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Le Roy A, Prébet T, Castellano R, Goubard A, Riccardi F, Fauriat C, Granjeaud S, Benyamine A, Castanier C, Orlanducci F, Ben Amara A, Pont F, Fournié JJ, Collette Y, Mege JL, Vey N, Olive D. Immunomodulatory Drugs Exert Anti-Leukemia Effects in Acute Myeloid Leukemia by Direct and Immunostimulatory Activities. Front Immunol 2018; 9:977. [PMID: 29780393 PMCID: PMC5945824 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) are anticancer drugs with immunomodulatory, anti-angiogenesis, anti-proliferative, and pro-apoptotic properties. IMiDs are currently used for the treatment of multiple myeloma, myelodysplastic syndrome, and B-cell lymphoma; however, little is known about efficacy in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We proposed in this study to investigate the relevance of IMiDs therapy for AML treatment. We evaluated the effect of IMiDs on primary AML blasts (n = 24), and the impact in natural killer (NK) cell-mediated immunosurveillance of AML. Using primary AML cells and an immunodeficient mouse leukemia xenograft model, we showed that IMiDs induce AML cell death in vitro and impair leukemia progression in vivo. In addition, treatment of AML blasts with IMiDs resulted in enhanced allogeneic NK cell anti-leukemia reactivity. Treatment by pomalidomide of AML blasts enhanced lysis, degranulation, and cytokine production by primary allogeneic NK cells. Furthermore, the treatment with lenalidomide of patients with myeloid malignancies resulted in NK cell phenotypic changes similar to those observed in vitro. IMiDs increased CD56 and decreased NKp30, NKp46, and KIR2D expression on NK cells. Finally, AML blasts treatment with IMiDs induced phenotypic alterations including downregulation of HLA-class I. The effect of pomalidomide was not correlated with cereblon expression and A/G polymorphism in AML cells. Our data revealed, a yet unobserved, dual effects on AML affecting both AML survival and their sensitivity to NK immunotherapy using IMiDs. Our study encourages continuing investigation for the use of IMiDs in AML, especially in combination with conventional therapy or immunotherapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Le Roy
- Team Immunity and Cancer, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM, U1068, CNRS, UMR7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille University, UM 105, Marseille, France.,Immunomonitoring platform, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Prébet
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Hematology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Rémy Castellano
- TrGET Platform, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM, U1068, CNRS, UMR7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille University, UM 105, Marseille, France
| | - Armelle Goubard
- TrGET Platform, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM, U1068, CNRS, UMR7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille University, UM 105, Marseille, France
| | - Florence Riccardi
- Team Immunity and Cancer, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM, U1068, CNRS, UMR7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille University, UM 105, Marseille, France.,Immunomonitoring platform, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Cyril Fauriat
- Team Immunity and Cancer, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM, U1068, CNRS, UMR7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille University, UM 105, Marseille, France.,Immunomonitoring platform, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Samuel Granjeaud
- CiBi Platform, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, INSERM, U1068, CNRS, UMR7258, Aix-Marseille Université UM 105, Marseille, France
| | - Audrey Benyamine
- Team Immunity and Cancer, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM, U1068, CNRS, UMR7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille University, UM 105, Marseille, France
| | - Céline Castanier
- Team Immunity and Cancer, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM, U1068, CNRS, UMR7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille University, UM 105, Marseille, France
| | - Florence Orlanducci
- Team Immunity and Cancer, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM, U1068, CNRS, UMR7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille University, UM 105, Marseille, France.,Immunomonitoring platform, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Amira Ben Amara
- Team Immunity and Cancer, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM, U1068, CNRS, UMR7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille University, UM 105, Marseille, France.,Immunomonitoring platform, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Frédéric Pont
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), UMR1037 INSERM/Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier/ERL5294 CNRS, Oncopole de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Fournié
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), UMR1037 INSERM/Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier/ERL5294 CNRS, Oncopole de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Yves Collette
