1
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Wang G, Barr AR, Tang H, Chen M, Li C, Xu H, Stasiuk A, Li J, Cappellaro P. Characterizing Temperature and Strain Variations with Qubit Ensembles for Their Robust Coherence Protection. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:043602. [PMID: 37566832 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.043602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state spin defects, especially nuclear spins with potentially achievable long coherence times, are compelling candidates for quantum memories and sensors. However, their current performances are still limited by dephasing due to variations of their intrinsic quadrupole and hyperfine interactions. We propose an unbalanced echo to overcome this challenge by using a second spin to refocus variations of these interactions while preserving the quantum information stored in the nuclear spin free evolution. The unbalanced echo can be used to probe the temperature and strain distribution in materials. We develop first-principles methods to predict variations of these interactions and reveal their correlation over large temperature and strain ranges. Experiments performed in an ensemble of ∼10^{10} nuclear spins in diamond demonstrate a 20-fold dephasing time increase, limited by other noise sources. We further numerically show that our method can refocus even stronger noise variations than present in our experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Wang
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Ariel Rebekah Barr
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Hao Tang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Mo Chen
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Thomas J. Watson, Sr., Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
- Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Changhao Li
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Haowei Xu
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Andrew Stasiuk
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Ju Li
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Paola Cappellaro
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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2
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Beatrez W, Pillai A, Janes O, Suter D, Ajoy A. Electron Induced Nanoscale Nuclear Spin Relaxation Probed by Hyperpolarization Injection. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:010802. [PMID: 37478433 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.010802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
We report on experiments that quantify the role of a central electronic spin as a relaxation source for nuclear spins in its nanoscale environment. Our strategy exploits hyperpolarization injection from the electron as a means to controllably probe an increasing number of nuclear spins in the bath and subsequently interrogate them with high fidelity. Our experiments are focused on a model system of a nitrogen vacancy center electronic spin surrounded by several hundred ^{13}C nuclear spins. We observe that the ^{13}C transverse spin relaxation times vary significantly with the extent of hyperpolarization injection, allowing the ability to measure the influence of electron-mediated relaxation extending over several nanometers. These results suggest interesting new means to spatially discriminate nuclear spins in a nanoscale environment and have direct relevance to dynamic nuclear polarization and quantum sensors and memories constructed from hyperpolarized nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Beatrez
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Arjun Pillai
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Otto Janes
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Dieter Suter
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ashok Ajoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars Program, 661 University Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
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3
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Xie T, Zhao Z, Xu S, Kong X, Yang Z, Wang M, Wang Y, Shi F, Du J. 99.92%-Fidelity cnot Gates in Solids by Noise Filtering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:030601. [PMID: 36763408 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.030601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Inevitable interactions with the reservoir largely degrade the performance of entangling gates, which hinders practical quantum computation from coming into existence. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a 99.920(7)%-fidelity controlled-not gate by suppressing the complicated noise in a solid-state spin system at room temperature. We found that the fidelity limited at 99% in previous works results from considering only static classical noise, and, thus, in this work, a complete noise model is constructed by also considering the time dependence and the quantum nature of the spin bath. All noises in the model are dynamically corrected by an exquisitely designed shaped pulse, giving the resulting error below 10^{-4}. The residual gate error is mainly originated from the longitudinal relaxation and the waveform distortion that can both be further reduced technically. Our noise-resistant method is universal and will benefit other solid-state spin systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shaoyi Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xi Kong
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhiping Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ya Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Fazhan Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
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4
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Triplet-pair spin signatures from macroscopically aligned heteroacenes in an oriented single crystal. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2201879119. [PMID: 35858318 PMCID: PMC9303990 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2201879119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The photo-driven process of singlet fission generates coupled triplet pairs (TT) with fundamentally intriguing and potentially useful properties. The quintet 5TT0 sublevel is particularly interesting for quantum information because it is highly entangled, is addressable with microwave pulses, and could be detected using optical techniques. Previous theoretical work on a model Hamiltonian and nonadiabatic transition theory, called the JDE model, has determined that this sublevel can be selectively populated if certain conditions are met. Among the most challenging, the molecules within the dimer undergoing singlet fission must have their principal magnetic axes parallel to one another and to an applied Zeeman field. Here, we present time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TR-EPR) spectroscopy of a single crystal sample of a tetracenethiophene compound featuring arrays of dimers aligned in this manner, which were mounted so that the orientation of the field relative to the molecular axes could be controlled. The observed spin sublevel populations in the paired TT and unpaired (T+T) triplets are consistent with predictions from the JDE model, including preferential 5TT0 formation at z ‖ B0, with one caveat-two 5TT spin sublevels have little to no population. This may be due to crossings between the 5TT and 3TT manifolds in the field range investigated by TR-EPR, consistent with the intertriplet exchange energy determined by monitoring photoluminescence at varying magnetic fields.
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5
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Murzakhanov FF, Mamin GV, Orlinskii SB, Gerstmann U, Schmidt WG, Biktagirov T, Aharonovich I, Gottscholl A, Sperlich A, Dyakonov V, Soltamov VA. Electron-Nuclear Coherent Coupling and Nuclear Spin Readout through Optically Polarized V B- Spin States in hBN. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:2718-2724. [PMID: 35357842 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Coherent coupling of defect spins with surrounding nuclei along with the endowment to read out the latter are basic requirements for an application in quantum technologies. We show that negatively charged boron vacancies (VB-) in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) meet these prerequisites. We demonstrate Hahn-echo coherence of the VB- spin with a characteristic decay time Tcoh = 15 μs, close to the theoretically predicted limit of 18 μs for defects in hBN. Elongation of the coherence time up to 36 μs is demonstrated by means of the Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill decoupling technique. Modulation of the Hahn-echo decay is shown to be induced by coherent coupling of the VB- spin with the three nearest 14N nuclei via a nuclear quadrupole interaction of 2.11 MHz. DFT calculation confirms that the electron-nuclear coupling is confined to the defective layer and stays almost unchanged with a transition from the bulk to the single layer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Uwe Gerstmann
- Theoretische Materialphysik, Universität Paderborn, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Wolf Gero Schmidt
- Theoretische Materialphysik, Universität Paderborn, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Timur Biktagirov
- Theoretische Materialphysik, Universität Paderborn, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Andreas Gottscholl
- Experimental Physics 6 and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Sperlich
- Experimental Physics 6 and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Vladimir Dyakonov
- Experimental Physics 6 and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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6
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Ci P, Sun M, Upadhyaya M, Song H, Jin L, Sun B, Jones MR, Ager JW, Aksamija Z, Wu J. Giant Isotope Effect of Thermal Conductivity in Silicon Nanowires. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:085901. [PMID: 35275649 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.085901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Isotopically purified semiconductors potentially dissipate heat better than their natural, isotopically mixed counterparts as they have higher thermal conductivity (κ). But the benefit is low for Si at room temperature, amounting to only ∼10% higher κ for bulk ^{28}Si than for bulk natural Si (^{nat}Si). We show that in stark contrast to this bulk behavior, ^{28}Si (99.92% enriched) nanowires have up to 150% higher κ than ^{nat}Si nanowires with similar diameters and surface morphology. Using a first-principles phonon dispersion model, this giant isotope effect is attributed to a mutual enhancement of isotope scattering and surface scattering of phonons in ^{nat}Si nanowires, correlated via transmission of phonons to the native amorphous SiO_{2} shell. The Letter discovers the strongest isotope effect of κ at room temperature among all materials reported to date and inspires potential applications of isotopically enriched semiconductors in microelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghong Ci
