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Guo JS, Liu KL, Qin YX, Hou L, Jian LY, Yang YH, Li XY. Hypusination-induced DHPS/eIF5A pathway as a new therapeutic strategy for human diseases: A mechanistic review and structural classification of DHPS inhibitors. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115440. [PMID: 37683595 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of new therapeutic strategies for diseases is essential for drug research. Deoxyhypusine synthase (DHPS) is a critical enzyme that modifies the conversion of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) precursor into physiologically active eIF5A (eIF5A-Hyp). Recent studies have revealed that the hypusine modifying of DHPS on eIF5A has an essential regulatory role in human diseases. The hypusination-induced DHPS/eIF5A pathway has been shown to play an essential role in various cancers, and it could regulate immune-related diseases, glucose metabolism-related diseases, neurological-related diseases, and aging. In addition, DHPS has a more defined substrate and a well-defined structure within the active pocket than eIF5A. More and more researchers are focusing on the prospect of advanced development of DHPS inhibitors. This review summarizes the regulatory mechanisms of the hypusination-induced DHPS/eIF5A pathway in a variety of diseases in addition to the inhibitors related to this pathway; it highlights and analyzes the structural features and mechanisms of action of DHPS inhibitors and expands the prospects of future drug development using DHPS as an anticancer target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Si Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang 110004, PR China
| | - Kai-Li Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Yu-Xi Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang 110004, PR China
| | - Lin Hou
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang 110004, PR China
| | - Ling-Yan Jian
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang 110004, PR China
| | - Yue-Hui Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang 110004, PR China
| | - Xin-Yang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang 110004, PR China.
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Casper J, Schenk SH, Parhizkar E, Detampel P, Dehshahri A, Huwyler J. Polyethylenimine (PEI) in gene therapy: Current status and clinical applications. J Control Release 2023; 362:667-691. [PMID: 37666302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Polyethlyenimine (PEI) was introduced 1995 as a cationic polymer for nucleic acid delivery. PEI and its derivatives are extensively used in basic research and as reference formulations in the field of polymer-based gene delivery. Despite its widespread use, the number of clinical applications to date is limited. Thus, this review aims to consolidate the past applications of PEI in DNA delivery, elucidate the obstacles that hinder its transition to clinical use, and highlight potential prospects for novel iterations of PEI derivatives. The present review article is divided into three sections. The first section examines the mechanism of action employed by PEI, examining fundamental aspects of cellular delivery including uptake mechanisms, release from endosomes, and transport into the cell nucleus, along with potential strategies for enhancing these delivery phases. Moreover, an in-depth analysis is conducted concerning the mechanism underlying cellular toxicity, accompanied with approaches to overcome this major challenge. The second part is devoted to the in vivo performance of PEI and its application in various therapeutic indications. While systemic administration has proven to be challenging, alternative localized delivery routes hold promise, such as treatment of solid tumors, application as a vaccine, or serving as a therapeutic agent for pulmonary delivery. In the last section, the outcome of completed and ongoing clinical trials is summarized. Finally, an expert opinion is provided on the potential of PEI and its future applications. PEI-based formulations for nucleic acid delivery have a promising potential, it will be an important task for the years to come to introduce innovations that address PEI-associated shortcomings by introducing well-designed PEI formulations in combination with an appropriate route of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Casper
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Susanne H Schenk
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elahehnaz Parhizkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Pascal Detampel
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ali Dehshahri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Jörg Huwyler
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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3
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Sfakianos AP, Raven RM, Willis AE. The pleiotropic roles of eIF5A in cellular life and its therapeutic potential in cancer. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:1885-1895. [PMID: 36511302 PMCID: PMC9788402 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Protein synthesis is dysregulated in the majority of cancers and this process therefore provides a good therapeutic target. Many novel anti-cancer agents are directed to target the initiation stage of translation, however, translation elongation also holds great potential as a therapeutic target. The elongation factor eIF5A that assists the formation of peptidyl bonds during the elongation process is of considerable interest in this regard. Overexpression of eIF5A has been linked with the development of a variety of cancers and inhibitors of the molecule have been proposed for anti-cancer clinical applications. eIF5A is the only protein in the cell that contains the post-translational modification hypusine. Hypusination is a two-step enzymatic process catalysed by the Deoxyhypusine Synthase (DHPS) and Deoxyhypusine Hydroxylase (DOHH). In addition, eIF5A can be acetylated by p300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF) which leads to translocation of the protein to the nucleus and its deactivation. In addition to the nucleus, eIF5A has been found in the mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) with eIF5A localisation related to function from regulation of mitochondrial activity and apoptosis to maintenance of ER integrity and control of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Given the pleiotropic functions of eIF5A and by extension the hypusination enzymes, this system is being considered as a target for a range of cancers including multiple myeloma, B-Cell lymphoma, and neuroblastoma. In this review, we explore the role of eIF5A and discuss the therapeutic strategies that are currently developing both in the pre- and the clinical stage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca Mallory Raven
