologic Oncology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Maria J. Cossio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology & Women’s Health (Division of Gynecologic Oncology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Yanhua Wang
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Gloria S. Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology & Women’s Health (Division of Gynecologic Oncology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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28
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Boheler KR, Bhattacharya S, Kropp EM, Chuppa S, Riordon DR, Bausch-Fluck D, Burridge PW, Wu JC, Wersto RP, Chan GCF, Rao S, Wollscheid B, Gundry RL. A human pluripotent stem cell surface N-glycoproteome resource reveals markers, extracellular epitopes, and drug targets. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 3:185-203. [PMID: 25068131 PMCID: PMC4110789 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Detailed knowledge of cell-surface proteins for isolating well-defined populations of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) would significantly enhance their characterization and translational potential. Through a chemoproteomic approach, we developed a cell-surface proteome inventory containing 496 N-linked glycoproteins on human embryonic (hESCs) and induced PSCs (hiPSCs). Against a backdrop of human fibroblasts and 50 other cell types, >100 surface proteins of interest for hPSCs were revealed. The >30 positive and negative markers verified here by orthogonal approaches provide experimental justification for the rational selection of pluripotency and lineage markers, epitopes for cell isolation, and reagents for the characterization of putative hiPSC lines. Comparative differences between the chemoproteomic-defined surfaceome and the transcriptome-predicted surfaceome directly led to the discovery that STF-31, a reported GLUT-1 inhibitor, is toxic to hPSCs and efficient for selective elimination of hPSCs from mixed cultures. 496 cell surface N-glycoproteins on hPSCs N-glycosylation site identification dictates accessible epitopes >30 positive and negative selection markers for hPSCs are validated STF-31 is selectively toxic to hPSCs
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Boheler
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Consortium, LKS Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong University, Hong Kong, SAR ; National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA ; Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Subarna Bhattacharya
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Erin M Kropp
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Sandra Chuppa
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Daniel R Riordon
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Damaris Bausch-Fluck
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 16, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paul W Burridge
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Robert P Wersto
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Godfrey Chi Fung Chan
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Consortium, LKS Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong University, Hong Kong, SAR ; Department of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, Hong Kong University, Hong Kong, SAR
| | - Sridhar Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA ; Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA ; Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Bernd Wollscheid
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 16, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rebekah L Gundry
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Suszynska M, Zuba-Surma EK, Maj M, Mierzejewska K, Ratajczak J, Kucia M, Ratajczak MZ. The proper criteria for identification and sorting of very small embryonic-like stem cells, and some nomenclature issues. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:702-13. [PMID: 24299281 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence has accumulated that both murine and human adult tissues contain early-development stem cells with a broader differentiation potential than other adult monopotent stem cells. These cells, being pluripotent or multipotent, exist at different levels of specification and most likely represent overlapping populations of cells that, depending on the isolation strategy, ex vivo expansion protocol, and markers employed for their identification, have been given different names. In this review, we will discuss a population of very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) in the context of other stem cells that express pluripotent/multipotent markers isolated from adult tissues as well as review the most current, validated working criteria on how to properly identify and isolate these very rare cells. VSELs have been successfully purified in several laboratories; however, a few have failed to isolate them, which has raised some unnecessary controversy in the field. Therefore, in this short review, we will address the most important reasons that some investigators have experienced problems in isolating these very rare cells and discuss some still unresolved challenges which should be overcome before these cells can be widely employed in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malwina Suszynska
- 1 Stem Cell Institute at the James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
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30
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Shin DM, Suszynska M, Mierzejewska K, Ratajczak J, Ratajczak MZ. Very small embryonic-like stem-cell optimization of isolation protocols: an update of molecular signatures and a review of current in vivo applications. Exp Mol Med 2013; 45:e56. [PMID: 24232255 PMCID: PMC3849570 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2013.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
As the theory of stem cell plasticity was first proposed, we have explored an alternative hypothesis for this phenomenon: namely that adult bone marrow (BM) and umbilical cord blood (UCB) contain more developmentally primitive cells than hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). In support of this notion, using multiparameter sorting we were able to isolate small Sca1(+)Lin(-)CD45(-) cells and CD133(+)Lin(-)CD45(-) cells from murine BM and human UCB, respectively, which were further enriched for the detection of various early developmental markers such as the SSEA antigen on the surface and the Oct4 and Nanog transcription factors in the nucleus. Similar populations of cells have been found in various organs by our team and others, including the heart, brain and gonads. Owing to their primitive cellular features, such as the high nuclear/cytoplasm ratio and the presence of euchromatin, they are called very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs). In the appropriate in vivo models, VSELs differentiate into long-term repopulating HSCs, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), lung epithelial cells, cardiomyocytes and gametes. In this review, we discuss the most recent data from our laboratory and other groups regarding the optimal isolation procedures and describe the updated molecular characteristics of VSELs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Myung Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Malwina Suszynska
