1
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Werny MJ, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM. Visualizing the Structure, Composition and Activity of Single Catalyst Particles for Olefin Polymerization and Polyolefin Decomposition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202306033. [PMID: 37782261 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The structural and morphological characterization of individual catalyst particles for olefin polymerization, as well as for the reverse process of polyolefin decomposition, can provide an improved understanding for how these catalyst materials operate under relevant reaction conditions. In this review, we discuss an emerging analytical toolbox of 2D and 3D chemical imaging techniques that is suitable for investigating the chemistry and reactivity of related catalyst systems. While synchrotron-based X-ray microscopy still provides unparalleled spatial resolutions in 2D and 3D, a number of laboratory-based techniques, most notably focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy, confocal fluorescence microscopy, infrared photoinduced force microscopy and laboratory-based X-ray nano-computed tomography, have helped to significantly expand the arsenal of analytical tools available to scientists in heterogeneous catalysis and polymer science. In terms of future research, the review outlines the role and impact of in situ and operando (spectro-)microscopy experiments, involving sophisticated reactors as well as online reactant and product analysis, to obtain real-time information on the formation, decomposition, and mobility of polymer phases within single catalyst particles. Furthermore, the potential of fluorescence microscopy, X-ray microscopy and optical microscopy is highlighted for the high-throughput characterization of olefin polymerization and polyolefin decomposition catalysts. By combining these chemical imaging techniques with, for example, chemical staining methodologies, selective probe molecules as well as particle sorting approaches, representative structure-activity relationships can be derived at the level of single catalyst particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian J Werny
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600, AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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2
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Filez M, Walke P, Le-The H, Toyouchi S, Peeters W, Tomkins P, Eijkel JCT, De Feyter S, Detavernier C, De Vos DE, Uji-I H, Roeffaers MBJ. Nanoscale Chemical Diversity of Coke Deposits on Nanoprinted Metal Catalysts Visualized by Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2305984. [PMID: 37938141 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Coke formation is the prime cause of catalyst deactivation, where undesired carbon wastes block the catalyst surface and hinder further reaction in a broad gamut of industrial chemical processes. Yet, the origins of coke formation and their distribution across the catalyst remain elusive, obstructing the design of coke-resistant catalysts. Here, the first-time application of tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) is demonstrated as a nanoscale chemical probe to localize and identify coke deposits on a post-mortem metal nanocatalyst. Monitoring coke at the nanoscale circumvents bulk averaging and reveals the local nature of coke with unmatched detail. The nature of coke is chemically diverse and ranges from nanocrystalline graphite to disordered and polymeric coke, even on a single nanoscale location of a top-down nanoprinted SiO2 -supported Pt catalyst. Surprisingly, not all Pt is an equal producer of coke, where clear isolated coke "hotspots" are present non-homogeneously on Pt which generate large amounts of disordered coke. After their formation, coke shifts to the support and undergoes long-range transport on the surrounding SiO2 surface, where it becomes more graphitic. The presented results provide novel guidelines to selectively free-up the coked metal surface at more mild rejuvenation conditions, thus securing the long-term catalyst stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Filez
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
- Conformal Coating of Nanomaterials (CoCooN), Department of Solid State Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S1, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Peter Walke
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Hai Le-The
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, Enschede, NB, 7522, The Netherlands
| | - Shuichi Toyouchi
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Wannes Peeters
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Patrick Tomkins
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Jan C T Eijkel
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, Enschede, NB, 7522, The Netherlands
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Christophe Detavernier
- Conformal Coating of Nanomaterials (CoCooN), Department of Solid State Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S1, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Dirk E De Vos
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Hiroshi Uji-I
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan
- Division of Information Science and Technology, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0814, Japan
| | - Maarten B J Roeffaers
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
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3
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Shen M, Rackers WH, Sadtler B. Getting the Most Out of Fluorogenic Probes: Challenges and Opportunities in Using Single-Molecule Fluorescence to Image Electro- and Photocatalysis. CHEMICAL & BIOMEDICAL IMAGING 2023; 1:692-715. [PMID: 38037609 PMCID: PMC10685636 DOI: 10.1021/cbmi.3c00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule fluorescence microscopy enables the direct observation of individual reaction events at the surface of a catalyst. It has become a powerful tool to image in real time both intra- and interparticle heterogeneity among different nanoscale catalyst particles. Single-molecule fluorescence microscopy of heterogeneous catalysts relies on the detection of chemically activated fluorogenic probes that are converted from a nonfluorescent state into a highly fluorescent state through a reaction mediated at the catalyst surface. This review article describes challenges and opportunities in using such fluorogenic probes as proxies to develop structure-activity relationships in nanoscale electrocatalysts and photocatalysts. We compare single-molecule fluorescence microscopy to other microscopies for imaging catalysis in situ to highlight the distinct advantages and limitations of this technique. We describe correlative imaging between super-resolution activity maps obtained from multiple fluorogenic probes to understand the chemical origins behind spatial variations in activity that are frequently observed for nanoscale catalysts. Fluorogenic probes, originally developed for biological imaging, are introduced that can detect products such as carbon monoxide, nitrite, and ammonia, which are generated by electro- and photocatalysts for fuel production and environmental remediation. We conclude by describing how single-molecule imaging can provide mechanistic insights for a broader scope of catalytic systems, such as single-atom catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meikun Shen
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - William H. Rackers
- Department
of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Bryce Sadtler
- Department
of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
- Institute
of Materials Science & Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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4
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Yin Q, Wang H, Zhao J, Li C, Mao Y. A DFT study towards dynamic structures of iron and iron carbide and their effects on the activity of the Fischer-Tropsch process. RSC Adv 2023; 13:34262-34272. [PMID: 38020027 PMCID: PMC10663884 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06467k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Fe-based Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) catalyst shows a rich phase chemistry under pre-treatment and FTS conditions. The exact structural composition of the active site, whether iron or iron carbide (FeCx), is still controversial. Aiming to obtain an insight into the active sites and their role in affecting FTS activity, the swarm intelligence algorithm is implemented to search for the most stable Fe(100), Fe(110), Fe(210) surfaces with different carbon ratios. Then, ab initio atomistic thermodynamics and Wulffman construction were employed to evaluate the stability of these surfaces at different chemical potentials of carbon. Their FTS reactivity and selectivity were later assessed by semi-quantitative micro-kinetic equations. The results show that stability, reactivity, and selectivity of the iron are all affected by the carbonization process when the carbon ratio increases. Formation of the carbide, a rather natural process under experimental conditions, would moderately increase the turnover frequency (TOF), but both iron and iron carbide are active to the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yin
- Department of Forestry Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry & Technology Changsha China
- Hunan Engineering Research Centre of Full Life-cycle Energy-efficient Buildings and Environmental Health, Central South University of Forestry and Technology Changsha Hunan China
| | - Hanqing Wang
- School of Civil Engineering, Central South University of Forestry & Technology Changsha China
- Hunan Engineering Research Centre of Full Life-cycle Energy-efficient Buildings and Environmental Health, Central South University of Forestry and Technology Changsha Hunan China
| | - Jinping Zhao
- School of Civil Engineering, Central South University of Forestry & Technology Changsha China
| | - Chengjun Li
- School of Civil Engineering, Central South University of Forestry & Technology Changsha China
| | - Yu Mao
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland Auckland 1010 New Zealand
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5
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Kimura Y, Huang S, Nakamura T, Ishiguro N, Sekizawa O, Nitta K, Uruga T, Takeuchi T, Okumura T, Tada M, Uchimoto Y, Amezawa K. 5D Analysis of Capacity Degradation in Battery Electrodes Enabled by Operando CT-XANES. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300310. [PMID: 37452269 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
For devices encountering long-term stability challenges, a precise evaluation of degradation is of paramount importance. However, methods for comprehensively elucidating the degradation mechanisms in devices, particularly those undergoing dynamic chemical and mechanical changes during operation, such as batteries, are limited. Here, a method is presented using operando computed tomography combined with X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy (CT-XANES) that can directly track the evolution of the 3D distribution of the local capacity loss in battery electrodes during (dis)charge cycles, thereby enabling a five-dimensional (the 3D spatial coordinates, time, and chemical state) analysis of the degradation. This paper demonstrates that the method can quantify the spatiotemporal dynamics of the local capacity degradation within an electrode during cycling, which has been truncated by existing bulk techniques, and correlate it with the overall electrode performance degradation. Furthermore, the method demonstrates its capability to uncover the correlation among observed local capacity degradation within electrodes, reaction history during past (dis)charge cycles, and electrode microstructure. The method thus provides critical insights into the identification of degradation factors that are not available through existing methods, and therefore, will contribute to the development of batteries with long-term stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kimura
