1
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Zhao Y, Qian W, Liu X, Wu C. Assessing and optimizing the effectiveness of protected areas along China's coastal region: A social-ecological protected area network study. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 349:119338. [PMID: 37939464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Effectiveness of protected areas (EPA) evaluation has been used to measure the effectiveness of existing protected areas (PAs) and to identify prioritized and inefficient PAs. However, the current EPA evaluation remains incomplete, primarily due either to the scale of evaluation focusing on only isolated PAs without considering network connectivity or to the difficulty of balancing social and ecological synergy in practice. To address this issue, we proposed a social-ecological connectivity pathway to maximize the evaluation and optimization of EPA in a coastal region: first, we selected social and ecological indicators for habitat suitability evaluation and simulated the protected area network (PAN); second, we evaluated the rationality of network connectivity; and ultimately, we identified conservation gaps to the post-2020 global biodiversity target. Considering the complexity of coastal ecosystems, we selected the four coastal cities of the Shandong Peninsula, China as a case study. We find that (1) the social-ecological PAN consists of 370 primary corridors and 110 secondary corridors; there are 12 cross-ecosystem types in the identified PANs, three of which span marine to terrestrial ecosystems, while the remaining nine span terrestrial interior ecosystems; (2) 66 nodes were identified as spatial gaps; the benefit gap indicated that 51.75% of PAs were inefficiently protected but 48.25% were appropriately protected; regarding quantity gap, the marine PAs gap (25.41%) is much larger than the terrestrial PAs gap (15.80%), suggesting a possible priority in the marine PAs appropriately. Our study reveals that the EPA in the coastal region is currently weak and urgently needs to improve. Thus, we propose measures to optimize the EPA and suggest its potential application to other PAs in complex and vulnerable coastal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhao
- College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Qingdao University of Technology, 266033, China
| | - Wenqi Qian
- School of Ecological Technology and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 201418, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Qingdao University of Technology, 266033, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Wilkes Center for Climate Science and Policy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84113, USA.
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2
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Pastor A, Ospina-Alvarez A, Larsen J, Thorbjørn Hansen F, Krause-Jensen D, Maar M. A network analysis of connected biophysical pathways to advice eelgrass (Zostera marina) restoration. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 179:105690. [PMID: 35853313 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The North Sea and the Baltic Sea, including Danish coastal waters, have experienced a drastic decline in eelgrass Zostera marina coverage during the past century. Around 1900, eelgrass meadows covered about 6700 km2 of Danish coastal waters while the current potential distribution area is only about one third of this. In some areas, the potential distribution area is far from realized, and restoration efforts are needed to assist recovery. Such efforts are challenging, and resource-demanding and careful site selection is, therefore, important. In the present study, we aim to identify the connectivity of eelgrass populations as a basis for guiding site selection for restoration. We developed a coupled biophysical model to study eelgrass dispersal in the Kattegat. Partly submerged particles simulated the dispersal of reproductive eelgrass shoots containing seeds during the flowering season July-September. We then used network analysis to identify the potential connectivity between populations. We evaluated connectivity based on In-strength, Betweenness and Eigenvector centrality metrics and identified key areas in the Kattegat such as the central part of Aalborg Bay, to be considered to restore the network of Z. marina patches. The study proves the potentials of combining hydrodynamic models and network analysis to support marine conservation and planning, and highlights the importance of collaboration between ecologists, oceanographers, and practitioners in this endeavour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Pastor
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Andrés Ospina-Alvarez
- Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies IMEDEA (UIB-CSIC), C/ Miquel Marquès, 21, 07190, Esporles, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Janus Larsen
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Flemming Thorbjørn Hansen
- Section for Coastal Ecology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 201, 2800 kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Marie Maar
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
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3
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Bosch NE, Monk J, Goetze J, Wilson S, Babcock RC, Barrett N, Clough J, Currey‐Randall LM, Fairclough DV, Fisher R, Gibbons BA, Harasti D, Harvey ES, Heupel MR, Hicks JL, Holmes TH, Huveneers C, Ierodiaconou D, Jordan A, Knott NA, Malcolm HA, McLean D, Meekan M, Newman SJ, Radford B, Rees MJ, Saunders BJ, Speed CW, Travers MJ, Wakefield CB, Wernberg T, Langlois TJ. Effects of human footprint and biophysical factors on the body-size structure of fished marine species. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2022; 36:e13807. [PMID: 34312893 PMCID: PMC9292308 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Marine fisheries in coastal ecosystems in many areas of the world have historically removed large-bodied individuals, potentially impairing ecosystem functioning and the long-term sustainability of fish populations. Reporting on size-based indicators that link to food-web structure can contribute to ecosystem-based management, but the application of these indicators over large (cross-ecosystem) geographical scales has been limited to either fisheries-dependent catch data or diver-based methods restricted to shallow waters (<20 m) that can misrepresent the abundance of large-bodied fished species. We obtained data on the body-size structure of 82 recreationally or commercially targeted marine demersal teleosts from 2904 deployments of baited remote underwater stereo-video (stereo-BRUV). Sampling was at up to 50 m depth and covered approximately 10,000 km of the continental shelf of Australia. Seascape relief, water depth, and human gravity (i.e., a proxy of human impacts) were the strongest predictors of the probability of occurrence of large fishes and the abundance of fishes above the minimum legal size of capture. No-take marine reserves had a positive effect on the abundance of fishes above legal size, although the effect varied across species groups. In contrast, sublegal fishes were best predicted by gradients in sea surface temperature (mean and variance). In areas of low human impact, large fishes were about three times more likely to be encountered and fishes of legal size were approximately five times more abundant. For conspicuous species groups with contrasting habitat, environmental, and biogeographic affinities, abundance of legal-size fishes typically declined as human impact increased. Our large-scale quantitative analyses highlight the combined importance of seascape complexity, regions with low human footprint, and no-take marine reserves in protecting large-bodied fishes across a broad range of species and ecosystem configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nestor E. Bosch
