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Park S, Shin S, Lee H, Jang JH, Lee GM. Enhancing the production of adeno-associated virus (AAV)2 and AAV9 with high full capsid ratio in HEK293 cells through design-of-experiment optimization of triple plasmid ratio. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300667. [PMID: 38479987 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors used in gene therapy are usually produced by transfecting three different plasmids (Adenoviral helper plasmid (pHelper), AAV rep/cap plasmids (pRepCap), and Transgene plasmid (pAAV-GOI)) into human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells. However, the high proportion of unwanted empty capsids generated during rAAV production is problematic. To simultaneously enhance the genome titer and full capsid ratio, the ratio of the three plasmids transfected into HEK293 cells was optimized using design-of-experiment (DoE). AAV2 and AAV9, which have different production kinetics, were selected as cell-associated and secreted model AAVs, respectively. In 125 mL Erlenmeyer flasks, the genome titers of rAAV2 and rAAV9 at DoE-optimized plasmid weight ratios (pHelper:pRep2Cap2:pAAV-GOI = 1:3.52:0.50 for rAAV2 and pHelper:pRep2Cap9:pAAV-GOI = 1:1.44:0.27 for rAAV9) were 2.23-fold and 2.26-fold higher than those in the widely used plasmid weight ratio (1:1:1), respectively. In addition, compared with the plasmid ratio of 1:1:1, the relative VP3 band intensities of rAAV2 and rAAV9, which represent the relative empty capsid ratios, were reduced by 26% and 25%, respectively, at the DoE-optimized plasmid ratio. Reduced empty capsid ratios in the DoE-optimized plasmid ratios were also confirmed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Taken together, regardless of the AAV serotype, DoE-aided optimization of the triple plasmid ratio was found to be an efficient means of improving the production of rAAV with a high full capsid ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungje Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyeon Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeshin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyung Jang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- R&D Center, GluGene Therapeutics Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyun Min Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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2
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Dogbey DM, Torres VES, Fajemisin E, Mpondo L, Ngwenya T, Akinrinmade OA, Perriman AW, Barth S. Technological advances in the use of viral and non-viral vectors for delivering genetic and non-genetic cargos for cancer therapy. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023; 13:2719-2738. [PMID: 37301780 PMCID: PMC10257536 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01362-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The burden of cancer is increasing globally. Several challenges facing its mainstream treatment approaches have formed the basis for the development of targeted delivery systems to carry and distribute anti-cancer payloads to their defined targets. This site-specific delivery of drug molecules and gene payloads to selectively target druggable biomarkers aimed at inducing cell death while sparing normal cells is the principal goal for cancer therapy. An important advantage of a delivery vector either viral or non-viral is the cumulative ability to penetrate the haphazardly arranged and immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment of solid tumours and or withstand antibody-mediated immune response. Biotechnological approaches incorporating rational protein engineering for the development of targeted delivery systems which may serve as vehicles for packaging and distribution of anti-cancer agents to selectively target and kill cancer cells are highly desired. Over the years, these chemically and genetically modified delivery systems have aimed at distribution and selective accumulation of drug molecules at receptor sites resulting in constant maintenance of high drug bioavailability for effective anti-tumour activity. In this review, we highlighted the state-of-the art viral and non-viral drug and gene delivery systems and those under developments focusing on cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Makafui Dogbey
- South African Research Chair in Cancer Biotechnology, Division of Chemical and Systems Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Emmanuel Fajemisin
- South African Research Chair in Cancer Biotechnology, Division of Chemical and Systems Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Liyabona Mpondo
- South African Research Chair in Cancer Biotechnology, Division of Chemical and Systems Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Takunda Ngwenya
- South African Research Chair in Cancer Biotechnology, Division of Chemical and Systems Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Olusiji Alex Akinrinmade
- South African Research Chair in Cancer Biotechnology, Division of Chemical and Systems Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Adam W Perriman
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, Bristol, UK
| | - Stefan Barth
- South African Research Chair in Cancer Biotechnology, Division of Chemical and Systems Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Medical Biotechnology and Immunotherapy Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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3
