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Ding C, Yang D, Feldmeyer D. Adenosinergic Modulation of Layer 6 Microcircuitry in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex Is Specific to Presynaptic Cell Type. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1606232023. [PMID: 38429106 PMCID: PMC11007316 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1606-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Adenosinergic modulation in the PFC is recognized for its involvement in various behavioral aspects including sleep homoeostasis, decision-making, spatial working memory and anxiety. While the principal cells of layer 6 (L6) exhibit a significant morphological diversity, the detailed cell-specific regulatory mechanisms of adenosine in L6 remain unexplored. Here, we quantitatively analyzed the morphological and electrophysiological parameters of L6 neurons in the rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) using whole-cell recordings combined with morphological reconstructions. We were able to identify two different morphological categories of excitatory neurons in the mPFC of both juvenile and young adult rats with both sexes. These categories were characterized by a leading dendrite that was oriented either upright (toward the pial surface) or inverted (toward the white matter). These two excitatory neuron subtypes exhibited different electrophysiological and synaptic properties. Adenosine at a concentration of 30 µM indiscriminately suppressed connections with either an upright or an inverted presynaptic excitatory neuron. However, using lower concentrations of adenosine (10 µM) revealed that synapses originating from L6 upright neurons have a higher sensitivity to adenosine-induced inhibition of synaptic release. Adenosine receptor activation causes a reduction in the probability of presynaptic neurotransmitter release that could be abolished by specifically blocking A1 adenosine receptors (A1ARs) using 8-cyclopentyltheophylline (CPT). Our results demonstrate a differential expression level of A1ARs at presynaptic sites of two functionally and morphologically distinct subpopulations of L6 principal neurons, suggesting the intricate functional role of adenosine in neuronal signaling in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ding
- Research Center Juelich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 10, Research Center Juelich, Juelich 52425, Germany
| | - Danqing Yang
- Research Center Juelich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 10, Research Center Juelich, Juelich 52425, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Dirk Feldmeyer
- Research Center Juelich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 10, Research Center Juelich, Juelich 52425, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen 52074, Germany
- Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Translational Brain Medicine (JARA Brain), Aachen 52074, Germany
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2
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Zheng B, Zheng Y, Hu W, Chen Z. Dissecting the networks underlying diverse brain disorders after prenatal glucocorticoid overexposure. Arch Toxicol 2024:10.1007/s00204-024-03733-2. [PMID: 38581585 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03733-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
New human life begins in the uterus in a period of both extreme plasticity and sensitivity to environmental disturbances. The fetal stage is also a vital period for central nervous system development, with experiences at this point profoundly and permanently shaping brain structure and function. As such, some brain disorders may originate in utero. Glucocorticoids, a class of essential stress hormones, play indispensable roles in fetal development, but overexposure may have lasting impacts on the brain. In this review, we summarize data from recent clinical and non-clinical studies regarding alterations in fetal brains due to prenatal glucocorticoid overexposure that are associated with nervous system disorders. We discuss relevant changes to brain structure and cellular functions and explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. In addition, we summarize factors that may cause differential outcomes between varying brain regions, and outline clinically feasible intervention strategies that are expected to minimize negative consequences arising from fetal glucocorticoid overexposure. Finally, we highlight the need for experimental evidence aided by new technologies to clearly determine the effects of excessive prenatal glucocorticoid exposure. This review consolidates diverse findings to help researchers better understand the relationship between the prenatal glucocorticoid overexposure and the effects it has on various fetal brain regions, promoting further development of critical intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baixiu Zheng
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yanrong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Weiwei Hu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Zhong Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
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Hartmann SM, Heider J, Wüst R, Fallgatter AJ, Volkmer H. Microglia-neuron interactions in schizophrenia. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1345349. [PMID: 38510107 PMCID: PMC10950997 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1345349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence implicate increased neuroinflammation mediated by glial cells to play a key role in neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia. Microglia, which are the primary innate immune cells of the brain, are crucial for the refinement of the synaptic circuitry during early brain development by synaptic pruning and the regulation of synaptic plasticity during adulthood. Schizophrenia risk factors as genetics or environmental influences may further be linked to increased activation of microglia, an increase of pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and activation of the inflammasome resulting in an overall elevated neuroinflammatory state in patients. Synaptic loss, one of the central pathological hallmarks of schizophrenia, is believed to be due to excess removal of synapses by activated microglia, primarily affecting glutamatergic neurons. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate microglia-neuron interactions, which has been done by multiple studies focusing on post-mortem brain tissues, brain imaging, animal models and patient iPSC-derived 2D culture systems. In this review, we summarize the major findings in patients and in vivo and in vitro models in the context of neuron-microglia interactions in schizophrenia and secondly discuss the potential of anti-inflammatory treatments for the alleviation of positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia-Marie Hartmann
- Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Pharma and Biotech, NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Johanna Heider
- Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Pharma and Biotech, NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Richard Wüst
- Department of Psychiatry, Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas J. Fallgatter
- Department of Psychiatry, Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hansjürgen Volkmer
- Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Pharma and Biotech, NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
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Laricchiuta D, Papi M, Decandia D, Panuccio A, Cutuli D, Peciccia M, Mazzeschi C, Petrosini L. The role of glial cells in mental illness: a systematic review on astroglia and microglia as potential players in schizophrenia and its cognitive and emotional aspects. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1358450. [PMID: 38419655 PMCID: PMC10899480 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1358450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex and severe mental disorder that affects approximately 1% of the global population. It is characterized by a wide range of symptoms, including delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, and cognitive impairment. Recent research has suggested that the immune system dysregulation may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, and glial cells, such as astroglia and microglia known to be involved in neuroinflammation and immune regulation, have emerged as potential players in this process. The aim of this systematic review is to summarize the glial hallmarks of schizophrenia, choosing as cellular candidate the astroglia and microglia, and focusing also on disease-associated psychological (cognitive and emotional) changes. We conducted a systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for articles that investigated the differences in astroglia and microglia in patients with schizophrenia, published in the last 5 years. The present systematic review indicates that changes in the density, morphology, and functioning of astroglia and microglia may be involved in the development of schizophrenia. The glial alterations may contribute to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia by dysregulating neurotransmission and immune responses, worsening cognitive capabilities. The complex interplay of astroglial and microglial activation, genetic/epigenetic variations, and cognitive assessments underscores the intricate relationship between biological mechanisms, symptomatology, and cognitive functioning in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Laricchiuta
- Department of Philosophy, Social Sciences and Education, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Martina Papi
- Department of Philosophy, Social Sciences and Education, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Davide Decandia
- Laboratory of Experimental and Behavioral Neurophysiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Panuccio
- Laboratory of Experimental and Behavioral Neurophysiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Debora Cutuli
- Laboratory of Experimental and Behavioral Neurophysiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Peciccia
- Department of Philosophy, Social Sciences and Education, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudia Mazzeschi
- Department of Philosophy, Social Sciences and Education, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Laura Petrosini
- Laboratory of Experimental and Behavioral Neurophysiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
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Karati D, Mukherjee S, Roy S. Molecular and Structural Insight into Adenosine A 2A Receptor in Neurodegenerative Disorders: A Significant Target for Efficient Treatment Approach. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:5987-6000. [PMID: 37391647 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03441-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
All biological tissues and bodily fluids include the autacoid adenosine. The P1 class of purinergic receptors includes adenosine receptors. Four distinct G-protein-coupled receptors on the cellular membrane mediate the effects of adenosine, whose cytoplasmic content is regulated by producing/degrading enzymes and nucleoside transporters. A2A receptor has received a great deal of attention in recent years because it has a wide range of potential therapeutic uses. A2B and, more significantly, A2A receptors regulate numerous physiological mechanisms in the central nervous system (CNS). The inferior targetability of A2B receptors towards adenosine points that they might portray a promising medicinal target since they are triggered only under pharmacological circumstances (when adenosine levels rise up to micromolar concentrations). The accessibility of specific ligands for A2B receptors would permit the exploration of such a theory. A2A receptors mediate both potentially neurotoxic and neuroprotective actions. Hence, it is debatable to what extent they play a role in neurodegenerative illnesses. However, A2A receptor blockers have demonstrated clear antiparkinsonian consequences, and a significant attraction exists in the role of A2A receptors in other neurodegenerative disorders. Amyloid peptide extracellular accumulation and tau hyperphosphorylation are the pathogenic components of AD that lead to neuronal cell death, cognitive impairment, and memory loss. Interestingly, in vitro and in vivo research has shown that A2A adenosine receptor antagonists may block each of these clinical symptoms, offering a crucial new approach to combat a condition for which, regrettably, only symptomatic medications are currently available. At least two requirements must be met to determine whether such receptors are a target for diseases of the CNS: a complete understanding of the mechanisms governing A2A-dependent processes and the availability of ligands that can distinguish between the various receptor populations. This review concisely summarises the biological effects mediated by A2A adenosine receptors in neurodegenerative disorders and discusses the chemical characteristics of A2A adenosine receptor antagonists undergoing clinical trials. Selective A2A receptor blocker against neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipanjan Karati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Techno India University, Kolkata, 700091, India
| | - Swarupananda Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, NSHM Knowledge Campus, Kolkata, 124 B.L. Saha Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700053, India
| | - Souvik Roy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, NSHM Knowledge Campus, Kolkata, 124 B.L. Saha Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700053, India.