- The School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
- The UWA Oceans InstituteThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Jacquomo Monk
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Jordan Goetze
- Marine Science Program, Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Department of BiodiversityConservation and AttractionsKensingtonWestern AustraliaAustralia
- School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Shaun Wilson
- The UWA Oceans InstituteThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Marine Science Program, Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Department of BiodiversityConservation and AttractionsKensingtonWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | | | - Neville Barrett
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Jock Clough
- The UWA Oceans InstituteThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | | | - David V. Fairclough
- Western Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, Department of Primary Industries and Regional DevelopmentGovernment of Western AustraliaNorth BeachWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Rebecca Fisher
- The UWA Oceans InstituteThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Australian Institute of Marine ScienceIndian Ocean Marine Research CentreCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Brooke A. Gibbons
- The School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
- The UWA Oceans InstituteThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - David Harasti
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Fisheries ResearchPort Stephens Fisheries InstituteTaylors BeachNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Euan S. Harvey
- School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Michelle R. Heupel
- Australian Institute of Marine ScienceTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
- Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS)University of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Jamie L. Hicks
- Department for Environment and WaterMarine ScienceAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Thomas H. Holmes
- The UWA Oceans InstituteThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Marine Science Program, Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Department of BiodiversityConservation and AttractionsKensingtonWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Charlie Huveneers
- College of Science and EngineeringFlinders UniversityBedford ParkSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Daniel Ierodiaconou
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative EcologyDeakin UniversityWarrnamboolVictoriaAustralia
| | - Alan Jordan
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Fisheries ResearchPort Stephens Fisheries InstituteTaylors BeachNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Nathan A. Knott
- Fisheries ResearchNSW Department of Primary IndustriesCoffs HarbourNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Hamish A. Malcolm
- Fisheries ResearchNSW Department of Primary IndustriesCoffs HarbourNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Dianne McLean
- The UWA Oceans InstituteThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Australian Institute of Marine ScienceIndian Ocean Marine Research CentreCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Mark Meekan
- The UWA Oceans InstituteThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Australian Institute of Marine ScienceIndian Ocean Marine Research CentreCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Stephen J. Newman
- Western Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, Department of Primary Industries and Regional DevelopmentGovernment of Western AustraliaNorth BeachWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Ben Radford
- The UWA Oceans InstituteThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Australian Institute of Marine ScienceIndian Ocean Marine Research CentreCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- School of Agriculture and EnvironmentThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Matthew J. Rees
- Fisheries ResearchNSW Department of Primary IndustriesCoffs HarbourNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Benjamin J. Saunders
- School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Conrad W. Speed
- Australian Institute of Marine ScienceIndian Ocean Marine Research CentreCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Michael J. Travers
- Western Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, Department of Primary Industries and Regional DevelopmentGovernment of Western AustraliaNorth BeachWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Corey B. Wakefield
- Western Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, Department of Primary Industries and Regional DevelopmentGovernment of Western AustraliaNorth BeachWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Thomas Wernberg
- The School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
- The UWA Oceans InstituteThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Institute of Marine ResearchHisNorway
| | - Tim J. Langlois
- The School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
- The UWA Oceans InstituteThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
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4