- TrGET Platform, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM, U1068, CNRS, UMR7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille University, UM 105, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Mege
- Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and infections (MEPHI), IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Norbert Vey
- Team Immunity and Cancer, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM, U1068, CNRS, UMR7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille University, UM 105, Marseille, France.,Hematology Department, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM, U1068, CNRS, UMR7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille University, UM 105, Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Olive
- Team Immunity and Cancer, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM, U1068, CNRS, UMR7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille University, UM 105, Marseille, France.,Immunomonitoring platform, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
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Santini V, Almeida A, Giagounidis A, Gröpper S, Jonasova A, Vey N, Mufti GJ, Buckstein R, Mittelman M, Platzbecker U, Shpilberg O, Ram R, Del Cañizo C, Gattermann N, Ozawa K, Risueño A, MacBeth KJ, Zhong J, Séguy F, Hoenekopp A, Beach CL, Fenaux P. Randomized Phase III Study of Lenalidomide Versus Placebo in RBC Transfusion-Dependent Patients With Lower-Risk Non-del(5q) Myelodysplastic Syndromes and Ineligible for or Refractory to Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents. J Clin Oncol 2016; 34:2988-96. [PMID: 27354480 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.66.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This international phase III, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study assessed the efficacy and safety of lenalidomide in RBC transfusion-dependent patients with International Prognostic Scoring System lower-risk non-del(5q) myelodysplastic syndromes ineligible for or refractory to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents. PATIENTS AND METHODS In total, 239 patients were randomly assigned (2:1) to treatment with lenalidomide (n = 160) or placebo (n = 79) once per day (on 28-day cycles). The primary end point was the rate of RBC transfusion independence (TI) ≥ 8 weeks. Secondary end points were RBC-TI ≥ 24 weeks, duration of RBC-TI, erythroid response, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and safety. RESULTS RBC-TI ≥ 8 weeks was achieved in 26.9% and 2.5% of patients in the lenalidomide and placebo groups, respectively (P < .001). Ninety percent of patients achieving RBC-TI responded within 16 weeks of treatment. Median duration of RBC-TI with lenalidomide was 30.9 weeks (95% CI, 20.7 to 59.1). Transfusion reduction of ≥ 4 units packed RBCs, on the basis of a 112-day assessment, was 21.8% in the lenalidomide group and 0% in the placebo group. Higher response rates were observed in patients with lower baseline endogenous erythropoietin ≤ 500 mU/mL (34.0% v 15.5% for > 500 mU/mL). At week 12, mean changes in HRQoL scores from baseline did not differ significantly between treatment groups, which suggests that lenalidomide did not adversely affect HRQoL. Achievement of RBC-TI ≥ 8 weeks was associated with significant improvements in HRQoL (P < .01). The most common treatment-emergent adverse events were neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. CONCLUSION Lenalidomide yields sustained RBC-TI in 26.9% of RBC transfusion-dependent patients with lower-risk non-del(5q) myelodysplastic syndromes ineligible for or refractory to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents. Response to lenalidomide was associated with improved HRQoL. Treatment-emergent adverse event data were consistent with the known safety profile of lenalidomide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Santini
- Valeria Santini, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Antonio Almeida, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal; Aristoteles Giagounidis and Stefanie Gröpper, Marien Hospital Düsseldorf; Norbert Gattermann, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf; Uwe Platzbecker, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Anna Jonasova, Charles University General Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Norbert Vey, Centre Régional de Lutte Contre le Cancer, Marseille; Pierre Fenaux, Université Paris, Paris, France; Francis Séguy and Albert Hoenekopp, Celgene International, Boudry, Switzerland; Ghulam J. Mufti, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Rena Buckstein, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Moshe Mittelman and Ron Ram, Tel Aviv University; Ofer Shpilberg, Assuta Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Consuelo del Cañizo, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca; Alberto Risueño, Celgene Institute for Translational Research Europe, Seville, Spain; Keiya Ozawa, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Kyle J. MacBeth, Celgene Corporation, San Francisco, CA; and Jianhua Zhong and C.L. Beach, Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ.