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Madeira D, Lopes CR, Simões AP, Canas PM, Cunha RA, Agostinho P. Astrocytic A 2A receptors silencing negatively impacts hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory of adult mice. Glia 2023. [PMID: 37183905 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are wired to bidirectionally communicate with neurons namely with synapses, thus shaping synaptic plasticity, which in the hippocampus is considered to underlie learning and memory. Adenosine A2A receptors (A2A R) are a potential candidate to modulate this bidirectional communication, since A2A R regulate synaptic plasticity and memory and also control key astrocytic functions. Nonetheless, little is known about the role of astrocytic A2A R in synaptic plasticity and hippocampal-dependent memory. Here, we investigated the impact of genetic silencing astrocytic A2A R on hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory of adult mice. The genetic A2A R silencing in astrocytes was accomplished by a bilateral injection into the CA1 hippocampal area of a viral construct (AAV5-GFAP-GFP-Cre) that inactivate A2A R expression in astrocytes of male adult mice carrying "floxed" A2A R gene, as confirmed by A2A R binding assays. Astrocytic A2A R silencing alters astrocytic morphology, typified by an increment of astrocytic arbor complexity, and led to deficits in spatial reference memory and compromised hippocampal synaptic plasticity, typified by a reduction of LTP magnitude and a shift of synaptic long-term depression (LTD) toward LTP. These data indicate that astrocytic A2A R control astrocytic morphology and influence hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory of adult mice in a manner different from neuronal A2A R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Madeira
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology- University of Coimbra (CNC- UC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cátia R Lopes
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology- University of Coimbra (CNC- UC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana P Simões
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology- University of Coimbra (CNC- UC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula M Canas
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology- University of Coimbra (CNC- UC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo A Cunha
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology- University of Coimbra (CNC- UC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula Agostinho
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology- University of Coimbra (CNC- UC), Coimbra, Portugal
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Garcia CP, Licht-Murava A, Orr AG. Effects of adenosine A 2A receptors on cognitive function in health and disease. Int Rev Neurobiol 2023; 170:121-154. [PMID: 37741689 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine A2A receptors have been studied extensively in the context of motor function and movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease. In addition to these roles, A2A receptors have also been increasingly implicated in cognitive function and cognitive impairments in diverse conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, acute brain injury, and stress. We review the roles of A2A receptors in cognitive processes in health and disease, focusing primarily on the effects of reducing or enhancing A2A expression levels or activities in animal models. Studies reveal that A2A receptors in neurons and astrocytes modulate multiple aspects of cognitive function, including memory and motivation. Converging evidence also indicates that A2A receptor levels and activities are aberrantly increased in aging, acute brain injury, and chronic disorders, and these increases contribute to neurocognitive impairments. Therapeutically targeting A2A receptors with selective modulators may alleviate cognitive deficits in diverse neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions. Further research on the exact neural mechanisms of these effects as well as the efficacy of selective A2A modulators on cognitive alterations in humans are important areas for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinthia P Garcia
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Pharmacology Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Avital Licht-Murava
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anna G Orr
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
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Simões-Henriques CF, Rodrigues-Neves AC, Sousa FJ, Gaspar R, Almeida I, Baptista FI, Ambrósio AF, Gomes CA. Neonatal testosterone voids sexually differentiated microglia morphology and behavior. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1102068. [PMID: 36926023 PMCID: PMC10013065 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1102068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The involvement of immunity in psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety, is typified by the morphologic adaptation of microglia, immune cells of the brain, to anxiogenic stimuli. We previously reported sexually differentiated microglia morphology in adult rodents, in brain locations implicated in anxiety, including the pre-frontal cortex. These physiologic differences likely drive sex-dependent patterns of microglia morphologic remodeling in response to varied stress conditions in different periods of life, that correlate with sex-dependent behavioral adaptation to anxiogenic stimuli. The time-window of appearance of sex differences in microglia, correlating with sex-specific behavioral performance in anxiogenic conditions are still unknown. In rodents, a postnatal peak of the sexual hormone testosterone is determinant for the so-called brain masculinization and sex-determined behavioral traits. In the present work we aim to clarify if differences in microglia morphology are present at birth or can be driven by postnatal testosterone and impacts on the ability to deal with an anxiogenic context. Differences in microglia morphology are not present at birth, but are observable at adolescence (increased complexity of male microglia, particularly in branches more proximal to the soma), when differences in behavior are also observed. Our data also show that adolescent females neonatally treated with testosterone exhibit masculinized microglia and behavior. Importantly, between adolescence and adulthood, a sex-determined shift in the pattern of complexity takes place and microglia from females become more complex. When testosterone is administered, this morphological effect is partially abolished, approximating microglia and behavior to the male phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Filipa Simões-Henriques
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A. Catarina Rodrigues-Neves
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fábio J. Sousa
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rita Gaspar
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês Almeida
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filipa I. Baptista
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António F. Ambrósio
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina A. Gomes
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Catarina A. Gomes,
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Bollinger JL, Dadosky DT, Flurer JK, Rainer IL, Woodburn SC, Wohleb ES. Microglial P2Y12 mediates chronic stress-induced synapse loss in the prefrontal cortex and associated behavioral consequences. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022. [PMID: 36517583 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01519-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) drives microglia-mediated neuronal remodeling and synapse loss in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), contributing to deficits in cognition and behavior. However, it remains unclear what mechanisms guide microglia-neuron interactions in stress. Evidence indicates that neuronal activity-dependent purinergic signaling directs microglial processes and synaptic engagement via P2Y12, a purinergic receptor exclusively expressed by microglia in the brain. Stress alters excitatory neurotransmission in the PFC, thus we aimed to determine if P2Y12 signaling promotes functional changes in microglia in chronic stress. Here we used genetic ablation of P2Y12 (P2ry12-/-) or pharmacological blockade (clopidogrel, ticagrelor) to examine the role of purinergic signaling in stress-induced microglia-neuron interaction. Multiple behavioral, physiological, and cytometric endpoints were analyzed. Deletion of P2Y12 led to a number of fundamental alterations in the PFC, including the heightened microglial number and increased dendritic spine density. Flow cytometry revealed that microglia in P2ry12-/- mice had shifts in surface levels of CX3CR1, CSF1R, and CD11b, suggesting changes in synaptic engagement and phagocytosis in the PFC. In line with this, pharmacological blockade of P2Y12 prevented CUS-induced increases in the proportion of microglia with neuronal inclusions, limited dendritic spine loss in the PFC, and attenuated alterations in stress coping behavior and working memory function. Overall, these findings indicate that microglial P2Y12 is a critical mediator of stress-induced synapse loss in the PFC and subsequent behavioral deficits.
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Rodrigues-Neves AC, Ambrósio AF, Gomes CA. Microglia sequelae: brain signature of innate immunity in schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:493. [PMID: 36443303 PMCID: PMC9705537 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02197-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder with significant impact on individuals and society. The current pharmacologic treatment, which principally alleviates psychosis, is focused on neurotransmitters modulation, relying on drugs with severe side effects and ineffectiveness in a significant percentage of cases. Therefore, and due to difficulties inherent to diagnosis and treatment, it is vital to reassess alternative cellular and molecular drug targets. Distinct risk factors - genetic, developmental, epigenetic, and environmental - have been associated with disease onset and progression, giving rise to the proposal of different pathophysiological mechanisms and putative pharmacological targets. Immunity is involved and, particularly microglia - innate immune cells of the central nervous system, critically involved in brain development - have captured attention as cellular players. Microglia undergo marked morphologic and functional alterations in the human disease, as well as in animal models of schizophrenia, as reported in several original papers. We cluster the main findings of clinical studies by groups of patients: (1) at ultra-high risk of psychosis, (2) with a first episode of psychosis or recent-onset schizophrenia, and (3) with chronic schizophrenia; in translational studies, we highlight the time window of appearance of particular microglia alterations in the most well studied animal model in the field (maternal immune activation). The organization of clinical and translational findings based on schizophrenia-associated microglia changes in different phases of the disease course may help defining a temporal pattern of microglia changes and may drive the design of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Catarina Rodrigues-Neves
- grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal ,grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal ,grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal ,grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Univ Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António. F. Ambrósio
- grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal ,grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal ,grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina A. Gomes
- grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal ,grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal ,grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal ,grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Univ Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal
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11
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Wang H, Ma Y, Wang X, Zhang W, Han W, Liu H, Li M, Xiao J, Wei H, Wang C, Sindhwani S, Zhang T, Guan F, Rice JP. Evaluation of Adenosine A2A receptor gene polymorphisms as risk factors of methamphetamine use disorder susceptibility and predictors of craving degree. Psychiatry Res 2022; 316:114790. [PMID: 35987070 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The adenosine A2A receptor (ADORA2A) is highly expressed in the central nervous system and plays vital roles in drug addiction. In this study, we aimed to explore the susceptibility of ADORA2A to methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) and the craving degree based on a two-stage association analysis. A total of 3,542 (1,216 patients with MUD and 2,326 controls) and 1,740 participants (580 patients with MUD and 1,160 controls) were recruited in discovery and replication stage, respectively. Significant SNPs identified in the discovery stage were genotyped in the replication samples. Serum levels of ADORA2A were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. The genetic association signal of each SNP was examined using Plink. A linear model was fitted to investigate the relationship between craving scores and genotypes of significant SNPs. SNP rs5751876 was significantly associated with MUD in the discovery samples and this association signal was then further replicated in the replication samples. Significant associations were also identified between serum levels of ADORA2A and the genotypes of rs5751876 (P = 0.0002). The craving scores in patients with MUD were strongly correlated with rs5751876 genotypes. Our results suggest that polymorphisms of the ADORA2A gene could affect the susceptibility to MUD and its craving degree.