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Muhua Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Meenakshi Upadhyaya
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Houfu Song
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lei Jin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Bo Sun
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Thermal Management Engineering and Materials, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Matthew R Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Joel W Ager
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Zlatan Aksamija
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Junqiao Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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7
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Markevich A, Hudak BM, Madsen J, Song J, Snijders PC, Lupini AR, Susi T. Mechanism of Electron-Beam Manipulation of Single-Dopant Atoms in Silicon. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2021; 125:16041-16048. [PMID: 34354792 PMCID: PMC8327312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c03549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The precise positioning of dopant atoms within bulk crystal lattices could enable novel applications in areas including solid-state sensing and quantum computation. Established scanning probe techniques are capable tools for the manipulation of surface atoms, but at a disadvantage due to their need to bring a physical tip into contact with the sample. This has prompted interest in electron-beam techniques, followed by the first proof-of-principle experiment of bismuth dopant manipulation in crystalline silicon. Here, we use first-principles modeling to discover a novel indirect exchange mechanism that allows electron impacts to non-destructively move dopants with atomic precision within the silicon lattice. However, this mechanism only works for the two heaviest group V donors with split-vacancy configurations, Bi and Sb. We verify our model by directly imaging these configurations for Bi and by demonstrating that the promising nuclear spin qubit Sb can be manipulated using a focused electron beam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Markevich
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bethany M. Hudak
- Naval
Research Laboratory, Material Sciences and Technology, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
| | - Jacob Madsen
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jiaming Song
- School
of Physics, Northwest University, 1 Xuefu Avenue, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710127, China
| | - Paul C. Snijders
- Materials
Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Andrew R. Lupini
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Toma Susi
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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8
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Lockyer SJ, Chiesa A, Timco GA, McInnes EJL, Bennett TS, Vitorica-Yrezebal IJ, Carretta S, Winpenny REP. Targeting molecular quantum memory with embedded error correction. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9104-9113. [PMID: 34276940 PMCID: PMC8261727 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01506k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The implementation of a quantum computer requires both to protect information from environmental noise and to implement quantum operations efficiently. Achieving this by a fully fault-tolerant platform, in which quantum gates are implemented within quantum-error corrected units, poses stringent requirements on the coherence and control of such hardware. A more feasible architecture could consist of connected memories, that support error-correction by enhancing coherence, and processing units, that ensure fast manipulations. We present here a supramolecular {Cr7Ni}-Cu system which could form the elementary unit of this platform, where the electronic spin 1/2 of {Cr7Ni} provides the processor and the naturally isolated nuclear spin 3/2 of the Cu ion is used to encode a logical unit with embedded quantum error-correction. We demonstrate by realistic simulations that microwave pulses allow us to rapidly implement gates on the processor and to swap information between the processor and the quantum memory. By combining the storage into the Cu nuclear spin with quantum error correction, information can be protected for times much longer than the processor coherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena J Lockyer
- Department of Chemistry and Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Alessandro Chiesa
- Università di Parma, Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche Fisiche e Informatiche I-43124 Parma Italy
- UdR Parma, INSTM I-43124 Parma Italy
| | - Grigore A Timco
- Department of Chemistry and Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Eric J L McInnes
- Department of Chemistry and Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Tom S Bennett
- Department of Chemistry and Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Inigo J Vitorica-Yrezebal
- Department of Chemistry and Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Stefano Carretta
- Università di Parma, Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche Fisiche e Informatiche I-43124 Parma Italy
- UdR Parma, INSTM I-43124 Parma Italy
| | - Richard E P Winpenny
- Department of Chemistry and Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
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9
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Mirzoyan R, Kazmierczak NP, Hadt RG. Deconvolving Contributions to Decoherence in Molecular Electron Spin Qubits: A Dynamic Ligand Field Approach. Chemistry 2021; 27:9482-9494. [PMID: 33855760 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, transition metal complexes have gained momentum as electron spin-based quantum bit (qubit) candidates due to their synthetic tunability and long achievable coherence times. The decoherence of magnetic quantum states imposes a limit on the use of these qubits for quantum information technologies, such as quantum computing, sensing, and communication. With rapid recent development in the field of molecular quantum information science, a variety of chemical design principles for prolonging coherence in molecular transition metal qubits have been proposed. Here the spin-spin, motional, and spin-phonon regimes of decoherence are delineated, outlining design principles for each. It is shown how dynamic ligand field models can provide insights into the intramolecular vibrational contributions in the spin-phonon decoherence regime. This minireview aims to inform the development of molecular quantum technologies tailored for different environments and conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Mirzoyan
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Nathanael P Kazmierczak
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Ryan G Hadt
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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10
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Readout and control of an endofullerene electronic spin. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6405. [PMID: 33335106 PMCID: PMC7746685 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20202-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Atomic spins for quantum technologies need to be individually addressed and positioned with nanoscale precision. C60 fullerene cages offer a robust packaging for atomic spins, while allowing in-situ physical positioning at the nanoscale. However, achieving single-spin level readout and control of endofullerenes has so far remained elusive. In this work, we demonstrate electron paramagnetic resonance on an encapsulated nitrogen spin (14N@C60) within a C60 matrix using a single near-surface nitrogen vacancy (NV) center in diamond at 4.7 K. Exploiting the strong magnetic dipolar interaction between the NV and endofullerene electronic spins, we demonstrate radio-frequency pulse controlled Rabi oscillations and measure spin-echos on an encapsulated spin. Modeling the results using second-order perturbation theory reveals an enhanced hyperfine interaction and zero-field splitting, possibly caused by surface adsorption on diamond. These results demonstrate the first step towards controlling single endofullerenes, and possibly building large-scale endofullerene quantum machines, which can be scaled using standard positioning or self-assembly methods. Encasing a single atom within a fullerene (C60) cage can create a robustly packaged single atomic spin system. Here, the authors perform electron paramagnetic resonance on a single encased spin using a diamond NV-center, demonstrating the first steps in controlling single spins in fullerene cages.
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11
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Agueny H. Coherent electron displacement for quantum information processing using attosecond single cycle pulses. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21869. [PMID: 33318566 PMCID: PMC7736361 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Coherent electron displacement is a conventional strategy for processing quantum information, as it enables to interconnect distinct sites in a network of atoms. The efficiency of the processing relies on the precise control of the mechanism, which has yet to be established. Here, we theoretically demonstrate a new route to drive the electron displacement on a timescale faster than that of the dynamical distortion of the electron wavepacket by utilizing attosecond single-cycle pulses. The characteristic feature of these pulses relies on a vast momentum transfer to an electron, leading to its displacement following a unidirectional path. The scenario is illustrated by revealing the spatiotemporal nature of the displaced wavepacket encoding a quantum superposition state. We map out the associated phase information and retrieve it over long distances from the origin. Moreover, we show that a sequence of such pulses applied to a chain of ions enables attosecond control of the directionality of the coherent motion of the electron wavepacket back and forth between the neighbouring sites. An extension to a two-electron spin state demonstrates the versatility of the use of these pulses. Our findings establish a promising route for advanced control of quantum states using attosecond single-cycle pulses, which pave the way towards ultrafast processing of quantum information as well as imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham Agueny
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Allegt. 55, 5007, Bergen, Norway.