| | - Antonio Almeida
- Valeria Santini, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Antonio Almeida, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal; Aristoteles Giagounidis and Stefanie Gröpper, Marien Hospital Düsseldorf; Norbert Gattermann, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf; Uwe Platzbecker, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Anna Jonasova, Charles University General Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Norbert Vey, Centre Régional de Lutte Contre le Cancer, Marseille; Pierre Fenaux, Université Paris, Paris, France; Francis Séguy and Albert Hoenekopp, Celgene International, Boudry, Switzerland; Ghulam J. Mufti, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Rena Buckstein, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Moshe Mittelman and Ron Ram, Tel Aviv University; Ofer Shpilberg, Assuta Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Consuelo del Cañizo, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca; Alberto Risueño, Celgene Institute for Translational Research Europe, Seville, Spain; Keiya Ozawa, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Kyle J. MacBeth, Celgene Corporation, San Francisco, CA; and Jianhua Zhong and C.L. Beach, Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ
| | - Aristoteles Giagounidis
- Valeria Santini, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Antonio Almeida, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal; Aristoteles Giagounidis and Stefanie Gröpper, Marien Hospital Düsseldorf; Norbert Gattermann, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf; Uwe Platzbecker, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Anna Jonasova, Charles University General Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Norbert Vey, Centre Régional de Lutte Contre le Cancer, Marseille; Pierre Fenaux, Université Paris, Paris, France; Francis Séguy and Albert Hoenekopp, Celgene International, Boudry, Switzerland; Ghulam J. Mufti, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Rena Buckstein, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Moshe Mittelman and Ron Ram, Tel Aviv University; Ofer Shpilberg, Assuta Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Consuelo del Cañizo, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca; Alberto Risueño, Celgene Institute for Translational Research Europe, Seville, Spain; Keiya Ozawa, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Kyle J. MacBeth, Celgene Corporation, San Francisco, CA; and Jianhua Zhong and C.L. Beach, Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ
| | - Stefanie Gröpper
- Valeria Santini, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Antonio Almeida, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal; Aristoteles Giagounidis and Stefanie Gröpper, Marien Hospital Düsseldorf; Norbert Gattermann, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf; Uwe Platzbecker, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Anna Jonasova, Charles University General Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Norbert Vey, Centre Régional de Lutte Contre le Cancer, Marseille; Pierre Fenaux, Université Paris, Paris, France; Francis Séguy and Albert Hoenekopp, Celgene International, Boudry, Switzerland; Ghulam J. Mufti, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Rena Buckstein, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Moshe Mittelman and Ron Ram, Tel Aviv University; Ofer Shpilberg, Assuta Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Consuelo del Cañizo, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca; Alberto Risueño, Celgene Institute for Translational Research Europe, Seville, Spain; Keiya Ozawa, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Kyle J. MacBeth, Celgene Corporation, San Francisco, CA; and Jianhua Zhong and C.L. Beach, Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ
| | - Anna Jonasova
- Valeria Santini, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Antonio Almeida, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal; Aristoteles Giagounidis and Stefanie Gröpper, Marien Hospital Düsseldorf; Norbert Gattermann, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf; Uwe Platzbecker, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Anna Jonasova, Charles University General Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Norbert Vey, Centre Régional de Lutte Contre le Cancer, Marseille; Pierre Fenaux, Université Paris, Paris, France; Francis Séguy and Albert Hoenekopp, Celgene International, Boudry, Switzerland; Ghulam J. Mufti, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Rena Buckstein, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Moshe Mittelman and Ron Ram, Tel Aviv University; Ofer Shpilberg, Assuta Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Consuelo del Cañizo, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca; Alberto Risueño, Celgene Institute for Translational Research Europe, Seville, Spain; Keiya Ozawa, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Kyle J. MacBeth, Celgene Corporation, San Francisco, CA; and Jianhua Zhong and C.L. Beach, Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ
| | - Norbert Vey
