1
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Step-by-step state-selective tracking of fragmentation dynamics of water dications by momentum imaging. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5146. [PMID: 36050308 PMCID: PMC9437093 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32836-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The double photoionization of a molecule by one photon ejects two electrons and typically creates an unstable dication. Observing the subsequent fragmentation products in coincidence can reveal a surprisingly detailed picture of the dynamics. Determining the time evolution and quantum mechanical states involved leads to deeper understanding of molecular dynamics. Here in a combined experimental and theoretical study, we unambiguously separate the sequential breakup via D+ + OD+ intermediates, from other processes leading to the same D+ + D+ + O final products of double ionization of water by a single photon. Moreover, we experimentally identify, separate, and follow step by step, two pathways involving the b 1Σ+ and a 1Δ electronic states of the intermediate OD+ ion. Our classical trajectory calculations on the relevant potential energy surfaces reproduce well the measured data and, combined with the experiment, enable the determination of the internal energy and angular momentum distribution of the OD+ intermediate. Determining the time evolution of reactions at the quantum mechanical level improves our understanding of molecular dynamics. Here, authors separate the breakup of water, one bond at a time, from other processes leading to the same final products and experimentally identify, separate, and follow step by step two breakup paths of the transient OD+ fragment.
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2
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Ismail I, Khalal MA, Huttula M, Jänkälä K, Bizau JM, Cubaynes D, Hikosaka Y, Bučar K, Žitnik M, Andric L, Lablanquie P, Palaudoux J, Penent F. A modified magnetic bottle electron spectrometer for the detection of multiply charged ions in coincidence with all correlated electrons: decay pathways to Xe 3+ above xenon-4d ionization threshold. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:20219-20227. [PMID: 35983783 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02930h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Single-photon multiple photoionization results from electron correlations that make this process possible beyond the independent electron approximation. To study this phenomenon experimentally, the detection in coincidence of all emitted electrons is the most direct approach. It provides the relative contribution of all possible multiple ionization processes, the energy distribution between electrons that can reveal simultaneous or sequential mechanisms, and, if possible, the angular correlations between electrons. In the present work, we present a new magnet design of our magnetic bottle electron spectrometer that allows the detection of multiply charged Xen+ ions in coincidence with n electrons. This new coincidence detection allows more efficient extraction of minor channels that are otherwise masked by random coincidences. The proof of principle is provided for xenon triple ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ismail
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, F-75005 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - M A Khalal
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, F-75005 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - M Huttula
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, FI-90014, Finland
| | - K Jänkälä
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, FI-90014, Finland
| | - J-M Bizau
- ISMO, CNRS UMR 8214, Université, Paris-Sud, bâtiment 350, F-91405, Orsay, France.,Synchrotron SOLEIL, l'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, F-91192, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - D Cubaynes
- ISMO, CNRS UMR 8214, Université, Paris-Sud, bâtiment 350, F-91405, Orsay, France.,Synchrotron SOLEIL, l'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, F-91192, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Y Hikosaka
- Institute of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - K Bučar
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - M Žitnik
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - L Andric
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, F-75005 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - P Lablanquie
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, F-75005 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - J Palaudoux
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, F-75005 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - F Penent
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, F-75005 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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3
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Grundmann S, Trabert D, Fehre K, Strenger N, Pier A, Kaiser L, Kircher M, Weller M, Eckart S, Schmidt LPH, Trinter F, Jahnke T, Schöffler MS, Dörner R. Zeptosecond birth time delay in molecular photoionization. Science 2020; 370:339-341. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abb9318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Photoionization is one of the fundamental light-matter interaction
processes in which the absorption of a photon launches the escape of an
electron. The time scale of this process poses many open questions.