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Grossen P, Skaripa Koukelli I, van Haasteren J, H E Machado A, Dürr C. The ice age - A review on formulation of Adeno-associated virus therapeutics. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 190:1-23. [PMID: 37423416 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapies offer promising therapeutic alternatives for many disorders that currently lack efficient treatment options. Due to their chemical nature and physico-chemical properties, delivery of polynucleic acids into target cells and subcellular compartments remains a significant challenge. Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) have gained a lot of interest for the efficient delivery of therapeutic single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) genomes over the past decades. More than a hundred products have been tested in clinical settings and three products have received market authorization by the US FDA in recent years. A lot of effort is being made to generate potent recombinant AAV (rAAV) vectors that show favorable safety and immunogenicity profiles for either local or systemic administration. Manufacturing processes are gradually being optimized to deliver a consistently high product quality and to serve potential market needs beyond rare indications. In contrast to protein therapeutics, most rAAV products are still supplied as frozen liquids within rather simple formulation buffers to enable sufficient product shelf life, significantly hampering global distribution and access. In this review, we aim to outline the hurdles of rAAV drug product development and discuss critical formulation and composition aspects of rAAV products under clinical evaluation. Further, we highlight recent development efforts in order to achieve stable liquid or lyophilized products. This review therefore provides a comprehensive overview on current state-of-the-art rAAV formulations and can further serve as a map for rational formulation development activities in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Grossen
- F.Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Pharma Technical Development, Pharmaceutical Development and Supplies EU, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Irini Skaripa Koukelli
- F.Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Pharma Technical Development, Pharmaceutical Development and Supplies EU, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joost van Haasteren
- F.Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Cell and Gene Therapy Unit, Gene Therapy Development Clinical Manufacturing, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra H E Machado
- F.Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Pharma Technical Development, Pharmaceutical Development and Supplies EU, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Dürr
- F.Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Pharma Technical Development, Pharmaceutical Development and Supplies EU, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
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4
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Wang K, Huang R, Zhang L, Liu D, Diao Y. Recombinase-Aided Amplification Combined with Lateral Flow (LF-RAA) Assay for Rapid AAV Genome Detection. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:47832-47839. [PMID: 36591156 PMCID: PMC9798390 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a versatile gene vector that is widely used in mammalian research. In basic studies and large-scale AAV production, genetic testing is ubiquitous and routine polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based tests limit the efficiency due to the labor-intensive and time-consuming requirements of thermal cycling. This study introduces an assay based on recombinase-aided amplification combined with lateral flow (LF-RAA), which can quickly and accurately detect the AAV genome, thus improving the efficiency of AAV research and production. This application is the first use of an RAA approach to AAV genome detection. In this point-of-care testing (POCT) detection platform, the RAA reaction and LF readout are integrated into a user-friendly microfluidic chip that can be applied without advanced technical training. The LF-RAA chip provides high sensitivity, with a limit of detection of 10 copies/μL, and generates results quickly, and it only needs to be incubated for 10 min at a constant temperature, that is, 39 °C. Results are visualized on the LF Dipstick, and detection results are reliable, validated with 100% accuracy in 47 laboratory-produced recombination adeno-associated virus (rAAV) samples carrying target genes from several different viruses. The LF-RAA assay is applicable in AAV research and production processes requiring genome identification.
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Shiraishi Y, Adachi T, Cacicedo JM, Ido Y. Development of a high-yield, high-quality purification process for adeno-associated virus vectors that can be used in vivo without ultracentrifugation: Application to a lung endothelial cell-targeted adeno-associated virus. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22653. [PMID: 36374251 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200840rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) are useful vectors for expressing genes of interest in vivo because of their low immunogenicity and long-term gene expression. Various mutations have been introduced in recent years and have enabled high-efficacy, stabilized, and organ-oriented transduction. Our purpose for using rAAV is to express our target gene in the mouse lung to investigate pulmonary artery hypertension. We constructed a self-complementary AAV having mutant capsids with the ESGHGYF insert, which directs the vectors to lung endothelial cells. However, when this mutant virus was purified from the producing cells by the conventional method using an ultracentrifuge, it resulted in a low yield. In addition, the purification method using an ultracentrifuge is tedious and labor-intensive. Therefore, we aimed to develop a simple, high-quality method for obtaining enough lung-targeted rAAV. First, we modified amino acids (T491V and Y730F) of the capsid to stabilize the rAAV from degradation, and we optimized culture conditions. Next, we noticed that many rAAVs were released from the cells into the culture medium. We, therefore, improved our purification method by purifying from the culture medium without the ultracentrifugation step. Purification without ultracentrifugation had the problem that impurities were mixed in, causing inflammation. However, by performing PEG precipitation and chloroform extraction twice, we were able to purify rAAV that caused only as little inflammation as that obtained by the ultracentrifuge method. Sufficient rAAV was obtained and can now be administered to a rat as well as mice from a single dish: 1.50 × 1013 ± 3.58 × 1012 vector genome from one φ150 mm dish (mean ± SEM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunaga Shiraishi