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Su Huang
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Nozomu Ishiguro
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Oki Sekizawa
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, SPring-8, Koto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Nitta
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, SPring-8, Koto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
| | - Tomoya Uruga
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, SPring-8, Koto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
| | - Tomonari Takeuchi
- Research Institute of Electrochemical Energy, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka, 563-8577, Japan
| | - Toyoki Okumura
- Research Institute of Electrochemical Energy, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka, 563-8577, Japan
| | - Mizuki Tada
- Research Center for Materials Science/Graduate School of Science/Institute for Advanced Science, Nagoya University, Furo, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, RIKEN, Koto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Uchimoto
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Nihonmatsu-cho Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Koji Amezawa
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
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6
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Liu QY, Chen D, Shang C, Liu ZP. An optimal Fe-C coordination ensemble for hydrocarbon chain growth: a full Fischer-Tropsch synthesis mechanism from machine learning. Chem Sci 2023; 14:9461-9475. [PMID: 37712046 PMCID: PMC10498498 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02054a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS, CO + H2 → long-chain hydrocarbons) because of its great significance in industry has attracted huge attention since its discovery. For Fe-based catalysts, after decades of efforts, even the product distribution remains poorly understood due to the lack of information on the active site and the chain growth mechanism. Herein powered by a newly developed machine-learning-based transition state (ML-TS) exploration method to treat properly reaction-induced surface reconstruction, we are able to resolve where and how long-chain hydrocarbons grow on complex in situ-formed Fe-carbide (FeCx) surfaces from thousands of pathway candidates. Microkinetics simulations based on first-principles kinetics data further determine the rate-determining and the selectivity-controlling steps, and reveal the fine details of the product distribution in obeying and deviating from the Anderson-Schulz-Flory law. By showing that all FeCx phases can grow coherently upon each other, we demonstrate that the FTS active site, namely the A-P5 site present on reconstructed Fe3C(031), Fe5C2(510), Fe5C2(021), and Fe7C3(071) terrace surfaces, is not necessarily connected to any particular FeCx phase, rationalizing long-standing structure-activity puzzles. The optimal Fe-C coordination ensemble of the A-P5 site exhibits both Fe-carbide (Fe4C square) and metal Fe (Fe3 trimer) features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Yu Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Material, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Science, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Dongxiao Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Material, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Science, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Cheng Shang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Material, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Science, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Zhi-Pan Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Material, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Science, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
- Shanghai Qi Zhi Institution Shanghai 200030 China
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7
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Liu X, Pan Y, Zhou D, Su D. In Situ TEM Investigation on Redox Mechanisms of Transition Metal Oxides. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:1577-1578. [PMID: 37613881 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhi Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Pan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Zhou
- DENSsolutions B.V., Delft ZD, The Netherlands
| | - Dong Su
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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8
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Dery S, Friedman B, Shema H, Gross E. Mechanistic Insights Gained by High Spatial Resolution Reactivity Mapping of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous (Electro)Catalysts. Chem Rev 2023; 123:6003-6038. [PMID: 37037476 PMCID: PMC10176474 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
The recent development of high spatial resolution microscopy and spectroscopy tools enabled reactivity analysis of homogeneous and heterogeneous (electro)catalysts at previously unattainable resolution and sensitivity. These techniques revealed that catalytic entities are more heterogeneous than expected and local variations in reaction mechanism due to divergences in the nature of active sites, such as their atomic properties, distribution, and accessibility, occur both in homogeneous and heterogeneous (electro)catalysts. In this review, we highlight recent insights in catalysis research that were attained by conducting high spatial resolution studies. The discussed case studies range from reactivity detection of single particles or single molecular catalysts, inter- and intraparticle communication analysis, and probing the influence of catalysts distribution and accessibility on the resulting reactivity. It is demonstrated that multiparticle and multisite reactivity analyses provide unique knowledge about reaction mechanism that could not have been attained by conducting ensemble-based, averaging, spectroscopy measurements. It is highlighted that the integration of spectroscopy and microscopy measurements under realistic reaction conditions will be essential to bridge the gap between model-system studies and real-world high spatial resolution reactivity analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahar Dery
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Barak Friedman
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Hadar Shema
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Elad Gross
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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9
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Tong X, Chen Y, Xu Z, Li Y, Xing Z, Mu C, Zhao J, Zhen X, Mao C, Tai R. High-efficiency focusing and imaging by dielectric kinoform zone plate lenses with soft X-rays. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2023; 30:319-326. [PMID: 36891845 PMCID: PMC10000800 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522012115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
With fast advances in enhancing the focusing/imaging resolution of Fresnel zone plate lenses toward sub-10 nm, low diffraction efficiency in connection with their rectangular zone shape still remains a big issue in both soft and hard X-ray microscopy. In hard X-ray optics, encouraging progress has recently been reported in our earlier attempts of high focusing efficiency by 3D kinoform shaped metallic zone plates, formed by greyscale electron beam lithography. This paper addresses our efforts towards high focusing/imaging efficiency by developing a novel dielectric kinoform zone plate lens for soft X-rays. The effects of the zone materials and zone shapes on the focusing/imaging quality were first theoretically investigated by a modified thin-grating-approximation method, revealing superior efficiencies of dielectric kinoform zone plates over rectangular ones in metals. Optical characterizations of replicated dielectric kinoform zone plates by greyscale electron beam lithography demonstrate a focusing efficiency of 15.5% with a resolution of 110 nm in the water window of X-rays. Apart from high efficiency, the novel kinoform zone plate lenses developed in this work exhibit significant advantages over conventional zone plates, i.e. simplified process, low cost and no need for a beamstop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xujie Tong
- Nanolithography and Application Research Group, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yifang Chen
- Nanolithography and Application Research Group, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zijian Xu
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yijie Li
- Nanolithography and Application Research Group, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenjiang Xing
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengyang Mu
- Nanolithography and Application Research Group, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Nanolithography and Application Research Group, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangjun Zhen
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengwen Mao
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, People’s Republic of China
| | - Renzhong Tai
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, People’s Republic of China
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10
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Zheng Q, Williams J, van Thiel LR, Elgersma SV, Mantle MD, Sederman AJ, Baart TA, Bezemer GL, Guédon CM, Gladden LF. Operando magnetic resonance imaging of product distributions within the pores of catalyst pellets during Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. Nat Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-023-00913-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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11
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Xia T, Yang Y, Song Q, Luo M, Xue M, Ostrikov KK, Zhao Y, Li F. In situ characterisation for nanoscale structure-performance studies in electrocatalysis. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2023; 8:146-157. [PMID: 36512394 DOI: 10.1039/d2nh00447j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recently, electrocatalytic reactions involving oxygen, nitrogen, water, and carbon dioxide have been developed to substitute conventional chemical processes, with the aim of producing clean energy, fuels and chemicals. A deepened understanding of catalyst structures, active sites and reaction mechanisms plays a critical role in improving the performance of these reactions. To this end, in situ/operando characterisations can be used to visualise the dynamic evolution of nanoscale materials and reaction intermediates under electrolysis conditions, thus enhancing our understanding of heterogeneous electrocatalytic reactions. In this review, we summarise the state-of-the-art in situ characterisation techniques used in electrocatalysis. We categorise them into three sections based on different working principles: microscopy, spectroscopy, and other characterisation techniques. The capacities and limits of the in situ characterisation techniques are discussed in each section to highlight the present-day horizons and guide further advances in the field, primarily aiming at the users of these techniques. Finally, we look at challenges and possible strategies for further development of in situ techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlai Xia
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Yang
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Qiang Song
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Mingchuan Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mianqi Xue
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kostya Ken Ostrikov
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.