Experiments have found time delays in the attosecond
(10−18 seconds) domain between electron ejection
from different orbitals, from different electronic bands, or in different
directions. Here, we demonstrate that, across a molecular orbital, the
electron is not launched at the same time. Rather, the birth time depends on
the travel time of the photon across the molecule, which is 247 zeptoseconds
(1 zeptosecond = 10−21 seconds) for the average bond
length of molecular hydrogen. Using an electron interferometric technique,
we resolve this birth time delay between electron emission from the two
centers of the hydrogen molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Grundmann
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Trabert
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kilian Fehre
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nico Strenger
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Pier
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Leon Kaiser
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Max Kircher
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Miriam Weller
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sebastian Eckart
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lothar Ph. H. Schmidt
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Florian Trinter
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Molecular Physics, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Till Jahnke
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Markus S. Schöffler
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Reinhard Dörner
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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4
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Gope K, Livshits E, Bittner DM, Baer R, Strasser D. Absence of Triplets in Single-Photon Double Ionization of Methanol. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:8108-8113. [PMID: 32897727 PMCID: PMC7595352 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite the abundance of data concerning single-photon double ionization of methanol, the spin state of the emitted electron pair has never been determined. Here we present the first evidence that identifies the emitted electron pair spin as overwhelmingly singlet when the dication forms in low-energy configurations. The experimental data show that while the yield of the CH2O+ + H3+ Coulomb explosion channel is abundant, the metastable methanol dication is largely absent. According to high-level ab initio simulations, these facts indicate that photoionization promptly forms singlet dication states, where they quickly decompose through various channels, with significant H3+ yields on the low-lying states. In contrast, if we assume that the initial dication is formed in one of the low-lying triplet states, the ab initio simulations exhibit a metastable dication, contradicting the experimental findings. Comparing the average simulated branching ratios with the experimental data suggests a >3 order of magnitude enhancement of the singlet:triplet ratio compared with their respective 1:3 multiplicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnendu Gope
- Institute
of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Ester Livshits
- Fritz
Haber Research Center for Molecular Dynamics and Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Dror M. Bittner
- Institute
of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Roi Baer
- Fritz
Haber Research Center for Molecular Dynamics and Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Daniel Strasser
- Institute
of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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5
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Ben-Asher A, Landau A, Cederbaum LS, Moiseyev N. Quantum Effects Dominating the Interatomic Coulombic Decay of an Extreme System. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:6600-6605. [PMID: 32706968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
LiHe is an extreme open-shell system. It is among the weakest bound systems known, and its mean interatomic distance extends dramatically into the classical forbidden region. Upon 1s → 2p excitation of He, interatomic Coulombic decay (ICD) takes place in which the electronically excited helium atom relaxes and transfers its excess energy to ionize the neighboring lithium atom. A substantial part of the decay is found to be to the dissociation continuum producing Li+ and He atoms. The distribution of the kinetic energy released by the ICD products is found to be highly oscillatory. Its analysis reveals that quantum phase shifts between the decaying states and the dissociating final states are controlling this ICD reaction. The semiclassical reflection principle, which commonly explains ICD reactions, fails. The process is expected to be amenable to experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anael Ben-Asher
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Arie Landau
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - Lorenz S Cederbaum
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - Nimrod Moiseyev
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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6
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Hanus V, Kangaparambil S, Larimian S, Dorner-Kirchner M, Xie X, Schöffler MS, Paulus GG, Baltuška A, Staudte A, Kitzler-Zeiler M. Subfemtosecond Tracing of Molecular Dynamics during Strong-Field Interaction. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:263201. [PMID: 31951453 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.263201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We introduce and experimentally demonstrate a method where the two intrinsic timescales of a molecule, the slow nuclear motion and the fast electronic motion, are simultaneously measured in a photoelectron photoion coincidence experiment. In our experiment, elliptically polarized, 750 nm, 4.5 fs laser pulses were focused to an intensity of 9×10^{14} W/cm^{2} onto H_{2}. Using coincidence imaging, we directly observe the nuclear wave packet evolving on the 1sσ_{g} state of H_{2}^{+} during its first round-trip with attosecond temporal and picometer spatial resolution. The demonstrated method should enable insight into the first few femtoseconds of the vibronic dynamics of ionization-induced unimolecular reactions of larger molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Hanus
- Photonics Institute, Technische Universität Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | | | - Seyedreza Larimian
- Photonics Institute, Technische Universität Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | | | - Xinhua Xie
- Photonics Institute, Technische Universität Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Markus S Schöffler
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany, EU
| | - Gerhard G Paulus
- Institute for Optics and Quantum Electronics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany, EU
| | - Andrius Baltuška
- Photonics Institute, Technische Universität Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | - André Staudte
- Joint Laboratory for Attosecond Science of the National Research Council and the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
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7
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Lévêque C, Madsen LB. Excitation spectra of systems of indistinguishable particles by the autocorrelation function technique: Circumventing the exponential scaling for bosons. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:194105. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5095991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Lévêque
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lars Bojer Madsen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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8
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Suits AG. Invited Review Article: Photofragment imaging. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:111101. [PMID: 30501356 DOI: 10.1063/1.5045325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Photodissociation studies in molecular beams that employ position-sensitive particle detection to map product recoil velocities emerged thirty years ago and continue to evolve with new laser and detector technologies. These powerful methods allow application of tunable laser detection of single product quantum states, simultaneous measurement of velocity and angular momentum polarization, measurement of joint product state distributions for the detected and undetected products, coincident detection of multiple product channels, and application to radicals and ions as well as closed-shell molecules. These studies have permitted deep investigation of photochemical dynamics for a broad range of systems, revealed new reaction mechanisms, and addressed problems of practical importance in atmospheric, combustion, and interstellar chemistry. This review presents an historical overview, a detailed technical account of the range of methods employed, and selected experimental highlights illustrating the capabilities of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur G Suits