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Anne Elizabeth Willis
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge, U.K
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4
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Bai X, Smith ZL, Wang Y, Butterworth S, Tirella A. Sustained Drug Release from Smart Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy: A Comprehensive Review. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13101623. [PMID: 36295976 PMCID: PMC9611581 DOI: 10.3390/mi13101623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Although nanomedicine has been highly investigated for cancer treatment over the past decades, only a few nanomedicines are currently approved and in the market; making this field poorly represented in clinical applications. Key research gaps that require optimization to successfully translate the use of nanomedicines have been identified, but not addressed; among these, the lack of control of the release pattern of therapeutics is the most important. To solve these issues with currently used nanomedicines (e.g., burst release, systemic release), different strategies for the design and manufacturing of nanomedicines allowing for better control over the therapeutic release, are currently being investigated. The inclusion of stimuli-responsive properties and prolonged drug release have been identified as effective approaches to include in nanomedicine, and are discussed in this paper. Recently, smart sustained release nanoparticles have been successfully designed to safely and efficiently deliver therapeutics with different kinetic profiles, making them promising for many drug delivery applications and in specific for cancer treatment. In this review, the state-of-the-art of smart sustained release nanoparticles is discussed, focusing on the design strategies and performances of polymeric nanotechnologies. A complete list of nanomedicines currently tested in clinical trials and approved nanomedicines for cancer treatment is presented, critically discussing advantages and limitations with respect to the newly developed nanotechnologies and manufacturing methods. By the presented discussion and the highlight of nanomedicine design criteria and current limitations, this review paper could be of high interest to identify key features for the design of release-controlled nanomedicine for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Zara L. Smith
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Yuheng Wang
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Sam Butterworth
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Annalisa Tirella
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- BIOtech-Center for Biomedical Technologies, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Via delle Regole 101, 38123 Trento, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Tarab-Ravski D, Stotsky-Oterin L, Peer D. Delivery strategies of RNA therapeutics to leukocytes. J Control Release 2022; 342:362-371. [PMID: 35041904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Harnessing RNA-based therapeutics for cancer, inflammation, and viral diseases is hindered by poor delivery of therapeutic RNA molecules. Targeting leukocytes to treat these conditions holds great promise, as they are key participants in their initiation, drug response, and treatment. The various extra- and intra-cellular obstacles that impediment the clinical implementation of therapeutic RNA can be overcome by utilizing drug delivery systems. However, delivery of therapeutic RNA to leukocytes poses an even greater challenge as these cells are difficult to reach and transfect upon systemic administration. This review briefly describes the existing successful delivery strategies that efficiently target leukocytes in vivo and discuss their potential clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Tarab-Ravski
- Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Materials Sciences & Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lior Stotsky-Oterin
- Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Materials Sciences & Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Cancer Biology Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dan Peer
- Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Materials Sciences & Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Cancer Biology Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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6
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Yu AM, Tu MJ. Deliver the promise: RNAs as a new class of molecular entities for therapy and vaccination. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 230:107967. [PMID: 34403681 PMCID: PMC9477512 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The concepts of developing RNAs as new molecular entities for therapies have arisen again and again since the discoveries of antisense RNAs, direct RNA-protein interactions, functional noncoding RNAs, and RNA-directed gene editing. The feasibility was demonstrated with the development and utilization of synthetic RNA agents to selectively control target gene expression, modulate protein functions or alter the genome to manage diseases. Rather, RNAs are labile to degradation and cannot cross cell membrane barriers, making it hard to develop RNA medications. With the development of viable RNA technologies, such as chemistry and pharmaceutics, eight antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) (fomivirsen, mipomersen, eteplirsen, nusinersen, inotersen, golodirsen, viltolarsen and casimersen), one aptamer (pegaptanib), and three small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) (patisiran, givosiran and lumasiran) have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for therapies, and two mRNA vaccines (BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273) under Emergency Use Authorization for the prevention of COVID-19. Therefore, RNAs have become a great addition to small molecules, proteins/antibodies, and cell-based modalities to improve the public health. In this article, we first summarize the general characteristics of therapeutic RNA agents, including chemistry, common delivery strategies, mechanisms of actions, and safety. By overviewing individual RNA medications and vaccines approved by the FDA and some agents under development, we illustrate the unique compositions and pharmacological actions of RNA products. A new era of RNA research and development will likely lead to commercialization of more RNA agents for medical use, expanding the range of therapeutic targets and increasing the diversity of molecular modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ming Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| | - Mei-Juan Tu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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Zhong W, Zhang X, Zhao M, Wu J, Lin D. Advancements in nanotechnology for the diagnosis and treatment of multiple myeloma. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:4692-4711. [PMID: 32779645 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm00772b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM), known as a tumor of plasma cells, is not only refractory but also has a high relapse rate, and is the second-most common hematologic tumor after lymphoma. It is often accompanied by multiple osteolytic damage, hypercalcemia, anemia, and renal insufficiency. In terms of diagnosis, conventional detection methods have many limitations, such as it is invasive and time-consuming and has low accuracy. Measures to change these limitations are urgently needed. At the therapeutic level, although the survival of MM continues to prolong with the advent of new drugs, MM remains incurable and has a high recurrence rate. With the development of nanotechnology, nanomedicine has become a powerful way to improve the current diagnosis and treatment of MM. In this review, the research progress and breakthroughs of nanomedicine in MM will be presented. Meanwhile, both superiorities and challenges of nanomedicine were discussed. As a new idea for the diagnosis and treatments of MM, nanomedicine will play a very important role in the research field of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Zhong
- Department of Hematology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, P.R. China.
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8
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Wong XY, Sena-Torralba A, Álvarez-Diduk R, Muthoosamy K, Merkoçi A. Nanomaterials for Nanotheranostics: Tuning Their Properties According to Disease Needs. ACS NANO 2020; 14:2585-2627. [PMID: 32031781 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b08133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nanotheranostics is one of the biggest scientific breakthroughs in nanomedicine. Most of the currently available diagnosis and therapies are invasive, time-consuming, and associated with severe toxic side effects. Nanotheranostics, on the other hand, has the potential to bridge this gap by harnessing the capabilities of nanotechnology and nanomaterials for combined therapeutics and diagnostics with markedly enhanced efficacy. However, nanomaterial applications in nanotheranostics are still in its infancy. This is due to the fact that each disease has a particular microenvironment with well-defined characteristics, which promotes deeper selection criteria of nanomaterials to meet the disease needs. In this review, we have outlined how nanomaterials are designed and tailored for nanotheranostics of cancer and other diseases such as neurodegenerative, autoimmune (particularly on rheumatoid arthritis), and cardiovascular diseases. The penetrability and retention of a nanomaterial in the biological system, the therapeutic strategy used, and the imaging mode selected are some of the aspects discussed for each disease. The specific properties of the nanomaterials in terms of feasibility, physicochemical challenges, progress in clinical trials, its toxicity, and their future application on translational medicine are addressed. Our review meticulously and critically examines the applications of nanotheranostics with various nanomaterials, including graphene, across several diseases, offering a broader perspective of this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yi Wong
- Nanobioelectronics and Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Amadeo Sena-Torralba
- Nanobioelectronics and Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ruslan Álvarez-Diduk
- Nanobioelectronics and Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kasturi Muthoosamy
- Nanotechnology Research Group, Centre of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, University of Nottingham Malaysia, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Arben Merkoçi
- Nanobioelectronics and Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Pg. Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Ramishetti S, Peer D. Engineering lymphocytes with RNAi. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 141:55-66. [PMID: 30529305 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytes are the gatekeepers of the body's immune system and are involved in pathogenesis if their surveillance is stalled by inhibitory molecules or when they act as mediators for viral entry. Engineering lymphocytes in order to restore their functions is an unmet need in immunological disorders, cancer and in lymphotropic viral infections. Recently, the FDA approved several therapeutic antibodies for blocking inhibitory signals on T cells. This has revolutionized the field of solid tumor care, together with chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy that did the same for hematological malignancies. RNA interference (RNAi) is a promising approach where gene function can be inhibited in almost all types of cells. However, manipulation of genes in lymphocyte subsets are difficult due to their hard-to-transfect nature and in vivo targeting remains challenging as they are dispersed throughout the body. The ability of RNAi molecules to gain entry into cells is almost impossible without delivery strategy. Nanotechnology approaches are rapidly growing and their impact in the field of drug and gene delivery applications to transport payloads inside cells have been extensively studied. Here we discuss various technologies available for RNAi delivery to lymphocytes. We shed light on the importance of targeting molecules in order to target lymphocytes in vivo. In addition, we discuss recent developments of RNAi delivery to lymphocyte subsets, and detail the potential implication for the future of molecular medicine in leukocytes implicated diseases.