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Fontoura L, D'Agata S, Gamoyo M, Barneche DR, Luiz OJ, Madin EMP, Eggertsen L, Maina JM. Protecting connectivity promotes successful biodiversity and fisheries conservation. Science 2022; 375:336-340. [PMID: 35050678 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg4351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The global decline of coral reefs has led to calls for strategies that reconcile biodiversity conservation and fisheries benefits. Still, considerable gaps in our understanding of the spatial ecology of ecosystem services remain. We combined spatial information on larval dispersal networks and estimates of human pressure to test the importance of connectivity for ecosystem service provision. We found that reefs receiving larvae from highly connected dispersal corridors were associated with high fish species richness. Generally, larval "sinks" contained twice as much fish biomass as "sources" and exhibited greater resilience to human pressure when protected. Despite their potential to support biodiversity persistence and sustainable fisheries, up to 70% of important dispersal corridors, sinks, and source reefs remain unprotected, emphasizing the need for increased protection of networks of well-connected reefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Fontoura
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Stephanie D'Agata
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.,Marine Programs, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, USA.,ENTROPIE (IRD, University of La Reunion, CNRS, University of New Caledonia, Ifremer), 97400 Saint-Denis, La Reunion c/o IUEM, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Majambo Gamoyo
- Coastal and Marine Resources Development, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Diego R Barneche
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.,Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Osmar J Luiz
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Elizabeth M P Madin
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Kāne'ohe, HI 96744, USA
| | - Linda Eggertsen
- Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-621 67 Visby, Sweden
| | - Joseph M Maina
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.,Centre for Environmental Law, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2019, Australia
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5
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Grorud-Colvert K, Sullivan-Stack J, Roberts C, Constant V, Horta E Costa B, Pike EP, Kingston N, Laffoley D, Sala E, Claudet J, Friedlander AM, Gill DA, Lester SE, Day JC, Gonçalves EJ, Ahmadia GN, Rand M, Villagomez A, Ban NC, Gurney GG, Spalding AK, Bennett NJ, Briggs J, Morgan LE, Moffitt R, Deguignet M, Pikitch EK, Darling ES, Jessen S, Hameed SO, Di Carlo G, Guidetti P, Harris JM, Torre J, Kizilkaya Z, Agardy T, Cury P, Shah NJ, Sack K, Cao L, Fernandez M, Lubchenco J. The MPA Guide: A framework to achieve global goals for the ocean. Science 2021; 373:eabf0861. [PMID: 34516798 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf0861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Grorud-Colvert
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR, USA.,Marine Conservation Institute, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Jenna Sullivan-Stack
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Callum Roberts
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Vanessa Constant
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Barbara Horta E Costa
- Center of Marine Sciences, CCMAR, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, 8005-139, Portugal.,School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Pike
- Marine Protection Atlas, Marine Conservation Institute, Seattle, WA, 98103-9090, USA.,Pew Bertarelli Ocean Legacy Project, The Pew Charitable Trusts, Washington, DC 20004-2008, USA
| | - Naomi Kingston
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR, USA.,UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dan Laffoley
- IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland.,School of Public Policy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA
| | - Enric Sala
- National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Geography, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-2190, USA
| | - Joachim Claudet
- National Center for Scientific Research, PSL Université Paris, CRIOBE, USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Maison des Océans, 75005 Paris, France.,Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Blvd, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
| | - Alan M Friedlander
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, Kāne'ohe, HI 96744, USA.,Pristine Seas, National Geography Society, Washington, DC 20036, USA
| | - David A Gill
- Duke University Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
| | - Sarah E Lester
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR, USA.,Department of Geography, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-2190, USA
| | - Jon C Day
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Emanuel J Gonçalves
- Pristine Seas, National Geography Society, Washington, DC 20036, USA.,Duke University Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA.,Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), ISPA-Instituto Universitário, 1149-041 Lisbon, Portugal.,Oceano Azul Foundation, Oceanário de Lisboa, Esplanada D. Carlos I,1990-005 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gabby N Ahmadia
- Ocean Conservation, World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC 20037, USA.,School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Matt Rand
- IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland.,Pew Bertarelli Ocean Legacy Project, The Pew Charitable Trusts, Washington, DC 20004-2008, USA
| | - Angelo Villagomez
- IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland.,Pew Bertarelli Ocean Legacy Project, The Pew Charitable Trusts, Washington, DC 20004-2008, USA
| | - Natalie C Ban
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK.,School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Georgina G Gurney
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Ana K Spalding
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville QLD 4811, Australia.,Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), ISPA-Instituto Universitário, 1149-041 Lisbon, Portugal.,School of Public Policy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama; Coiba Scientific Station (Coiba AIP), Panama City, Panama.,Marine Conservation Institute, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Nathan J Bennett
- National Center for Scientific Research, PSL Université Paris, CRIOBE, USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Maison des Océans, 75005 Paris, France.,The Peopled Seas Initiative, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Johnny Briggs
- Pew Bertarelli Ocean Legacy Project, The Pew Charitable Trusts, Washington, DC 20004-2008, USA
| | | | - Russell Moffitt
- Marine Protection Atlas, Marine Conservation Institute, Seattle, WA, 98103-9090, USA.,Pew Bertarelli Ocean Legacy Project, The Pew Charitable Trusts, Washington, DC 20004-2008, USA
| | - Marine Deguignet
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ellen K Pikitch
- National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, USA.,School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Emily S Darling