| | - Yong Zhao
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
- CSIRO Energy, Mayfield West, NSW 2304, Australia
| | - Fengwang Li
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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12
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Chourasia AK, Pathak AD, Bongu C, Manikandan K, Praneeth S, Naik KM, Sharma CS. In Situ/Operando Characterization Techniques: The Guiding Tool for the Development of Li-CO 2 Battery. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2200930. [PMID: 36333232 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent times, the Li-CO2 battery has gained significant importance arising from its higher gravimetric energy density (1876 Wh kg-1 ) compared to the conventional Li-ion batteries. Also, its ability to utilize the greenhouse gas CO2 to operate an energy storage system and the prospective utilization on extraterrestrial planets such as Mars motivate to practicalize it. However, it suffers from numerous challenges such as (i) the reluctant CO2 reduction/evolution; (ii) solid/liquid/gas interface blockage arising from the deposition of Li2 CO3 discharge product on the cathode; (iii) high overpotential to decompose the stable discharge product Li2 CO3 ; and (iv) instability of the electrolytes. Numerous efforts have been undertaken to tackle these challenges by developing catalysts, improving the stability of electrolytes, protecting the anode, etc. Despite these efforts, due to the lack of a decisive confirmation of the reaction mechanisms of the discharging/charging reactions occurring in the system, the progress of the Li-CO2 battery system has been slow. In situ characterization techniques help overcome ex-situ techniques' limitations by monitoring the processes with the progress of a reaction. The current review focuses on bridging the gap in the understanding of the Li-CO2 batteries by exploring the various in situ/operando characterization techniques that have been employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit K Chourasia
- Creative and Advanced Research Based On Nanomaterials (CARBON) Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana, 502285, India
| | - Anil D Pathak
- Creative and Advanced Research Based On Nanomaterials (CARBON) Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana, 502285, India
| | - Chandrasekhar Bongu
- Creative and Advanced Research Based On Nanomaterials (CARBON) Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana, 502285, India
| | - K Manikandan
- Creative and Advanced Research Based On Nanomaterials (CARBON) Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana, 502285, India
| | - Sai Praneeth
- Creative and Advanced Research Based On Nanomaterials (CARBON) Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana, 502285, India
| | - Keerti M Naik
- Creative and Advanced Research Based On Nanomaterials (CARBON) Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana, 502285, India
| | - Chandra S Sharma
- Creative and Advanced Research Based On Nanomaterials (CARBON) Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana, 502285, India
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13
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Rashid MH, Borca CN, Xto JM, Huthwelker T. X-Ray absorption spectroscopy on airborne aerosols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: ATMOSPHERES 2022; 2:1338-1350. [PMID: 36561554 PMCID: PMC9648630 DOI: 10.1039/d2ea00016d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Here we demonstrate a method for performing X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) on airborne aerosols. XAS provides unique insight into elemental composition, chemical and phase state, local coordination and electronic structure of both crystalline and amorphous matter. The aerosol is generated from different salt solutions using a commercial atomizer and dried using a diffusion drier. Embedded in a carrier gas, the aerosol is guided into the experimental chamber for XAS analysis. Typical particle sizes range from some 10 to a few 100 nm. Inside the chamber the aerosol bearing gas is then confined into a region of about 1-2 cm3 in size, by a pure flow of helium, generating a stable free-flowing stream of aerosol. It is hit by a monochromatic X-ray beam, and the emitted fluorescent light is used for spectroscopic analysis. Using an aerosol generated from CaCl2, KCl, and (NH4)2SO4 salt solutions, we demonstrate the functionality of the system in studying environmentally relevant systems. In addition, we show that the detection limits are sufficient to also observe subtle spectroscopic signatures in XAS spectra with integration times of about 1-2 hours using a bright undulator beamline. This novel setup opens new research opportunities for studying the nucleation of new phases in multicomponent aerosol systems in situ, and for investigating (photo-) chemical reactions on airborne matter, as relevant to both atmospheric science and also for general chemical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad H. Rashid
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Swiss Light Source, Laboratory for FemtochemistryForschungsstrasse 111Villigen PSISwitzerland
| | - Camelia N. Borca
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Swiss Light Source, Laboratory for FemtochemistryForschungsstrasse 111Villigen PSISwitzerland
| | - Jacinta M. Xto
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Swiss Light Source, Laboratory for FemtochemistryForschungsstrasse 111Villigen PSISwitzerland
| | - Thomas Huthwelker
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Swiss Light Source, Laboratory for FemtochemistryForschungsstrasse 111Villigen PSISwitzerland
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14
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Wu Z, Li Z, Li Y, Zhang Y, Li J. Improving the DFT computational accuracy for CO activation on Fe surfaces by Bayesian error estimation functional with van der Waals correlation. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2022.113968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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15
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Visualizing interface-specific chemical bonds in adhesive bonding of carbon fiber structural composites using soft X-ray microscopy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16332. [PMID: 36175464 PMCID: PMC9522830 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20233-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion is a technology for assembling carbon fiber (CF) reinforced polymer (CFRP), enabling them to maintain their lightweight and high-stiffness properties. Despite the importance of adhesion, the lack of a molecular-level understanding of the adhesion mechanisms has limited the reliability of adhesion for use in next-generation aircraft and automobiles. Here, we focused on the chemical-state distribution at a practical adhesive interface composed of an epoxy-based adhesive film bonded to an epoxy-based CF matrix. By fluorinating the OH group, we succeeded in visualizing the chemical state at the CF-matrix/adhesive interface using soft X-ray microscopy. The soft X-ray images exhibited a decrease in OH-related signals at the interface due to the local chemical interaction at the epoxy-epoxy adhesive interface. We also found that the N and O Kα signals were observable at the CF's surface, indicating the presence of nitrogen- and oxygen-containing functional groups. Based on these observations, we discuss the molecular-level adhesion mechanism at the CF-matrix/adhesive interface.