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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9
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Watanabe N, Hirayama T, Yamada S, Takahashi M. Development of an electron-ion coincidence apparatus for molecular-frame electron energy loss spectroscopy studies. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:043105. [PMID: 29716374 DOI: 10.1063/1.5025773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report details of an electron-ion coincidence apparatus, which has been developed for molecular-frame electron energy loss spectroscopy studies. The apparatus is mainly composed of a pulsed electron gun, an energy-dispersive electron spectrometer, and an ion momentum imaging spectrometer. Molecular-orientation dependence of the high-energy electron scattering cross section can be examined by conducting measurements of vector correlation between the momenta of the scattered electron and fragment ion. Background due to false coincidences is significantly reduced by introducing a pulsed electron beam and pulsing scheme of ion extraction. The experimental setup has been tested by measuring the inner-shell excitation of N2 at an incident electron energy of 1.5 keV and a scattering angle of 10.2°.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Watanabe
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Hirayama
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - So Yamada
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Masahiko Takahashi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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10
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Waitz M, Bello RY, Metz D, Lower J, Trinter F, Schober C, Keiling M, Lenz U, Pitzer M, Mertens K, Martins M, Viefhaus J, Klumpp S, Weber T, Schmidt LPH, Williams JB, Schöffler MS, Serov VV, Kheifets AS, Argenti L, Palacios A, Martín F, Jahnke T, Dörner R. Imaging the square of the correlated two-electron wave function of a hydrogen molecule. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2266. [PMID: 29273745 PMCID: PMC5741688 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02437-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The toolbox for imaging molecules is well-equipped today. Some techniques visualize the geometrical structure, others the electron density or electron orbitals. Molecules are many-body systems for which the correlation between the constituents is decisive and the spatial and the momentum distribution of one electron depends on those of the other electrons and the nuclei. Such correlations have escaped direct observation by imaging techniques so far. Here, we implement an imaging scheme which visualizes correlations between electrons by coincident detection of the reaction fragments after high energy photofragmentation. With this technique, we examine the H2 two-electron wave function in which electron–electron correlation beyond the mean-field level is prominent. We visualize the dependence of the wave function on the internuclear distance. High energy photoelectrons are shown to be a powerful tool for molecular imaging. Our study paves the way for future time resolved correlation imaging at FELs and laser based X-ray sources. Electron-electron correlation is a complex and interesting phenomenon that occurs in multi-electron systems. Here, the authors demonstrate the imaging of the correlated two-electron wave function in hydrogen molecule using the coincident detection of the electron and proton after the photoionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Waitz
- Institut für Kernphysik, J. W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - R Y Bello
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - D Metz
- Institut für Kernphysik, J. W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - J Lower
- Institut für Kernphysik, J. W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - F Trinter
- Institut für Kernphysik, J. W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - C Schober
- Institut für Kernphysik, J. W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - M Keiling
- Institut für Kernphysik, J. W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - U Lenz
- Institut für Kernphysik, J. W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - M Pitzer
- Universität Kassel, Heinr.-Plett-Strasse 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - K Mertens
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Martins
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Viefhaus
- FS-PE, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Klumpp
- FS-FLASH-D, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - T Weber
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - L Ph H Schmidt
- Institut für Kernphysik, J. W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - J B Williams
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada Reno, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - M S Schöffler
- Institut für Kernphysik, J. W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - V V Serov
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya, Saratov, 410012, Russia
| | - A S Kheifets
- Research School of Physical Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
| | - L Argenti
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Physics and CREOL College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - A Palacios
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Martín
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto Madrileo de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia, 28049, Madrid, Spain. .,Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - T Jahnke
- Institut für Kernphysik, J. W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - R Dörner
- Institut für Kernphysik, J. W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany.
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11
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Waitz M, Metz D, Lower J, Schober C, Keiling M, Pitzer M, Mertens K, Martins M, Viefhaus J, Klumpp S, Weber T, Schmidt-Böcking H, Schmidt LPH, Morales F, Miyabe S, Rescigno TN, McCurdy CW, Martín F, Williams JB, Schöffler MS, Jahnke T, Dörner R. Two-Particle Interference of Electron Pairs on a Molecular Level. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:083002. [PMID: 27588854 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.083002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the photodouble ionization of H_{2} molecules with 400 eV photons. We find that the emitted electrons do not show any sign of two-center interference fringes in their angular emission distributions if considered separately. In contrast, the quasiparticle consisting of both electrons (i.e., the "dielectron") does. The work highlights the fact that nonlocal effects are embedded everywhere in nature where many-particle processes are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Waitz
- Institut für Kernphysik, J. W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - D Metz
- Institut für Kernphysik, J. W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - J Lower
- Institut für Kernphysik, J. W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - C Schober
- Institut für Kernphysik, J. W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - M Keiling
- Institut für Kernphysik, J. W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - M Pitzer
- Universität Kassel, Heinr.-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - K Mertens
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Martins
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Viefhaus
- FS-PE, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Klumpp
- FS-FL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - T Weber
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - H Schmidt-Böcking
- Institut für Kernphysik, J. W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - L Ph H Schmidt
- Institut für Kernphysik, J. W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - F Morales
- Max-Born-Institut, Max Born Strasse 2 A, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Miyabe
- Attosecond Science Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - T N Rescigno
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C W McCurdy
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - F Martín
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - J B Williams
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada Reno, 1664 North Virginia Street Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - M S Schöffler
- Institut für Kernphysik, J. W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - T Jahnke