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12
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Guedes JR, Ferreira PA, Costa JM, Cardoso AL, Peça J. Microglia-dependent remodeling of neuronal circuits. J Neurochem 2022; 163:74-93. [PMID: 35950924 PMCID: PMC9826178 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are tissue-resident macrophages responsible for the surveillance, neuronal support, and immune defense of the brain parenchyma. Recently, the role played by microglia in the formation and function of neuronal circuits has garnered substantial attention. During development, microglia have been shown to engulf neuronal precursors and participate in pruning mechanisms while, in the mature brain, they influence synaptic signaling, provide trophic support and shape synaptic plasticity. Recently, studies have unveiled different microglial characteristics associated with specific brain regions. This emerging view suggests that the maturation and function of distinct neuronal circuits may be potentially associated with the molecular identity microglia adopts across the brain. Here, we review and summarize the known role of these cells in the thalamus, hippocampus, cortex, and cerebellum. We focus on in vivo studies to highlight the characteristics of microglia that may be important in the remodeling of these neuronal circuits and in relation to neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana R. Guedes
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell BiologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal,Institute of Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | - Pedro A. Ferreira
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell BiologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal,Department of Life SciencesUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | - Jéssica M. Costa
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell BiologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal,Institute of Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | - Ana L. Cardoso
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell BiologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal,Institute of Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | - João Peça
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell BiologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal,Department of Life SciencesUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
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13
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Farzinpour Z, Liu A, Cao P, Mao Y, Zhang Z, Jin Y. Microglial Engulfment of Spines in the Ventral Zona Incerta Regulates Anxiety-Like Behaviors in a Mouse Model of Acute Pain. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:898346. [PMID: 35910255 PMCID: PMC9337222 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.898346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although activation of microglial cells is critical in developing brain disorders, their role in anxiety-like behaviors in pain is still vague. This study indicates that alteration of microglia’s neuronal spine engulfment capacity in ventral zona incerta (ZIV) leads to significant pain and anxiety-like behaviors in mice 1-day post-injection of Complete Freud’s Adjuvant (CFA1D). Performing whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in GABAergic neurons in the ZIV (ZIVGABA) in brain slices, we observed decreased activity in ZIvGABA and reduced frequency of the miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) in ZIVGABA of CFA1D mice compared with the saline1D mice. Besides, chemogenetic activation of ZIVGABA significantly relieved pain and anxiety-like behaviors in CFA1D mice. Conversely, in naïve mice, chemogenetic inhibition of ZIVGABA induced pain and anxiety-like behaviors. Interestingly, we found changes in the density and morphology of ZIVMicroglia and increased microglial engulfment of spines in ZIV of CFA1D mice. Furthermore, pain sensitization and anxiety-like behaviors were reversed when the ZIVMicroglia of CFA1D-treated mice were chemically inhibited by intra-ZIV minocycline injection, accompanied by the recovery of decreased ZIVGABA excitability. Conclusively, our results provide novel insights that dysregulation of microglial engulfment capacity encodes maladaptation of ZIVGABA, thus promoting the development of anxiety-like behaviors in acute pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Farzinpour
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - An Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yu Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Zhi Zhang,
| | - Yan Jin
- Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Yan Jin,
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14
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Madeira D, Dias L, Santos P, Cunha RA, Agostinho P, Canas PM. Adenosine A 2A receptors blockade attenuates dexamethasone-induced alterations in cultured astrocytes. Purinergic Signal 2022; 18:199-204. [PMID: 35476241 PMCID: PMC9123136 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09864-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety involves abnormal glucocorticoid signalling and altered glia-neuron communication in brain regions processing emotional responses. Adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) blockade ameliorates mood and memory impairments by preventing synaptic dysfunction and astrogliosis. Since the glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DEX) can mimic early life-stress conditions, leading to anxiety-like behaviours, we now tested if A2AR blockade prevents alterations in the morphology and function of astrocytes exposed to DEX. Cultured astrocytes exposed to DEX exhibited an up-regulation of astrocytic markers (GFAP, connexin-43 and glutamine synthetase), as well as of A2AR. Moreover, DEX enhanced ATP and glutamate release and increased basal astrocytic Ca2+ levels. The selective A2AR antagonist SCH58261 prevented DEX-induced alterations in ATP release and basal Ca2+ levels but did not affect DEX-induced alteration of glutamate release and astrocytic markers. These findings suggest that alterations in astrocytes function, which might contribute to abnormal glucocorticoid brain signalling, are controlled by A2AR, and therefore, reinforce the relevance of A2AR as a potential therapeutic target to manage mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Madeira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Liliana Dias
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Santos
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo A Cunha
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula Agostinho
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Paula M Canas
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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15
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Ortinski PI, Reissner KJ, Turner J, Anderson TA, Scimemi A. Control of complex behavior by astrocytes and microglia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 137:104651. [PMID: 35367512 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Evidence that glial cells influence behavior has been gaining a steady foothold in scientific literature. Out of the five main subtypes of glial cells in the brain, astrocytes and microglia have received an outsized share of attention with regard to shaping a wide spectrum of behavioral phenomena and there is growing appreciation that the signals intrinsic to these cells as well as their interactions with surrounding neurons reflect behavioral history in a brain region-specific manner. Considerable regional diversity of glial cell phenotypes is beginning to be recognized and may contribute to behavioral outcomes arising from circuit-specific computations within and across discrete brain nuclei. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the impact of astrocyte and microglia activity on behavioral outcomes, with a specific focus on brain areas relevant to higher cognitive control, reward-seeking, and circadian regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P I Ortinski
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, USA
| | - K J Reissner
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, USA
| | - J Turner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, USA
| | - T A Anderson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, USA
| | - A Scimemi
- Department of Biology, State University of New York at Albany, USA
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16
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Amaro A, Baptista FI, Matafome P. Programming of future generations during breastfeeding: The intricate relation between metabolic and neurodevelopment disorders. Life Sci 2022; 298:120526. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Yang S, Xu K, Xu X, Zhu J, Jin Y, Liu Q, Xu R, Gu X, Liu Y, Huang Y, Ma Z. S-Ketamine Pretreatment Alleviates Anxiety-Like Behaviors and Mechanical Allodynia and Blocks the Pro-inflammatory Response in Striatum and Periaqueductal Gray From a Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Model. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:848232. [PMID: 35493953 PMCID: PMC9047507 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.848232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to explore the regulatory effect of S-ketamine on the mechanical allodynia, anxiety-like behaviors and microglia activation in adult male rats exposed to an animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The rat PTSD model was established by the exposure to single-prolonged stress (SPS), and 1 day later, rats were intraperitoneally injected with 5 mg/kg S-ketamine or normal saline, respectively. Paw withdrawal mechanical threshold was measured 2 days before, and 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21 and 28 days after injection to assess mechanical allodynia in the SPS-exposed rats. For anxiety-like behaviors, the open field test and elevated plus maze test were performed at 7 and 14 days after S-ketamine treatment in the SPS-exposed rats, respectively. SPS-induced rats presented pronounced mechanical allodynia and anxiety-like behaviors, which were alleviated by S-ketamine treatment. After behavioral tests, rats were sacrificed for collecting the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), prefrontal cortex (PFC), dorsal striatum, and periaqueductal gray (PAG). Protein levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, p-NF-κB, and NF-κB in brain regions were examined by Western blot. In addition, microglia activation in each brain region was determined by immunofluorescence staining of the microglia-specific biomarker Iba-1. Interestingly, pro-inflammatory cytokines were significantly upregulated in the dorsal striatum and PAG, rather than ACC and PFC. Activated microglia was observed in the dorsal striatum and PAG as well, and upregulated p-NF-κB was detected in the dorsal striatum. Inflammatory response, phosphorylation of NF-κB and microglia activation in certain brain regions were significantly alleviated by S-ketamine treatment. Collectively, S-ketamine is a promising drug in alleviating mechanical allodynia, anxiety-like behaviors, and pro-inflammatory responses in discrete brain regions in a model of PTSD.
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18
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Maras PM, Hebda-Bauer EK, Hagenauer MH, Hilde KL, Blandino P, Watson SJ, Akil H. Differences in microglia morphological profiles reflect divergent emotional temperaments: insights from a selective breeding model. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:105. [PMID: 35292624 PMCID: PMC8924221 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01821-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia play critical roles in healthy brain development and function, as well as the neuropathology underlying a range of brain diseases. Despite evidence for a role of microglia in affective regulation and mood disorders, little is known regarding how variation in microglia status relates to individual differences in emotionality. Using a selective breeding model, we have generated rat lines with unique temperamental phenotypes that reflect broad emotional traits: bred low responder rats (bLRs) are novelty-averse and model a passive coping style, whereas bred high responder rats (bHRs) are highly exploratory and model an active coping style. To identify a functional role of microglia in these phenotypes, we administered minocycline, an antibiotic with potent microglia inhibiting properties and observed shifts in forced swim, sucrose preference, and social interaction behaviors in bLRs. Using detailed anatomical analyses, we compared hippocampal microglia profiles of bHRs and bLRs and found that although the lines had similar numbers of microglia, selective breeding was associated with a shift in the morphological features of these cells. Specifically, microglia from bLRs were characterized by a hyper-ramified morphology, with longer processes and more complicated branching patterns than microglia from bHRs. This morphology is thought to reflect an early stage of microglia activation and suggests that bLR microglia are in a reactive state even when animals are not overtly challenged. Taken together, our results provide novel evidence linking variation in inborn temperament with differences in the baseline status of microglia and implicate a role for microglia in shaping enduring emotional characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela M Maras
- The Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Elaine K Hebda-Bauer
- The Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Megan H Hagenauer
- The Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Kathryn L Hilde
- The Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Peter Blandino
- The Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Stanley J Watson
- The Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Huda Akil
- The Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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19
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Gaspar R, Soares-Cunha C, Domingues AV, Coimbra B, Baptista FI, Pinto L, Ambrósio AF, Rodrigues AJ, Gomes CA. The Duration of Stress Determines Sex Specificities in the Vulnerability to Depression and in the Morphologic Remodeling of Neurons and Microglia. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:834821. [PMID: 35330844 PMCID: PMC8940280 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.834821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress exposure has been shown to induce a variety of molecular and functional alterations associated with anxiety and depression. Some studies suggest that microglia, the immune cells of the brain, play a significant role in determining neuronal and behavioral responses to chronic stress and also contribute to the development of stress-related psychopathologies. However, little is known about the impact of the duration of stress exposure upon microglia and neurons morphology, particularly considering sex differences. This issue deserves particular investigation, considering that the process of morphologic remodeling of neurons and microglia is usually accompanied by functional changes with behavioral expression. Here, we examine the effects of short and long unpredictable chronic mild stress (uCMS) protocols on behavior, evaluating in parallel microglia and neurons morphology in the dorsal hippocampus (dHIP) and in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), two brain regions involved in the etiology of depression. We report that long-term uCMS induced more behavioral alterations in males, which present anxiety and depression-like phenotypes (anhedonia and helplessness behavior), while females only display anxiety-like behavior. After short-term uCMS, both sexes presented anxiety-like behavior. Microglia cells undergo a process of morphologic adaptation to short-term uCMS, dependent on sex, in the NAc: we observed a hypertrophy in males and an atrophy in females, transient effects that do not persist after long-term uCMS. In the dHIP, the morphologic adaptation of microglia is only observed in females (hypertrophy) and after the protocol of long uCMS. Interestingly, males are more vulnerable to neuronal morphological alterations in a region-specific manner: dendritic atrophy in granule neurons of the dHIP and hypertrophy in the medium spiny neurons of the NAc, both after short- or long-term uCMS. The morphology of neurons in these brain regions were not affected in females. These findings raise the possibility that, by differentially affecting neurons and microglia in dHIP and NAc, chronic stress may contribute for differences in the clinical presentation of stress-related disorders under the control of sex-specific mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Gaspar
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carina Soares-Cunha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s –PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana Verónica Domingues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s –PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Coimbra