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16
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Yoon S, Seo H, Jin K, Kim HG, Lee SY, Jo J, Cho KH, Ryu J, Yoon A, Kim YW, Zuo JM, Kwon YK, Nam KT, Kim M. Atomic Reconstruction and Oxygen Evolution Reaction of Mn 3O 4 Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:8336-8343. [PMID: 36040956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the chemical states of individual surface atoms and their arrangements is essential for addressing several current issues such as catalysis, energy stroage/conversion, and environmental protection. Here, we exploit a profile imaging technique to understand the correlation between surface atomic structures and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in Mn3O4 nanoparticles. We image surface structures of Mn3O4 nanoparticles and observe surface reconstructions in the (110) and (101) planes. Mn3+ ions at the surface, which are commonly considered as the active sites in OER, disappear from the reconstructed planes, whereas Mn3+ ions are still exposed at the edges of nanoparticles. Our observations suggest that surface reconstructions can deactivate low-index surfaces of Mn oxides in OER. These structural and chemical observations are further validated by density functional theory calculations. This work shows why atomic-scale characterization of surface structures is crucial for a molecular-level understanding of a chemical reaction in oxide nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangmoon Yoon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, Gachon University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongmin Seo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungsuk Jin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Gyun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Janghyun Jo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Hee Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinseok Ryu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Aram Yoon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Young-Woon Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jian-Min Zuo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Young-Kyun Kwon
- Department of Physics, Department of Information Display, and Research Institute for Basic Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Tae Nam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Miyoung Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
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17
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Grote L, Seyrich M, Döhrmann R, Harouna-Mayer SY, Mancini F, Kaziukenas E, Fernandez-Cuesta I, A Zito C, Vasylieva O, Wittwer F, Odstrčzil M, Mogos N, Landmann M, Schroer CG, Koziej D. Imaging Cu 2O nanocube hollowing in solution by quantitative in situ X-ray ptychography. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4971. [PMID: 36038564 PMCID: PMC9424245 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32373-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding morphological changes of nanoparticles in solution is essential to tailor the functionality of devices used in energy generation and storage. However, we lack experimental methods that can visualize these processes in solution, or in electrolyte, and provide three-dimensional information. Here, we show how X-ray ptychography enables in situ nano-imaging of the formation and hollowing of nanoparticles in solution at 155 °C. We simultaneously image the growth of about 100 nanocubes with a spatial resolution of 66 nm. The quantitative phase images give access to the third dimension, allowing to additionally study particle thickness. We reveal that the substrate hinders their out-of-plane growth, thus the nanocubes are in fact nanocuboids. Moreover, we observe that the reduction of Cu2O to Cu triggers the hollowing of the nanocuboids. We critically assess the interaction of X-rays with the liquid sample. Our method enables detailed in-solution imaging for a wide range of reaction conditions. Observing morphological changes of nanoparticles in solution requires advanced in-situ imaging methods. Here, the authors use X-ray ptychography to image the growth and hollowing of Cu2O nanocubes in 3D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Grote
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.,Center for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Seyrich
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.,Center for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralph Döhrmann
- Center for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sani Y Harouna-Mayer
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.,The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Federica Mancini
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC), National Research Council (CNR), Via Granarolo 64, 48018, Faenza (RA), Italy
| | - Emilis Kaziukenas
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge, CB3 0WA, UK
| | - Irene Fernandez-Cuesta
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cecilia A Zito
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.,São Paulo State University UNESP, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, 15054000, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Olga Vasylieva
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Felix Wittwer
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.,Center for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michal Odstrčzil
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.,Carl Zeiss SMT, Carl-Zeiss-Straße 22, 73447, Oberkochen, Germany
| | - Natnael Mogos
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mirko Landmann
- Center for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian G Schroer
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.,Center for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.,Helmholtz Imaging Platform, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dorota Koziej
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany. .,The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany.
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18
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Wan G, Zhang G, Chen JZ, Toney MF, Miller JT, Tassone CJ. Reaction-Mediated Transformation of Working Catalysts. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wan
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Guanghui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, PSU-DUT Joint Center for Energy Research, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Johnny Zhu Chen
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Michael F. Toney
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jeffrey T. Miller
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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19
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Liu QY, Shang C, Liu ZP. In Situ Active Site for Fe-Catalyzed Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis: Recent Progress and Future Challenges. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:3342-3352. [PMID: 35394796 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) that converts syngas into long-chain hydrocarbons is a key technology in the chemical industry. As one of the best catalysts for FTS, the Fe-based composite develops rich solid phases (metal, oxides, and carbides) in the catalytic reaction, which triggered the quest for the true active site in catalysis in the past century. Recent years have seen great advances in probing the active-site structure using modern experimental and theoretical tools. This Perspective serves to highlight these latest achievements, focusing on the geometrical structure and thermodynamic stability of Fe carbide bulk phases, the exposed surfaces, and their relationship to FTS activity. The current reaction mechanisms on CO activation and carbon chain growth are also discussed, in the context of theoretical models and experimental evidence. We also present the outlook regarding the current challenges in Fe-based FTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Yu Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Material, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Science, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Cheng Shang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Material, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Science, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhi-Pan Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Material, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Science, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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20
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Brenker J, Henzler K, Borca CN, Huthwelker T, Alan T. X-ray compatible microfluidics for in situ studies of chemical state, transport and reaction of light elements in an aqueous environment using synchrotron radiation. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:1214-1230. [PMID: 35170605 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00996f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an X-ray compatible microfluidic platform for in situ characterization of chemical reactions at synchrotron light sources. We demonstrate easy to implement techniques to probe reacting solutions as they first come into contact, and study the very first milliseconds of their reaction in real-time through X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The devices use polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic channels sandwiched between ultrathin, X-ray transparent silicon nitride observation windows and rigid substrates. The new approach has three key advantages: i) owing to the assembly techniques employed, the devices are suitable for both high energy and tender (1-5 keV) X-rays; ii) they can operate in a vacuum environment (a must for low energy X-rays) and iii) they are robust enough to survive a full 8 hour shift of continuous scanning with a micro-focused beam, providing higher spatial and thus greater time resolution than previous studies. The combination of these opens new opportunities for in situ studies. This has so far not been possible with Kapton or glass-based flow cells due to increased attenuation of the low energy beam passing through these materials. The devices provide a well-defined mixing region to collect spatial maps of spatially stable concentration profiles, and XAS point spectra to elucidate the chemical structure and characterize the chemical reactions. The versatility of the approach is demonstrated through in situ XAS measurements on the mixing of two reactants in a microfluidic laminar flow device, as well as a segmented droplet based system for time resolved analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Brenker
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
| | - Katja Henzler
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Swiss Light Source, Villigen, Switzerland.
| | - Camelia N Borca
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Swiss Light Source, Villigen, Switzerland.