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12
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Bertaina S, Vezin H, De Raedt H, Chiorescu I. Experimental protection of quantum coherence by using a phase-tunable image drive. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21643. [PMID: 33303783 PMCID: PMC7730451 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The protection of quantum coherence is essential for building a practical quantum computer able to manipulate, store and read quantum information with a high degree of fidelity. Recently, it has been proposed to increase the operation time of a qubit by means of strong pulses to achieve a dynamical decoupling of the qubit from its environment. We propose and demonstrate a simple and highly efficient alternative route based on Floquet modes, which increases the Rabi decay time (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$T_R$$\end{document}TR) in a number of materials with different spin Hamiltonians and environments. We demonstrate the regime \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$T_R \approx T_1$$\end{document}TR≈T1 with \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$T_1$$\end{document}T1 the relaxation time, thus providing a route for spin qubits and spin ensembles to be used in quantum information processing and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bertaina
- CNRS, IM2NP (UMR 7334), Institut Matériaux Microélectronique et Nanosciences de Provence, Aix-Marseille Université, 13397, Marseille, France.
| | - H Vezin
- CNRS, LASIRE (UMR 8516), Laboratoire de Spectroscopie pour les Interactions, la Réactivité et l'Environnement, Université de Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - H De Raedt
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - I Chiorescu
- Department of Physics, The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA.
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13
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Chekhovich EA, da Silva SFC, Rastelli A. Nuclear spin quantum register in an optically active semiconductor quantum dot. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 15:999-1004. [PMID: 32989238 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-020-0769-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Epitaxial quantum dots (QDs) have long been identified as promising charge spin qubits offering an efficient interface to quantum light and advanced semiconductor nanofabrication technologies. However, charge spin coherence is limited by interaction with the nanoscale ensemble of atomic nuclear spins, which is particularly problematic in strained self-assembled dots. Here, we use strain-free GaAs/AlGaAs QDs, demonstrating a fully functioning two-qubit quantum register using the nanoscale ensemble of arsenic quadrupolar nuclear spins as its hardware. Tailored radio-frequency pulses allow quantum state storage for up to 20 ms, and are used for few-microsecond single-qubit and two-qubit control gates with fidelities exceeding 97%. Combining long coherence and high-fidelity control with optical initialization and readout, we implement benchmark quantum computations such as Grover's search and the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm. Our results identify QD nuclei as a potential quantum information resource, which can complement charge spins and light particles in future QD circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny A Chekhovich
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Saimon F Covre da Silva
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Armando Rastelli
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
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14
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Herb K, Zopes J, Cujia KS, Degen CL. Broadband radio-frequency transmitter for fast nuclear spin control. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:113106. [PMID: 33261455 DOI: 10.1063/5.0013776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The active manipulation of nuclear spins with radio-frequency (RF) coils is at the heart of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and spin-based quantum devices. Here, we present a miniature RF transmitter designed to generate strong RF pulses over a broad bandwidth, allowing for fast spin rotations on arbitrary nuclear species. Our design incorporates (i) a planar multilayer geometry that generates a large field of 4.35 mT per unit current, (ii) a 50 Ω transmission circuit with a broad excitation bandwidth of ∼20 MHz, and (iii) an optimized thermal management leading to minimal heating at the sample location. Using individual 13C nuclear spins in the vicinity of a diamond nitrogen-vacancy center as a test system, we demonstrate Rabi frequencies exceeding 70 kHz and nuclear π/2 rotations within 3.4 μs. The extrapolated values for 1H spins are about 240 kHz and 1 μs, respectively. Beyond enabling fast nuclear spin manipulations, our transmitter system is ideally suited for the incorporation of advanced pulse sequences into micro- and nanoscale NMR detectors operating at a low (<1 T) magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Herb
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J Zopes
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - K S Cujia
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C L Degen
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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15
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Weichselbaumer S, Zens M, Zollitsch CW, Brandt MS, Rotter S, Gross R, Huebl H. Echo Trains in Pulsed Electron Spin Resonance of a Strongly Coupled Spin Ensemble. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:137701. [PMID: 33034465 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.137701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report on a novel dynamical phenomenon in electron spin resonance experiments of phosphorus donors. When strongly coupling the paramagnetic ensemble to a superconducting lumped element resonator, the coherent exchange between these two subsystems leads to a train of periodic, self-stimulated echoes after a conventional Hahn echo pulse sequence. The presence of these multiecho signatures is explained using a simple model based on spins rotating on the Bloch sphere, backed up by numerical calculations using the inhomogeneous Tavis-Cummings Hamiltonian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Weichselbaumer
- Walther-Meißner-Institut, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Matthias Zens
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10/136, 1040 Vienna, Austria
- ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Christoph W Zollitsch
- Walther-Meißner-Institut, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Martin S Brandt
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Walter Schottky Institut, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstraße 4, 80799 München, Germany
| | - Stefan Rotter
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10/136, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Gross
- Walther-Meißner-Institut, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstraße 4, 80799 München, Germany
| | - Hans Huebl
- Walther-Meißner-Institut, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstraße 4, 80799 München, Germany
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16
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Christensen JA, Zhou J, Tcyrulnikov NA, Krzyaniak MD, Wasielewski MR. Spin-Polarized Molecular Triplet States as Qubits: Phosphorus Hyperfine Coupling in the Triplet State of Benzoisophosphinoline. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:7569-7574. [PMID: 32812766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Advances in quantum information science (QIS) require the development of new molecular materials to serve as microwave addressable qubits that can be read out optically. Laser photoexcitation of organic π-conjugated molecules often results in spin-polarized phosphorescent triplet states that can be readily observed and manipulated using time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) techniques. Photoexcitation of N-mesityl-1,8-naphthalimide (M-NMI) and its phosphorus analogues, 2-mesitylbenzoisophosphinoline (M-BIPD) and 2-mesitylbenzoisophosphinoline oxide (M-BIPDO) results in ultrafast spin-orbit charge-transfer intersystem crossing to form the corresponding phosphorescent triplet states M-3*NMI, M-3*BIPD and M-3*BIPDO. The ultrafast triplet formation dynamics, phosphorescence, and spin-polarized EPR spectra of these triplet states were examined. The most promising qubit candidate, M-3*BIPD, was examined using pulse-EPR to measure its spin relaxation times, and pulse electron-nuclear double resonance spectroscopy to perform a two-qubit CNOT gate using the phosphorus nuclear spin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Christensen
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Jiawang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Nikolai A Tcyrulnikov
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Matthew D Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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17
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Wasielewski MR, Forbes MDE, Frank NL, Kowalski K, Scholes GD, Yuen-Zhou J, Baldo MA, Freedman DE, Goldsmith RH, Goodson T, Kirk ML, McCusker JK, Ogilvie JP, Shultz DA, Stoll S, Whaley KB. Exploiting chemistry and molecular systems for quantum information science. Nat Rev Chem 2020; 4:490-504. [PMID: 37127960 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-0200-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The power of chemistry to prepare new molecules and materials has driven the quest for new approaches to solve problems having global societal impact, such as in renewable energy, healthcare and information science. In the latter case, the intrinsic quantum nature of the electronic, nuclear and spin degrees of freedom in molecules offers intriguing new possibilities to advance the emerging field of quantum information science. In this Perspective, which resulted from discussions by the co-authors at a US Department of Energy workshop held in November 2018, we discuss how chemical systems and reactions can impact quantum computing, communication and sensing. Hierarchical molecular design and synthesis, from small molecules to supramolecular assemblies, combined with new spectroscopic probes of quantum coherence and theoretical modelling of complex systems, offer a broad range of possibilities to realize practical quantum information science applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Malcolm D E Forbes
- Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Natia L Frank
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Karol Kowalski
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | | | - Joel Yuen-Zhou
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marc A Baldo
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Danna E Freedman
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | | | - Theodore Goodson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Martin L Kirk
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - James K McCusker
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - David A Shultz
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Stefan Stoll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - K Birgitta Whaley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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18
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Kornher T, Xiao DW, Xia K, Sardi F, Zhao N, Kolesov R, Wrachtrup J. Sensing Individual Nuclear Spins with a Single Rare-Earth Electron Spin. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:170402. [PMID: 32412264 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.170402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Rare-earth related electron spins in crystalline hosts are unique material systems, as they can potentially provide a direct interface between telecom band photons and long-lived spin quantum bits. Specifically, their optically accessible electron spins in solids interacting with nuclear spins in their environment are valuable quantum memory resources. Detection of nearby individual nuclear spins, so far exclusively shown for few dilute nuclear spin bath host systems such as the nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond or the silicon vacancy in silicon carbide, remained an open challenge for rare earths in their host materials, which typically exhibit dense nuclear spin baths. Here, we present the electron spin spectroscopy of single Ce^{3+} ions in a yttrium orthosilicate host, featuring a coherence time of T_{2}=124 μs. This coherent interaction time is sufficiently long to isolate proximal ^{89}Y nuclear spins from the nuclear spin bath of ^{89}Y. Furthermore, it allows for the detection of a single nearby ^{29}Si nuclear spin, native to the host material with ∼5% abundance. This study opens the door to quantum memory applications in rare-earth ion related systems based on coupled environmental nuclear spins, potentially useful for quantum error correction schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kornher
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Da-Wu Xiao
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kangwei Xia
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Fiammetta Sardi
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nan Zhao
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Roman Kolesov
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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19
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Room Temperature Electrically Detected Nuclear Spin Coherence of NV Centres in Diamond. Sci Rep 2020; 10:792. [PMID: 31964965 PMCID: PMC6972904 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57569-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate electrical detection of the 14N nuclear spin coherence of NV centres at room temperature. Nuclear spins are candidates for quantum memories in quantum-information devices and quantum sensors, and hence the electrical detection of nuclear spin coherence is essential to develop and integrate such quantum devices. In the present study, we used a pulsed electrically detected electron-nuclear double resonance technique to measure the Rabi oscillations and coherence time (T2) of 14N nuclear spins in NV centres at room temperature. We observed T2 ≈ 0.9 ms at room temperature, however, this result should be taken as a lower limit due to limitations in the longitudinal relaxation time of the NV electron spins. Our results will pave the way for the development of novel electron- and nuclear-spin-based diamond quantum devices.