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s –PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Filipa I. Baptista
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luísa Pinto
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s –PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António F. Ambrósio
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana João Rodrigues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s –PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Ana João Rodrigues,
| | - Catarina A. Gomes
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Catarina A. Gomes,
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Yuan J, Chen L, Wang J, Xia S, Huang J, Zhou L, Feng C, Hu X, Zhou Z, Ran H. Adenosine A2A Receptor Suppressed Astrocyte-Mediated Inflammation Through the Inhibition of STAT3/YKL-40 Axis in Mice With Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion-induced White Matter Lesions. Front Immunol 2022; 13:841290. [PMID: 35237278 PMCID: PMC8882648 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.841290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
White matter lesions are an important pathological manifestation of cerebral small vessel disease, with inflammation playing a pivotal role in their development. The adenosine A2a receptor (ADORA2A) is known to inhibit the inflammation mediated by microglia, but its effect on astrocytes is unknown. Additionally, although the level of YKL-40 (expressed mainly in astrocytes) has been shown to be elevated in the model of white matter lesions induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, the specific regulatory mechanism involved is not clear. In this study, we established in vivo and in vitro chronic cerebral hypoperfusion models to explore whether the ADORA2A regulated astrocyte-mediated inflammation through STAT3/YKL-40 axis and using immunohistochemical, western blotting, ELISA, PCR, and other techniques to verify the effect of astrocytes ADORA2A on the white matter injury. The in vivo experiments showed that activation of the ADORA2A decreased the expression of both STAT3 and YKL-40 in the astrocytes and alleviated the white matter injury, whereas its inhibition had the opposite effects. Similarly, ADORA2A inhibition significantly increased the expression of STAT3 and YKL-40 in astrocytes in vitro, with more proinflammatory cytokines being released by astrocytes. STAT3 inhibition enhanced the inhibitory effect of ADORA2A on YKL-40 synthesis, whereas its activation reversed the phenomenon. These results suggest that the activation of ADORA2A in astrocytes can inhibit the inflammation mediated by the STAT3/YKL-40 axis and thereby reduce white matter injury in cerebral small vessel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichao Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Simin Xia
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jialu Huang
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Linke Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Chengjian Feng
- Department of Medical Engineering, 958th Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaofei Hu
- Department of Radiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Hong Ran, ; Zhenhua Zhou, ; Xiaofei Hu,
| | - Zhenhua Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Hong Ran, ; Zhenhua Zhou, ; Xiaofei Hu,
| | - Hong Ran
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Hong Ran, ; Zhenhua Zhou, ; Xiaofei Hu,
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21
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Pasquini S, Contri C, Merighi S, Gessi S, Borea PA, Varani K, Vincenzi F. Adenosine Receptors in Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Fine Regulators of Neurotransmission and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1219. [PMID: 35163142 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine exerts an important role in the modulation of central nervous system (CNS) activity. Through the interaction with four G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) subtypes, adenosine subtly regulates neurotransmission, interfering with the dopaminergic, glutamatergic, noradrenergic, serotoninergic, and endocannabinoid systems. The inhibitory and facilitating actions of adenosine on neurotransmission are mainly mediated by A1 and A2A adenosine receptors (ARs), respectively. Given their role in the CNS, ARs are promising therapeutic targets for neuropsychiatric disorders where altered neurotransmission represents the most likely etiological hypothesis. Activating or blocking ARs with specific pharmacological agents could therefore restore the balance of altered neurotransmitter systems, providing the rationale for the potential treatment of these highly debilitating conditions. In this review, we summarize and discuss the most relevant studies concerning AR modulation in psychotic and mood disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, depression, and anxiety, as well as neurodevelopment disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), fragile X syndrome (FXS), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and neuropsychiatric aspects of neurodegenerative disorders.
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22
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Lutsenko RV. ON THE QUESTION OF ADENOSINE SYSTEM PARTICIPATION IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF NEUROSES. VPBM 2022. [DOI: 10.29254/2077-4214-2022-4-167-76-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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23
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Miao Y, Chen X, You F, Jia M, Li T, Tang P, Shi R, Hu S, Zhang L, Chen JF, Gao Y. Adenosine A 2A receptor modulates microglia-mediated synaptic pruning of the retinogeniculate pathway during postnatal development. Neuropharmacology 2021; 200:108806. [PMID: 34562441 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Synapse pruning is essential not only for the developmental establishment of synaptic connections in the brain but also for the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. However, there are no effective pharmacological means to regulate synaptic pruning during early development. Using the eye-specific segregation of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) as a model of synaptic pruning coupled with adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) antagonism and knockout, we demonstrated while genetic deletion of the A2AR throughout the development attenuated eye-specific segregation with the attenuated microglial phagocytosis at postnatal day 5 (P5), selective treatment with the A2AR antagonist KW6002 at P2-P4 facilitated synaptic pruning of visual pathway with microglial activation, increased lysosomal activity in microglia and increased microglial engulfment of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) inputs in the dLGN at P5 (but not P10). Furthermore, KW6002-mediated facilitation of synaptic pruning was activity-dependent since tetrodotoxin (TTX) treatment abolished the KW6002 facilitation. Moreover, the A2AR antagonist also modulated postsynaptic proteins and synaptic density at early postnatal stages as revealed by the reduced immunoreactivity of postsynaptic proteins (Homer1 and metabotropic glutamate receptor 5) and colocalization of presynaptic VGlut2 and postsynaptic Homer1 puncta in the dLGN. These findings suggest that A2AR can control pruning by multiple actions involving the retinal wave, microglia engulfment, and postsynaptic stability. Thus, A2AR antagonists may represent a novel pharmacological strategy to modulate microglia-mediated synaptic pruning and treatment of neurodevelopmental disorders associated with dysfunctional pruning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Miao
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China
| | - Xuhao Chen
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China
| | - Feng You
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China
| | - Manli Jia
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China
| | - Ting Li
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China
| | - Ping Tang
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China
| | - Ruyi Shi
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China
| | - Shisi Hu
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China
| | - Liping Zhang
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China
| | - Jiang-Fan Chen
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China.
| | - Ying Gao
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China.
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24
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Ferreira AS, Galvão S, Gaspar R, Rodrigues-Neves AC, Ambrósio AF, Matafome P, Gomes CA, Baptista FI. Sex-specific changes in peripheral metabolism in a model of chronic anxiety induced by prenatal stress. Eur J Clin Invest 2021; 51:e13639. [PMID: 34120349 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal stress is associated with increased susceptibility to psychiatric and metabolic disorders later in life. Prenatal exposure to stress mediators may have sex-dependent effects on offspring brain and metabolic function, promoting a sex-specific vulnerability to psychopathology and metabolic alterations at adulthood. In this work, the impact of prenatal stress on glucose homeostasis and peripheral metabolism of male and female offspring was investigated in a chronic anxiety animal model. METHODS Pregnant Wistar rats were injected with saline or glucocorticoid (dexamethasone: 1 mg/kg, subcutaneous) at gestational days 18 and 19. Male and female offspring weight was monitored, and anxious-like behaviour and peripheral insulin-sensitive tissues were analysed at adulthood. RESULTS At birth, females and males prenatally exposed to stress presented decreased body weight which remained low in females. At adulthood, a morphological disorganization of the Langerhans islets was observed in both sexes prenatally exposed to stress, yet not changes in insulin levels were detected. Also, prenatal stress increased glucose transporter 4 (GLUT-4) levels in female and male adipose tissues and decreased insulin receptor levels in the liver and skeleton muscle but only in females. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to stress mediators in critical periods of development negatively affects behaviour and metabolism. Prenatal stress programmes offspring peripheral metabolism in a sex-specific manner, emphasizing that the response to stress in critical periods of development may be sex-specific having each sex different vulnerabilities to psychiatric and metabolic disorders. Considering sex-specificities may provide critical clues for the design of preventive strategies and for early therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Ferreira
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sofia Galvão
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rita Gaspar
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana C Rodrigues-Neves
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António F Ambrósio
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo Matafome
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina A Gomes
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filipa I Baptista
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
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25
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Soares NL, Vieira HLA. Microglia at the Centre of Brain Research: Accomplishments and Challenges for the Future. Neurochem Res 2021; 47:218-233. [PMID: 34586585 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03456-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the immune guardians of the central nervous system (CNS), with critical functions in development, maintenance of homeostatic tissue balance, injury and repair. For a long time considered a forgotten 'third element' with basic phagocytic functions, a recent surge in interest, accompanied by technological progress, has demonstrated that these distinct myeloid cells have a wide-ranging importance for brain function. This review reports microglial origins, development, and function in the healthy brain. Moreover, it also targets microglia dysfunction and how it contributes to the progression of several neurological disorders, focusing on particular molecular mechanisms and whether these may present themselves as opportunities for novel, microglia-targeted therapeutic approaches, an ever-enticing prospect. Finally, as it has been recently celebrated 100 years of microglia research, the review highlights key landmarks from the past century and looked into the future. Many challenging problems have arisen, thus it points out some of the most pressing questions and experimental challenges for the ensuing century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno L Soares
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC) - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas/NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Helena L A Vieira
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC) - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas/NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal.,Department of Chemistry, UCIBIO, Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
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26
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Martins-Macedo J, Salgado AJ, Gomes ED, Pinto L. Adult brain cytogenesis in the context of mood disorders: From neurogenesis to the emergent role of gliogenesis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:411-428. [PMID: 34555383 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders severely impact patients' lives. Motivational, cognitive and emotional deficits are the most common symptoms observed in these patients and no effective treatment is still available, either due to the adverse side effects or the low rate of efficacy of currently available drugs. Neurogenesis recovery has been one important focus in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, which undeniably contributes to the therapeutic action of antidepressants. However, glial plasticity is emerging as a new strategy to explore the deficits observed in mood disorders and the efficacy of therapeutic interventions. Thus, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms behind glio- and neurogenesis to better define treatments and preventive therapies, once adult cytogenesis is of pivotal importance to cognitive and emotional components of behavior, both in healthy and pathological contexts, including in psychiatric disorders. Here, we review the concepts and history of neuro- and gliogenesis, providing as well a reflection on the functional importance of cytogenesis in the context of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Martins-Macedo
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Eduardo D Gomes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Luísa Pinto
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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27
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Manojlovic-Stojanoski M, Lavrnja I, Stevanovic I, Trifunovic S, Ristic N, Nestorovic N, Sévigny J, Nedeljkovic N, Laketa D. Antenatal Dexamethasone Treatment Induces Sex-dependent Upregulation of NTPDase1/CD39 and Ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73 in the Rat Fetal Brain. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021. [PMID: 33761054 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Dexamethasone (DEX) is frequently used to treat women at risk of preterm delivery, but although indispensable for the completion of organ maturation in the fetus, antenatal DEX treatment may exert adverse sex-dimorphic neurodevelopmental effects. Literature findings implicated oxidative stress in adverse effects of DEX treatment. Purinergic signaling is involved in neurodevelopment and controlled by ectonucleotidases, among which in the brain the most abundant are ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 (NTPDase1/CD39) and ecto-5'-nucleotidase (e5'NT/CD73), which jointly dephosphorylate ATP to adenosine. They are also involved in cell adhesion and migration, processes integral to brain development. Upregulation of CD39 and CD73 after DEX treatment was reported in adult rat hippocampus. We investigated the effects of maternal DEX treatment on CD39 and CD73 expression and enzymatic activity in the rat fetal brain of both sexes, in the context of oxidative status of the brain tissue. Fetuses were obtained at embryonic day (ED) 21, from Wistar rat dams treated with 0.5 mg DEX/kg/day, at ED 16, 17, and 18, and brains were processed and used for further analysis. Sex-specific increase in CD39 and CD73 expression and in the corresponding enzyme activities was induced in the brain of antenatally DEX-treated fetuses, more prominently in males. The oxidative stress induction after antenatal DEX treatment was confirmed in both sexes, although showing a slight bias in males. Due to the involvement of purinergic system in crucial neurodevelopmental processes, future investigations are needed to determine the role of these observed changes in the adverse effects of antenatal DEX treatment.