- Institut für Kernphysik, J. W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - R Dörner
- Institut für Kernphysik, J. W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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12
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Sturm FP, Wright TW, Ray D, Zalyubovskaya I, Shivaram N, Slaughter DS, Ranitovic P, Belkacem A, Weber T. Time resolved 3D momentum imaging of ultrafast dynamics by coherent VUV-XUV radiation. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:063110. [PMID: 27370429 DOI: 10.1063/1.4953441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a new experimental setup for measuring ultrafast nuclear and electron dynamics of molecules after photo-excitation and ionization. We combine a high flux femtosecond vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) and extreme ultraviolet (XUV) source with an internally cold molecular beam and a 3D momentum imaging particle spectrometer to measure electrons and ions in coincidence. We describe a variety of tools developed to perform pump-probe studies in the VUV-XUV spectrum and to modify and characterize the photon beam. First benchmark experiments are presented to demonstrate the capabilities of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- F P Sturm
- Ultrafast X-Ray Science Lab, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - T W Wright
- Ultrafast X-Ray Science Lab, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D Ray
- Ultrafast X-Ray Science Lab, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - I Zalyubovskaya
- Ultrafast X-Ray Science Lab, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - N Shivaram
- Ultrafast X-Ray Science Lab, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D S Slaughter
- Ultrafast X-Ray Science Lab, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - P Ranitovic
- Ultrafast X-Ray Science Lab, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Belkacem
- Ultrafast X-Ray Science Lab, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Th Weber
- Ultrafast X-Ray Science Lab, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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13
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Hubele R, Schuricke M, Goullon J, Lindenblatt H, Ferreira N, Laforge A, Brühl E, de Jesus VLB, Globig D, Kelkar A, Misra D, Schneider K, Schulz M, Sell M, Song Z, Wang X, Zhang S, Fischer D. Electron and recoil ion momentum imaging with a magneto-optically trapped target. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:033105. [PMID: 25832209 DOI: 10.1063/1.4914040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A reaction microscope (ReMi) has been combined with a magneto-optical trap (MOT) for the kinematically complete investigation of atomic break-up processes. With the novel MOTReMi apparatus, the momentum vectors of the fragments of laser-cooled and state-prepared lithium atoms are measured in coincidence and over the full solid angle. The first successful implementation of a MOTReMi could be realized due to an optimized design of the present setup, a nonstandard operation of the MOT, and by employing a switching cycle with alternating measuring and trapping periods. The very low target temperature in the MOT (∼2 mK) allows for an excellent momentum resolution. Optical preparation of the target atoms in the excited Li 2(2)P3/2 state was demonstrated providing an atomic polarization of close to 100%. While first experimental results were reported earlier, in this work, we focus on the technical description of the setup and its performance in commissioning experiments involving target ionization in 266 nm laser pulses and in collisions with projectile ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hubele
- Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Schuricke
- Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Goullon
- Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - H Lindenblatt
- Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - N Ferreira
- Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Laforge
- Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - E Brühl
- Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - V L B de Jesus
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Rua Lucio Tavares 1045, 26530-060 Nilópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - D Globig
- Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Kelkar
- Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D Misra
- Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - K Schneider
- Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Schulz
- Physics Department and LAMOR, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, USA
| | - M Sell
- Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Z Song
- Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - X Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D Fischer
- Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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14
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Piela L. Can electrons attract one another? Sci China Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-014-5157-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Stumpf V, Kryzhevoi NV, Gokhberg K, Cederbaum LS. Enhanced one-photon double ionization of atoms and molecules in an environment of different species. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:193001. [PMID: 24877936 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.193001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The correlated nature of electronic states in atoms and molecules is manifested in the simultaneous emission of two electrons after absorption of a single photon close to the respective threshold. Numerous observations in atoms and small molecules demonstrate that the double ionization efficiency close to threshold is rather small. In this Letter we show that this efficiency can be dramatically enhanced in the environment. To be specific, we concentrate on the case where the species in question has one or several He atoms as neighbors. The enhancement is achieved by an indirect process, where a He atom of the environment absorbs a photon and the resulting He(+) cation is neutralized fast by a process known as electron transfer mediated decay, producing thereby doubly ionized species. The enhancement of the double ionization is demonstrated in detail for the example of the Mg · He cluster. We show that the double ionization cross section of Mg becomes 3 orders of magnitude larger than the respective cross section of the isolated Mg atom. The impact of more neighbors is discussed and the extension to other species and environments is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Stumpf
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - N V Kryzhevoi
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - K Gokhberg
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - L S Cederbaum
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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16
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17
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Xia L, Zeng XJ, Li HK, Wu B, Tian SX. Orientation Effect in the Low-Energy Electron Attachment to the Apolar Carbon Tetrafluoride Molecule. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201206948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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18
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Xia L, Zeng XJ, Li HK, Wu B, Tian SX. Orientation Effect in the Low-Energy Electron Attachment to the Apolar Carbon Tetrafluoride Molecule. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201206948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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19
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Schmidt LPH, Jahnke T, Czasch A, Schöffler M, Schmidt-Böcking H, Dörner R. Spatial imaging of the H2(+) vibrational wave function at the quantum limit. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:073202. [PMID: 22401202 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.073202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally obtained a direct image of the nuclear wave functions of H(2)(+) by dissociating the molecule via electron attachment and determining the vibrational state using the cold target recoil ion momentum spectroscopy technique. Our experiment visualizes the nodal structure of different vibrational states. We compare our results to the widely used reflection approximation and to quantum simulations and discuss the limits of position measurements in molecules imposed by the uncertainty principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ph H Schmidt
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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20