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada.,Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Blvd, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
| | - Sabine Jessen
- Marine Protection Atlas, Marine Conservation Institute, Seattle, WA, 98103-9090, USA.,National Ocean Program, Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society, Ottawa, ON K2P 0A4, Canada
| | - Sarah O Hameed
- The Peopled Seas Initiative, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Blue Parks Program, Marine Conservation Institute, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | | | - Paolo Guidetti
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology (EMI), Stazione Zoologica A. Dohrn-National Institute of Marine Biology, Ecology and Biotechnology, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy.,National Research Council, Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impact and Sustainability in the Marine Environment (CNR-IAS), V16149 Genoa, Italy
| | - Jean M Harris
- Institute for Coastal and Marine Research (CMR), Nelson Mandela University, Gomeroy Avenue, Summerstrand, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa
| | - Jorge Torre
- Comunidad y Biodiversidad, A.C. Isla del Peruano 215, Col. Lomas de Miramar, Guaymas, Sonora, 85454, Mexico
| | - Zafer Kizilkaya
- Mediterranean Conservation Society, Bornova, Izmir 35100 Turkey
| | - Tundi Agardy
- Oceano Azul Foundation, Oceanário de Lisboa, Esplanada D. Carlos I,1990-005 Lisbon, Portugal.,Sound Seas, Colrain, MA 01340, USA
| | - Philippe Cury
- Center of Marine Sciences, CCMAR, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, 8005-139, Portugal.,MARBEC, Montpellier University, CNRS, IRD, IFREMER, Sète, France
| | - Nirmal J Shah
- School of Public Policy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA.,Nature Seychelles, Centre for Environment and Education, Sanctuary at Roche Caiman, Mahe, Seychelles
| | - Karen Sack
- Ocean Conservation, World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC 20037, USA.,Ocean Unite, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Ling Cao
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 230000, China
| | - Miriam Fernandez
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama; Coiba Scientific Station (Coiba AIP), Panama City, Panama.,Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas de Las Cruces and Departmento de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jane Lubchenco
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR, USA.,Marine Conservation Institute, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
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6
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Assis J, Fragkopoulou E, Serrão EA, Horta E Costa B, Gandra M, Abecasis D. Weak biodiversity connectivity in the European network of no-take marine protected areas. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 773:145664. [PMID: 33940752 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The need for international cooperation in marine resource management and conservation has been reflected in the increasing number of agreements aiming for effective and well-connected networks of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). However, the extent to which individual MPAs are connected remains mostly unknown. Here, we use a biophysical model tuned with empirical data on species dispersal ecology to predict connectivity of a vast spectrum of biodiversity in the European network of marine reserves (i.e., no-take MPAs). Our results highlight the correlation between empirical propagule duration data and connectivity potential and show weak network connectivity and strong isolation for major ecological groups, resulting from the lack of direct connectivity corridors between reserves over vast regions. The particularly high isolation predicted for ecosystem structuring species (e.g., corals, sponges, macroalgae and seagrass) might potentially undermine biodiversity conservation efforts if local retention is insufficient and unmanaged populations are at risk. Isolation might also be problematic for populations' persistence in the light of climate change and expected species range shifts. Our findings provide novel insights for management directives, highlighting the location of regions requiring additional marine reserves to function as stepping-stone connectivity corridors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Assis
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
| | - E Fragkopoulou
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - E A Serrão
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - B Horta E Costa
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - M Gandra
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - D Abecasis
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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7
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Roberts KE, Cook CN, Beher J, Treml EA. Assessing the current state of ecological connectivity in a large marine protected area system. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2021; 35:699-710. [PMID: 32623761 PMCID: PMC8048790 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs) is a critical step in ensuring the continued persistence of marine biodiversity. Although the area protected in MPAs is growing, the movement of individuals (or larvae) among MPAs, termed connectivity, has only recently been included as an objective of many MPAs. As such, assessing connectivity is often neglected or oversimplified in the planning process. For promoting population persistence, it is important to ensure that protected areas in a system are functionally connected through dispersal or adult movement. We devised a multi-species model of larval dispersal for the Australian marine environment to evaluate how much local scale connectivity is protected in MPAs and determine whether the extensive system of MPAs truly functions as a network. We focused on non-migratory species with simplified larval behaviors (i.e., passive larval dispersal) (e.g., no explicit vertical migration) as an illustration. Of all the MPAs analyzed (approximately 2.7 million km2 ), outside the Great Barrier Reef and Ningaloo Reef, <50% of MPAs (46-80% of total MPA area depending on the species considered) were functionally connected. Our results suggest that Australia's MPA system cannot be referred to as a single network, but rather a collection of numerous smaller networks delineated by natural breaks in the connectivity of reef habitat. Depending on the dispersal capacity of the taxa of interest, there may be between 25 and 47 individual ecological networks distributed across the Australian marine environment. The need to first assess the underlying natural connectivity of a study system prior to implementing new MPAs represents a key research priority for strategically enlarging MPA networks. Our findings highlight the benefits of integrating multi-species connectivity into conservation planning to identify opportunities to better incorporate connectivity into the design of MPA systems and thus to increase their capacity to support long-term, sustainable biodiversity outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey E. Roberts