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Kasia Mierzejewska
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Janina Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Mariusz Z Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 South Floyd Street, Room 107, Louisville, KY 40202, USA. E-mail:
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31
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Wei P, Han B, Chen Y. Role of long non-coding RNAs in normal and malignant hematopoiesis. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2013; 56:867-75. [PMID: 24030284 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-013-4550-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are defined as a class of nonprotein-coding transcripts greater than 200 nucleotides in length, which have diverse functions in development and diseases including hematopoiesis. Recent advances have revealed that lncRNAs regulate hematopoietic development at almost every stage, including differentiation of the myelocyte, lymphocyte, and erythrocyte. Abnormal regulation of the lncRNAs may block aspects of blood development, which can lead to different types of hematopoietic disorders. These findings highlight the role of lncRNAs as potential therapeutic tools in malignant hematopoiesis. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the study of functional lncRNAs associated with blood development, as well as dysregulated lncRNAs involved in diverse blood diseases by interacting with crucial susceptibility genes in different pathways. In addition, we discuss genome-wide studies on lncRNAs, which are helpful for genome screening and in-depth functional study of lncRNAs associated with blood development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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32
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Very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) represent a real challenge in stem cell biology: recent pros and cons in the midst of a lively debate. Leukemia 2013; 28:473-84. [PMID: 24018851 PMCID: PMC3948156 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2013.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The concept that adult tissue, including bone marrow (BM), contains early-development cells with broader differentiation potential has again been recently challenged. In response, we would like to review the accumulated evidence from several independent laboratories that adult tissues, including BM, harbor a population of very rare stem cells that may cross germ layers in their differentiation potential. Thus, the BM stem cell compartment hierarchy needs to be revisited. These dormant, early-development cells that our group described as very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) most likely overlap with similar populations of stem cells that have been identified in adult tissues by other investigators as the result of various experimental strategies and have been given various names. As reported, murine VSELs have some pluripotent stem cell characteristics. Moreover, they display several epiblast/germline markers that suggest their embryonic origin and developmental deposition in adult BM. Moreover, at the molecular level, changes in expression of parentally imprinted genes (for example, Igf2–H19) and resistance to insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) regulates their quiescent state in adult tissues. In several emergency situations related to organ damage, VSELs can be activated and mobilized into peripheral blood, and in appropriate animal models they contribute to tissue organ/regeneration. Interestingly, their number correlates with lifespan in mice, and they may also be involved in some malignancies. VSELs have been successfully isolated in several laboratories; however, some investigators experience problems with their isolation.
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Tahimic CGT, Wang Y, Bikle DD. Anabolic effects of IGF-1 signaling on the skeleton. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:6. [PMID: 23382729 PMCID: PMC3563099 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the anabolic effects of IGF-1 signaling on the skeleton, emphasizing the requirement for IGF-1 signaling in normal bone formation and remodeling. We first discuss the genomic context, splicing variants, and species conservation of the IGF-1 locus. The modulation of IGF-1 action by growth hormone (GH) is then reviewed while also discussing the current model which takes into account the GH-independent actions of IGF-1. Next, the skeletal phenotypes of IGF-1-deficient animals are described in both embryonic and postnatal stages of development, which include severe dwarfism and an undermineralized skeleton. We then highlight two mechanisms by which IGF-1 exerts its anabolic action on the skeleton. Firstly, the role of IGF-1 signaling in the modulation of anabolic effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on bone will be discussed, presenting in vitro and in vivo studies that establish this concept and the proposed underlying molecular mechanisms involving Indian hedgehog (Ihh) and the ephrins. Secondly, the crosstalk of IGF-1 signaling with mechanosensing pathways will be discussed, beginning with the observation that animals subjected to skeletal unloading by hindlimb elevation are unable to mitigate cessation of bone growth despite infusion with IGF-1 and the failure of IGF-1 to activate its receptor in bone marrow stromal cell cultures from unloaded bone. Disrupted crosstalk between IGF-1 signaling and the integrin mechanotransduction pathways is discussed as one of the potential mechanisms for this IGF-1 resistance. Next, emerging paradigms on bone-muscle crosstalk are examined, focusing on the potential role of IGF-1 signaling in modulating such interactions. Finally, we present a future outlook on IGF research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel D. Bikle
- *Correspondence: Daniel D. Bikle, Endocrine Research Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center (111N), Department of Medicine, University of California, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA. e-mail:
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Abstract
Stem cells have inherent tumor‑trophic migratory properties and can serve as vehicles for delivering effective, targeted therapy to isolated tumors and metastatic disease, making them promising anti‑cancer agents. Encapsulation of therapeutically engineered stem cells in hydrogels has been utilized to provide a physical barrier to protect the cells from hostile extrinsic factors and significantly improve the therapeutic efficacy of transplanted stem cells in different models of cancer. This review aims to discuss the potential of different stem cell types for cancer therapy, various engineered stem cell based therapies for cancer, stem cell encapsulation process and provide an in depth overview of current applications of therapeutic stem cell encapsulation in the highly malignant brain tumor, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), as well as the prospects for their clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Shah
- Molecular Neurotherapy and Imaging Laboratory; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA USA; Department of Radiology; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA USA; Department of Neurology; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute; Harvard University; Cambridge, MA USA
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