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Colgan J, Pindzola MS. Angular distributions for the complete photofragmentation of the Li atom. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:053001. [PMID: 22400932 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.053001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We explore the complete breakup of the Li atom after absorption of a single photon, the purest example of the so-called four-body Coulomb problem. The resulting strongly correlated three-electron continuum is investigated by calculating the angular distributions of the ionized electrons using advanced close-coupling techniques. We find that the distributions are dominated by the Coulomb interactions between the electrons, that multiple break-up processes can be identified, and that the complex dynamics of the fragmentation process are evident for most scattering geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Colgan
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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21
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Wang J, Kim KS, Baerends EJ. Electron pair density in the lowest 1Σ(u)(+) and 1Σ(g)(+) states of H2. J Chem Phys 2011; 135:074111. [PMID: 21861560 DOI: 10.1063/1.3624571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate and advocate the use of observable quantities derived from the two-electron reduced density matrix - pair densities, conditional densities, and exchange-correlation holes--as signatures of the type of electron correlation in a chemical bond. The prototype cases of the lowest (1)Σ(u)(+) and (1)Σ(g)(+) states of H(2), which exhibit large variation in types of bonding, ranging from strongly ionic to covalent, are discussed. Both the excited (1)Σ(g)(+) and (1)Σ(u)(+) states have been interpreted as essentially consisting of (natural) orbital configurations with an inner electron in a contracted 1sσ(g) orbital and an outer electron in a diffuse (united atom type, Rydberg) orbital. We show that nevertheless totally different correlation behavior is encountered in various states when comparing them at a common internuclear distance. Also when following one state along the internuclear distance coordinate, strong variation in correlation behavior is observed, as expected. Switches between ionic to covalent character of a state occur till very large distances (40 bohrs for states approaching the 1s3[script-l] asymptotic limit, and 282 bohrs for states approaching the 1s4[script-l] limit).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- School of Science, Huzhou University, Zhejiang 10083, China.
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22
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Ulrich B, Vredenborg A, Malakzadeh A, Schmidt LPH, Havermeier T, Meckel M, Cole K, Smolarski M, Chang Z, Jahnke T, Dörner R. Imaging of the Structure of the Argon and Neon Dimer, Trimer, and Tetramer. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:6936-41. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1121245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Ulrich
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, 60486 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - A. Vredenborg
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, 60486 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - A. Malakzadeh
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, 60486 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - L. Ph. H. Schmidt
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, 60486 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - T. Havermeier
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, 60486 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - M. Meckel
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, 60486 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - K. Cole
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, 60486 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - M. Smolarski
- Department Physik, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 16, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Z. Chang
- Physics Department, Kansas State University, 116 Cardwell Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - T. Jahnke
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, 60486 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - R. Dörner
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, 60486 Frankfurt, Germany
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23
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Yamazaki M, Adachi JI, Kimura Y, Stener M, Decleva P, Yagishita A. N 1s photoelectron angular distributions from fixed-in-space NO2 molecules: Stereodynamics and symmetry considerations. J Chem Phys 2010; 133:164301. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3505549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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24
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Najjari B, Voitkiv AB, Müller C. Two-center resonant photoionization. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:153002. [PMID: 21230898 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.153002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Photoionization of an atom A, in the presence of a neighboring atom B, can proceed both directly and via resonant excitation of B with subsequent energy transfer to A through two-center electron-electron correlation. We show that in such a case the photoionization process can be very strongly enhanced and acquire interesting characteristic features, both in its time development and the electron spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Najjari
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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25
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Havermeier T, Jahnke T, Kreidi K, Wallauer R, Voss S, Schöffler M, Schössler S, Foucar L, Neumann N, Titze J, Sann H, Kühnel M, Voigtsberger J, Malakzadeh A, Sisourat N, Schöllkopf W, Schmidt-Böcking H, Grisenti RE, Dörner R. Single photon double ionization of the helium dimer. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 104:153401. [PMID: 20481987 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.153401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We show that a single photon can ionize the two helium atoms of the helium dimer in a distance up to 10 A. The energy sharing among the electrons, the angular distributions of the ions and electrons, as well as comparison with electron impact data for helium atoms suggest a knockoff type double ionization process. The Coulomb explosion imaging of He2 provides a direct view of the nuclear wave function of this by far most extended and most diffuse of all naturally existing molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Havermeier
- Institut für Kernphysik, J. W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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26
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Bellm S, Lower J, Weigold E, Mueller DW. Fully differential molecular-frame measurements for the electron-impact dissociative ionization of H2. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 104:023202. [PMID: 20366592 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.023202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We present fully differential state-resolved experimental data for the dissociative ionization of molecular hydrogen induced through electron impact. Molecular-frame ionization cross sections are derived for transitions from the X{1}Sigma{g}{+} molecular ground state to the 1ssigma{g}, 2psigma{u}, 2ssigma{g}, and 2ppi{u} states of H2+. For transitions to the 2ssigma{g} and 2ppi{u} states, a strong orientation dependence in the cross sections is revealed, with "side-on" preferred to "end-on" collisions and a propensity for the fragment proton to emerge along the normal to the scattering plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bellm
- AMPL, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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27
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Feagin JM, Colgan J, Huetz A, Reddish TJ. Electron-pair excitations and the molecular Coulomb continuum. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 103:033002. [PMID: 19659273 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.033002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Electron-pair excitations in the molecular hydrogen continuum are described by quantizing rotations of the momentum plane of the electron pair about the pair's relative momentum. A heliumlike description of the molecular photodouble ionization is thus extended to higher angular momenta of the electron pair. A simple three-state superposition is found to account surprisingly well for recent observations of noncoplanar electron-pair, molecular-axis angular distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Feagin
- Department of Physics, California State University-Fullerton, Fullerton, California 92834, USA.