- School of Marine and Atmospheric SciencesStony Brook University, Stony BrookNew York
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Carly N. Cook
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Jutta Beher
- School of BioSciencesThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Eric A. Treml
- School of BioSciencesThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative EcologyDeakin UniversityGeelongVictoriaAustralia
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8
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Marques V, Milhau T, Albouy C, Dejean T, Manel S, Mouillot D, Juhel J. GAPeDNA: Assessing and mapping global species gaps in genetic databases for eDNA metabarcoding. DIVERS DISTRIB 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Marques
- MARBEC Univ Montpellier CNRS Ifremer IRD Montpellier France
- CEFE EPHE CNRS UM UPV IRD PSL Research University Montpellier France
| | | | - Camille Albouy
- IFREMER Unité Ecologie et Modèles pour l’Halieutique Nantes cedex 3 Nantes France
| | | | - Stéphanie Manel
- CEFE EPHE CNRS UM UPV IRD PSL Research University Montpellier France
| | - David Mouillot
- MARBEC Univ Montpellier CNRS Ifremer IRD Montpellier France
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia
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9
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Ramesh N, Rising JA, Oremus KL. The small world of global marine fisheries: The cross-boundary consequences of larval dispersal. Science 2020; 364:1192-1196. [PMID: 31221860 DOI: 10.1126/science.aav3409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fish stocks are managed within national boundaries and by regional organizations, but the interdependence of stocks between these jurisdictions, especially as a result of larval dispersal, remains poorly explored. We examined the international connectivity of 747 commercially fished taxonomic groups by building a global network of fish larval dispersal. We found that the world's fisheries are highly interconnected, forming a small-world network, emphasizing the need for international cooperation. We quantify each country's dependence on its neighbors in terms of landed value, food security, and jobs. We estimate that more than $10 billion in annual catch from 2005 to 2014 is attributable to these international flows of larvae. The economic risks associated with these dependencies is greatest in the tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Ramesh
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - James A Rising
- Grantham Research Institute, London School of Economics, London, UK
| | - Kimberly L Oremus
- School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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10
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Maina JM, Gamoyo M, Adams VM, D'agata S, Bosire J, Francis J, Waruinge D. Aligning marine spatial conservation priorities with functional connectivity across maritime jurisdictions. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M. Maina
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesMacquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | | | - Vanessa M. Adams
- School of Technology, Environments and DesignUniversity of Tasmania Hobart Australia
| | - Stephanie D'agata
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesMacquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Jared Bosire
- United Nations Environment, Ecosystems DivisionNairobi Convention Nairobi Kenya
| | - Julius Francis
- Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association Zanzibar Tanzania
| | - Dixon Waruinge
- United Nations Environment, Ecosystems DivisionNairobi Convention Nairobi Kenya
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11
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Begossi A, Salyvonchyk S, Glamuzina B, de Souza SP, Lopes PFM, Priolli RHG, do Prado DO, Ramires M, Clauzet M, Zapelini C, Schneider DT, Silva LT, Silvano RAM. Fishers and groupers (Epinephelus marginatus and E. morio) in the coast of Brazil: integrating information for conservation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2019; 15:53. [PMID: 31694660 PMCID: PMC6836445 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-019-0331-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Groupers are a vulnerable but economically important group of fish, especially for small-scale fisheries. We investigated catches and local ecological knowledge (LEK) of diet, habitat, and past fishing experiences. METHODS Landings, prices, interviews, and restaurants demand for two species, Epinephelus marginatus (dusky grouper) and Epinephelus morio (red grouper), were registered. RESULTS We visited 74 markets and 79 sites on the coast of Brazil in 2017-2018, and we interviewed 71 fishers: Bahia (NE), Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo (SE), and Santa Catarina (S). The landings sampled of dusky grouper (2016-2017) in Rio de Janeiro were: n = 222, size 38-109 cm, weight 1-24 kg, average 3.84 kg; in São Paulo, São Sebastião were: n = 47, size 39-106 cm, weight 2-8 kg, average of 2.77 kg; and at Santos: n = 80, 26-120 cm, weight 0.36-15 kg, average 2.72 kg. Red grouper was observed in markets in the northeastern Brazil. We did not observe Epinephelus marginatus from Bahia northward; a maximum size of 200 cm was reported south of the Bahia, besides Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo coasts, 20 years ago (or longer) by 12 fishers. Local knowledge of fishers was important for grouper data of habitat and diet; the reproduction period was identified by fishers as September to March. CONCLUSIONS Groupers can be considered as a cultural and ecological keystone species. We suggest protective measures: 1) fishing zoning, 2) islands (MPAs) with the surveillance of fishers, 3) late Spring and early Summer as key periods for management (grouper reproduction), 4) studies on grouper larvae, 5) mapping of fishing spots, 6) studies on local knowledge. Collaboration with small-scale fishers and local knowledge could contribute to low-conflict management measures. In that regard, integrative models of management from Latin America, by using local knowledge and citizen science, could produce successful grouper management for Brazilian data-poor fisheries, a contrasting reality to the Mediterranean areas. Finally, the distribution of E. marginatus in Brazil leave us with questions: a) Have dusky groupers disappeared from Bahia because of a decline in the population? b) Was it uncommon in Northeast Brazil? c) Did changes in water temperatures forced a movement southward?