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20
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Jing K, Lan Z, Shi Z, Mu S, Qin X, Rong X, Du J. Broadband electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometer from 1 to 15 GHz using metallic coplanar waveguide. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:125109. [PMID: 31893844 DOI: 10.1063/1.5119333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report a broadband electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometer that operates continuously in the frequency range from 1 to 15 GHz. A broadband metallic coplanar waveguide is utilized as the probe. The system is capable of performing EPR measurements in both continuous wave and pulsed modes. Its performance has been tested with a sample, named 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)hydrazyl powder, at room temperature. In the continuous wave mode, the sensitivity of the spectrometer is estimated to be 3.3×1012 spins/gaussHz at 13 GHz. In the pulsed mode, inversion recovery experiments were carried out to obtain the spin-lattice relaxation time of the sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Jing
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ziheng Lan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhifu Shi
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shiwei Mu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xi Qin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xing Rong
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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21
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Ajoy A, Safvati B, Nazaryan R, Oon JT, Han B, Raghavan P, Nirodi R, Aguilar A, Liu K, Cai X, Lv X, Druga E, Ramanathan C, Reimer JA, Meriles CA, Suter D, Pines A. Hyperpolarized relaxometry based nuclear T 1 noise spectroscopy in diamond. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5160. [PMID: 31727898 PMCID: PMC6856091 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The origins of spin lifetimes in quantum systems is a matter of importance in several areas of quantum information. Spectrally mapping spin relaxation processes provides insight into their origin and motivates methods to mitigate them. In this paper, we map nuclear relaxation in a prototypical system of [Formula: see text] nuclei in diamond coupled to Nitrogen Vacancy (NV) centers over a wide field range (1 mT-7 T). Nuclear hyperpolarization through optically pumped NV electrons allows signal measurement savings exceeding million-fold over conventional methods. Through a systematic study with varying substitutional electron (P1 center) and [Formula: see text] concentrations, we identify the operational relaxation channels for the nuclei at different fields as well as the dominant role played by [Formula: see text] coupling to the interacting P1 electronic spin bath. These results motivate quantum control techniques for dissipation engineering to boost spin lifetimes in diamond, with applications including engineered quantum memories and hyperpolarized [Formula: see text] imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ajoy
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - B Safvati
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - R Nazaryan
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - J T Oon
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - B Han
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - P Raghavan
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - R Nirodi
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - A Aguilar
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - K Liu
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - X Cai
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - X Lv
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - E Druga
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - C Ramanathan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - J A Reimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Materials Science Division Lawrence, Berkeley National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - C A Meriles
- Department of Physics and CUNY-Graduate Center, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - D Suter
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221, Dortmund, Germany
| | - A Pines
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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22
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Jia D, Manz J, Yang Y. De- and Recoherence of Charge Migration in Ionized Iodoacetylene. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:4273-4277. [PMID: 31287313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
During charge migration, electrons flow rapidly from one site of a molecule to another, perhaps inducing subsequent processes (e.g., selective breaking of chemical bonds). The first joint experimental and theoretical preparation and measurement of the initial state and subsequent quantum dynamics simulation of charge migration for fixed nuclei was demonstrated recently for oriented, ionized iodoacetylene. Here, we present new quantum dynamics simulations for the same system with moving nuclei. They reveal the decisive role of the nuclei, i.e. they switch charge migration off (decoherence) and on (recoherence). This is a new finding in attosecond-to-femtosecond chemistry and physics which opens new prospects for laser control over electronic dynamics via nuclear motions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongming Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy , Shanxi University , Taiyuan 030006 , China
| | - Jörn Manz
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy , Shanxi University , Taiyuan 030006 , China
- International Center for Chemical Theory , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , 14195 Berlin , Germany
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics , Shanxi University , Taiyuan 030006 , China
| | - Yonggang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy , Shanxi University , Taiyuan 030006 , China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics , Shanxi University , Taiyuan 030006 , China
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23
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Albino A, Benci S, Tesi L, Atzori M, Torre R, Sanvito S, Sessoli R, Lunghi A. First-Principles Investigation of Spin–Phonon Coupling in Vanadium-Based Molecular Spin Quantum Bits. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:10260-10268. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Stefano Sanvito
- School of Physics, AMBER and CRANN Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | - Alessandro Lunghi
- School of Physics, AMBER and CRANN Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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24
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Aharon N, Schwartz I, Retzker A. Quantum Control and Sensing of Nuclear Spins by Electron Spins under Power Limitations. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:120403. [PMID: 30978036 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.120403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
State of the art quantum sensing experiments targeting frequency measurements or frequency addressing of nuclear spins require one to drive the probe system at the targeted frequency. In addition, there is a substantial advantage to performing these experiments in the regime of high magnetic fields, in which the Larmor frequency of the measured spins is large. In this scenario we are confronted with a natural challenge of controlling a target system with a very high frequency when the probe system cannot be set to resonance with the target frequency. In this contribution we present a set of protocols that are capable of confronting this challenge, even at large frequency mismatches between the probe system and the target system, both for polarization and for quantum sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nati Aharon
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Givat Ram, Israel
| | | | - Alex Retzker
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Givat Ram, Israel
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25
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McCrory DJ, Anders MA, Ryan JT, Shrestha PR, Cheung KP, Lenahan PM, Campbell JP. Slow- and rapid-scan frequency-swept electrically detected magnetic resonance of MOSFETs with a non-resonant microwave probe within a semiconductor wafer-probing station. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:014708. [PMID: 30709237 PMCID: PMC6503682 DOI: 10.1063/1.5053665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report on a novel electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique that merges electrically detected magnetic resonance (EDMR) with a conventional semiconductor wafer probing station. This union, which we refer to as wafer-level EDMR (WL-EDMR), allows EDMR measurements to be performed on an unaltered, fully processed semiconductor wafer. Our measurements replace the conventional EPR microwave cavity or resonator with a very small non-resonant near-field microwave probe. Bipolar amplification effect, spin dependent charge pumping, and spatially resolved EDMR are demonstrated on various planar 4H-silicon carbide metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (4H-SiC MOSFET) structures. 4H-SiC is a wide bandgap semiconductor and the leading polytype for high-temperature and high-power MOSFET applications. These measurements are made via both "rapid scan" frequency-swept EDMR and "slow scan" frequency swept EDMR. The elimination of the resonance cavity and incorporation with a wafer probing station greatly simplifies the EDMR detection scheme and offers promise for widespread EDMR adoption in semiconductor reliability laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duane J. McCrory
- Nanoscale Device Characterization Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, MS 8120, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
- Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, 101 EES Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16801, USA
| | - Mark A. Anders
- Nanoscale Device Characterization Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, MS 8120, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
- Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, 101 EES Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16801, USA
| | - Jason T. Ryan
- Nanoscale Device Characterization Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, MS 8120, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Pragya R. Shrestha
- Nanoscale Device Characterization Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, MS 8120, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
- Theiss Research, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Kin P. Cheung
- Nanoscale Device Characterization Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, MS 8120, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Patrick M. Lenahan
- Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, 101 EES Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16801, USA
| | - Jason P. Campbell
- Nanoscale Device Characterization Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, MS 8120, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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26