| | | | - Tuncay Alan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
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21
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Alpert PA, Boucly A, Yang S, Yang H, Kilchhofer K, Luo Z, Padeste C, Finizio S, Ammann M, Watts B. Ice nucleation imaged with X-ray spectro-microscopy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: ATMOSPHERES 2022; 2:335-351. [PMID: 35694137 PMCID: PMC9119033 DOI: 10.1039/d1ea00077b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ice nucleation is one of the most uncertain microphysical processes, as it occurs in various ways and on many types of particles. To overcome this challenge, we present a heterogeneous ice nucleation study on deposition ice nucleation and immersion freezing in a novel cryogenic X-ray experiment with the capability to spectroscopically probe individual ice nucleating and non-ice nucleating particles. Mineral dust type particles composed of either ferrihydrite or feldspar were used and mixed with organic matter of either citric acid or xanthan gum. We observed in situ ice nucleation using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) and identified unique organic carbon functionalities and iron oxidation state using near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy in the new in situ environmental ice cell, termed the ice nucleation X-ray cell (INXCell). Deposition ice nucleation of ferrihydrite occurred at a relative humidity with respect to ice, RHi, between ∼120–138% and temperatures, T ∼ 232 K. However, we also observed water uptake on ferrihydrite at the same T when deposition ice nucleation did not occur. Although, immersion freezing of ferrihydrite both in pure water droplets and in aqueous citric acid occurred at or slightly below conditions for homogeneous freezing, i.e. the effect of ferrihydrite particles acting as a heterogeneous ice nucleus for immersion freezing was small. Microcline K-rich feldspar mixed with xanthan gum was also used in INXCell experiments. Deposition ice nucleation occurred at conditions when xanthan gum was expected to be highly viscous (glassy). At less viscous conditions, immersion freezing was observed. We extended a model for heterogeneous and homogeneous ice nucleation, named the stochastic freezing model (SFM). It was used to quantify heterogeneous ice nucleation rate coefficients, mimic the competition between homogeneous ice nucleation; water uptake; deposition ice nucleation and immersion freezing, and predict the T and RHi at which ice was observed. The importance of ferrihydrite to act as a heterogeneous ice nucleating particle in the atmosphere using the SFM is discussed. Ice nucleation can now be imaged in situ using X-ray spectro-microscopy in a new experiment, which is applied to mineral aerosol particles composed of ferrihydrite or feldspar and associated organic matter.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Alpert
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Boucly
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Shuo Yang
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huanyu Yang
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Kilchhofer
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Zhaochu Luo
- Laboratory for Multiscale Materials Experiments, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Mesoscopic Systems, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Celestino Padeste
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Simone Finizio
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Markus Ammann
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Watts
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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22
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Liu Y, Lu K, Liu X, Liu J, Guo WP, Chen W, Peng Q, Song YF, Yang Y, Li YW, Wen XD. C2 weakens the turnover frequency during the melting of Fe xC y: insights from reactive MD simulations. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05114h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The carbon accumulation in the form of C2 on the surface at high temperatures blocks the surface catalytic active sites, reducing the activity of melted FexCy nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, School of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P. R. China
- National Energy Center for Coal to Clean Fuels, Synfuels China Co., Ltd, Huairou District, Beijing 101400, P. R. China
| | - Kuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P. R. China
- National Energy Center for Coal to Clean Fuels, Synfuels China Co., Ltd, Huairou District, Beijing 101400, P. R. China
| | - Xingchen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P. R. China
- National Energy Center for Coal to Clean Fuels, Synfuels China Co., Ltd, Huairou District, Beijing 101400, P. R. China
| | - Jinjia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P. R. China
- National Energy Center for Coal to Clean Fuels, Synfuels China Co., Ltd, Huairou District, Beijing 101400, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Ping Guo
- National Energy Center for Coal to Clean Fuels, Synfuels China Co., Ltd, Huairou District, Beijing 101400, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, School of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Qing Peng
- Physics Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yu-Fei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, School of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P. R. China
- National Energy Center for Coal to Clean Fuels, Synfuels China Co., Ltd, Huairou District, Beijing 101400, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Wang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P. R. China
- National Energy Center for Coal to Clean Fuels, Synfuels China Co., Ltd, Huairou District, Beijing 101400, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Dong Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P. R. China
- National Energy Center for Coal to Clean Fuels, Synfuels China Co., Ltd, Huairou District, Beijing 101400, P. R. China
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23
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Chen Z, Wang X, Mills JP, Du C, Kim J, Wen J, Wu YA. Two-dimensional materials for electrochemical CO 2 reduction: materials, in situ/ operando characterizations, and perspective. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:19712-19739. [PMID: 34817491 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr06196h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical CO2 reduction (CO2 ECR) is an efficient approach to achieving eco-friendly energy generation and environmental sustainability. This approach is capable of lowering the CO2 greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere while producing various valuable fuels and products. For catalytic CO2 ECR, two-dimensional (2D) materials stand as promising catalyst candidates due to their superior electrical conductivity, abundant dangling bonds, and tremendous amounts of surface active sites. On the other hand, the investigations on fundamental reaction mechanisms in CO2 ECR are highly demanded but usually require advanced in situ and operando multimodal characterizations. This review summarizes recent advances in the development, engineering, and structure-activity relationships of 2D materials for CO2 ECR. Furthermore, we overview state-of-the-art in situ and operando characterization techniques, which are used to investigate the catalytic reaction mechanisms with the spatial resolution from the micron-scale to the atomic scale, and with the temporal resolution from femtoseconds to seconds. Finally, we conclude this review by outlining challenges and opportunities for future development in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuolong Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Materials Interface Foundry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Xiyang Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Materials Interface Foundry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Joel P Mills
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Materials Interface Foundry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Cheng Du
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Materials Interface Foundry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Jintae Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Materials Interface Foundry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - John Wen
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Materials Interface Foundry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Yimin A Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Materials Interface Foundry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
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24
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Rikanati L, Dery S, Gross E. AFM-IR and s-SNOM-IR measurements of chemically addressable monolayers on Au nanoparticles. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:204704. [PMID: 34852499 DOI: 10.1063/5.0072079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The performance of catalysts depends on their nanoscale properties, and local variations in structure and composition can have a dramatic impact on the catalytic reactivity. Therefore, probing the localized reactivity of catalytic surfaces using high spatial resolution vibrational spectroscopy, such as infrared (IR) nanospectroscopy and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, is essential for mapping their reactivity pattern. Two fundamentally different scanning probe IR nanospectroscopy techniques, namely, scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) and atomic force microscopy-infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR), provide the capabilities for mapping the reactivity pattern of catalytic surfaces with a spatial resolution of ∼20 nm. Herein, we compare these two techniques with regard to their applicability for probing the vibrational signature of reactive molecules on catalytic nanoparticles. For this purpose, we use chemically addressable self-assembled molecules on Au nanoparticles as model systems. We identified significant spectral differences depending on the measurement technique, which originate from the fundamentally different working principles of the applied methods. While AFM-IR spectra provided information from all the molecules that were positioned underneath the tip, the s-SNOM spectra were more orientation-sensitive. Due to its field-enhancement factor, the s-SNOM spectra showed higher vibrational signals for dipoles that were perpendicularly oriented to the surface. The s-SNOM sensitivity to the molecular orientation influenced the amplitude, position, and signal-to-noise ratio of the collected spectra. Ensemble-based IR measurements verified that differences in the localized IR spectra stem from the enhanced sensitivity of s-SNOM measurements to the adsorption geometry of the probed molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihi Rikanati
- Institute of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Shahar Dery
- Institute of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Elad Gross
- Institute of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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25