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpina Begossi
- Fisheries and Food Institute, FIFO (www.fisheriesandfood.com), Santos, Brazil.
- Nepa, Capesca, UNICAMP, Av. Albert Einstein 291, Campinas, SP, CEP: 13083-852, Brazil.
- PPG Ecomar, UNISANTA, R. Cesário Mota 08, Santos, SP, CEP: 11045-040, Brazil.
| | - Svetlana Salyvonchyk
- Fisheries and Food Institute, FIFO (www.fisheriesandfood.com), Santos, Brazil
- Institute for Nature Management National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 10 Skaryna Street, 220114, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Branko Glamuzina
- Fisheries and Food Institute, FIFO (www.fisheriesandfood.com), Santos, Brazil
- Department of Aquaculture, University of Dubrovnik, 20207, Dubrovnik, Croatia
| | - Shirley Pacheco de Souza
- Fisheries and Food Institute, FIFO (www.fisheriesandfood.com), Santos, Brazil
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of São Paulo, Caraguatatuba, SP, 11667, Brazil
| | - Priscila F M Lopes
- Fisheries and Food Institute, FIFO (www.fisheriesandfood.com), Santos, Brazil
- Department of Ecology, Fishing Ecology, Management, and Economics group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, 59078-900, Brazil
| | - Regina H G Priolli
- Fisheries and Food Institute, FIFO (www.fisheriesandfood.com), Santos, Brazil
- Nepa, Capesca, UNICAMP, Av. Albert Einstein 291, Campinas, SP, CEP: 13083-852, Brazil
- PPG Ecomar, UNISANTA, R. Cesário Mota 08, Santos, SP, CEP: 11045-040, Brazil
| | | | - Milena Ramires
- Fisheries and Food Institute, FIFO (www.fisheriesandfood.com), Santos, Brazil
- PPG Ecomar, UNISANTA, R. Cesário Mota 08, Santos, SP, CEP: 11045-040, Brazil
| | - Mariana Clauzet
- Fisheries and Food Institute, FIFO (www.fisheriesandfood.com), Santos, Brazil
- PPED, IE, UFRJ, Av. Pasteur 250, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 22.290-902, Brazil
| | - Cleverson Zapelini
- Ethnoconservation and Protected Areas Lab (LECAP), Collaborator researcher of Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemas Aquáticos Tropicais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Daiana T Schneider
- Department of Ecology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, CP:15007, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Luis T Silva
- Department of Ecology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, CP:15007, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Renato A M Silvano
- Fisheries and Food Institute, FIFO (www.fisheriesandfood.com), Santos, Brazil
- Department of Ecology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, CP:15007, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 91501-970, Brazil
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12
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Hidalgo M, Rossi V, Monroy P, Ser-Giacomi E, Hernández-García E, Guijarro B, Massutí E, Alemany F, Jadaud A, Perez JL, Reglero P. Accounting for ocean connectivity and hydroclimate in fish recruitment fluctuations within transboundary metapopulations. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 29:e01913. [PMID: 31144784 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Marine resources stewardships are progressively becoming more receptive to an effective incorporation of both ecosystem and environmental complexities into the analytical frameworks of fisheries assessment. Understanding and predicting marine fish production for spatially and demographically complex populations in changing environmental conditions is however still a difficult task. Indeed, fisheries assessment is mostly based on deterministic models that lack realistic parameterizations of the intricate biological and physical processes shaping recruitment, a cornerstone in population dynamics. We use here a large metapopulation of a harvested fish, the European hake (Merluccius merluccius), managed across transnational boundaries in the northwestern Mediterranean, to model fish recruitment dynamics in terms of physics-dependent drivers related to dispersal and survival. The connectivity among nearby subpopulations is evaluated by simulating multi-annual Lagrangian indices of larval retention, imports, and self-recruitment. Along with a proxy of the regional hydroclimate influencing early life stages survival, we then statistically determine the relative contribution of dispersal and hydroclimate for recruitment across contiguous management units. We show that inter-annual variability of recruitment is well reproduced by hydroclimatic influences and synthetic connectivity estimates. Self-recruitment (i.e., the ratio of retained locally produced larvae to the total number of incoming larvae) is the most powerful metric as it integrates the roles of retained local recruits and immigrants from surrounding subpopulations and is able to capture circulation patterns affecting recruitment at the scale of management units. We also reveal that the climatic impact on recruitment is spatially structured at regional scale due to contrasting biophysical processes not related to dispersal. Self-recruitment calculated for each management unit explains between 19% and 32.9% of the variance of recruitment variability, that is much larger than the one explained by spawning stock biomass alone, supporting an increase of consideration of connectivity processes into stocks assessment. By acknowledging the structural and ecological complexity of marine populations, this study provides the scientific basis to link spatial management and temporal assessment within large marine metapopulations. Our results suggest that fisheries management could be improved by combining information of physical oceanography (from observing systems and operational models), opening new opportunities such as the development of short-term projections and dynamic spatial management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Hidalgo
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centre Oceanogràfic de les Balears, Moll de Ponent s/n, Palma, 07015, Spain
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Málaga, Muelle Pesquero s/n, Fuengirola (Málaga), 29640, Spain
| | - Vincent Rossi
- Institute for Cross-Disciplinary Physics and Complex Systems (IFISC), CSIC-UIB, Palma de Mallorca, 07122, Spain
- Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO, UM 110, UMR 7294), CNRS, Aix Marseille Univ., Univ. Toulon, IRD, Marseille, 13288, France
| | - Pedro Monroy
- Institute for Cross-Disciplinary Physics and Complex Systems (IFISC), CSIC-UIB, Palma de Mallorca, 07122, Spain
| | - Enrico Ser-Giacomi