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10
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Ghosh S, Lalani R, Patel V, Bardoliwala D, Maiti K, Banerjee S, Bhowmick S, Misra A. Combinatorial nanocarriers against drug resistance in hematological cancers: Opportunities and emerging strategies. J Control Release 2019; 296:114-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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11
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Givens BE, Naguib YW, Geary SM, Devor EJ, Salem AK. Nanoparticle-Based Delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 Genome-Editing Therapeutics. AAPS J 2018; 20:108. [PMID: 30306365 PMCID: PMC6398936 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-018-0267-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent progress in harnessing the efficient and precise method of DNA editing provided by CRISPR/Cas9 is one of the most promising major advances in the field of gene therapy. However, the development of safe and optimally efficient delivery systems for CRISPR/Cas9 elements capable of achieving specific targeting of gene therapy to the location of interest without off-target effects is a primary challenge for clinical therapeutics. Nanoparticles (NPs) provide a promising means to meet such challenges. In this review, we present the most recent advances in developing innovative NP-based delivery systems that efficiently deliver CRISPR/Cas9 constructs and maximize their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany E Givens
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Youssef W Naguib
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, 61519, Egypt
| | - Sean M Geary
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Eric J Devor
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Aliasger K Salem
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA.
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12
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siRNA Knockdown of RRM2 Effectively Suppressed Pancreatic Tumor Growth Alone or Synergistically with Doxorubicin. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 12:805-816. [PMID: 30153565 PMCID: PMC6118156 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is currently one of the deadliest of the solid malignancies, whose incidence and death rates are increasing consistently during the past 30 years. Ribonucleotide reductase (RR) is a rate-limiting enzyme that catalyzes the formation of deoxyribonucleotides from ribonucleotides, which are essential for DNA synthesis and replication. In this study, 23 small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) against RRM2, the second subunit of RR, were designed and screened, and one of them (termed siRRM2), with high potency and good RNase-resistant capability, was selected. Transfection of siRRM2 into PANC-1, a pancreatic cell line, dramatically repressed the formation of cell colonies by inducing remarkable cell-cycle arrest at S-phase. When combining with doxorubicin (DOX), siRRM2 improved the efficacy 4 times more than applying DOX alone, suggesting a synergistic effect of siRRM2 and DOX. Moreover, the combined application of siRRM2-loaded lipid nanoparticle and DOX significantly suppressed the tumor growth on the PANC-1 xenografted murine model. The inhibition efficiency revealed by tumor weight at the endpoint of the treatment reached more than 40%. Hence, siRRM2 effectively suppressed pancreatic tumor growth alone or synergistically with DOX. This study provides a feasible target gene, a drug-viable siRNA, and a promising therapeutic potential for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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13
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Knapp CM, He J, Lister J, Whitehead KA. Lipid nanoparticle siRNA cocktails for the treatment of mantle cell lymphoma. Bioeng Transl Med 2018; 3:138-147. [PMID: 30065968 PMCID: PMC6063866 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma is an aggressive and incurable subtype of non‐Hodgkin B cell lymphoma. Patients typically present with advanced disease, and most patients succumb within a decade of diagnosis. There is a clear and urgent need for novel therapeutic approaches that will affect mantle cell lymphoma through a unique mechanism compared to current therapies. This study examined the use of RNA interference (RNAi) therapy to attack mantle cell lymphoma at the mRNA level, silencing genes associated with cancer cell proliferation. We identified a lipid nanoparticle formulated with the lipidoid 306O13 that delivered siRNA to JeKo‐1 and MAVER‐1 mantle cell lymphoma cell lines. Three therapeutic gene targets were examined for their effect on lymphoma growth. These included Cyclin D1, which is a cell cycle regulator, as well as Bcl‐2 and Mcl‐1, which prevent apoptosis. Gene knockdown with siRNA doses as low at 10 nM increased lymphoma cell apoptosis without carrier‐mediated toxicity. Silencing of Cyclin D1 induced apoptosis despite a twofold “compensation” upregulation of Cyclin D2. Upon simultaneous silencing of all three genes, nearly 75% of JeKo‐1 cells were apoptosing 3 days post‐transfection. Furthermore, cells proliferated at only 15% of their pretreatment rate. These data suggest that lipid nanoparticles‐formulated, multiplexed siRNA “cocktails” may serve as a beneficial addition to the treatment regimens for mantle cell lymphoma and other aggressive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jia He
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave. Pittsburgh PA 15213
| | - John Lister
- Div. of Hematology and Cellular Therapy Allegheny Health Network Cancer Institute Pittsburgh PA 15224
| | - Kathryn A Whitehead