- Division of Environmental Medicine, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Adachi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Jose M Cacicedo
- Department of Research and Development, ALPCO Diagnostics, Salem, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Yasuo Ido
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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The membrane associated accessory protein is an adeno-associated viral egress factor. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6239. [PMID: 34716331 PMCID: PMC8556243 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26485-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) rely on helper viruses to transition from latency to lytic infection. Some AAV serotypes are secreted in a pre-lytic manner as free or extracellular vesicle (EV)-associated particles, although mechanisms underlying such are unknown. Here, we discover that the membrane-associated accessory protein (MAAP), expressed from a frameshifted open reading frame in the AAV cap gene, is a novel viral egress factor. MAAP contains a highly conserved, cationic amphipathic domain critical for AAV secretion. Wild type or recombinant AAV with a mutated MAAP start site (MAAPΔ) show markedly attenuated secretion and correspondingly, increased intracellular retention. Trans-complementation with MAAP restored secretion of multiple AAV/MAAPΔ serotypes. Further, multiple processing and analytical methods corroborate that one plausible mechanism by which MAAP promotes viral egress is through AAV/EV association. In addition to characterizing a novel viral egress factor, we highlight a prospective engineering platform to modulate secretion of AAV vectors or other EV-associated cargo. Adeno-associated viruses can be secreted in a pre-lytic manner as free or extracellular vesicle (EV)-associated particles. Here, Elmore et al. show that the recently identified membrane-associated accessory protein (MAAP) functions as an AAV egress factor via association to EVs.
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Abaandou L, Quan D, Shiloach J. Affecting HEK293 Cell Growth and Production Performance by Modifying the Expression of Specific Genes. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071667. [PMID: 34359846 PMCID: PMC8304725 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The HEK293 cell line has earned its place as a producer of biotherapeutics. In addition to its ease of growth in serum-free suspension culture and its amenability to transfection, this cell line’s most important attribute is its human origin, which makes it suitable to produce biologics intended for human use. At the present time, the growth and production properties of the HEK293 cell line are inferior to those of non-human cell lines, such as the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and the murine myeloma NSO cell lines. However, the modification of genes involved in cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism, glycosylation, secretion, and protein folding, in addition to bioprocess, media, and vector optimization, have greatly improved the performance of this cell line. This review provides a comprehensive summary of important achievements in HEK293 cell line engineering and on the global engineering approaches and functional genomic tools that have been employed to identify relevant genes for targeted engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Abaandou
- Biotechnology Core Laboratory National Institutes of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (L.A.); (D.Q.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - David Quan
- Biotechnology Core Laboratory National Institutes of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (L.A.); (D.Q.)
| | - Joseph Shiloach
- Biotechnology Core Laboratory National Institutes of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (L.A.); (D.Q.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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Cellular pathways of recombinant adeno-associated virus production for gene therapy. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 49:107764. [PMID: 33957276 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) are among the most important vectors for in vivo gene therapies. With the rapid development of gene therapy, current rAAV manufacturing capacity faces a challenge to meet the emerging demand for these therapies in the future. To examine the bottlenecks in rAAV production during cell culture, we focus here on an analysis of cellular pathways of rAAV production, based on an overview of assembly mechanisms first in the wild-type (wt) AAV replication and then in the common methods of rAAV production. The differences analyzed between the wild-type and recombinant systems provide insights into the mechanistic differences that may correlate with viral productivity. Based on these analyses, we identify potential barriers to high productivity of rAAV and discuss future directions for improvement to meet the emerging needs set by the growth of rAAV-based therapy and the needs of patients.