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Liu QY, Shang C, Liu ZP. In Situ Active Site for CO Activation in Fe-Catalyzed Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis from Machine Learning. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:11109-11120. [PMID: 34278799 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In situ-formed iron carbides (FeCx) are the key components responsible for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS, CO + H2 → long-chain hydrocarbons) on Fe-based catalysts in industry. The true active site is, however, highly controversial despite more than a century of study, which is largely due to the combined complexity in both FeCx structures and mechanism of CO hydrogenation. Herein powered by machine learning simulation, millions of structure candidates for FeCx bulk and surfaces are explored under FTS conditions, which leads to resolving the active site for CO activation. This is achieved without a priori input from experiment by first constructing the thermodynamics convex hull of bulk phases, followed by identifying the low surface energy surfaces and evaluating the adsorption ability of CO and H, and finally determining the lowest energy reaction pathway of CO activation. Rich information on FeCx structures and CO hydrogenation pathways is gleaned: (i) Fe5C2, Fe7C3, and Fe2C are the three stable bulk phases under FTS in producing olefins, where Fe7C3 and Fe2C have multiple energetically nearly degenerate bulk crystal phases; (ii) only three low surface energy surfaces of these bulk phases, namely, χ-Fe5C2(510), χ-Fe5C2(111), and η-Fe2C(111), expose the Fe sites that can adsorb H atoms exothermically, where the surface Fe:C ratio is 2, 1.75, and 2, respectively; (iii) CO activation via direct dissociation can occur at the surface C vacancies (e.g., with a barrier of 1.1 eV) that are created dynamically via hydrogenation. These atomic-level understandings facilitate the building of the structure-activity correlation and designing better FT catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Yu Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Material, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Science, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Cheng Shang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Material, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Science, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhi-Pan Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Material, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Science, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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26
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Ma L, Xu Z, Guo Z, Watts B, Lin J, Zhang X, Tai R. Three-dimensional fast elemental mapping by soft X-ray dual-energy focal stacks imaging. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2021; 28:924-929. [PMID: 33950000 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521002903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The three-dimensional (3D) dual-energy focal stacks (FS) imaging method has been developed to quickly obtain the spatial distribution of an element of interest in a sample; it is a combination of the 3D FS imaging method and two-dimensional (2D) dual-energy contrast imaging based on scanning transmission soft X-ray microscopy (STXM). A simulation was firstly performed to verify the feasibility of the 3D elemental reconstruction method. Then, a sample of composite nanofibers, polystyrene doped with ferric acetylacetonate [Fe(acac)3], was further investigated to quickly reveal the spatial distribution of Fe(acac)3 in the sample. Furthermore, the data acquisition time was less than that for STXM nanotomography under similar resolution conditions and did not require any complicated sample preparation. The novel approach of 3D dual-energy FS imaging, which allows fast 3D elemental mapping, is expected to provide invaluable information for biomedicine and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Ma
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijian Xu
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Guo
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, People's Republic of China
| | - Benjamin Watts
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Jinyou Lin
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangzhi Zhang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, People's Republic of China
| | - Renzhong Tai
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, People's Republic of China
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhe Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Yong Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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28
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Liu X, Liu J, Yang Y, Li YW, Wen X. Theoretical Perspectives on the Modulation of Carbon on Transition-Metal Catalysts for Conversion of Carbon-Containing Resources. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingchen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, People’s Republic of China
- The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinjia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, People’s Republic of China
- The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, People’s Republic of China
- The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
- National Energy Center for Coal to Liquids, Synfuels China Co., Ltd., Beijing 101400, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong-Wang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, People’s Republic of China
- The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
- National Energy Center for Coal to Liquids, Synfuels China Co., Ltd., Beijing 101400, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, People’s Republic of China
- The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
- National Energy Center for Coal to Liquids, Synfuels China Co., Ltd., Beijing 101400, People’s Republic of China
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29
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Yuan W, Zhu B, Fang K, Li XY, Hansen TW, Ou Y, Yang H, Wagner JB, Gao Y, Wang Y, Zhang Z. In situ manipulation of the active Au-TiO
2
interface with atomic precision during CO oxidation. Science 2021; 371:517-521. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abe3558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and Center of Electron Microscopy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 China
| | - Beien Zhu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center, Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210 China
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800 China
| | - Ke Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and Center of Electron Microscopy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 China
| | - Xiao-Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Thomas W. Hansen
- DTU Nanolab, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Yang Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and Center of Electron Microscopy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 China
| | - Hangsheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and Center of Electron Microscopy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 China
| | - Jakob B. Wagner
- DTU Nanolab, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Yi Gao
- Interdisciplinary Research Center, Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210 China
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800 China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and Center of Electron Microscopy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 China
| | - Ze Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and Center of Electron Microscopy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 China
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30
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Hao Z, Zhao Q, Tang J, Zhang Q, Liu J, Jin Y, Wang H. Functional separators towards the suppression of lithium dendrites for rechargeable high-energy batteries. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:12-32. [PMID: 34463695 DOI: 10.1039/d0mh01167c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lithium metal battery (LMB) is considered to be one of the most promising electrochemical energy storage devices due to the high theoretical specific capacity and the lowest redox potential of metallic lithium; however, some key issues caused by lithium dendrites on the lithium metal anode seriously hinder its real-world applications. As an indispensable part of LMBs, the separator could serve as a physical barrier to prevent direct contact of the two electrodes and control ionic transport in batteries; it is an ideal platform for the suppression of lithium dendrites. In this review, the mechanism of lithium dendrite nucleation and growth are firstly discussed and then some advanced techniques are introduced for the precise characterization of lithium dendrites. On the basis of dendritic nucleation and growth principle, several feasible strategies are summarized for suppressing lithium dendrites by utilizing functional separators, including providing a mechanical barrier, promoting homogeneous lithium deposition, and regulating ionic transport. Finally, some challenges and prospects are proposed to clear the future development of functional separators. We anticipate that this paper will provide a new insight into the design and construction of functional separators for addressing the issues of lithium dendrites in high-energy batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong Hao
- Key Laboratory for New Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P. R. China.
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31
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Moya-Cancino JG, Honkanen AP, van der Eerden AMJ, Oord R, Monai M, ten Have I, Sahle CJ, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM, de Groot FMF, Huotari S. In Situ X-ray Raman Scattering Spectroscopy of the Formation of Cobalt Carbides in a Co/TiO2 Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José G. Moya-Cancino
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ari-Pekka Honkanen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ad M. J. van der Eerden
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ramon Oord
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matteo Monai
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Iris ten Have
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christoph J. Sahle
- Beamline ID20, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank M. F. de Groot
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Simo Huotari
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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32
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33
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Boniface M, Plodinec M, Schlögl R, Lunkenbein T. Quo Vadis Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems for the Study of Heterogeneous Catalysts Inside the Electron Microscope? Top Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-020-01398-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDuring the last decade, modern micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technology has been used to create cells that can act as catalytic nanoreactors and fit into the sample holders of transmission electron microscopes. These nanoreactors can maintain atmospheric or higher pressures inside the cells as they seal gases or liquids from the vacuum of the TEM column and can reach temperatures exceeding 1000 °C. This has led to a paradigm shift in electron microscopy, which facilitates the local characterization of structural and morphological changes of solid catalysts under working conditions. In this review, we outline the development of state-of-the-art nanoreactor setups that are commercially available and are currently applied to study catalytic reactions in situ or operando in gaseous or liquid environments. We also discuss challenges that are associated with the use of environmental cells. In catalysis studies, one of the major challenge is the interpretation of the results while considering the discrepancies in kinetics between MEMS based gas cells and fixed bed reactors, the interactions of the electron beam with the sample, as well as support effects. Finally, we critically analyze the general role of MEMS based nanoreactors in electron microscopy and catalysis communities and present possible future directions.
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34
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Beheshti Askari A, al Samarai M, Morana B, Tillmann L, Pfänder N, Wandzilak A, Watts B, Belkhou R, Muhler M, DeBeer S. In Situ X-ray Microscopy Reveals Particle Dynamics in a NiCo Dry Methane Reforming Catalyst under Operating Conditions. ACS Catal 2020; 10:6223-6230. [PMID: 32551182 PMCID: PMC7295368 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b05517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Herein,
we report the synthesis of a γ-Al2O3-supported
NiCo catalyst for dry methane reforming (DMR) and
study the catalyst using in situ scanning transmission X-ray microscopy
(STXM) during the reduction (activation step) and under reaction conditions.