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28
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Costa G, Spulber S, Paci E, Casu MA, Ceccatelli S, Simola N, Morelli M. In utero exposure to dexamethasone causes a persistent and age-dependent exacerbation of the neurotoxic effects and glia activation induced by MDMA in dopaminergic brain regions of C57BL/6J mice. Neurotoxicology 2021; 83:1-13. [PMID: 33338551 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and preclinical evidence indicates that prenatal exposure to glucocorticoids may induce detrimental effects in the offspring, including reduction in fetal growth and alterations in the CNS. On this basis, the present study investigated whether in utero exposure to high levels of glucocorticoids is a risk factor that may lead to an exacerbation of the central noxious effects induced by psychoactive drugs consumed later in life. To this end, pregnant C57BL6/J dams were treated with dexamethasone (DEX, 0.05 mg/kg per day) from gestational day 14 until delivery. Thereafter, the male offspring were evaluated to ascertain the magnitude of dopaminergic damage, astrogliosis and microgliosis elicited in the nigrostriatal tract by the amphetamine-related drug 3,4--methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 4 × 20 mg/kg, 2 h apart, sacrificed 48 h later) administered at either adolescence or adulthood. Immunohistochemistry was performed in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and striatum, to evaluate dopaminergic degeneration by measuring tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), as well as astrogliosis and microgliosis by measuring glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1), respectively. Moreover, immunohistochemistry was used to ascertain the co-localization of IBA-1 with either the pro-inflammatory interleukin (IL) IL-1β or the anti-inflammatory IL IL-10, in order to determine the microglial phenotype. In utero administration of DEX induced dopaminergic damage by decreasing the density of TH-positive fibers in the striatum, although only in adult mice. MDMA administration induced dopaminergic damage and glia activation in the nigrostriatal tract of adolescent and adult mice. Mice exposed to DEX in utero and treated with MDMA later in life showed a more pronounced loss of dopaminergic neurons (adolescent mice) and astrogliosis (adolescent and adult mice) in the SNc, compared with control mice. These results suggest that prenatal exposure to glucocorticoids may induce an age-dependent and persistent increase in the susceptibility to central toxicity of amphetamine-related drugs used later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Costa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Stefan Spulber
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena Paci
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Antonietta Casu
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Translational Pharmacology, UOS of Cagliari, Scientific and Technological Park of Sardinia POLARIS, Pula, Italy
| | - Sandra Ceccatelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicola Simola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Micaela Morelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; National Research Council of Italy, Neuroscience Institute, Cagliari, Italy
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29
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Dias L, Lopes CR, Gonçalves FQ, Nunes A, Pochmann D, Machado NJ, Tomé AR, Agostinho P, Cunha RA. Crosstalk Between ATP-P 2X7 and Adenosine A 2A Receptors Controlling Neuroinflammation in Rats Subject to Repeated Restraint Stress. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:639322. [PMID: 33732112 PMCID: PMC7957057 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.639322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Depressive conditions precipitated by repeated stress are a major socio-economical burden in Western countries. Previous studies showed that ATP-P2X7 receptors (P2X7R) and adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR) antagonists attenuate behavioral modifications upon exposure to repeated stress. Since it is unknown if these two purinergic modulation systems work independently, we now investigated a putative interplay between P2X7R and A2AR. Adult rats exposed to restraint stress for 14 days displayed an anxious (thigmotaxis, elevated plus maze), depressive (anhedonia, increased immobility), and amnesic (modified Y maze, object displacement) profile, together with increased expression of Iba-1 (a marker of microglia “activation”) and interleukin-1β (IL1β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα; proinflammatory cytokines) and an up-regulation of P2X7R (mRNA) and A2AR (receptor binding) in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. All these features were attenuated by the P2X7R-preferring antagonist brilliant blue G (BBG, 45 mg/kg, i.p.) or by caffeine (0.3 g/L, p.o.), which affords neuroprotection through A2AR blockade. Notably, BBG attenuated A2AR upregulation and caffeine attenuated P2X7R upregulation. In microglial N9 cells, the P2X7R agonist BzATP (100 μM) or the A2AR agonist CGS26180 (100 nM) increased calcium levels, which was abrogated by the P2X7R antagonist JNJ47965567 (1 μM) and by the A2AR antagonist SCH58261 (50 nM), respectively; notably JNJ47965567 prevented the effect of CGS21680 and the effect of BzATP was attenuated by SCH58261 and increased by CGS21680. These results provide the first demonstration of a functional interaction between P2X7R and A2AR controlling microglia reactivity likely involved in behavioral adaptive responses to stress and are illustrative of a cooperation between the two arms of the purinergic system in the control of brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Dias
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cátia R Lopes
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisco Q Gonçalves
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Nunes
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Daniela Pochmann
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nuno J Machado
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Angelo R Tomé
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula Agostinho
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo A Cunha
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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30
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Rodrigues-Neves AC, Carecho R, Correia SC, Carvalho C, Campos EJ, Baptista FI, Moreira PI, Ambrósio AF. Retina and Brain Display Early and Differential Molecular and Cellular Changes in the 3xTg-AD Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3043-3060. [PMID: 33606195 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02316-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The concept 'the retina as a window to the brain' has been increasingly explored in Alzheimer´s disease (AD) in recent years, since some patients present visual alterations before the first symptoms of dementia. The retina is an extension of the brain and can be assessed by noninvasive methods. However, assessing the retina for AD diagnosis is still a matter of debate. Using the triple transgenic mouse model of AD (3xTg-AD; males), this study was undertaken to investigate whether the retina and brain (hippocampus and cortex) undergo similar molecular and cellular changes during the early stages (4 and 8 months) of the pathology, and if the retina can anticipate the alterations occurring in the brain. We assessed amyloid-beta (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) levels, barrier integrity, cell death, neurotransmitter levels, and glial changes. Overall, the retina, hippocampus, and cortex of 3xTg-AD are not significantly affected at these early stages. However, we detected a few differential changes in the retina and brain regions, and particularly a different profile in microglia branching in the retina and hippocampus, only at 4 months, where the number and length of the processes decreased in the retina and increased in the hippocampus. In summary, at the early stages of pathology, the retina, hippocampus, and cortex are not significantly affected but already present some molecular and cellular alterations. The retina did not mirror the changes detected in the brain, and these observations should be taking into account when using the retina as a potential diagnostic tool for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catarina Rodrigues-Neves
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rafael Carecho
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sónia Catarina Correia
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cristina Carvalho
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Elisa Julião Campos
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal.,Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filipa Isabel Baptista
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula Isabel Moreira
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António Francisco Ambrósio
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. .,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. .,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal. .,Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal.