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Gong P, Pang H, Yu H, Yao W. Nanometrology of field gradient using donor spins in silicon. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:425301. [PMID: 30198860 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aae009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We proposed a novel scheme for nanometrology of magnetic field gradient based on Kane's silicon quantum computer proposal. When the system is placed in an unknown magnetic field gradient, the inhomogeneous precession of the donor nuclear spins records the field gradient information to the phase pattern of donor nuclear spins. By adding AC voltage modulations on each A-gate to induce hyperfine-mediated electron-nuclear collective flip-flop process, we demonstrate that the gradient value can be obtained by tuning the modulation phases of the A-gates. Errors of the measurements of such scheme is discussed and estimated. It is also discussed that in presence of the external field with a known gradient, the same system is possible to be used to obtain the unknown displacement of donor locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Gong
- Department of Physics, and Center for Theoretical and Computational Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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Wu Y, Zhou J, Nelson JN, Young RM, Krzyaniak MD, Wasielewski MR. Covalent Radical Pairs as Spin Qubits: Influence of Rapid Electron Motion between Two Equivalent Sites on Spin Coherence. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:13011-13021. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yilei Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Jiawang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Jordan N. Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ryan M. Young
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Matthew D. Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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28
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Rose BC, Huang D, Zhang ZH, Stevenson P, Tyryshkin AM, Sangtawesin S, Srinivasan S, Loudin L, Markham ML, Edmonds AM, Twitchen DJ, Lyon SA, de Leon NP. Observation of an environmentally insensitive solid-state spin defect in diamond. Science 2018; 361:60-63. [PMID: 29976820 DOI: 10.1126/science.aao0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Engineering coherent systems is a central goal of quantum science. Color centers in diamond are a promising approach, with the potential to combine the coherence of atoms with the scalability of a solid-state platform. We report a color center that shows insensitivity to environmental decoherence caused by phonons and electric field noise: the neutral charge state of silicon vacancy (SiV0). Through careful materials engineering, we achieved >80% conversion of implanted silicon to SiV0 SiV0 exhibits spin-lattice relaxation times approaching 1 minute and coherence times approaching 1 second. Its optical properties are very favorable, with ~90% of its emission into the zero-phonon line and near-transform-limited optical linewidths. These combined properties make SiV0 a promising defect for quantum network applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon C Rose
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ding Huang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Zi-Huai Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Paul Stevenson
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Alexei M Tyryshkin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Sorawis Sangtawesin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Srikanth Srinivasan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Lorne Loudin
- Gemological Institute of America, New York, NY 10036, USA
| | | | | | | | - Stephen A Lyon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Nathalie P de Leon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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29
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Hile SJ, Fricke L, House MG, Peretz E, Chen CY, Wang Y, Broome M, Gorman SK, Keizer JG, Rahman R, Simmons MY. Addressable electron spin resonance using donors and donor molecules in silicon. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaaq1459. [PMID: 30027114 PMCID: PMC6044739 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaq1459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus donor impurities in silicon are a promising candidate for solid-state quantum computing due to their exceptionally long coherence times and high fidelities. However, individual addressability of exchange coupled donors with separations ~15 nm is challenging. We show that by using atomic precision lithography, we can place a single P donor next to a 2P molecule 16 ± 1 nm apart and use their distinctive hyperfine coupling strengths to address qubits at vastly different resonance frequencies. In particular, the single donor yields two hyperfine peaks separated by 97 ± 2.5 MHz, in contrast to the donor molecule that exhibits three peaks separated by 262 ± 10 MHz. Atomistic tight-binding simulations confirm the large hyperfine interaction strength in the 2P molecule with an interdonor separation of ~0.7 nm, consistent with lithographic scanning tunneling microscopy images of the 2P site during device fabrication. We discuss the viability of using donor molecules for built-in addressability of electron spin qubits in silicon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. Hile
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology (CQCT), School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Lukas Fricke
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology (CQCT), School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Matthew G. House
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology (CQCT), School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Eldad Peretz
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology (CQCT), School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Chin Yi Chen
- Network for Computational Nanotechnology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Network for Computational Nanotechnology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Matthew Broome
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology (CQCT), School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Samuel K. Gorman
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology (CQCT), School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Joris G. Keizer
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology (CQCT), School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Rajib Rahman
- Network for Computational Nanotechnology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Michelle Y. Simmons
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology (CQCT), School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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30
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Mansir J, Conti P, Zeng Z, Pla JJ, Bertet P, Swift MW, Van de Walle CG, Thewalt MLW, Sklenard B, Niquet YM, Morton JJL. Linear Hyperfine Tuning of Donor Spins in Silicon Using Hydrostatic Strain. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:167701. [PMID: 29756909 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.167701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally study the coupling of group V donor spins in silicon to mechanical strain, and measure strain-induced frequency shifts that are linear in strain, in contrast to the quadratic dependence predicted by the valley repopulation model (VRM), and therefore orders of magnitude greater than that predicted by the VRM for small strains |ϵ|<10^{-5}. Through both tight-binding and first principles calculations we find that these shifts arise from a linear tuning of the donor hyperfine interaction term by the hydrostatic component of strain and achieve semiquantitative agreement with the experimental values. Our results provide a framework for making quantitative predictions of donor spins in silicon nanostructures, such as those being used to develop silicon-based quantum processors and memories. The strong spin-strain coupling we measure (up to 150 GHz per strain, for Bi donors in Si) offers a method for donor spin tuning-shifting Bi donor electron spins by over a linewidth with a hydrostatic strain of order 10^{-6}-as well as opportunities for coupling to mechanical resonators.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mansir
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, UCL, 17-19 Gordon St, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| | - P Conti
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, UCL, 17-19 Gordon St, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| | - Z Zeng
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INAC-MEM, L_Sim, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - J J Pla
- School of Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - P Bertet
- Quantronics Group, SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - M W Swift
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5050, USA
| | - C G Van de Walle
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5050, USA
| | - M L W Thewalt
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - B Sklenard
- Université Grenoble Alpes & CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Y M Niquet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INAC-MEM, L_Sim, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - J J L Morton
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, UCL, 17-19 Gordon St, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
- Dept of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, UCL, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
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31
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Morton JJL, Bertet P. Storing quantum information in spins and high-sensitivity ESR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2018; 287:128-139. [PMID: 29413326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Quantum information, encoded within the states of quantum systems, represents a novel and rich form of information which has inspired new types of computers and communications systems. Many diverse electron spin systems have been studied with a view to storing quantum information, including molecular radicals, point defects and impurities in inorganic systems, and quantum dots in semiconductor devices. In these systems, spin coherence times can exceed seconds, single spins can be addressed through electrical and optical methods, and new spin systems with advantageous properties continue to be identified. Spin ensembles strongly coupled to microwave resonators can, in principle, be used to store the coherent states of single microwave photons, enabling so-called microwave quantum memories. We discuss key requirements in realising such memories, including considerations for superconducting resonators whose frequency can be tuned onto resonance with the spins. Finally, progress towards microwave quantum memories and other developments in the field of superconducting quantum devices are being used to push the limits of sensitivity of inductively-detected electron spin resonance. The state-of-the-art currently stands at around 65 spins per Hz, with prospects to scale down to even fewer spins.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J L Morton
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, UCL, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom; Dept. of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, UCL, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom.