During the reduction process, the NiCo alloy particles undergo elemental
segregation with Co migrating toward the center of the catalyst particles
and Ni migrating to the outer surfaces. Under DMR conditions, the
segregated structure is maintained, thus hinting at the importance
of this structure to optimal catalytic functions. Finally, the formation
of Ni-rich branches on the surface of the particles is observed during
DMR, suggesting that the loss of Ni from the outer shell may play
a role in the reduced stability and hence catalyst deactivation. These
findings provide insights into the morphological and electronic structural
changes that occur in a NiCo-based catalyst during DMR. Further, this
study emphasizes the need to study catalysts under operating conditions
in order to elucidate material dynamics during the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Beheshti Askari
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, Mülheim an der Ruhr D-45470, Germany
| | - Mustafa al Samarai
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, Mülheim an der Ruhr D-45470, Germany
| | - Bruno Morana
- NanoInsight, Feldmannweg 17, 2628 CT Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas Tillmann
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum D-44801, Germany
| | - Norbert Pfänder
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, Mülheim an der Ruhr D-45470, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Wandzilak
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, Mülheim an der Ruhr D-45470, Germany
| | | | - Rachid Belkhou
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme
des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin − BP 48, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex F-91192, France
| | - Martin Muhler
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, Mülheim an der Ruhr D-45470, Germany
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum D-44801, Germany
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, Mülheim an der Ruhr D-45470, Germany
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Abstract
We review oxygen K-edge X-ray absorption spectra of both molecules and solids. We start with an overview of the main experimental aspects of oxygen K-edge X-ray absorption measurements including X-ray sources, monochromators, and detection schemes. Many recent oxygen K-edge studies combine X-ray absorption with time and spatially resolved measurements and/or operando conditions. The main theoretical and conceptual approximations for the simulation of oxygen K-edges are discussed in the Theory section. We subsequently discuss oxygen atoms and ions, binary molecules, water, and larger molecules containing oxygen, including biomolecular systems. The largest part of the review deals with the experimental results for solid oxides, starting from s- and p-electron oxides. Examples of theoretical simulations for these oxides are introduced in order to show how accurate a DFT description can be in the case of s and p electron overlap. We discuss the general analysis of the 3d transition metal oxides including discussions of the crystal field effect and the effects and trends in oxidation state and covalency. In addition to the general concepts, we give a systematic overview of the oxygen K-edges element by element, for the s-, p-, d-, and f-electron systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Frati
- Inorganic
chemistry and catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Frank M. F. de Groot
- Inorganic
chemistry and catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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36
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37
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Bagschik K, Wagner J, Buß R, Riepp M, Philippi-Kobs A, Müller L, Buck J, Trinter F, Scholz F, Seltmann J, Hoesch M, Viefhaus J, Grübel G, Oepen HP, Frömter R. Direct 2D spatial-coherence determination using the Fourier-analysis method: multi-parameter characterization of the P04 beamline at PETRA III. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:7282-7300. [PMID: 32225960 DOI: 10.1364/oe.382608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a systematic 2D spatial-coherence analysis of the soft-X-ray beamline P04 at PETRA III for various beamline configurations. The influence of two different beam-defining apertures on the spatial coherence properties of the beam is discussed and optimal conditions for coherence-based experiments are found. A significant degradation of the spatial coherence in the vertical direction has been measured and sources of this degradation are identified and discussed. The Fourier-analysis method, which gives fast and simple access to the 2D spatial coherence function of the X-ray beam, is used for the experiment. Here, we exploit the charge scattering of a disordered nanodot sample allowing the use of arbitrary X-ray photon energies with this method.
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38
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Huang Y, Wang S, Guan Y, Maier A. Limited angle tomography for transmission X-ray microscopy using deep learning. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2020; 27:477-485. [PMID: 32153288 PMCID: PMC7064107 DOI: 10.1107/s160057752000017x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In transmission X-ray microscopy (TXM) systems, the rotation of a scanned sample might be restricted to a limited angular range to avoid collision with other system parts or high attenuation at certain tilting angles. Image reconstruction from such limited angle data suffers from artifacts because of missing data. In this work, deep learning is applied to limited angle reconstruction in TXMs for the first time. With the challenge to obtain sufficient real data for training, training a deep neural network from synthetic data is investigated. In particular, U-Net, the state-of-the-art neural network in biomedical imaging, is trained from synthetic ellipsoid data and multi-category data to reduce artifacts in filtered back-projection (FBP) reconstruction images. The proposed method is evaluated on synthetic data and real scanned chlorella data in 100° limited angle tomography. For synthetic test data, U-Net significantly reduces the root-mean-square error (RMSE) from 2.55 × 10-3 µm-1 in the FBP reconstruction to 1.21 × 10-3 µm-1 in the U-Net reconstruction and also improves the structural similarity (SSIM) index from 0.625 to 0.920. With penalized weighted least-square denoising of measured projections, the RMSE and SSIM are further improved to 1.16 × 10-3 µm-1 and 0.932, respectively. For real test data, the proposed method remarkably improves the 3D visualization of the subcellular structures in the chlorella cell, which indicates its important value for nanoscale imaging in biology, nanoscience and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixing Huang
- Pattern Recognition Lab, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Shengxiang Wang
- Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, Dongguan, Guangdong 523803, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Guan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Andreas Maier
- Pattern Recognition Lab, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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Park JY, Singh JP, Lim J, Lee S. Development of XANES nanoscopy on BL7C at PLS-II. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2020; 27:545-550. [PMID: 32153296 DOI: 10.1107/s160057752000082x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) imaging is a powerful tool to visualize the chemical state distribution of transition-metal-based materials at synchrotron radiation facilities. In recent years, the electrochemical working rechargeable battery has been the most studied material in XANES imaging owing to the large increase of portable electronics and electric vehicles. This work acknowledges the importance of battery analysis and has developed the XANES imaging system on BL7C at Pohang Light Source-II (PLS-II). BL7C employs an undulator taper configuration to obtain an energy band >130 eV near the K-absorption edge of the target element with a minimum energy interval >0.2 eV. While measuring energy-dependent images, the zone plate translation maintains the best focus, and then various data processes such as background correction, image registration and clustering allow single XANES spectrum extraction and chemical distribution mapping. Here, the XANES imaging process is described, the XANES spectrum quality is identified and the chemical states of the partially charged cathode material used in lithium-ion batteries as an application example are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Yeon Park
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Jigokro 127, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37637, South Korea
| | - Jitendra Pal Singh
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Jigokro 127, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37637, South Korea
| | - Jun Lim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Jigokro 127, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37637, South Korea
| | - Sangsul Lee
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Jigokro 127, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37637, South Korea
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40
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Yang X, Kahnt M, Brückner D, Schropp A, Fam Y, Becher J, Grunwaldt JD, Sheppard TL, Schroer CG. Tomographic reconstruction with a generative adversarial network. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2020; 27:486-493. [PMID: 32153289 PMCID: PMC7064113 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577520000831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a deep learning algorithm for tomographic reconstruction (GANrec). The algorithm uses a generative adversarial network (GAN) to solve the inverse of the Radon transform directly. It works for independent sinograms without additional training steps. The GAN has been developed to fit the input sinogram with the model sinogram generated from the predicted reconstruction. Good quality reconstructions can be obtained during the minimization of the fitting errors. The reconstruction is a self-training procedure based on the physics model, instead of on training data. The algorithm showed significant improvements in the reconstruction accuracy, especially for missing-wedge tomography acquired at less than 180° rotational range. It was also validated by reconstructing a missing-wedge X-ray ptychographic tomography (PXCT) data set of a macroporous zeolite particle, for which only 51 projections over 70° could be collected. The GANrec recovered the 3D pore structure with reasonable quality for further analysis. This reconstruction concept can work universally for most of the ill-posed inverse problems if the forward model is well defined, such as phase retrieval of in-line phase-contrast imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Yang
- FS-PETRA, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maik Kahnt
- FS-PETRA, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Dennis Brückner
- FS-PETRA, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Schropp
- FS-PETRA, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yakub Fam
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Johannes Becher
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Thomas L. Sheppard
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christian G. Schroer
- FS-PETRA, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
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41