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31
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Gaspar R, Soares-Cunha C, Domingues AV, Coimbra B, Baptista FI, Pinto L, Ambrósio AF, Rodrigues AJ, Gomes CA. Resilience to stress and sex-specific remodeling of microglia and neuronal morphology in a rat model of anxiety and anhedonia. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 14:100302. [PMID: 33614864 PMCID: PMC7879043 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to stress or glucocorticoids (GC) is associated with the appearance of psychiatric diseases later in life. Microglia, the immune cells of the brain, are altered in stress-related disorders. Synthetic GC such as dexamethasone (DEX) are commonly prescribed in case of preterm risk labour in order to promote fetal lung maturation. Recently, we reported long-lasting differences in microglia morphology in a model of in utero exposure to DEX (iuDEX), that presents an anxious phenotype. However, it is still unclear if stress differentially affects iuDEX males and females. In this work, we evaluated how iuDEX animals of both sexes cope with chronic mild stress for 2 weeks. We evaluated emotional behavior and microglia and neuronal morphology in the dorsal hippocampus (dHIP) and nucleus accumbens (NAc), two brain regions involved in emotion-related disorders. We report that males and females prenatally exposed to DEX have better performance in anxiety- and depression-related behavioral tests after chronic stress exposure in adulthood than non-exposed animals. Interestingly, iuDEX animals present sex-dependent changes in microglia morphology in the dHIP (hypertrophy in females) and in the NAc (atrophy in females and hypertrophy in males). After chronic stress, these cells undergo sex-specific morphological remodeling. Paralleled to these alterations in cytoarchitecture of microglia, we report inter-regional differences in dendritic morphology in a sex-specific manner. iuDEX females present fewer complex neurons in the NAc, whereas iuDEX males presented less complex neuronal morphology in the dHIP. Interestingly, these alterations were modified by stress exposure. Our work shows that stressful events during pregnancy can exert a preserved sex-specific effect in adulthood. Although the role of the observed cellular remodeling is still unknown, sex-specific differences in microglia plasticity induced by long-term stress exposure may anticipate differences in drug efficacy in the context of stress-induced anxiety- or depression-related behaviors. iuDEX induces anxiety- and depression-related behavioral in both sexes. iuDEX induces sex dependent fine structural alterations in neurons and microglia morphology in the dHIP and in the NAc. uCMS in combination to iuDEX normalize the behavior as well the morphology of neurons in the NAc. Stressful events during pregnancy can exert a preserved sex-specific effect in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Gaspar
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carina Soares-Cunha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's -PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana Verónica Domingues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's -PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Coimbra
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's -PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Filipa I Baptista
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luísa Pinto
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's -PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António F Ambrósio
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana João Rodrigues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's -PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Catarina A Gomes
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal
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Li S, Liao Y, Dong Y, Li X, Li J, Cheng Y, Cheng J, Yuan Z. Microglial deletion and inhibition alleviate behavior of post-traumatic stress disorder in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:7. [PMID: 33402212 PMCID: PMC7786489 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02069-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alteration of immune status in the central nervous system (CNS) has been implicated in the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the nature of overall changes in brain immunocyte landscape in PTSD condition remains unclear. Methods We constructed a mouse PTSD model by electric foot-shocks followed by contextual reminders and verified the PTSD-related symptoms by behavior test (including contextual freezing test, open-field test, and elevated plus maze test). We examined the immunocyte panorama in the brains of the naïve or PTSD mice by using single-cell mass cytometry. Microglia number and morphological changes in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and amygdala were analyzed by histopathological methods. The gene expression changes of those microglia were detected by quantitative real-time PCR. Genetic/pharmacological depletion of microglia or minocycline treatment before foot-shocks exposure was performed to study the role of microglia in PTSD development and progress. Results We found microglia are the major brain immune cells that respond to PTSD. The number of microglia and ratio of microglia to immunocytes was significantly increased on the fifth day of foot-shock exposure. Furthermore, morphological analysis and gene expression profiling revealed temporal patterns of microglial activation in the hippocampus of the PTSD brains. Importantly, we found that genetic/pharmacological depletion of microglia or minocycline treatment before foot-shock exposure alleviated PTSD-associated anxiety and contextual fear. Conclusion Our results demonstrated a critical role for microglial activation in PTSD development and a potential therapeutic strategy for the clinical treatment of PTSD in the form of microglial inhibition. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-020-02069-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuoshuo Li
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, No. 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yajin Liao
- Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life & Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yuan Dong
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, No. 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Jun Li
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yong Cheng
- Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life & Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jinbo Cheng
- Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life & Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Zengqiang Yuan
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, No. 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China. .,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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Reddaway J, Brydges NM. Enduring neuroimmunological consequences of developmental experiences: From vulnerability to resilience. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 109:103567. [PMID: 33068720 PMCID: PMC7556274 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is crucial for normal neuronal development and function (neuroimmune system). Both immune and neuronal systems undergo significant postnatal development and are sensitive to developmental programming by environmental experiences. Negative experiences from infection to psychological stress at a range of different time points (in utero to adolescence) can permanently alter the function of the neuroimmune system: given its prominent role in normal brain development and function this dysregulation may increase vulnerability to psychiatric illness. In contrast, positive experiences such as exercise and environmental enrichment are protective and can promote resilience, even restoring the detrimental effects of negative experiences on the neuroimmune system. This suggests the neuroimmune system is a viable therapeutic target for treatment and prevention of psychiatric illnesses, especially those related to stress. In this review we will summarise the main cells, molecules and functions of the immune system in general and with specific reference to central nervous system development and function. We will then discuss the effects of negative and positive environmental experiences, especially during development, in programming the long-term functioning of the neuroimmune system. Finally, we will review the sparse but growing literature on sex differences in neuroimmune development and response to environmental experiences. The immune system is essential for development and function of the central nervous system (neuroimmune system) Environmental experiences can permanently alter neuroimmune function and associated brain development Altered neuroimmune function following negative developmental experiences may play a role in psychiatric illnesses Positive experiences can promote resilience and rescue the effects of negative experiences on the neuroimmune system The neuroimmune system is therefore a viable therapeutic target for preventing and treating psychiatric illnesses
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Reddaway
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Nichola M Brydges
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK.
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Agostinho P, Madeira D, Dias L, Simões AP, Cunha RA, Canas PM. Purinergic signaling orchestrating neuron-glia communication. Pharmacol Res 2020; 162:105253. [PMID: 33080321 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the evidence supporting a role for ATP signaling (operated by P2X and P2Y receptors) and adenosine signaling (mainly operated by A1 and A2A receptors) in the crosstalk between neurons, astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes. An initial emphasis will be given to the cooperation between adenosine receptors to sharpen information salience encoding across synapses. The interplay between ATP and adenosine signaling in the communication between astrocytes and neurons will then be presented in context of the integrative properties of the astrocytic syncytium, allowing to implement heterosynaptic depression processes in neuronal networks. The process of microglia 'activation' and its control by astrocytes and neurons will then be analyzed under the perspective of an interplay between different P2 receptors and adenosine A2A receptors. In spite of these indications of a prominent role of purinergic signaling in the bidirectional communication between neurons and glia, its therapeutical exploitation still awaits obtaining an integrated view of the spatio-temporal action of ATP signaling and adenosine signaling, clearly distinguishing the involvement of both purinergic signaling systems in the regulation of physiological processes and in the control of pathogenic-like responses upon brain dysfunction or damage.
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35
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Han YY, Jin K, Pan QS, Li B, Wu ZQ, Gan L, Yang L, Long C. Microglial activation in the dorsal striatum participates in anxiety-like behavior in Cyld knockout mice. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 89:326-338. [PMID: 32688031 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CYLD lysine 63 deubiquitinase (CYLD), that is mainly involved in immune responses and inflammation, is expressed at high levels in the brain, especially in the dorsal striatum, but its physiological function of CYLD in the brain remains unexplored. The present study investigated the effect of Cyld gene knockout on behavior relevant to the dorsal striatum, such as motor activity and depression-like and anxiety-like behavior. Microglia and the pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1 β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- α were evaluated in the dorsal striatum to elucidate the underlying mechanism. Cyld knockout (Cyld-/-) mice exhibited anxiety-like behavior, but not motor deficits or depression-like behavior. Microglia were activated and the mRNA levels of IL-1 β and TNF- α were increased in the dorsal striatum of Cyld-/- mice compared to Cyld+/+ mice. The microglial modulator minocycline partially reversed the anxiety-like behavior, microglial activation and increase in IL-1 β and TNF- α mRNA and protein levels in the dorsal striatum of Cyld-/- mice. Collectively, these results suggest that Cyld knockout leading to microglial activation promotes IL-1 β and TNF- α expression and acts as a critical pathway in the pathophysiology of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Han
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Kai Jin
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Qi-Sheng Pan
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Bo Li
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Zhuo-Qing Wu
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Lin Gan
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Li Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Cheng Long
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China; South China Normal University-Panyu Central Hospital Joint Laboratory of Translational Medical Research, Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou 511400, PR China.
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Abstract
Exposure to adverse experiences during development increases the risk of psychiatric illness later in life. Growing evidence suggests a role for the neuroimmune system in this relationship. There is now substantial evidence that the immune system is critical for normal brain development and behaviour, and responds to environmental perturbations experienced early in life. Severe or chronic stress results in dysregulated neuroimmune function, concomitant with abnormal brain morphology and function. Positive experiences including environmental enrichment and exercise exert the opposite effect, promoting normal brain and immune function even in the face of early life stress. The neuroimmune system may therefore provide a viable target for prevention and treatment of psychiatric illness. This review will briefly summarise the neuroimmune system in brain development and function, and review the effects of stress and positive environmental experiences during development on neuroimmune function. There are also significant sex differences in how the neuroimmune system responds to environmental experiences early in life, which we will briefly review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichola M Brydges
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jack Reddaway
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Abstract
Caffeine is one of the most used ergogenic aid for physical exercise and sports. However, its mechanism of action is still controversial. The adenosinergic hypothesis is promising due to the pharmacology of caffeine, a nonselective antagonist of adenosine A1 and A2A receptors. We now investigated A2AR as a possible ergogenic mechanism through pharmacological and genetic inactivation. Forty-two adult females (20.0 ± 0.2 g) and 40 male mice (23.9 ± 0.4 g) from a global and forebrain A2AR knockout (KO) colony ran an incremental exercise test with indirect calorimetry (V̇O2 and RER). We administered caffeine (15 mg/kg, i.p., nonselective) and SCH 58261 (1 mg/kg, i.p., selective A2AR antagonist) 15 min before the open field and exercise tests. We also evaluated the estrous cycle and infrared temperature immediately at the end of the exercise test. Caffeine and SCH 58621 were psychostimulant. Moreover, Caffeine and SCH 58621 were ergogenic, that is, they increased V̇O2max, running power, and critical power, showing that A2AR antagonism is ergogenic. Furthermore, the ergogenic effects of caffeine were abrogated in global and forebrain A2AR KO mice, showing that the antagonism of A2AR in forebrain neurons is responsible for the ergogenic action of caffeine. Furthermore, caffeine modified the exercising metabolism in an A2AR-dependent manner, and A2AR was paramount for exercise thermoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aderbal S Aguiar
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Biology of Exercise Lab, Department of Health Sciences, UFSC-Federal University of Santa Catarina, Araranguá, SC, 88905-120, Brazil.