- Institute for Cross-Disciplinary Physics and Complex Systems (IFISC), CSIC-UIB, Palma de Mallorca, 07122, Spain
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Inserm, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Emilio Hernández-García
- Institute for Cross-Disciplinary Physics and Complex Systems (IFISC), CSIC-UIB, Palma de Mallorca, 07122, Spain
| | - Beatriz Guijarro
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centre Oceanogràfic de les Balears, Moll de Ponent s/n, Palma, 07015, Spain
| | - Enric Massutí
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centre Oceanogràfic de les Balears, Moll de Ponent s/n, Palma, 07015, Spain
| | - Francisco Alemany
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centre Oceanogràfic de les Balears, Moll de Ponent s/n, Palma, 07015, Spain
| | - Angelique Jadaud
- IFREMER, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la mer, UMR 212 Ecosystèmes Marins Exploités (EME), Sète, France
| | - José Luis Perez
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Málaga, Muelle Pesquero s/n, Fuengirola (Málaga), 29640, Spain
| | - Patricia Reglero
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centre Oceanogràfic de les Balears, Moll de Ponent s/n, Palma, 07015, Spain
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Kough AS, Belak CA, Paris CB, Lundy A, Cronin H, Gnanalingam G, Hagedorn S, Skubel R, Weiler AC, Stoner AW. Ecological spillover from a marine protected area replenishes an over‐exploited population across an island chain. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S. Kough
- Daniel P. Haerther Center for Conservation and ResearchJohn G. Shedd Aquarium Chicago Illinois
| | - Carolyn A. Belak
- Department of Biological SciencesHumbolt State University Arcata California
| | - Claire B. Paris
- Department of Ocean SciencesUniversity of Miami's Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science Miami Florida
| | | | - Heather Cronin
- Community DepartmentGulf of Maine Research Institute Portland Oregon
| | - Gaya Gnanalingam
- Department of Biological SciencesOld Dominion University Norfolk Virginia
| | - Sam Hagedorn
- Department of Biological SciencesOld Dominion University Norfolk Virginia
| | - Rachel Skubel
- Abess Center for Ecosystem Science and PolicyUniversity of Miami Miami Florida
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14
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Long-Distance Benefits of Marine Reserves: Myth or Reality? Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 34:342-354. [PMID: 30777295 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Long-distance (>40-km) dispersal from marine reserves is poorly documented; yet, it can provide essential benefits such as seeding fished areas or connecting marine reserves into networks. From a meta-analysis, we suggest that the spatial scale of marine connectivity is underestimated due to the limited geographic extent of sampling designs. We also found that the largest marine reserves (>1000km2) are the most isolated. These findings have important implications for the assessment of evolutionary, ecological, and socio-economic long-distance benefits of marine reserves. We conclude that existing methods to infer dispersal should consider the up-to-date genomic advances and also expand the spatial scale of sampling designs. Incorporating long-distance connectivity in conservation planning will contribute to increase the benefits of marine reserve networks.
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15
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Xuereb A, D’Aloia CC, Daigle RM, Andrello M, Dalongeville A, Manel S, Mouillot D, Guichard F, Côté IM, Curtis JMR, Bernatchez L, Fortin MJ. Marine Conservation and Marine Protected Areas. POPULATION GENOMICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/13836_2018_63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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16
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Abstract
Mangroves are of considerable ecological and socioeconomical importance; however, substantial areal losses have been recorded in many regions, driven primarily by anthropogenic disturbances and sea level rise. Oceanic dispersal of mangrove propagules provides a key mechanism for shifting distributions in response to environmental change. Here we provide a model framework for describing global dispersal and connectivity in mangroves. We identify important dispersal routes, barriers, and stepping-stones and quantify the influence of minimum and maximum floating periods on simulated connectivity patterns. Our study provides a baseline to improve our understanding of observed mangrove species distributions and, in combination with climate data, the expected range shifts under climate change. Dispersal provides a key mechanism for geographical range shifts in response to changing environmental conditions. For mangroves, which are highly susceptible to climate change, the spatial scale of dispersal remains largely unknown. Here we use a high-resolution, eddy- and tide-resolving numerical ocean model to simulate mangrove propagule dispersal across the global ocean and generate connectivity matrices between mangrove habitats using a range of floating periods. We find high rates of along-coast transport and transoceanic dispersal across the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. No connectivity is observed between populations on either side of the American and African continents. Archipelagos, such as the Galapagos and those found in Polynesia, Micronesia, and Melanesia, act as critical stepping-stones for dispersal across the Pacific Ocean. Direct and reciprocal dispersal routes across the Indian Ocean via the South Equatorial Current and seasonally reversing monsoon currents, respectively, allow connectivity between western Indian Ocean and Indo-West Pacific sites. We demonstrate the isolation of the Hawaii Islands and help explain the presence of mangroves on the latitudinal outlier Bermuda. Finally, we find that dispersal distance and connectivity are highly sensitive to the minimum and maximum floating periods. We anticipate that our findings will guide future research agendas to quantify biophysical factors that determine mangrove dispersal and connectivity, including the influence of ocean surface water properties on metabolic processes and buoyancy behavior, which may determine the potential of viably reaching a suitable habitat. Ultimately, this will lead to a better understanding of global mangrove species distributions and their response to changing climate conditions.