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28
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Le AT, Lucchese RR, Lee MT, Lin CD. Probing molecular frame photoionization via laser generated high-order harmonics from aligned molecules. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 102:203001. [PMID: 19519025 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.203001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Present experiments cannot measure molecular frame photoelectron angular distributions (MFPAD) for ionization from the outermost valence orbitals of molecules. We show that the details of MFPAD can be retrieved with high-order harmonics generated by infrared lasers from aligned molecules. Using accurately calculated photoionization transition dipole moments for fixed-in-space molecules, we show that the dependence of the magnitude and phase of the high-order harmonics on the alignment angle of the molecules observed in recent experiments can be quantitatively reproduced. This result provides the needed theoretical basis for ultrafast dynamic chemical imaging using infrared laser pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh-Thu Le
- Department of Physics, Cardwell Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
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29
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Per MC, Russo SP, Snook IK. Anisotropic intracule densities and electron correlation in H2: A quantum Monte Carlo study. J Chem Phys 2009; 130:134103. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3098353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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30
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Reddish TJ, Colgan J, Bolognesi P, Avaldi L, Gisselbrecht M, Lavollée M, Pindzola MS, Huetz A. Physical interpretation of the "kinetic energy release" effect in the double photoionization of H(2). PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 100:193001. [PMID: 18518448 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.193001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A physical interpretation is given for the variation with internuclear separation of the fully differential cross section for double photoionization of H2. This effect is analyzed in a geometry where the fourbody interaction is completely probed. Excellent agreement is found between experiment and time-dependent close-coupling theory after convoluting the latter over the relevant solid angles. We show the observed variations are purely due to the epsilon(Sigma) component of the polarization vector epsilon along the molecular axis, a conclusion which is supported through calculations of the photoionization of H2(+).
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Reddish
- Department of Physics, University of Windsor, Ontario, Canada
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31
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Kreidi K, Akoury D, Jahnke T, Weber T, Staudte A, Schöffler M, Neumann N, Titze J, Schmidt LPH, Czasch A, Jagutzki O, Costa Fraga RA, Grisenti RE, Smolarski M, Ranitovic P, Cocke CL, Osipov T, Adaniya H, Thompson JC, Prior MH, Belkacem A, Landers AL, Schmidt-Böcking H, Dörner R. Interference in the collective electron momentum in double photoionization of H2. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 100:133005. [PMID: 18517946 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.133005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We investigate single-photon double ionization of H(2) by 130 to 240 eV circularly polarized photons. We find a double slitlike interference pattern in the sum momentum of both electrons in the molecular frame which survives integration over all other degrees of freedom. The difference momentum and the individual electron momentum distributions do not show such a robust interference pattern. We show that this interference results from a non-Heitler-London fraction of the H(2) ground state where both electrons are at the same atomic center.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kreidi
- Institut für Kernphysik, J.W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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32
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Gisselbrecht M, Lavollée M, Huetz A, Bolognesi P, Avaldi L, Seccombe DP, Reddish TJ. Photo-double ionization of H2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/88/1/012006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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33