| | - Ana Elisa Speck
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
- Biology of Exercise Lab, Department of Health Sciences, UFSC-Federal University of Santa Catarina, Araranguá, SC, 88905-120, Brazil
| | - Paula M Canas
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo A Cunha
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
- FMUC - Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
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van der Merwe JL, Sacco A, Toelen J, Deprest J. Long-term neuropathological and/or neurobehavioral effects of antenatal corticosteroid therapy in animal models: a systematic review. Pediatr Res 2020; 87:1157-1170. [PMID: 31822018 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0712-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antenatal corticosteroids (ACSs) are recommended to all women at risk for preterm delivery; currently, there is controversy about the subsequent long-term neurocognitive sequelae. This systematic review summarizes the long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes after ACS therapy in animal models. METHODS An electronic search strategy incorporating MeSH and keywords was performed using all known literature databases and in accordance with PRISMA guidance (PROSPERO CRD42019119663). RESULTS Of the 669 studies identified, eventually 64 were included. The majority of studies utilized dexamethasone at relative high dosages and primarily involved rodents. There was a high risk of bias, mostly due to lack of randomization, allocation concealment, and blinding. The main outcomes reported on was neuropathological, particularly glucocorticoid receptor expression and neuron densities, and neurobehavior. Overall there was an upregulation of glucocorticoid receptors with lower neuron densities and a dysregulation of the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems. This coincided with various adverse neurobehavioral outcomes. CONCLUSIONS In animal models, ACSs consistently lead to deleterious long-term neurocognitive effects. This may be due to the specific agents, i.e., dexamethasone, or the repetitive/higher total dosing used. ACS administration varied significantly between studies and there was a high risk of bias. Future research should be standardized in well-characterized models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes L van der Merwe
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster Woman and Child, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Fetal Medicine Unit, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Adalina Sacco
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jaan Toelen
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster Woman and Child, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, Division Woman and Child, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Deprest
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster Woman and Child, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Fetal Medicine Unit, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
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Illes P, Rubini P, Ulrich H, Zhao Y, Tang Y. Regulation of Microglial Functions by Purinergic Mechanisms in the Healthy and Diseased CNS. Cells 2020; 9:E1108. [PMID: 32365642 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS), exist in a process-bearing, ramified/surveying phenotype under resting conditions. Upon activation by cell-damaging factors, they get transformed into an amoeboid phenotype releasing various cell products including pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, proteases, reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, and the excytotoxic ATP and glutamate. In addition, they engulf pathogenic bacteria or cell debris and phagocytose them. However, already resting/surveying microglia have a number of important physiological functions in the CNS; for example, they shield small disruptions of the blood–brain barrier by their processes, dynamically interact with synaptic structures, and clear surplus synapses during development. In neurodegenerative illnesses, they aggravate the original disease by a microglia-based compulsory neuroinflammatory reaction. Therefore, the blockade of this reaction improves the outcome of Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, etc. The function of microglia is regulated by a whole array of purinergic receptors classified as P2Y12, P2Y6, P2Y4, P2X4, P2X7, A2A, and A3, as targets of endogenous ATP, ADP, or adenosine. ATP is sequentially degraded by the ecto-nucleotidases and 5′-nucleotidase enzymes to the almost inactive inosine as an end product. The appropriate selective agonists/antagonists for purinergic receptors as well as the respective enzyme inhibitors may profoundly interfere with microglial functions and reconstitute the homeostasis of the CNS disturbed by neuroinflammation.
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Sousa FJ, Correia RG, Cruz AF, Martins JM, Rodrigues MS, Gomes CA, Ambrósio AF, Baptista FI. Sex differences in offspring neurodevelopment, cognitive performance and microglia morphology associated with maternal diabetes: Putative targets for insulin therapy. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 5:100075. [PMID: 34589855 PMCID: PMC8474564 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes during pregnancy has been shown to affect the central nervous system (CNS) of the offspring, resulting in short- and long-term adverse effects. Children of diabetic mothers are more likely to develop cognitive impairment, also having increased susceptibility to psychiatric disorders. Microglia, the immune cells of the CNS, work as sensors of environmental changes, namely metabolic challenges, as early as the intrauterine period. During this period, microglia is actively involved in processes of neurogenesis, synaptic pruning and detection of any environmental alteration that may impact brain development. The remarkable sex dimorphism in neurodevelopment, as well as sex differences in the morphology and immune function of microglia during development, led us to clarify if maternal diabetes affects specific behavioral traits and microglia morphology during infancy in a sex-specific manner. Another important goal of this study was to clarify if insulin, the gold standard treatment of diabetes during gestation, could prevent maternal diabetes-induced behavioral changes, as well as microglia morphology, also considering sex specificities. Other molecular and cellular players potentially involved in the link between changes in metabolism and behavior were also analyzed in the hippocampus, a brain region implicated in cognition and other behavioral outcomes. Diabetes during pregnancy globally delayed female and male offspring development and was associated with impairments in recognition memory, but only in female offspring. In line with these results, at early and late infancy, some molecular and cellular markers were altered in offspring hippocampus in a sex-specific manner. The strict control of glycemia by insulin during pregnancy prevented most of the negative effects induced by uncontrolled hyperglycemia. Notably, insulin administration to diabetic dams may also modulate offspring development in a way that differs from what is observed in physiological conditions, since it promoted the expedited acquisition of developmental milestones and of discrimination ability at memory test, also inducing a hyper-ramification of male and female hippocampal microglia. Importantly, this study highlights the importance of analyzing the impact of maternal diabetes and insulin therapy, taking into account sex differences, since male and female present different vulnerabilities to hyperglycemia in this critical period of life.
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Key Words
- CA, cornu ammonis
- CTRL, offspring of control dams
- EPM, elevated plus maze
- GD, gestational day
- Insulin therapy
- Maternal diabetes
- Microglia
- NOR, novel object recognition
- Neurodevelopment
- OPF, open field
- P, postnatal day
- Recognition memory
- SEM, standard error of the mean
- STZ, offspring of streptozotocin-induced diabetic dams
- STZ + INS, offspring of insulin treated-diabetic dams
- Sex differences
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio J Sousa
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Raquel G Correia
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alexandra F Cruz
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana M Martins
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Matilde S Rodrigues
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina A Gomes
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António F Ambrósio
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filipa I Baptista
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal
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Meng F, Guo Z, Hu Y, Mai W, Zhang Z, Zhang B, Ge Q, Lou H, Guo F, Chen J, Duan S, Gao Z. CD73-derived adenosine controls inflammation and neurodegeneration by modulating dopamine signalling. Brain 2020; 142:700-718. [PMID: 30689733 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectonucleotidase-mediated ATP catabolism provides a powerful mechanism to control the levels of extracellular adenosine. While increased adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) signaling has been well-documented in both Parkinson's disease models and patients, the source of this enhanced adenosine signalling remains unclear. Here, we show that the ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73)-mediated adenosine formation provides an important input to activate A2AR, and upregulated CD73 and A2AR in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced Parkinson's disease models coordinatively contribute to the elevated adenosine signalling. Importantly, we demonstrate that CD73-derived adenosine-A2AR signalling modulates microglial immunoresponses and morphological dynamics. CD73 inactivation significantly attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced pro-inflammatory responses in microglia, but enhanced microglia process extension, movement and morphological transformation in the laser injury and acute MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease models. Limiting CD73-derived adenosine substantially suppressed microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and improved the viability of dopaminergic neurons and motor behaviours in Parkinson's disease models. Moreover, CD73 inactivation suppressed A2AR induction and A2AR-mediated pro-inflammatory responses, whereas replenishment of adenosine analogues restored these effects, suggesting that CD73 produces a self-regulating feed-forward adenosine formation to activate A2AR and promote neuroinflammation. We further provide the first evidence that A2A enhanced inflammation by antagonizing dopamine-mediated anti-inflammation, suggesting that the homeostatic balance between adenosine and dopamine signalling is key to microglia immunoresponses. Our study thus reveals a novel role for CD73-mediated nucleotide metabolism in regulating neuroinflammation and provides the proof-of-principle that targeting nucleotide metabolic pathways to limit adenosine production and neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease might be a promising therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Meng
- Department of Neurobiology and Second Affiliated Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhige Guo
- Department of Neurobiology and Second Affiliated Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaling Hu
- Department of Neurobiology and Second Affiliated Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weihao Mai
- Department of Neurobiology and Second Affiliated Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenjie Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Second Affiliated Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Second Affiliated Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Ge
- Department of Neurobiology and Second Affiliated Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huifang Lou
- Department of Neurobiology and Second Affiliated Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang Guo
- Department of Neurobiology and Second Affiliated Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiangfan Chen
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shumin Duan
- Department of Neurobiology and Second Affiliated Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhihua Gao
- Department of Neurobiology and Second Affiliated Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Simões-Henriques C, Mateus-Pinheiro M, Gaspar R, Pinheiro H, Mendes Duarte J, Baptista FI, Canas PM, Fontes-Ribeiro CA, Cunha RA, Ambrósio AF, Gomes CA. Microglia cytoarchitecture in the brain of adenosine A 2A receptor knockout mice: Brain region and sex specificities. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 51:1377-1387. [PMID: 31454441 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Microglia cells exert a critical role in brain development, mainly supported by their immune functions, which predicts an impact on the genesis of psychiatric disorders. In fact, microglia stress during gestation is, for instance, associated with chronic anxiety and cognitive deficits accompanied by long-lasting, region- and sex-specific changes in microglia morphology. We recently reported that the pattern of microglia morphologic plasticity, which is sex-determined, impacts on anxious-like behaviour and cognition. We also reported that the pharmacologic blockade of adenosine A2A receptors (A2 A R) is able to reshape microglia morphology, in a sex-specific manner and with behavioural sequelae. In order to better understand the role of A2 A R in the sex differentiation of microglia, we now compared their morphology in wild-type and A2 A R knockout male and female C57BL/6 mice in two cardinal brain regions implicated in anxiety-like behaviour and cognition, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the dorsal hippocampus (dHIP). We report interregional differences between PFC and dHIP in a sex-specific manner: while males presented more complex microglia in the dHIP, microglia from females had a more complex morphology in the PFC. Surprisingly, the genetic deletion of A2 A R did not alter these sex differences, but promoted the exclusive remodelling (increase in complexity) in PFC microglia from females. These findings further support the existence of a heterogeneous microglial network, distinct between sexes and brain regions, and help characterizing the role of A2 A R in the sex- and brain region-specific morphologic differentiation of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Simões-Henriques
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Mateus-Pinheiro
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rita Gaspar
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Helena Pinheiro
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Mendes Duarte
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filipa I Baptista
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula M Canas