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9
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McNally DJ, Piras BA, Willis CM, Lockey TD, Meagher MM. Development and Optimization of a Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography-Based Method of AAV Harvest, Capture, and Recovery. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 19:275-284. [PMID: 33102619 PMCID: PMC7569186 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
With many ongoing clinical trials utilizing adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene therapy, it is necessary to find scalable and serotype-independent primary capture and recovery methods to allow for efficient and robust manufacturing processes. Here, we demonstrate the ability of a hydrophobic interaction chromatography membrane to capture and recover AAV1, AAV5, AAV8, and AAV “Mutant C” (a novel serotype incorporating elements of AAV3B and AAV8) particles from cell culture media and cell lysate with recoveries of 76%–100% of loaded material, depending on serotype. A simple, novel technique that integrates release and recovery of cell-associated AAV capsids is demonstrated. We show that by the addition of lyotropic salts to AAV-containing cell suspensions, AAV is released at an equivalent efficiency to mechanical lysis. The addition of the lyotropic salt also promotes a phase separation, which allows physical removal of large amounts of DNA and insoluble cellular debris from the AAV-containing aqueous fraction. The AAV is then captured and eluted from a hydrophobic interaction chromatography membrane. This integrated lysis and primary capture and recovery technique facilitates substantial removal of host-cell DNA and host-cell protein impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J McNally
- Department of Therapeutics Production & Quality, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Bryan A Piras
- Department of Therapeutics Production & Quality, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | | | - Timothy D Lockey
- Department of Therapeutics Production & Quality, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Michael M Meagher
- Department of Therapeutics Production & Quality, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
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10
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Adams B, Bak H, Tustian AD. Moving from the bench towards a large scale, industrial platform process for adeno‐associated viral vector purification. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:3199-3211. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanne Bak
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. Tarrytown New York
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11
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Khan N, Maurya S, Bammidi S, Jayandharan GR. AAV6 Vexosomes Mediate Robust Suicide Gene Delivery in a Murine Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 17:497-504. [PMID: 32258213 PMCID: PMC7114838 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During recombinant Adeno-associated virus (AAV) production, a proportionately large amount of vectors is released in the culture supernatant, which is often discarded. It has been shown that these vectors often associate with vesiculated structures, such as exosomes. Exosome-associated AAV (vexosomes) represent an additional gene-delivery platform. The efficiency of such vexosomes in suicide gene therapy is unexplored. In the present study, we have generated AAV serotype 6 vexosomes containing an inducible caspase 9 (iCasp9) suicide gene by a differential ultracentrifugation-based protocol. We further tested the cytotoxic potential of these vexosomes in a human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) model in vitro and in vivo. The AAV6-iCasp9 containing vexosomes, when primed with a pro-drug (AP20187), demonstrated a significant loss in cell viability (57% ± 8% versus 100% ± 4.8%, p < 0.001) in comparison to mock-treated Huh7 cells. An intratumoral administration of AAV6-iCasp9 vexosomes and AP20187 in a murine xenograft model revealed a 2.3-fold increase in tumor regression in comparison to untreated animals. These findings were further corroborated by histological analysis and apoptosis assays. In conclusion, our data demonstrate the therapeutic potential of AAV6 vexosomes in a xenotransplantation model of HCC. Furthermore, the simplicity in production and isolation of vexosomes should further facilitate its application in other malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shubham Maurya
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sridhar Bammidi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Giridhara R Jayandharan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
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12
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Goodwin MS, Croft CL, Futch HS, Ryu D, Ceballos-Diaz C, Liu X, Paterno G, Mejia C, Deng D, Menezes K, Londono L, Arjona K, Parianos M, Truong V, Rostonics E, Hernandez A, Boye SL, Boye SE, Levites Y, Cruz PE, Golde TE. Utilizing minimally purified secreted rAAV for rapid and cost-effective manipulation of gene expression in the CNS. Mol Neurodegener 2020; 15:15. [PMID: 32122372 PMCID: PMC7053119 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-020-00361-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) is widely used in the neuroscience field to manipulate gene expression in the nervous system. However, a limitation to the use of rAAV vectors is the time and expense needed to produce them. To overcome this limitation, we evaluated whether unpurified rAAV vectors secreted into the media following scalable PEI transfection of HEK293T cells can be used in lieu of purified rAAV. METHODS We packaged rAAV2-EGFP vectors in 30 different wild-type and mutant capsids and subsequently collected the media containing secreted rAAV. Genomic titers of each rAAV vector were assessed and the ability of each unpurified virus to transduce primary mixed neuroglial cultures (PNGCs), organotypic brain slice cultures (BSCs) and the mouse brain was evaluated. RESULTS There was ~ 40-fold wide variance in the average genomic titers of the rAAV2-EGFP vector packaged in the 30 different capsids, ranging from a low ~ 4.7 × 1010 vector genomes (vg)/mL for rAAV2/5-EGFP to a high of ~ 2.0 × 1012 vg/mL for a capsid mutant of rAAV2/8-EGFP. In PNGC studies, we observed a wide range of transduction efficiency among the 30 capsids evaluated, with the rAAV2/6-EGFP vector demonstrating the highest overall transduction efficiency. In BSC studies, we observed robust transduction by wild-type capsid vectors rAAV2/6, 2/8 and 2/9, and by capsid mutants of rAAV2/1, 2/6, and 2/8. In the in vivo somatic brain transgenesis (SBT) studies, we found that intra-cerebroventricular injection of media containing unpurified rAAV2-EGFP vectors packaged with select mutant capsids resulted in abundant EGFP positive neurons and astrocytes in the hippocampus and forebrain of non-transgenic mice. We demonstrate that unpurified rAAV can express transgenes at equivalent levels to lysate-purified rAAV both in vitro and in vivo. We also show that unpurified rAAV is sufficient to drive tau pathology in BSC and neuroinflammation in vivo, recapitulating previous studies using purified rAAV. CONCLUSIONS Unpurified rAAV vectors secreted into the media can efficiently transduce brain cells in vitro and in vivo, providing a cost-effective way to manipulate gene expression. The use of unpurified virus will greatly reduce costs of exploratory studies and further increase the utility of rAAV vectors for standard laboratory use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall S. Goodwin