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Akoury D, Kreidi K, Jahnke T, Weber T, Staudte A, Schöffler M, Neumann N, Titze J, Schmidt LPH, Czasch A, Jagutzki O, Costa Fraga RA, Grisenti RE, Díez Muiño R, Cherepkov NA, Semenov SK, Ranitovic P, Cocke CL, Osipov T, Adaniya H, Thompson JC, Prior MH, Belkacem A, Landers AL, Schmidt-Böcking H, Dörner R. The simplest double slit: interference and entanglement in double photoionization of H2. Science 2007; 318:949-52. [PMID: 17991857 DOI: 10.1126/science.1144959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The wave nature of particles is rarely observed, in part because of their very short de Broglie wavelengths in most situations. However, even with wavelengths close to the size of their surroundings, the particles couple to their environment (for example, by gravity, Coulomb interaction, or thermal radiation). These couplings shift the wave phases, often in an uncontrolled way, and the resulting decoherence, or loss of phase integrity, is thought to be a main cause of the transition from quantum to classical behavior. How much interaction is needed to induce this transition? Here we show that a photoelectron and two protons form a minimum particle/slit system and that a single additional electron constitutes a minimum environment. Interference fringes observed in the angular distribution of a single electron are lost through its Coulomb interaction with a second electron, though the correlated momenta of the entangled electron pair continue to exhibit quantum interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Akoury
- Institut für Kernphysik, University Frankfurt, Max von Laue Str 1, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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34
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Jahnke T, Czasch A, Schöffler M, Schössler S, Käsz M, Titze J, Kreidi K, Grisenti RE, Staudte A, Jagutzki O, Schmidt LPH, Weber T, Schmidt-Böcking H, Ueda K, Dörner R. Experimental separation of virtual photon exchange and electron transfer in interatomic coulombic decay of neon dimers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 99:153401. [PMID: 17995162 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.99.153401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the interatomic Coulombic decay (ICD) of neon dimers following photoionization with simultaneous excitation of the ionized atom (shakeup) in a multiparticle coincidence experiment. We find that, depending on the parity of the excited state, which determines whether ICD takes place via virtual dipole photon emission or overlap of the wave functions, the decay happens at different internuclear distances, illustrating that nuclear dynamics heavily influence the electronic decay in the neon dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jahnke
- Institut für Kernphysik, J. W. Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
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Gagnon E, Ranitovic P, Tong XM, Cocke CL, Murnane MM, Kapteyn HC, Sandhu AS. Soft X-ray-Driven Femtosecond Molecular Dynamics. Science 2007; 317:1374-8. [PMID: 17823349 DOI: 10.1126/science.1144920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The direct observation of molecular dynamics initiated by x-rays has been hindered to date by the lack of bright femtosecond sources of short-wavelength light. We used soft x-ray beams generated by high-harmonic upconversion of a femtosecond laser to photoionize a nitrogen molecule, creating highly excited molecular cations. A strong infrared pulse was then used to probe the ultrafast electronic and nuclear dynamics as the molecule exploded. We found that substantial fragmentation occurs through an electron-shakeup process, in which a second electron is simultaneously excited during the soft x-ray photoionization process. During fragmentation, the molecular potential seen by the electron changes rapidly from nearly spherically symmetric to a two-center molecular potential. Our approach can capture in real time and with angstrom resolution the influence of ionizing radiation on a range of molecular systems, probing dynamics that are inaccessible with the use of other techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Gagnon
- JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0441, USA
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36
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Wang J, Wang Y, Ni S, Lv S, Ugalde JM. Electron correlation in the GK state of the hydrogen molecule. J Chem Phys 2007; 127:074307. [PMID: 17718613 DOI: 10.1063/1.2768531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The second excited (1)Sigma(g)(+) state of the hydrogen molecule, the so-called GK state, has a potential energy curve with double minima. At the united atom limit it converges to the 1s3d configuration of He. At large internuclear distances R, it dissociates to two separated atoms, one in the ground state and another in the 2p excited state. Radial pair density calculations and natural orbital analyses reveal unusual effect of electron correlation around the K minimum of the potential energy curve. As R>2.0 a.u., a natural orbital of sigma(u) symmetry joins the two natural orbitals of sigma(g) symmetry at smaller R. The average interelectronic distance decreases as the internuclear distance increases from R=2.0 to 3.0 a.u. Around R=3.0 a.u. the singly peaked pair density curve splits into two peaks. The inner peak can be attributed to the formation of the ionic electron configuration (1s)(2), where both 1s electrons are on the same nucleus. As the two 1s electrons run into different nuclei, one of the two 1s electrons is promoted to the 2p state, which results in the outer peak in the pair density curve. The Rydberg 1s2p configuration persists as the nuclei stretch, and becomes dominant at large R where four natural orbitals, two of sigma(g) and two of sigma(u) symmetry, become responsible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- School of Science, Huzhou University, Zhejiang 313000, China.