- Valeria Santini, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Antonio Almeida, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal; Aristoteles Giagounidis and Stefanie Gröpper, Marien Hospital Düsseldorf; Norbert Gattermann, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf; Uwe Platzbecker, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Anna Jonasova, Charles University General Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Norbert Vey, Centre Régional de Lutte Contre le Cancer, Marseille; Pierre Fenaux, Université Paris, Paris, France; Francis Séguy and Albert Hoenekopp, Celgene International, Boudry, Switzerland; Ghulam J. Mufti, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Rena Buckstein, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Moshe Mittelman and Ron Ram, Tel Aviv University; Ofer Shpilberg, Assuta Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Consuelo del Cañizo, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca; Alberto Risueño, Celgene Institute for Translational Research Europe, Seville, Spain; Keiya Ozawa, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Kyle J. MacBeth, Celgene Corporation, San Francisco, CA; and Jianhua Zhong and C.L. Beach, Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ
| | - Ghulam J Mufti
- Valeria Santini, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Antonio Almeida, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal; Aristoteles Giagounidis and Stefanie Gröpper, Marien Hospital Düsseldorf; Norbert Gattermann, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf; Uwe Platzbecker, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Anna Jonasova, Charles University General Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Norbert Vey, Centre Régional de Lutte Contre le Cancer, Marseille; Pierre Fenaux, Université Paris, Paris, France; Francis Séguy and Albert Hoenekopp, Celgene International, Boudry, Switzerland; Ghulam J. Mufti, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Rena Buckstein, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Moshe Mittelman and Ron Ram, Tel Aviv University; Ofer Shpilberg, Assuta Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Consuelo del Cañizo, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca; Alberto Risueño, Celgene Institute for Translational Research Europe, Seville, Spain; Keiya Ozawa, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Kyle J. MacBeth, Celgene Corporation, San Francisco, CA; and Jianhua Zhong and C.L. Beach, Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ
| | - Rena Buckstein
- Valeria Santini, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Antonio Almeida, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal; Aristoteles Giagounidis and Stefanie Gröpper, Marien Hospital Düsseldorf; Norbert Gattermann, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf; Uwe Platzbecker, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Anna Jonasova, Charles University General Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Norbert Vey, Centre Régional de Lutte Contre le Cancer, Marseille; Pierre Fenaux, Université Paris, Paris, France; Francis Séguy and Albert Hoenekopp, Celgene International, Boudry, Switzerland; Ghulam J. Mufti, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Rena Buckstein, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Moshe Mittelman and Ron Ram, Tel Aviv University; Ofer Shpilberg, Assuta Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Consuelo del Cañizo, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca; Alberto Risueño, Celgene Institute for Translational Research Europe, Seville, Spain; Keiya Ozawa, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Kyle J. MacBeth, Celgene Corporation, San Francisco, CA; and Jianhua Zhong and C.L. Beach, Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ
| | - Moshe Mittelman
- Valeria Santini, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Antonio Almeida, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal; Aristoteles Giagounidis and Stefanie Gröpper, Marien Hospital Düsseldorf; Norbert Gattermann, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf; Uwe Platzbecker, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Anna Jonasova, Charles University General Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Norbert Vey, Centre Régional de Lutte Contre le Cancer, Marseille; Pierre Fenaux, Université Paris, Paris, France; Francis Séguy and Albert Hoenekopp, Celgene International, Boudry, Switzerland; Ghulam J. Mufti, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Rena Buckstein, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Moshe Mittelman and Ron Ram, Tel Aviv University; Ofer Shpilberg, Assuta Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Consuelo del Cañizo, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca; Alberto Risueño, Celgene Institute for Translational Research Europe, Seville, Spain; Keiya Ozawa, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Kyle J. MacBeth, Celgene Corporation, San Francisco, CA; and Jianhua Zhong and C.L. Beach, Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ
| | - Uwe Platzbecker