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
| | - Cara L. Croft
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
| | - Hunter S. Futch
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
| | - Daniel Ryu
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
| | - Carolina Ceballos-Diaz
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
| | - Xuefei Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
| | - Giavanna Paterno
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
| | - Catalina Mejia
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
| | - Doris Deng
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
| | - Kimberly Menezes
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
| | - Laura Londono
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
| | - Kefren Arjona
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
| | - Mary Parianos
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
| | - Van Truong
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
| | - Eva Rostonics
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
| | - Amanda Hernandez
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
| | - Sanford L. Boye
- Department of Pediatrics and the Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
| | - Shannon E. Boye
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
| | - Yona Levites
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
| | - Pedro E. Cruz
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
| | - Todd E. Golde
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
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13
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Strobel B, Zuckschwerdt K, Zimmermann G, Mayer C, Eytner R, Rechtsteiner P, Kreuz S, Lamla T. Standardized, Scalable, and Timely Flexible Adeno-Associated Virus Vector Production Using Frozen High-Density HEK-293 Cell Stocks and CELLdiscs. Hum Gene Ther Methods 2020; 30:23-33. [PMID: 30693792 PMCID: PMC6388714 DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2018.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors currently represent the most attractive platform for viral gene therapy and are also valuable research tools to study gene function or establish disease models. Consequently, many academic labs, core facilities, and biotech/pharma companies meanwhile produce AAVs for research and early clinical development. Whereas fast, universal protocols for vector purification (downstream processing) are available, AAV production using adherent HEK-293 cells still requires time-consuming passaging and extensive culture expansion before transfection. Moreover, most scalable culture platforms require special equipment or extensive method development. To tackle these limitations in upstream processing, this study evaluated frozen high-density cell stocks as a ready-to-seed source of producer cells, and further investigated the multilayered CELLdisc culture system for upscaling. The results demonstrate equal AAV productivity using frozen cell stock–derived cultures compared to conventionally cultured cells, as well as scalability using CELLdiscs. Thus, by directly seeding freshly thawed cells into CELLdiscs, AAV production can be easily upscaled and efficiently standardized to low-passage, high-viability cells in a timely flexible manner, potentially dismissing time-consuming routine cell culture work. In conjunction with a further optimized iodixanol protocol, this process enabled supply to a large-animal study with two high-yield AAV2 capsid variant batches (0.6–1.2 × 1015 vector genomes) in as little as 4 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Strobel
- 1 Research Beyond Borders, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Kai Zuckschwerdt
- 2 Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Gudrun Zimmermann
- 2 Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Christine Mayer
- 2 Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Ruth Eytner
- 2 Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Philipp Rechtsteiner
- 1 Research Beyond Borders, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kreuz
- 1 Research Beyond Borders, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Thorsten Lamla
- 2 Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
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14
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Production of adeno-associated virus vectors for in vitro and in vivo applications. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13601. [PMID: 31537820 PMCID: PMC6753157 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49624-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Delivering and expressing a gene of interest in cells or living animals has become a pivotal technique in biomedical research and gene therapy. Among viral delivery systems, adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are relatively safe and demonstrate high gene transfer efficiency, low immunogenicity, stable long-term expression, and selective tissue tropism. Combined with modern gene technologies, such as cell-specific promoters, the Cre/lox system, and genome editing, AAVs represent a practical, rapid, and economical alternative to conditional knockout and transgenic mouse models. However, major obstacles remain for widespread AAV utilization, such as impractical purification strategies and low viral quantities. Here, we report an improved protocol to produce serotype-independent purified AAVs economically. Using a helper-free AAV system, we purified AAVs from HEK293T cell lysates and medium by polyethylene glycol precipitation with subsequent aqueous two-phase partitioning. Furthermore, we then implemented an iodixanol gradient purification, which resulted in preparations with purities adequate for in vivo use. Of note, we achieved titers of 1010-1011 viral genome copies per µl with a typical production volume of up to 1 ml while requiring five times less than the usual number of HEK293T cells used in standard protocols. For proof of concept, we verified in vivo transduction via Western blot, qPCR, luminescence, and immunohistochemistry. AAVs coding for glutaredoxin-1 (Glrx) shRNA successfully inhibited Glrx expression by ~66% in the liver and skeletal muscle. Our study provides an improved protocol for a more economical and efficient purified AAV preparation.