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37
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Moshammer R, Jiang YH, Foucar L, Rudenko A, Ergler T, Schröter CD, Lüdemann S, Zrost K, Fischer D, Titze J, Jahnke T, Schöffler M, Weber T, Dörner R, Zouros TJM, Dorn A, Ferger T, Kühnel KU, Düsterer S, Treusch R, Radcliffe P, Plönjes E, Ullrich J. Few-photon multiple ionization of ne and ar by strong free-electron-laser pulses. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 98:203001. [PMID: 17677687 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.203001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Few-photon multiple ionization of Ne and Ar atoms by strong vacuum ultraviolet laser pulses from the free-electron laser at Hamburg was investigated differentially with the Heidelberg reaction microscope. The light-intensity dependence of Ne2+ production reveals the dominance of nonsequential two-photon double ionization at intensities of I<6x10(12) W/cm2 and significant contributions of three-photon ionization as I increases. Ne2+ recoil-ion-momentum distributions suggest that two electrons absorbing "instantaneously" two photons are ejected most likely into opposite hemispheres with similar energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Moshammer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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Dürr M, Dorn A, Ullrich J, Cao SP, Czasch A, Kheifets AS, Götz JR, Briggs JS. (e,3e) on helium at low impact energy: the strongly correlated three-electron continuum. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 98:193201. [PMID: 17677618 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.193201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2006] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Double ionization of the helium atom by slow electron impact (E(0)=106 eV) is studied in a kinematically complete experiment. Because of a low excess energy E(exc)=27 eV above the double ionization threshold, a strongly correlated three-electron continuum is realized. This is demonstrated by measuring and calculating the fully differential cross sections for equal energy sharing of the final-state electrons. While the electron emission is dominated by a strong Coulomb repulsion, also signatures of more complex dynamics of the full four-body system are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dürr
- Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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39
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Colgan J, Pindzola MS, Robicheaux F. Triple differential cross sections for the double photoionization of H2. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 98:153001. [PMID: 17501342 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.153001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Triple differential cross sections arising from the break up of the H2 molecule by a single photon are presented. The time-dependent close-coupling technique is used to calculate differential cross sections for various geometries. Excellent agreement is found between current work and recent exterior complex-scaling calculations, confirming, for the first time, the absolute magnitude of the triple differential cross sections. Our calculations also compare favorably with recent synchrotron light source measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Colgan
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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40
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Horner DA, Vanroose W, Rescigno TN, Martín F, McCurdy CW. Role of nuclear motion in double ionization of molecular hydrogen by a single photon. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 98:073001. [PMID: 17359020 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.073001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We examine the origin of recently observed variations with internuclear distance (R) of the fully differential cross sections for double ionization of aligned H2 by absorption of a single photon. Using the results of fully converged numerical solutions of the Schrödinger equation, we show that these variations arise primarily from pronounced differences in the R dependence of the parallel and perpendicular components of the ionization amplitude. We also predict that R dependences should be readily observable in the asymmetry parameter for photodouble ionization, even in experimental measurements that are not differential in the energy sharings between ejected photoelectrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Horner
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Chemical Sciences, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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41
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Fernández J, Fojón O, Palacios A, Martín F. Interferences from fast electron emission in molecular photoionization. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 98:043005. [PMID: 17358762 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.043005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We present a theoretical study of fast-electron emission produced in H2 and H2+ photoionization. We show that, when the electron wave length is comparable to the molecular size, the electron angular distributions arising from fixed-in-space molecules exhibit pronounced interference effects that critically depend on orientation and energy sharing between electrons and nuclei. In particular, for molecules oriented parallel to the polarization direction, the angular patterns reveal a complex nodal structure, while for molecules oriented perpendicularly, typical Young's double-slit interferences are observed. These patterns change dramatically as the molecule vibrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fernández
- Departamento de Química C-9, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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42
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Nandi D, Prabhudesai V, Krishnakumar E. Velocity map imaging for low-energy electron–molecule collisions. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2006.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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44
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Laurent G, Fernández J, Legendre S, Tarisien M, Adoui L, Cassimi A, Fléchard X, Frémont F, Gervais B, Giglio E, Grandin JP, Martín F. Kinematically complete study of dissociative ionization of by ion impact. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 96:173201. [PMID: 16712294 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.96.173201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a kinematically complete study of dissociative ionization of D(2) by 13.6 MeV/u S(15+) ions. The experiment allows us to unravel the competing mechanisms, namely, direct single ionization, autoionization of doubly excited states, ionization excitation, and double ionization, and to analyze the corresponding electron angular distribution from fixed-in-space molecules. The conclusions are supported by theoretical calculations in which the correlated motion of all electrons and nuclei and the interferences between them are described from first principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Laurent
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche Ions Lasers (CIRIL)-CEA-CNRS-ENSICaen, France
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45
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Gisselbrecht M, Lavollée M, Huetz A, Bolognesi P, Avaldi L, Seccombe DP, Reddish TJ. Photodouble ionization dynamics for fixed-in-space H2. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 96:153002. [PMID: 16712154 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.96.153002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The Coulomb explosion of the hydrogen molecule, after absorption of a 76 eV photon, has been studied by momentum imaging the two electrons and the two protons. Absolute fully differential cross sections of high statistical quality are obtained. A subset of the overall data, namely, equal electron-energy sharing, is used to investigate the effects of molecular orientation on the photoelectron angular distribution. Departures from the first-order helium-like model are evident in detection geometries where electron-electron correlation is "frozen."
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gisselbrecht
- CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, LIXAM UMR8624, Bâtiment 350, Orsay Cedex, F-91405, France
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46
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Vanroose W, Martín F, Rescigno TN, McCurdy CW. Complete Photo-Induced Breakup of the H
2
Molecule as a Probe of Molecular Electron Correlation. Science 2005; 310:1787-9. [PMID: 16357254 DOI: 10.1126/science.1120263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of progress in quantum mechanics, electron correlation effects are still only partially understood. Experiments in which both electrons are ejected from an oriented hydrogen molecule by absorption of a single photon have recently demonstrated a puzzling phenomenon: The ejection pattern of the electrons depends sensitively on the bond distance between the two nuclei as they vibrate in their ground state. Here, we report a complete numerical solution of the Schrödinger equation for the double photoionization of H2. The results suggest that the distribution of photoelectrons emitted from aligned molecules reflects electron correlation effects that are purely molecular in origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Vanroose
- Department of Computer Science, K.U. Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200A, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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