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering.,Dept. of Biomedical Engineering Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave. Pittsburgh PA 15213
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14
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Chen C, Yang Z, Tang X. Chemical modifications of nucleic acid drugs and their delivery systems for gene-based therapy. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:829-869. [PMID: 29315675 DOI: 10.1002/med.21479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gene-based therapy is one of essential therapeutic strategies for precision medicine through targeting specific genes in specific cells of target tissues. However, there still exist many problems that need to be solved, such as safety, stability, selectivity, delivery, as well as immunity. Currently, the key challenges of gene-based therapy for clinical potential applications are the safe and effective nucleic acid drugs as well as their safe and efficient gene delivery systems. In this review, we first focus on current nucleic acid drugs and their formulation in clinical trials and on the market, including antisense oligonucleotide, siRNA, aptamer, and plasmid nucleic acid drugs. Subsequently, we summarize different chemical modifications of nucleic acid drugs as well as their delivery systems for gene-based therapeutics in vivo based on nucleic acid chemistry and nanotechnology methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changmai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinjing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Wang HX, Li M, Lee CM, Chakraborty S, Kim HW, Bao G, Leong KW. CRISPR/Cas9-Based Genome Editing for Disease Modeling and Therapy: Challenges and Opportunities for Nonviral Delivery. Chem Rev 2017. [PMID: 28640612 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Genome editing offers promising solutions to genetic disorders by editing DNA sequences or modulating gene expression. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) technology can be used to edit single or multiple genes in a wide variety of cell types and organisms in vitro and in vivo. Herein, we review the rapidly developing CRISPR/Cas9-based technologies for disease modeling and gene correction and recent progress toward Cas9/guide RNA (gRNA) delivery based on viral and nonviral vectors. We discuss the relative merits of delivering the genome editing elements in the form of DNA, mRNA, or protein, and the opportunities of combining viral delivery of a transgene encoding Cas9 with nonviral delivery of gRNA. We highlight the lessons learned from nonviral gene delivery in the past three decades and consider their applicability for CRISPR/Cas9 delivery. We also include a discussion of bioinformatics tools for gRNA design and chemical modifications of gRNA. Finally, we consider the extracellular and intracellular barriers to nonviral CRISPR/Cas9 delivery and propose strategies that may overcome these barriers to realize the clinical potential of CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xia Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Mingqiang Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Ciaran M Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Syandan Chakraborty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Hae-Won Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN) and Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University , Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Gang Bao
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Kam W Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
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16
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Mizrahy S, Hazan-Halevy I, Dammes N, Landesman-Milo D, Peer D. Current Progress in Non-viral RNAi-Based Delivery Strategies to Lymphocytes. Mol Ther 2017; 25:1491-1500. [PMID: 28392163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RNAi-based therapy holds great promise, as it can be utilized for the treatment of multiple conditions in an accurate manner via sequence-specific manipulation of gene expression. To date, RNAi therapeutics have advanced into clinical trials for liver diseases and solid tumors; however, delivery of RNAi to leukocytes in general and to lymphocytes in particular remains a challenge. Lymphocytes are notoriously hard to transduce with RNAi payloads and are disseminated throughout the body, often located in deep tissues; therefore, developing an efficient systemic delivery system directed to lymphocytes is not a trivial task. Successful manipulation of lymphocyte function with RNAi possesses immense therapeutic potential, as it will enable researchers to resolve lymphocyte-implicated diseases such as inflammation, autoimmunity, transplant rejection, viral infections, and blood cancers. This potential has propelled the development of novel targeted delivery systems relying on the accumulating research knowledge from multiple disciplines, including materials science and engineering, immunology, and genetics. Here, we will discuss the recent progress in non-viral delivery strategies of RNAi payloads to lymphocytes. Special emphasis will be made on the challenges and potential opportunities in manipulating lymphocyte function with RNAi. These approaches might ultimately become a novel therapeutic modality to treat leukocyte-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoshy Mizrahy
- Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine, Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Cancer Biology Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Inbal Hazan-Halevy
- Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine, Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Cancer Biology Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Niels Dammes
- Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine, Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Cancer Biology Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Dalit Landesman-Milo
- Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine, Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Cancer Biology Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Dan Peer
- Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine, Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Cancer Biology Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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Nakanishi S, Cleveland JL. Targeting the polyamine-hypusine circuit for the prevention and treatment of cancer. Amino Acids 2016; 48:2353-62. [PMID: 27357307 PMCID: PMC5573165 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2275-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The unique amino acid hypusine is present in only two proteins in eukaryotic cells, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A-1 (eIF5A1), and eIF5A2, where it is covalently linked to the lysine-50 residue of these proteins via a post-translational modification coined hypusination. This unique modification is directed by two highly conserved and essential enzymes, deoxyhypusine synthase (DHPS), and deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (DOHH), which selectively use the polyamine spermidine as a substrate to generate hypusinated eIF5A. Notably, elevated levels of polyamines are a hallmark of most tumor types, and increased levels of polyamines can also be detected in the urine and blood of cancer patients. Further, in-clinic agents that block the function of key biosynthetic enzymes in the polyamine pathway markedly impair tumor progression and maintenance of the malignant state. Thus, the polyamine pathway is attractive as a prognostic, prevention and therapeutic target. As we review, recent advances in our understanding of the specific functions of hypusinated eIF5A and its role in tumorigenesis suggest that the polyamine-hypusine circuit is a high priority target for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Nakanishi
- Department of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - John L Cleveland
- Department of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
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18
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Hazan-Halevy I, Landesman-Milo D, Rosenblum D, Mizrahy S, Ng BD, Peer D. Immunomodulation of hematological malignancies using oligonucleotides based-nanomedicines. J Control Release 2016; 244:149-156. [PMID: 27491881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hematological malignancies are a group of diseases characterized by clonal proliferation of blood-forming cells. Malignant blood cells are classified as myeloid or lymphoid cells depending on their stem cell origin. Lymphoid malignancies are characterized by lymphocyte accumulation in the blood stream, in the bone marrow, or in lymphatic nodes and organs. Several of these diseases are associated with chromosomal translocations, which cause gene fusion and amplification of expression, while others are characterized with aberrant expression of oncogenes. Overall, these genes play a major role in development and maintenance of malignant clones. The discovery of antisense oligonucleotides and RNA interference (RNAi) mechanisms offer new tools to specifically manipulate gene expression. Systemic delivery of inhibitory oligonucleotides molecules for manipulation of gene expression in lymphocytes holds a great potential for facilitating the development of an oligonucleotides -based therapy platform for lymphoid blood cancer. However, lymphocytes are among the most difficult targets for oligonucleotides delivery, as they are resistant to conventional transfection reagents and are dispersed throughout the body, making it difficult to successfully localize or deliver oligonucleotides payloads via systemic administration. In this review, we will survey the latest progress in the field of oligonucleotides based nanomedicine in the heterogeneous group of hematological malignancies with special emphasis on RNA based strategies. We will describe the most advanced non-viral nanocarriers for RNA delivery to malignant blood cells. We will also discuss targeted strategies for cell specific delivery of RNA molecules using nanoparticles and the therapeutic benefit of manipulating gene function in hematological malignancies. Finally, we will focus on the ex vivo, in vivo, and clinical trial strategies, that are currently under development in hematological malignancies - strategies that might increase the arsenal of drugs available to hematologists in the upcoming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Hazan-Halevy
- Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine, Dept. of Cell Research & Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Dept. of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Dalit Landesman-Milo
- Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine, Dept. of Cell Research & Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Dept. of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Daniel Rosenblum
- Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine, Dept. of Cell Research & Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Dept. of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Shoshy Mizrahy
- Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine, Dept. of Cell Research & Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Dept. of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Brandon D Ng
- Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine, Dept. of Cell Research & Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Dept. of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Dan Peer
- Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine, Dept. of Cell Research & Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Dept. of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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19
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Knapp CM, He J, Lister J, Whitehead KA. Lipidoid nanoparticle mediated silencing of Mcl-1 induces apoptosis in mantle cell lymphoma. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:1007-13. [PMID: 27022142 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216640944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional chemo-immunotherapy fails to cure the majority of mantle cell lymphoma patients and causes substantial toxicity. Resistant mantle cell lymphoma cells commonly overexpress and are dependent on the anti-apoptotic protein, Mcl-1, for survival. In this study, we use potent lipidoid nanoparticles to deliver siRNA to silence Mcl-1 expression. Studies were conducted using two different mantle cell lymphoma cell lines, a normal (JeKo-1) and an aggressive (MAVER-1) line, to assess the ability of lipidoid nanoparticles to be used broadly in the treatment of mantle cell lymphoma. Mcl-1 mRNA silencing and protein knockdown was observed as early as one day after treatment and the lipidoid nanoparticles achieved sustained silencing of Mcl-1 mRNA for at least four days in both JeKo-1 and MAVER-1 cells. Eighty percent silencing was achieved at three days post-transfection in JeKo-1 cells while 50% silencing was achieved in MAVER-1 cells, which are more resistant to transfection. Interestingly, silencing of Mcl-1 induced apoptosis in nearly 30% of both JeKo-1 and MAVER-1 cells three days post-transfection. Additionally, Mcl-1 silencing and the resultant apoptosis in mantle cell lymphoma cells were dose dependent. These data suggest that lipidoid nanoparticles siRNA therapy targeting Mcl-1 has potential as a new treatment modality for mantle cell lymphoma and many other cancers that overexpress Mcl-1. The combination of anti-Mcl-1 lipidoid nanoparticles with other forms of targeted therapy offers hope for reducing or replacing cytotoxic chemotherapy as standard treatment for mantle cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Knapp
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jia He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - John Lister
- Division of Hematology and Cellular Therapy, Allegheny Health Network Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Kathryn A Whitehead
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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20
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Roth CM. Delivery of Genes and Oligonucleotides. Drug Deliv 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118833322.ch25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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21
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Fakhoury JJ, Edwardson TG, Conway JW, Trinh T, Khan F, Barłóg M, Bazzi HS, Sleiman HF. Antisense precision polymer micelles require less poly(ethylenimine) for efficient gene knockdown. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:20625-20634. [PMID: 26597764 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr05157f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic nucleic acids are powerful molecules for shutting down protein expression. However, their cellular uptake is poor and requires transport vectors, such as cationic polymers. Of these, poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) has been shown to be an efficient vehicle for nucleic acid transport into cells. However, cytotoxicity has been a major hurdle in the development of PEI-DNA complexes as clinically viable therapeutics. We have synthesized antisense-polymer conjugates, where the polymeric block is completely monodisperse and sequence-controlled. Depending on the polymer sequence, these can self-assemble to produce micelles of very low polydispersity. The introduction of linear poly(ethylenimine) to these micelles leads to aggregation into size-defined PEI-mediated superstructures. Subsequently, both cellular uptake and gene silencing are greatly enhanced over extended periods compared to antisense alone, while at the same time cellular cytotoxicity remains very low. In contrast, gene silencing is not enhanced with antisense polymer conjugates that are not able to self-assemble into micelles. Thus, using antisense precision micelles, we are able to achieve significant transfection and knockdown with minimal cytotoxicity at much lower concentrations of linear PEI then previously reported. Consequently, a conceptual solution to the problem of antisense or siRNA delivery is to self-assemble these molecules into 'gene-like' micelles with high local charge and increased stability, thus reducing the amount of transfection agent needed for effective gene silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johans J Fakhoury
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada.
| | - Thomas G Edwardson
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada.
| | - Justin W Conway
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada.
| | - Tuan Trinh
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada.
| | - Farhad Khan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada.
| | - Maciej Barłóg
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University at Qatar, P.O. Box 23874, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hassan S Bazzi
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University at Qatar, P.O. Box 23874, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hanadi F Sleiman
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada.