- Valeria Santini, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Antonio Almeida, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal; Aristoteles Giagounidis and Stefanie Gröpper, Marien Hospital Düsseldorf; Norbert Gattermann, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf; Uwe Platzbecker, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Anna Jonasova, Charles University General Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Norbert Vey, Centre Régional de Lutte Contre le Cancer, Marseille; Pierre Fenaux, Université Paris, Paris, France; Francis Séguy and Albert Hoenekopp, Celgene International, Boudry, Switzerland; Ghulam J. Mufti, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Rena Buckstein, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Moshe Mittelman and Ron Ram, Tel Aviv University; Ofer Shpilberg, Assuta Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Consuelo del Cañizo, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca; Alberto Risueño, Celgene Institute for Translational Research Europe, Seville, Spain; Keiya Ozawa, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Kyle J. MacBeth, Celgene Corporation, San Francisco, CA; and Jianhua Zhong and C.L. Beach, Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ
| | - Ofer Shpilberg
- Valeria Santini, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Antonio Almeida, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal; Aristoteles Giagounidis and Stefanie Gröpper, Marien Hospital Düsseldorf; Norbert Gattermann, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf; Uwe Platzbecker, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Anna Jonasova, Charles University General Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Norbert Vey, Centre Régional de Lutte Contre le Cancer, Marseille; Pierre Fenaux, Université Paris, Paris, France; Francis Séguy and Albert Hoenekopp, Celgene International, Boudry, Switzerland; Ghulam J. Mufti, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Rena Buckstein, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Moshe Mittelman and Ron Ram, Tel Aviv University; Ofer Shpilberg, Assuta Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Consuelo del Cañizo, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca; Alberto Risueño, Celgene Institute for Translational Research Europe, Seville, Spain; Keiya Ozawa, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Kyle J. MacBeth, Celgene Corporation, San Francisco, CA; and Jianhua Zhong and C.L. Beach, Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ
| | - Ron Ram
- Valeria Santini, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Antonio Almeida, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal; Aristoteles Giagounidis and Stefanie Gröpper, Marien Hospital Düsseldorf; Norbert Gattermann, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf; Uwe Platzbecker, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Anna Jonasova, Charles University General Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Norbert Vey, Centre Régional de Lutte Contre le Cancer, Marseille; Pierre Fenaux, Université Paris, Paris, France; Francis Séguy and Albert Hoenekopp, Celgene International, Boudry, Switzerland; Ghulam J. Mufti, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Rena Buckstein, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Moshe Mittelman and Ron Ram, Tel Aviv University; Ofer Shpilberg, Assuta Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Consuelo del Cañizo, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca; Alberto Risueño, Celgene Institute for Translational Research Europe, Seville, Spain; Keiya Ozawa, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Kyle J. MacBeth, Celgene Corporation, San Francisco, CA; and Jianhua Zhong and C.L. Beach, Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ
| | - Consuelo Del Cañizo
- Valeria Santini, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Antonio Almeida, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal; Aristoteles Giagounidis and Stefanie Gröpper, Marien Hospital Düsseldorf; Norbert Gattermann, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf; Uwe Platzbecker, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Anna Jonasova, Charles University General Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Norbert Vey, Centre Régional de Lutte Contre le Cancer, Marseille; Pierre Fenaux, Université Paris, Paris, France; Francis Séguy and Albert Hoenekopp, Celgene International, Boudry, Switzerland; Ghulam J. Mufti, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Rena Buckstein, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Moshe Mittelman and Ron Ram, Tel Aviv University; Ofer Shpilberg, Assuta Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Consuelo del Cañizo, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca; Alberto Risueño, Celgene Institute for Translational Research Europe, Seville, Spain; Keiya Ozawa, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Kyle J. MacBeth, Celgene Corporation, San Francisco, CA; and Jianhua Zhong and C.L. Beach, Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ
| | - Norbert Gattermann
- Valeria Santini, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Antonio Almeida, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal; Aristoteles Giagounidis and Stefanie Gröpper, Marien Hospital Düsseldorf; Norbert Gattermann, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf; Uwe Platzbecker, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Anna Jonasova, Charles University General Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Norbert Vey, Centre Régional de Lutte Contre le Cancer, Marseille; Pierre Fenaux, Université Paris, Paris, France; Francis Séguy and Albert Hoenekopp, Celgene International, Boudry, Switzerland; Ghulam J. Mufti, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Rena Buckstein, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Moshe Mittelman and Ron Ram, Tel Aviv University; Ofer Shpilberg, Assuta Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Consuelo del Cañizo, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca; Alberto Risueño, Celgene Institute for Translational Research Europe, Seville, Spain; Keiya Ozawa, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Kyle J. MacBeth, Celgene Corporation, San Francisco, CA; and Jianhua Zhong and C.L. Beach, Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ
| | - Keiya Ozawa
- Valeria Santini, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Antonio Almeida, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal; Aristoteles Giagounidis and Stefanie Gröpper, Marien Hospital Düsseldorf; Norbert Gattermann, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf; Uwe Platzbecker, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Anna Jonasova, Charles University General Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Norbert Vey, Centre Régional de Lutte Contre le Cancer, Marseille; Pierre Fenaux, Université Paris, Paris, France; Francis Séguy and Albert Hoenekopp, Celgene International, Boudry, Switzerland; Ghulam J. Mufti, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Rena Buckstein, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Moshe Mittelman and Ron Ram, Tel Aviv University; Ofer Shpilberg, Assuta Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Consuelo del Cañizo, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca; Alberto Risueño, Celgene Institute for Translational Research Europe, Seville, Spain; Keiya Ozawa, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Kyle J. MacBeth, Celgene Corporation, San Francisco, CA; and Jianhua Zhong and C.L. Beach, Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ
| | - Alberto Risueño
- Valeria Santini, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Antonio Almeida, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal; Aristoteles Giagounidis and Stefanie Gröpper, Marien Hospital Düsseldorf; Norbert Gattermann, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf; Uwe Platzbecker, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Anna Jonasova, Charles University General Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Norbert Vey, Centre Régional de Lutte Contre le Cancer, Marseille; Pierre Fenaux, Université Paris, Paris, France; Francis Séguy and Albert Hoenekopp, Celgene International, Boudry, Switzerland; Ghulam J. Mufti, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Rena Buckstein, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Moshe Mittelman and Ron Ram, Tel Aviv University; Ofer Shpilberg, Assuta Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Consuelo del Cañizo, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca; Alberto Risueño, Celgene Institute for Translational Research Europe, Seville, Spain; Keiya Ozawa, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Kyle J. MacBeth, Celgene Corporation, San Francisco, CA; and Jianhua Zhong and C.L. Beach, Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ
| | - Kyle J MacBeth
- Valeria Santini, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Antonio Almeida, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal; Aristoteles Giagounidis and Stefanie Gröpper, Marien Hospital Düsseldorf; Norbert Gattermann, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf; Uwe Platzbecker, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Anna Jonasova, Charles University General Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Norbert Vey, Centre Régional de Lutte Contre le Cancer, Marseille; Pierre Fenaux, Université Paris, Paris, France; Francis Séguy and Albert Hoenekopp, Celgene International, Boudry, Switzerland; Ghulam J. Mufti, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Rena Buckstein, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Moshe Mittelman and Ron Ram, Tel Aviv University; Ofer Shpilberg, Assuta Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Consuelo del Cañizo, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca; Alberto Risueño, Celgene Institute for Translational Research Europe, Seville, Spain; Keiya Ozawa, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Kyle J. MacBeth, Celgene Corporation, San Francisco, CA; and Jianhua Zhong and C.L. Beach, Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ
| | - Jianhua Zhong
- Valeria Santini, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Antonio Almeida, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal; Aristoteles Giagounidis and Stefanie Gröpper, Marien Hospital Düsseldorf; Norbert Gattermann, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf; Uwe Platzbecker, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Anna Jonasova, Charles University General Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Norbert Vey, Centre Régional de Lutte Contre le Cancer, Marseille; Pierre Fenaux, Université Paris, Paris, France; Francis Séguy and Albert Hoenekopp, Celgene International, Boudry, Switzerland; Ghulam J. Mufti, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Rena Buckstein, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Moshe Mittelman and Ron Ram, Tel Aviv University; Ofer Shpilberg, Assuta Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Consuelo del Cañizo, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca; Alberto Risueño, Celgene Institute for Translational Research Europe, Seville, Spain; Keiya Ozawa, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Kyle J. MacBeth, Celgene Corporation, San Francisco, CA; and Jianhua Zhong and C.L. Beach, Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ
| | - Francis Séguy
- Valeria Santini, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Antonio Almeida, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal; Aristoteles Giagounidis and Stefanie Gröpper, Marien Hospital Düsseldorf; Norbert Gattermann, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf; Uwe Platzbecker, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Anna Jonasova, Charles University General Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Norbert Vey, Centre Régional de Lutte Contre le Cancer, Marseille; Pierre Fenaux, Université Paris, Paris, France; Francis Séguy and Albert Hoenekopp, Celgene International, Boudry, Switzerland; Ghulam J. Mufti, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Rena Buckstein, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Moshe Mittelman and Ron Ram, Tel Aviv University; Ofer Shpilberg, Assuta Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Consuelo del Cañizo, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca; Alberto Risueño, Celgene Institute for Translational Research Europe, Seville, Spain; Keiya Ozawa, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Kyle J. MacBeth, Celgene Corporation, San Francisco, CA; and Jianhua Zhong and C.L. Beach, Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ
| | - Albert Hoenekopp
- Valeria Santini, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Antonio Almeida, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal; Aristoteles Giagounidis and Stefanie Gröpper, Marien Hospital Düsseldorf; Norbert Gattermann, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf; Uwe Platzbecker, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Anna Jonasova, Charles University General Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Norbert Vey, Centre Régional de Lutte Contre le Cancer, Marseille; Pierre Fenaux, Université Paris, Paris, France; Francis Séguy and Albert Hoenekopp, Celgene International, Boudry, Switzerland; Ghulam J. Mufti, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Rena Buckstein, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Moshe Mittelman and Ron Ram, Tel Aviv University; Ofer Shpilberg, Assuta Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Consuelo del Cañizo, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca; Alberto Risueño, Celgene Institute for Translational Research Europe, Seville, Spain; Keiya Ozawa, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Kyle J. MacBeth, Celgene Corporation, San Francisco, CA; and Jianhua Zhong and C.L. Beach, Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ
| | - C L Beach
- Valeria Santini, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Antonio Almeida, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal; Aristoteles Giagounidis and Stefanie Gröpper, Marien Hospital Düsseldorf; Norbert Gattermann, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf; Uwe Platzbecker, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Anna Jonasova, Charles University General Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Norbert Vey, Centre Régional de Lutte Contre le Cancer, Marseille; Pierre Fenaux, Université Paris, Paris, France; Francis Séguy and Albert Hoenekopp, Celgene International, Boudry, Switzerland; Ghulam J. Mufti, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Rena Buckstein, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Moshe Mittelman and Ron Ram, Tel Aviv University; Ofer Shpilberg, Assuta Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Consuelo del Cañizo, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca; Alberto Risueño, Celgene Institute for Translational Research Europe, Seville, Spain; Keiya Ozawa, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Kyle J. MacBeth, Celgene Corporation, San Francisco, CA; and Jianhua Zhong and C.L. Beach, Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ
| | - Pierre Fenaux
- Valeria Santini, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Antonio Almeida, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal; Aristoteles Giagounidis and Stefanie Gröpper, Marien Hospital Düsseldorf; Norbert Gattermann, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf; Uwe Platzbecker, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Anna Jonasova, Charles University General Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Norbert Vey, Centre Régional de Lutte Contre le Cancer, Marseille; Pierre Fenaux, Université Paris, Paris, France; Francis Séguy and Albert Hoenekopp, Celgene International, Boudry, Switzerland; Ghulam J. Mufti, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Rena Buckstein, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Moshe Mittelman and Ron Ram, Tel Aviv University; Ofer Shpilberg, Assuta Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Consuelo del Cañizo, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca; Alberto Risueño, Celgene Institute for Translational Research Europe, Seville, Spain; Keiya Ozawa, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Kyle J. MacBeth, Celgene Corporation, San Francisco, CA; and Jianhua Zhong and C.L. Beach, Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ
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