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos Alberto Fontes-Ribeiro
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo A Cunha
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António F Ambrósio
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina A Gomes
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Al-Attraqchi OH, Attimarad M, Venugopala KN, Nair A, Al-Attraqchi NH. Adenosine A2A Receptor as a Potential Drug Target - Current Status and Future Perspectives. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:2716-2740. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190716113444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine receptors (ARs) are a class of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are activated by
the endogenous substance adenosine. ARs are classified into 4 subtype receptors, namely, the A1, A2A, A2B and A3
receptors. The wide distribution and expression of the ARs in various body tissues as well as the roles they have
in controlling different functions in the body make them potential drug targets for the treatment of various pathological
conditions, such as cardiac diseases, cancer, Parkinson’s disease, inflammation and glaucoma. Therefore,
in the past decades, there have been extensive investigations of ARs with a high number of agonists and antagonists
identified that can interact with these receptors. This review shall discuss the A2A receptor (A2AAR) subtype
of the ARs. The structure, properties and the recent advances in the therapeutic potential of the receptor are discussed
with an overview of the recent advances in the methods of studying the receptor. Also, molecular modeling
approaches utilized in the design of A2AAR ligands are highlighted with various recent examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar H.A. Al-Attraqchi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University-Jordan, P.O BOX (1), Philadelphia University-19392, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mahesh Attimarad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Katharigatta N. Venugopala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anroop Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
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44
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Domenici MR, Ferrante A, Martire A, Chiodi V, Pepponi R, Tebano MT, Popoli P. Adenosine A2A receptor as potential therapeutic target in neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacol Res 2019; 147:104338. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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45
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Rosin JM, Kurrasch DM. Emerging roles for hypothalamic microglia as regulators of physiological homeostasis. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 54:100748. [PMID: 31059719 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a crucial brain region that responds to external stressors and functions to maintain physiological homeostatic processes, such as core body temperature and energy balance. The hypothalamus regulates homeostasis by producing hormones that thereby influence the production of other hormones that then control the internal milieu of the body. Microglia are resident macrophages and phagocytic immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), classically known for surveying the brain's environment, responding to neural insults, and disposing of cellular debris. Recent evidence has shown that microglia are also responsive to external stressors and can influence both the development and function of the hypothalamus in a sex-dependent manner. This emerging microglia-hypothalamic interaction raises the intriguing notion that microglia might play an unappreciated role in hypothalamic control of physiological homeostasis. In this review, we briefly outline how the hypothalamus regulates physiological homeostasis and then describe how this literature overlaps with our understanding of microglia's role in the CNS. We also outline the current literature demonstrating how microglia loss or activation affects the hypothalamus, and ultimately homeostasis. We conclude by proposing how microglia could be key regulators of homeostatic processes by sensing cues external to the CNS and transmitting them through the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Rosin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Deborah M Kurrasch
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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46
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Nelson LH, Saulsbery AI, Lenz KM. Small cells with big implications: Microglia and sex differences in brain development, plasticity and behavioral health. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 176:103-119. [PMID: 30193820 PMCID: PMC8008579 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Brain sex differences are programmed largely by sex hormone secretions and direct sex chromosome effects in early life, and are subsequently modulated by early life experiences. The brain's resident immune cells, called microglia, actively contribute to brain development. Recent research has shown that microglia are sexually dimorphic, especially during early life, and may participate in sex-specific organization of the brain and behavior. Likewise, sex differences in immune cells and their signaling in the adult brain have been found, although in most cases their function remains unclear. Additionally, immune cells and their signaling have been implicated in many disorders in which brain development or plasticity is altered, including autism, schizophrenia, pain disorders, major depression, and postpartum depression. This review summarizes what is currently known about sex differences in neuroimmune function in development and during other major phases of brain plasticity, as well as the current state of knowledge regarding sex-specific neuroimmune function in psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars H Nelson
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Angela I Saulsbery
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kathryn M Lenz
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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47
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Smolders SMT, Kessels S, Vangansewinkel T, Rigo JM, Legendre P, Brône B. Microglia: Brain cells on the move. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 178:101612. [PMID: 30954517 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, tremendous progress has been made in understanding the biology of microglia - i.e. the fascinating immigrated resident immune cell population of the central nervous system (CNS). Recent literature reviews have largely dealt with the plentiful functions of microglia in CNS homeostasis, development and pathology, and the influences of sex and the microbiome. In this review, the intriguing aspect of their physical plasticity during CNS development will get specific attention. Microglia move around (mobility) and reshape their processes (motility). Microglial migration into and inside the CNS is most prominent throughout development and consequently most of the data described in this review concern mobility and motility in the changing environment of the developing brain. Here, we first define microglia based on their highly specialized age- and region-dependent gene expression signature and associated functional heterogeneity. Next, we describe their origin, the migration route of immature microglial cells towards the CNS, the mechanisms underlying their invasion of the CNS, and their spatiotemporal localization and surveying behaviour inside the developing CNS. These processes are dependent on microglial mobility and motility which are determined by the microenvironment of the CNS. Therefore, we further zoom in on the changing environment during CNS development. We elaborate on the extracellular matrix and the respective integrin receptors on microglia and we discuss the purinergic and molecular signalling in microglial mobility. In the last section, we discuss the physiological and pathological functions of microglia in which mobility and motility are involved to stress the importance of microglial 'movement'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Marie-Thérèse Smolders
- UHasselt, BIOMED, Diepenbeek, Belgium; INSERM, UMR-S 1130, CNRS, UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris Seine, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UM CR18, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Pascal Legendre
- INSERM, UMR-S 1130, CNRS, UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris Seine, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UM CR18, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Paris, France
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48
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Abu-Sa'da OS, Armstrong EA, Scott O, Shaw O, Nguyen AT, Shen K, Cheung PY, Baker G, Yager JY. The Effect of Caffeine on the Neuropathological and Neurobehavioral Outcome in the Newborn Rat. J Caffeine Adenosine Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1089/caff.2017.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Omar S. Abu-Sa'da
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Edward A. Armstrong
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Ori Scott
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Oriana Shaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Antoinette T. Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Keqin Shen
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Pediatric Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Po-Yin Cheung
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Glen Baker
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jerome Y. Yager
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Pediatric Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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49
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Duarte JM, Gaspar R, Caetano L, Patrício P, Soares-Cunha C, Mateus-Pinheiro A, Alves ND, Santos AR, Ferreira SG, Sardinha V, Oliveira JF, Fontes-Ribeiro C, Sousa N, Cunha RA, Ambrósio AF, Pinto L, Rodrigues AJ, Gomes CA. Region-specific control of microglia by adenosine A2A
receptors: uncoupling anxiety and associated cognitive deficits in female rats. Glia 2018; 67:182-192. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Mendes Duarte
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine; University of Coimbra; Portugal
- Center for Innovation in Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB); University of Coimbra; Portugal
| | - Rita Gaspar
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine; University of Coimbra; Portugal
- Center for Innovation in Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB); University of Coimbra; Portugal
| | - Liliana Caetano
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine; University of Coimbra; Portugal
- Center for Innovation in Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB); University of Coimbra; Portugal
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
| | - Patrícia Patrício
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine; University of Minho; Braga Portugal
- ICVS/3B's -PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães; Portugal
| | - Carina Soares-Cunha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine; University of Minho; Braga Portugal
- ICVS/3B's -PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães; Portugal
| | - António Mateus-Pinheiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine; University of Minho; Braga Portugal
- ICVS/3B's -PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães; Portugal
| | - Nuno Dinis Alves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine; University of Minho; Braga Portugal
- ICVS/3B's -PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães; Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Santos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine; University of Minho; Braga Portugal
- ICVS/3B's -PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães; Portugal
| | - Samira G Ferreira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
| | - Vanessa Sardinha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine; University of Minho; Braga Portugal
- ICVS/3B's -PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães; Portugal
| | - João Filipe Oliveira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine; University of Minho; Braga Portugal
- ICVS/3B's -PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães; Portugal
| | - Carlos Fontes-Ribeiro
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine; University of Minho; Braga Portugal
- ICVS/3B's -PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães; Portugal
| | - Rodrigo A. Cunha
- Center for Innovation in Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB); University of Coimbra; Portugal
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
| | - António F. Ambrósio
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine; University of Coimbra; Portugal
- Center for Innovation in Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB); University of Coimbra; Portugal
| | - Luísa Pinto
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine; University of Minho; Braga Portugal
- ICVS/3B's -PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães; Portugal
| | - Ana João Rodrigues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine; University of Minho; Braga Portugal
- ICVS/3B's -PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães; Portugal
| | - Catarina A. Gomes
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine; University of Coimbra; Portugal
- Center for Innovation in Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB); University of Coimbra; Portugal
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
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50
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Abstract
An explosion of findings driven by powerful new technologies has expanded our understanding of microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). This wave of discoveries has fueled a growing interest in the roles that these cells play in the development of the CNS and in the neuropathology of a diverse array of disorders. In this review, we discuss the crucial roles that microglia play in shaping the brain-from their influence on neurons and glia within the developing CNS to their roles in synaptic maturation and brain wiring-as well as some of the obstacles to overcome when assessing their contributions to normal brain development. Furthermore, we examine how normal developmental functions of microglia are perturbed or remerge in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Hammond
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
| | - Daisy Robinton
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
| | - Beth Stevens
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; .,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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