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22
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Chou ST, Mixson AJ. siRNA nanoparticles: the future of RNAi therapeutics for oncology? Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 9:2251-4. [PMID: 25413851 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Ting Chou
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 South Pine Street, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Mathews MB, Hershey JWB. The translation factor eIF5A and human cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2015; 1849:836-44. [PMID: 25979826 PMCID: PMC4732523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The eukaryotic initiation factor eIF5A is a translation factor that, unusually, has been assigned functions in both initiation and elongation. Additionally, it is implicated in transcription, mRNA turnover and nucleocytoplasmic transport. Two eIF5A isoforms are generated from distinct but related genes. The major isoform, eIF5A1, is considered constitutive, is abundantly expressed in most cells, and is essential for cell proliferation. The second isoform, eIF5A2, is expressed in few normal tissues but is highly expressed in many cancers and has been designated a candidate oncogene. Elevated expression of either isoform carries unfavorable prognostic implications for several cancers, and both have been advanced as cancer biomarkers. The amino acid hypusine, a presumptively unique eIF5A post-translational modification, is required for most known eIF5A functions and it renders eIF5A susceptible to inhibitors of the modification pathway as therapeutic targets. eIF5A has been shown to regulate a number of gene products specifically, termed the eIF5A regulon, and its role in translating proline-rich sequences has recently been identified. A model is advanced that accommodates eIF5A in both the initiation and elongation phases of translation. We review here the biochemical functions of eIF5A, the relationship of its isoforms with human cancer, and evolving clinical applications. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Translation and Cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Mathews
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
| | - John W B Hershey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Abstract
In this article, advances in designing polymeric nanoparticles for targeted cancer gene therapy are reviewed. Characterization and evaluation of biomaterials, targeting ligands, and transcriptional elements are each discussed. Advances in biomaterials have driven improvements to nanoparticle stability and tissue targeting, conjugation of ligands to the surface of polymeric nanoparticles enable binding to specific cancer cells, and the design of transcriptional elements has enabled selective DNA expression specific to the cancer cells. Together, these features have improved the performance of polymeric nanoparticles as targeted non-viral gene delivery vectors to treat cancer. As polymeric nanoparticles can be designed to be biodegradable, non-toxic, and to have reduced immunogenicity and tumorigenicity compared to viral platforms, they have significant potential for clinical use. Results of polymeric gene therapy in clinical trials and future directions for the engineering of nanoparticle systems for targeted cancer gene therapy are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayoung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David R. Wilson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Camila G. Zamboni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jordan J. Green
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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From Protein Synthesis to Molecular Biology: The Appealing Tale of eIF-5A. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2014; 3:e199. [PMID: 25291141 PMCID: PMC4217077 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2014.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Polyethylenimines (PEIs) have proven to be highly efficient and versatile agents for nucleic acid delivery in vitro and in vivo. Despite the low biodegradability of these polymers, they have been used in several clinical trials and the results suggest that the nucleic acid/PEI complexes have a good safety profile. The high transfection efficiency of PEIs probably relies on the fact that these polymers possess a stock of amines that can undergo protonation during the acidification of endosomes. This buffering capacity likely enhances endosomal escape of the polyplexes through the "proton sponge" effect. PEIs have also attracted great interest because the presence of many amino groups allow for easy chemical modifications or conjugation of targeting moieties and hydrophilic polymers. In the present chapter, we summarize and discuss the mechanism of PEI-mediated transfection, as well as the recent developments in PEI-mediated DNA, antisense oligonucleotide, and siRNA delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Neuberg
- Laboratoire "Vecteurs: Synthèse et Applications Thérapeutiques", UMR7199 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Antoine Kichler
- Laboratoire "Vecteurs: Synthèse et Applications Thérapeutiques", UMR7199 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
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