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15
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Zhang CX, Meagher MM. Highly Sensitive SDS Capillary Gel Electrophoresis with Sample Stacking Requiring Only Nanograms of Adeno-Associated Virus Capsid Proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1972:263-270. [PMID: 30847798 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9213-3_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) has been the method of choice in the past decades for size-based protein analysis. However, in general it requires the protein concentration in mg/mL level and thus is not practical for trace level protein analysis, not to mention the lengthy labor-intensive procedures. The SDS capillary gel electrophoresis (SDS CGE) method reported herein requires only nanogram-sized proteins loaded onto the autosampler. A sample stacking technique (e.g., head-column field-amplified sample stacking (HC FASS)) was employed, providing three orders of magnitude sensitivity enhancement compared to conventional SDS CGE. This method has been used routinely in purity analysis and characterization of adeno-associated virus (AAV) intermediates and finished gene therapeutics of AAV vectors. The sensitivity achieved is comparable to the currently most sensitive size-based protein assay silver-stained SDS PAGE. The highly sensitive sample stacking SDS CGE can be used for other types of proteins as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Xuan Zhang
- Department of Therapeutics Production and Quality, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Michael M Meagher
- Department of Therapeutics Production and Quality, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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16
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CRISPR/Cas9-mediated correction of human genetic disease. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 60:447-457. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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17
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Schnödt M, Büning H. Improving the Quality of Adeno-Associated Viral Vector Preparations: The Challenge of Product-Related Impurities. Hum Gene Ther Methods 2017; 28:101-108. [PMID: 28322595 DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2016.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors have emerged as one of the most popular gene transfer systems in both research and clinical gene therapy. As AAV vectors are derived from a stealth, nonpathogenic virus and lack active integrase activity, these vectors are frequently applied for in vivo gene therapy of liver, muscle, and other postmitotic tissues. Although long-term transgene expression from AAV vector episomes is reported from these tissues, the episomal nature of AAV-once regarded as disadvantage-has become an attractive feature for gene-editing approaches targeting proliferating cells. In response to the high demand, AAV vector production is receiving special attention. Besides particle yields and biological activity, the most important concern is improving vector purity. The most difficult task in this regard is removal of defective particles, that is, capsids that are either empty or contain DNA other than the full-length vector genomes. Herein, we characterize and discuss these so-called product-related impurities, methods for their detection, as well as strategies to avoid or reduce their formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Schnödt
- 1 Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne , Cologne, Germany .,2 German Center for Infection Research , Bonn-Cologne and Hannover-Braunschweig (partner sites), Germany .,3 Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne , Cologne, Germany
| | - Hildegard Büning
- 1 Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne , Cologne, Germany .,2 German Center for Infection Research , Bonn-Cologne and Hannover-Braunschweig (partner sites), Germany .,3 Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne , Cologne, Germany .,4 Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany
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18
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Zhang CX, Meagher MM. Sample Stacking Provides Three Orders of Magnitude Sensitivity Enhancement in SDS Capillary Gel Electrophoresis of Adeno-Associated Virus Capsid Proteins. Anal Chem 2017; 89:3285-3292. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Xuan Zhang
- Department of Therapeutics
Production and Quality, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Michael M. Meagher
- Department of Therapeutics
Production and Quality, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
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