| | - Patrice Bertet
- Quantronics Group, SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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32
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Quezada LF, Nahmad-Achar E. Entropy of Entanglement between Quantum Phases of a Three-Level Matter-Radiation Interaction Model. ENTROPY 2018; 20:e20020072. [PMID: 33265172 PMCID: PMC7512645 DOI: 10.3390/e20020072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We show that the entropy of entanglement is sensitive to the coherent quantum phase transition between normal and super-radiant regions of a system of a finite number of three-level atoms interacting in a dipolar approximation with a one-mode electromagnetic field. The atoms are treated as semi-distinguishable using different cooperation numbers and representations of SU(3), variables which are relevant to the sensitivity of the entropy with the transition. The results are computed for all three possible configurations (Ξ, Λ and V) of the three-level atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fernando Quezada
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-543, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Nahmad-Achar
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-543, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
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33
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Kunkel N, Goldner P. Recent Advances in Rare Earth Doped Inorganic Crystalline Materials for Quantum Information Processing. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201700425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Kunkel
- Chair for Inorganic Chemistry with Focus on Novel Materials; Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Munich; Lichtenbergstr. 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Philippe Goldner
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris; PSL Research University, Chimie ParisTech, CNRS; 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie 75005 Paris France
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34
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Dwyer KJ, Kim HS, Simons DS, Pomeroy JM. Temperature dependent 29Si incorporation during deposition of highly enriched 28Si films. PHYSICAL REVIEW MATERIALS 2017; 1:064603. [PMID: 29354799 PMCID: PMC5772909 DOI: 10.1103/physrevmaterials.1.064603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we examine the mechanisms leading to 29Si incorporation into highly enriched 28Si films deposited by hyperthermal ion beams at elevated temperatures in the dilute presence of natural abundance silane (SiH4) gas. Enriched 28Si is a critical material in the development of quantum information devices because 28Si is free of nuclear spins that cause decoherence in a quantum system. We deposit epitaxial thin films of 28Si enriched in situ beyond 99.99998 % 28Si onto Si(100) using an ion beam deposition system and seek to develop the ability to systematically vary the enrichment and measure the impact on quantum coherence. We use secondary ion mass spectrometry to measure the residual 29Si isotope fraction in enriched samples deposited from ≈ 250 °C up to 800 °C. The 29Si isotope fraction is found to increase from < 1 × 10-6 at the lower temperatures, up to > 4 × 10-6 at around 800 °C. From these data, we estimate the temperature dependence of the incorporation fraction, s, of SiH4, which increases sharply from about 2.9 × 10-4 at 500 °C to 2.3 × 10-2 at 800 °C. We determine an activation energy of 1.00(8) eV associated with the abrupt increase in incorporation and conclude that below 500 °C, a temperature independent mechanism such as activation from ion collisions with adsorbed SiH4 molecules is the primary incorporation mechanism. Direct incorporation from the adsorbed state is found to be minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. J. Dwyer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8423, USA
| | - H. S. Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8423, USA
| | - D. S. Simons
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8371, USA
| | - J. M. Pomeroy
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8423, USA
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35
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Pfender M, Aslam N, Simon P, Antonov D, Thiering G, Burk S, Fávaro de Oliveira F, Denisenko A, Fedder H, Meijer J, Garrido JA, Gali A, Teraji T, Isoya J, Doherty MW, Alkauskas A, Gallo A, Grüneis A, Neumann P, Wrachtrup J. Protecting a Diamond Quantum Memory by Charge State Control. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:5931-5937. [PMID: 28872881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b01796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, solid-state spin systems have emerged as promising candidates for quantum information processing. Prominent examples are the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond, phosphorus dopants in silicon (Si:P), rare-earth ions in solids, and VSi-centers in silicon-carbide. The Si:P system has demonstrated that its nuclear spins can yield exceedingly long spin coherence times by eliminating the electron spin of the dopant. For NV centers, however, a proper charge state for storage of nuclear spin qubit coherence has not been identified yet. Here, we identify and characterize the positively charged NV center as an electron-spin-less and optically inactive state by utilizing the nuclear spin qubit as a probe. We control the electronic charge and spin utilizing nanometer scale gate electrodes. We achieve a lengthening of the nuclear spin coherence times by a factor of 4. Surprisingly, the new charge state allows switching of the optical response of single nodes facilitating full individual addressability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Pfender
- Stuttgart Research Center of Photonic Engineering (SCoPE) and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Third Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nabeel Aslam
- Stuttgart Research Center of Photonic Engineering (SCoPE) and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Third Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Patrick Simon
- Walter Schottky Institut, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München , Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Denis Antonov
- Stuttgart Research Center of Photonic Engineering (SCoPE) and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Third Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gergő Thiering
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics , Budafoki út 8, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sina Burk
- Stuttgart Research Center of Photonic Engineering (SCoPE) and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Third Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Felipe Fávaro de Oliveira
- Stuttgart Research Center of Photonic Engineering (SCoPE) and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Third Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andrej Denisenko
- Stuttgart Research Center of Photonic Engineering (SCoPE) and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Third Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Helmut Fedder
- Stuttgart Research Center of Photonic Engineering (SCoPE) and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Third Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Swabian Instruments GmbH, Frankenstr. 39, 71701 Schwieberdingen, Germany
| | - Jan Meijer
- Institute for Experimental Physics II, Universität Leipzig , Linnéstraße 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jose A Garrido
- Walter Schottky Institut, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München , Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adam Gali
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics , Budafoki út 8, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tokuyuki Teraji
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Junichi Isoya
- Research Center for Knowledge Communities, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba 305-8550, Japan
| | - Marcus William Doherty
- Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University , Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Audrius Alkauskas
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania
| | - Alejandro Gallo
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Grüneis
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Philipp Neumann
- Stuttgart Research Center of Photonic Engineering (SCoPE) and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Third Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- Stuttgart Research Center of Photonic Engineering (SCoPE) and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Third Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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36
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Sigillito AJ, Tyryshkin AM, Schenkel T, Houck AA, Lyon SA. All-electric control of donor nuclear spin qubits in silicon. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 12:958-962. [PMID: 28805818 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2017.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The electronic and nuclear spin degrees of freedom of donor impurities in silicon form ultra-coherent two-level systems that are potentially useful for applications in quantum information and are intrinsically compatible with industrial semiconductor processing. However, because of their smaller gyromagnetic ratios, nuclear spins are more difficult to manipulate than electron spins and are often considered too slow for quantum information processing. Moreover, although alternating current magnetic fields are the most natural choice to drive spin transitions and implement quantum gates, they are difficult to confine spatially to the level of a single donor, thus requiring alternative approaches. In recent years, schemes for all-electrical control of donor spin qubits have been proposed but no experimental demonstrations have been reported yet. Here, we demonstrate a scalable all-electric method for controlling neutral 31P and 75As donor nuclear spins in silicon. Using coplanar photonic bandgap resonators, we drive Rabi oscillations on nuclear spins exclusively using electric fields by employing the donor-bound electron as a quantum transducer, much in the spirit of recent works with single-molecule magnets. The electric field confinement leads to major advantages such as low power requirements, higher qubit densities and faster gate times. Additionally, this approach makes it possible to drive nuclear spin qubits either at their resonance frequency or at its first subharmonic, thus reducing device bandwidth requirements. Double quantum transitions can be driven as well, providing easy access to the full computational manifold of our system and making it convenient to implement nuclear spin-based qudits using 75As donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Sigillito
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Alexei M Tyryshkin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Thomas Schenkel
- Accelerator Technology and Applied Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Andrew A Houck
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Stephen A Lyon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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37
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Abstract
Security enhancement is important in terms of both classical and quantum information. The recent development of a quantum storage device is noteworthy, and a coherence time of one second or longer has been demonstrated. On the other hand, although the encryption of a quantum bit or quantum memory has been proposed theoretically, no experiment has yet been carried out. Here we report the demonstration of a quantum memory with an encryption function that is realized by scrambling and retrieving the recorded quantum phase. We developed two independent Ramsey interferometers on an atomic ensemble trapped below a persistent supercurrent atom chip. By operating the two interferometers with random phases, the quantum phase recorded by a pulse of the first interferometer was modulated by the second interferometer pulse. The scrambled quantum phase was restored by employing another pulse of the second interferometer with a specific time delay. This technique paves way for improving the security of quantum information technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Mukai
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1, Morinosato-Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0198, Japan.