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Wu Y, Chen X, Huang D, Zhang L, Ren Y, Tang G, Chen X, Yue B, He H. A study on the acidity of sulfated CuO layers grown by surface reconstruction of Cu 2O with specific exposed facets. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy00892c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Surface reconstruction and sulfation improve the acidity of Cu2O, and moderate Lewis acid sites are the active sites in Pechmann condensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- P. R. China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- P. R. China
| | - Daofeng Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- P. R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- P. R. China
| | - Yuanhang Ren
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- P. R. China
| | - Gangfeng Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- P. R. China
| | - Xueying Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- P. R. China
| | - Bin Yue
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- P. R. China
| | - Heyong He
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- P. R. China
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42
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Negahdar L, Parlett CMA, Isaacs MA, Beale AM, Wilson K, Lee AF. Shining light on the solid–liquid interface: in situ/ operando monitoring of surface catalysis. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy00555j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Many industrially important chemical transformations occur at the interface between a solid catalyst and liquid reactants. In situ and operando spectroscopies offer unique insight into the reactivity of such catalytically active solid–liquid interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher M. A. Parlett
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Analytical Science
- The University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
- Diamond Light Source
| | | | | | - Karen Wilson
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC)
- School of Science
- RMIT University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Adam F. Lee
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC)
- School of Science
- RMIT University
- Melbourne
- Australia
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43
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Vogt C, Kranenborg J, Monai M, Weckhuysen BM. Structure Sensitivity in Steam and Dry Methane Reforming over Nickel: Activity and Carbon Formation. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b04193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Vogt
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle Kranenborg
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matteo Monai
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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44
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Ravenhorst IK, Geitenbeek RG, Eerden MJ, Tijn van Omme J, Peréz Garza HH, Meirer F, Meijerink A, Weckhuysen BM. In Situ
Local Temperature Mapping in Microscopy Nano‐Reactors with Luminescence Thermometry. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilse K. Ravenhorst
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Robin G. Geitenbeek
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
- Condensed Matter and InterfacesDebye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht Universiteit Princetonplein 1 3584 CC Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - M. J. Eerden
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - J. Tijn van Omme
- DENSsolutions B.V. Informaticalaan 12 2628 ZD Delft The Netherlands
| | | | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Andries Meijerink
- Condensed Matter and InterfacesDebye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht Universiteit Princetonplein 1 3584 CC Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
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45
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Fam Y, Sheppard TL, Becher J, Scherhaufer D, Lambach H, Kulkarni S, Keller TF, Wittstock A, Wittwer F, Seyrich M, Brueckner D, Kahnt M, Yang X, Schropp A, Stierle A, Schroer CG, Grunwaldt JD. A versatile nanoreactor for complementary in situ X-ray and electron microscopy studies in catalysis and materials science. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2019; 26:1769-1781. [PMID: 31490169 PMCID: PMC6732905 DOI: 10.1107/s160057751900660x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Two in situ `nanoreactors' for high-resolution imaging of catalysts have been designed and applied at the hard X-ray nanoprobe endstation at beamline P06 of the PETRA III synchrotron radiation source. The reactors house samples supported on commercial MEMS chips, and were applied for complementary hard X-ray ptychography (23 nm spatial resolution) and transmission electron microscopy, with additional X-ray fluorescence measurements. The reactors allow pressures of 100 kPa and temperatures of up to 1573 K, offering a wide range of conditions relevant for catalysis. Ptychographic tomography was demonstrated at limited tilting angles of at least ±35° within the reactors and ±65° on the naked sample holders. Two case studies were selected to demonstrate the functionality of the reactors: (i) annealing of hierarchical nanoporous gold up to 923 K under inert He environment and (ii) acquisition of a ptychographic projection series at ±35° of a hierarchically structured macroporous zeolite sample under ambient conditions. The reactors are shown to be a flexible and modular platform for in situ studies in catalysis and materials science which may be adapted for a range of sample and experiment types, opening new characterization pathways in correlative multimodal in situ analysis of functional materials at work. The cells will presently be made available for all interested users of beamline P06 at PETRA III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakub Fam
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, Karlsruhe, Baden Württemberg 76131, Germany
| | - Thomas L. Sheppard
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, Karlsruhe, Baden Württemberg 76131, Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Baden Württemberg 76344, Germany
| | - Johannes Becher
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, Karlsruhe, Baden Württemberg 76131, Germany
| | - Dennis Scherhaufer
- Institute for Micro Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Baden Württemberg 76344, Germany
| | - Heinz Lambach
- Institute for Micro Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Baden Württemberg 76344, Germany
| | | | - Thomas F. Keller
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
- Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Arne Wittstock
- Institute of Applied and Physical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Felix Wittwer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
- Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Martin Seyrich
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
- Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Dennis Brueckner
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
- Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Maik Kahnt
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
- Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Xiaogang Yang
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Andreas Schropp
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Andreas Stierle
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
- Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Christian G. Schroer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
- Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, Karlsruhe, Baden Württemberg 76131, Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Baden Württemberg 76344, Germany
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46
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Direct observation of unstained biological samples in water using newly developed impedance scanning electron microscopy. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221296. [PMID: 31430321 PMCID: PMC6701803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanometre-scale observation of specimens in water is indispensable in several scientific fields, such as biology, chemistry, materials science and nanotechnology. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) obtains high-resolution images of biological samples under high vacuum conditions but requires specific sample-preparation protocols. Observations of unstained biological samples in water require more convenient and less invasive methods. Herein, we have developed a new type of impedance microscopy, namely impedance SEM (IP-SEM), which allows the imaging and sub-micrometer scale examination of various specimens in water. By varying the frequency of the input signal, the proposed system can detect the impedance properties of the sample’s composition at sub-micrometer scale resolution. Besides examining various unstained biological specimens and material samples in water. Furthermore, the proposed system can be used for diverse liquid samples across a broad range of scientific fields, such as nanoparticles, nanotubes and organic and catalytic materials.
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47
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Mao X, Liu C, Hesari M, Zou N, Chen P. Super-resolution imaging of non-fluorescent reactions via competition. Nat Chem 2019; 11:687-694. [DOI: 10.1038/s41557-019-0288-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Li J, He X, Oguzie E, Peng C. Orbital mechanism of upright CO activation on Fe(100). SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jibiao Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Extraordinary Bond Engineering and Advanced Materials Technology (EBEAM)Yangtze Normal University Chongqing China
- Department of PhysicsAlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Xin He
- School of Intelligent ManufacturingSichuan University of Arts and Science Dazhou China
| | - Emeka Oguzie
- Electrochemistry and Materials Science Research Laboratory, Department of ChemistryFederal University of Technology Owerri Nigeria
| | - Cheng Peng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Extraordinary Bond Engineering and Advanced Materials Technology (EBEAM)Yangtze Normal University Chongqing China
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49
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Wang J, Huang S, Howard S, Muir BW, Wang H, Kennedy DF, Ma X. Elucidating Surface and Bulk Phase Transformation in Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis Catalysts and Their Influences on Catalytic Performance. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory
for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shouying Huang
- Key Laboratory
for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shaun Howard
- Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, CSIRO, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Benjamin W. Muir
- Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, CSIRO, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Hongyu Wang
- Key Laboratory
for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Danielle F. Kennedy
- Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, CSIRO, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Xinbin Ma
- Key Laboratory
for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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50
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Baskakov AO, Starchikov SS, Lyubutin IS, Ogarkova YL, Davydov VA, Kulikova LF, Egorova TB, Agafonov VN, Starchikova IY. Distribution of Iron Atoms in Nonequivalent Crystallographic Sites of Fe7C3 Carbide in Core–Shell Nanostructures. CRYSTALLOGR REP+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1063774519020056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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