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38
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Franke DP, Pflüger MPD, Itoh KM, Brandt MS. Multiple-Quantum Transitions and Charge-Induced Decoherence of Donor Nuclear Spins in Silicon. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:246401. [PMID: 28665647 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.246401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We study single- and multiquantum transitions of the nuclear spins of an ensemble of ionized arsenic donors in silicon and find quadrupolar effects on the coherence times, which we link to fluctuating electrical field gradients present after the application of light and bias voltage pulses. To determine the coherence times of superpositions of all orders in the 4-dimensional Hilbert space, we use a phase-cycling technique and find that, when electrical effects were allowed to decay, these times scale as expected for a fieldlike decoherence mechanism such as the interaction with surrounding ^{29}Si nuclear spins.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Franke
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Moritz P D Pflüger
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Kohei M Itoh
- School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Martin S Brandt
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
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39
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Murata K, Kirkham C, Shimomura M, Nitta K, Uruga T, Terada Y, Nittoh KI, Bowler DR, Miki K. Dopant activation mechanism of Bi wire-δ-doping into Si crystal, investigated with wavelength dispersive fluorescence x-ray absorption fine structure and density functional theory. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:155001. [PMID: 28218893 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa6180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We successfully characterized the local structures of Bi atoms in a wire-δ-doped layer (1/8 ML) in a Si crystal, using wavelength dispersive fluorescence x-ray absorption fine structure at the beamline BL37XU, in SPring-8, with the help of density functional theory calculations. It was found that the burial of Bi nanolines on the Si(0 0 1) surface, via growth of Si capping layer at 400 °C by molecular beam epitaxy, reduced the Bi-Si bond length from [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] Å. We infer that following epitaxial growth the Bi-Bi dimers of the nanoline are broken, and the Bi atoms are located at substitutional sites within the Si crystal, leading to the shorter Bi-Si bond lengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Murata
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan. Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, 305-8573, Japan
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40
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Liu GQ, Xing J, Ma WL, Wang P, Li CH, Po HC, Zhang YR, Fan H, Liu RB, Pan XY. Single-Shot Readout of a Nuclear Spin Weakly Coupled to a Nitrogen-Vacancy Center at Room Temperature. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:150504. [PMID: 28452518 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.150504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Single-shot readout of qubits is required for scalable quantum computing. Nuclear spins are superb quantum memories due to their long coherence time, but are difficult to be read out in a single shot due to their weak interaction with probes. Here we demonstrate single-shot readout of a weakly coupled ^{13}C nuclear spin at room temperature, which is unresolvable in traditional protocols. States of the weakly coupled nuclear spin are trapped and read out projectively by sequential weak measurements, which are implemented by dynamical decoupling pulses. A nuclear spin coupled to the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center with strength 330 kHz is read out in 200 ms with a fidelity of 95.5%. This work provides a general protocol for single-shot readout of weakly coupled qubits at room temperature and therefore largely extends the range of physical systems for scalable quantum computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang-Qin Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian Xing
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wen-Long Ma
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chang-Hao Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hoi Chun Po
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu-Ran Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Heng Fan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ren-Bao Liu
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Quantum Coherence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518100, China
| | - Xin-Yu Pan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China
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41
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Nelson JN, Krzyaniak MD, Horwitz NE, Rugg BK, Phelan BT, Wasielewski MR. Zero Quantum Coherence in a Series of Covalent Spin-Correlated Radical Pairs. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:2241-2252. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan N. Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Matthew D. Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Noah E. Horwitz
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Brandon K. Rugg
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Brian T. Phelan
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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42
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Yang W, Ma WL, Liu RB. Quantum many-body theory for electron spin decoherence in nanoscale nuclear spin baths. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2017; 80:016001. [PMID: 27811398 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/80/1/016001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Decoherence of electron spins in nanoscale systems is important to quantum technologies such as quantum information processing and magnetometry. It is also an ideal model problem for studying the crossover between quantum and classical phenomena. At low temperatures or in light-element materials where the spin-orbit coupling is weak, the phonon scattering in nanostructures is less important and the fluctuations of nuclear spins become the dominant decoherence mechanism for electron spins. Since the 1950s, semi-classical noise theories have been developed for understanding electron spin decoherence. In spin-based solid-state quantum technologies, the relevant systems are in the nanometer scale and nuclear spin baths are quantum objects which require a quantum description. Recently, quantum pictures have been established to understand the decoherence and quantum many-body theories have been developed to quantitatively describe this phenomenon. Anomalous quantum effects have been predicted and some have been experimentally confirmed. A systematically truncated cluster-correlation expansion theory has been developed to account for the many-body correlations in nanoscale nuclear spin baths that are built up during electron spin decoherence. The theory has successfully predicted and explained a number of experimental results in a wide range of physical systems. In this review, we will cover this recent progress. The limitations of the present quantum many-body theories and possible directions for future development will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yang
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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43
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Perunicic VS, Hill CD, Hall LT, Hollenberg LCL. A quantum spin-probe molecular microscope. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12667. [PMID: 27725630 PMCID: PMC5062573 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Imaging the atomic structure of a single biomolecule is an important challenge in the physical biosciences. Whilst existing techniques all rely on averaging over large ensembles of molecules, the single-molecule realm remains unsolved. Here we present a protocol for 3D magnetic resonance imaging of a single molecule using a quantum spin probe acting simultaneously as the magnetic resonance sensor and source of magnetic field gradient. Signals corresponding to specific regions of the molecule's nuclear spin density are encoded on the quantum state of the probe, which is used to produce a 3D image of the molecular structure. Quantum simulations of the protocol applied to the rapamycin molecule (C51H79NO13) show that the hydrogen and carbon substructure can be imaged at the angstrom level using current spin-probe technology. With prospects for scaling to large molecules and/or fast dynamic conformation mapping using spin labels, this method provides a realistic pathway for single-molecule microscopy. Single spin defects can allow high-resolution sensing of molecules under an applied magnetic field. Here, the authors propose a protocol for three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging with angstrom-level resolution exploiting the dipolar field of a spin qubit, such as a diamond nitrogen-vacancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Perunicic
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - C D Hill
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - L T Hall
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - L C L Hollenberg
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.,School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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44
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Scarabelli D, Trusheim M, Gaathon O, Englund D, Wind SJ. Nanoscale Engineering of Closely-Spaced Electronic Spins in Diamond. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:4982-90. [PMID: 27428077 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b01692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Numerous theoretical protocols have been developed for quantum information processing with dipole-coupled solid-state spins. Nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond have many of the desired properties, but a central challenge has been the positioning of NV centers at the nanometer scale that would allow for efficient and consistent dipolar couplings. Here we demonstrate a method for chip-scale fabrication of arrays of single NV centers with record spatial localization of about 10 nm in all three dimensions and controllable inter-NV spacing as small as 40 nm, which approaches the length scale of strong dipolar coupling. Our approach uses masked implantation of nitrogen through nanoapertures in a thin gold film, patterned via electron-beam lithography and dry etching. We verified the position and spin properties of the resulting NVs through wide-field super-resolution optically detected magnetic resonance imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Scarabelli
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Matt Trusheim
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ophir Gaathon
- Diamond Nanotechnologies, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02134, Unites States
| | - Dirk Englund
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shalom J Wind
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
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45
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Náfrádi B, Choucair M, Dinse KP, Forró L. Room temperature manipulation of long lifetime spins in metallic-like carbon nanospheres. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12232. [PMID: 27426851 PMCID: PMC4960311 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The time-window for processing electron spin information (spintronics) in solid-state quantum electronic devices is determined by the spin–lattice and spin–spin relaxation times of electrons. Minimizing the effects of spin–orbit coupling and the local magnetic contributions of neighbouring atoms on spin–lattice and spin–spin relaxation times at room temperature remain substantial challenges to practical spintronics. Here we report conduction electron spin–lattice and spin–spin relaxation times of 175 ns at 300 K in 37±7 nm carbon spheres, which is remarkably long for any conducting solid-state material of comparable size. Following the observation of spin polarization by electron spin resonance, we control the quantum state of the electron spin by applying short bursts of an oscillating magnetic field and observe coherent oscillations of the spin state. These results demonstrate the feasibility of operating electron spins in conducting carbon nanospheres as quantum bits at room temperature. Electronic decoherence due to spin-orbit and magnetic interactions limits the application of spintronic nanosystems in quantum information processing. Here, the authors report notably long spin-lattice and spin-spin relaxation times of 175 ns at room temperature in carbon nanospheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bálint Náfrádi
- Laboratory of Physics of Complex Matter (LPMC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mohammad Choucair
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Klaus-Peter Dinse
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - László Forró
- Laboratory of Physics of Complex Matter (LPMC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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46
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Coherent feedback control of a single qubit in diamond. Nature 2016; 532:77-80. [DOI: 10.1038/nature17404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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47
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Whitehead GFS, Ferrando-Soria J, Carthy L, Pritchard RG, Teat SJ, Timco GA, Winpenny REP. Synthesis and reactions of N-heterocycle functionalised variants of heterometallic {Cr7Ni} rings. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:1638-47. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt04062k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here we present a series of linked cage complexes of functionalised variants of the octametallic ring {Cr7Ni} with the general formula [nPr2NH2][Cr7NiF8(O2CtBu)15(O2CR)], where HO2CR is a N-heterocycle containing carboxylic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura Carthy
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL
- UK
| | | | - Simon J. Teat
- Advanced Light Source
- Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
| | - Grigore A. Timco
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL
- UK
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48
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Zadrozny J, Niklas J, Poluektov OG, Freedman DE. Millisecond Coherence Time in a Tunable Molecular Electronic Spin Qubit. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2015; 1:488-92. [PMID: 27163013 PMCID: PMC4827467 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.5b00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Quantum information processing (QIP) could revolutionize areas ranging from chemical modeling to cryptography. One key figure of merit for the smallest unit for QIP, the qubit, is the coherence time (T 2), which establishes the lifetime for the qubit. Transition metal complexes offer tremendous potential as tunable qubits, yet their development is hampered by the absence of synthetic design principles to achieve a long T 2. We harnessed molecular design to create a series of qubits, (Ph4P)2[V(C8S8)3] (1), (Ph4P)2[V(β-C3S5)3] (2), (Ph4P)2[V(α-C3S5)3] (3), and (Ph4P)2[V(C3S4O)3] (4), with T 2s of 1-4 μs at 80 K in protiated and deuterated environments. Crucially, through chemical tuning of nuclear spin content in the vanadium(IV) environment we realized a T 2 of ∼1 ms for the species (d 20-Ph4P)2[V(C8S8)3] (1') in CS2, a value that surpasses the coordination complex record by an order of magnitude. This value even eclipses some prominent solid-state qubits. Electrochemical and continuous wave electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) data reveal variation in the electronic influence of the ligands on the metal ion across 1-4. However, pulsed measurements indicate that the most important influence on decoherence is nuclear spins in the protiated and deuterated solvents utilized herein. Our results illuminate a path forward in synthetic design principles, which should unite CS2 solubility with nuclear spin free ligand fields to develop a new generation of molecular qubits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph
M. Zadrozny
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jens Niklas
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne
National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Oleg G. Poluektov
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne
National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Danna E. Freedman
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- E-mail:
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49
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Feng Y, Wang T, Li Y, Li J, Wu J, Wu B, Jiang L, Wang C. Steering Metallofullerene Electron Spin in Porous Metal–Organic Framework. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:15055-60. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b10796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Feng
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure
and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Taishan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure
and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yongjian Li
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure
and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jie Li
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure
and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jingyi Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure
and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure
and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure
and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chunru Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure
and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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50
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Hill CD, Peretz E, Hile SJ, House MG, Fuechsle M, Rogge S, Simmons MY, Hollenberg LCL. A surface code quantum computer in silicon. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2015; 1:e1500707. [PMID: 26601310 PMCID: PMC4646824 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The exceptionally long quantum coherence times of phosphorus donor nuclear spin qubits in silicon, coupled with the proven scalability of silicon-based nano-electronics, make them attractive candidates for large-scale quantum computing. However, the high threshold of topological quantum error correction can only be captured in a two-dimensional array of qubits operating synchronously and in parallel-posing formidable fabrication and control challenges. We present an architecture that addresses these problems through a novel shared-control paradigm that is particularly suited to the natural uniformity of the phosphorus donor nuclear spin qubit states and electronic confinement. The architecture comprises a two-dimensional lattice of donor qubits sandwiched between two vertically separated control layers forming a mutually perpendicular crisscross gate array. Shared-control lines facilitate loading/unloading of single electrons to specific donors, thereby activating multiple qubits in parallel across the array on which the required operations for surface code quantum error correction are carried out by global spin control. The complexities of independent qubit control, wave function engineering, and ad hoc quantum interconnects are explicitly avoided. With many of the basic elements of fabrication and control based on demonstrated techniques and with simulated quantum operation below the surface code error threshold, the architecture represents a new pathway for large-scale quantum information processing in silicon and potentially in other qubit systems where uniformity can be exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles D. Hill
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Eldad Peretz
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Samuel J. Hile
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Matthew G. House
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Martin Fuechsle
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Sven Rogge
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Michelle Y. Simmons
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Lloyd C. L. Hollenberg
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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