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17
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Ocean sprawl facilitates dispersal and connectivity of protected species. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11346. [PMID: 30115932 PMCID: PMC6095900 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29575-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly connected networks generally improve resilience in complex systems. We present a novel application of this paradigm and investigated the potential for anthropogenic structures in the ocean to enhance connectivity of a protected species threatened by human pressures and climate change. Biophysical dispersal models of a protected coral species simulated potential connectivity between oil and gas installations across the North Sea but also metapopulation outcomes for naturally occurring corals downstream. Network analyses illustrated how just a single generation of virtual larvae released from these installations could create a highly connected anthropogenic system, with larvae becoming competent to settle over a range of natural deep-sea, shelf and fjord coral ecosystems including a marine protected area. These results provide the first study showing that a system of anthropogenic structures can have international conservation significance by creating ecologically connected networks and by acting as stepping stones for cross-border interconnection to natural populations.
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18
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Abstract
Marine reserves that prohibit fishing are a critical tool for sustaining coral reef ecosystems, yet it remains unclear how human impacts in surrounding areas affect the capacity of marine reserves to deliver key conservation benefits. Our global study found that only marine reserves in areas of low human impact consistently sustained top predators. Fish biomass inside marine reserves declined along a gradient of human impacts in surrounding areas; however, reserves located where human impacts are moderate had the greatest difference in fish biomass compared with openly fished areas. Reserves in low human-impact areas are required for sustaining ecological functions like high-order predation, but reserves in high-impact areas can provide substantial conservation gains in fish biomass. Coral reefs provide ecosystem goods and services for millions of people in the tropics, but reef conditions are declining worldwide. Effective solutions to the crisis facing coral reefs depend in part on understanding the context under which different types of conservation benefits can be maximized. Our global analysis of nearly 1,800 tropical reefs reveals how the intensity of human impacts in the surrounding seascape, measured as a function of human population size and accessibility to reefs (“gravity”), diminishes the effectiveness of marine reserves at sustaining reef fish biomass and the presence of top predators, even where compliance with reserve rules is high. Critically, fish biomass in high-compliance marine reserves located where human impacts were intensive tended to be less than a quarter that of reserves where human impacts were low. Similarly, the probability of encountering top predators on reefs with high human impacts was close to zero, even in high-compliance marine reserves. However, we find that the relative difference between openly fished sites and reserves (what we refer to as conservation gains) are highest for fish biomass (excluding predators) where human impacts are moderate and for top predators where human impacts are low. Our results illustrate critical ecological trade-offs in meeting key conservation objectives: reserves placed where there are moderate-to-high human impacts can provide substantial conservation gains for fish biomass, yet they are unlikely to support key ecosystem functions like higher-order predation, which is more prevalent in reserve locations with low human impacts.
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19
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Calò A, Lett C, Mourre B, Pérez-Ruzafa Á, García-Charton JA. Use of Lagrangian simulations to hindcast the geographical position of propagule release zones in a Mediterranean coastal fish. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 134:16-27. [PMID: 29287615 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The study of organism dispersal is fundamental for elucidating patterns of connectivity between populations, thus crucial for the design of effective protection and management strategies. This is especially challenging in the case of coastal fish, for which information on egg release zones (i.e. spawning grounds) is often lacking. Here we assessed the putative location of egg release zones of the saddled sea bream (Oblada melanura) along the south-eastern coast of Spain in 2013. To this aim, we hindcasted propagule (egg and larva) dispersal using Lagrangian simulations, fed with species-specific information on early life history traits (ELTs), with two approaches: 1) back-tracking and 2) comparing settler distribution obtained from simulations to the analogous distribution resulting from otolith chemical analysis. Simulations were also used to assess which factors contributed the most to dispersal distances. Back-tracking simulations indicated that both the northern sector of the Murcia region and some traits of the North-African coast were hydrodynamically suitable to generate and drive the supply of larvae recorded along the coast of Murcia in 2013. With the second approach, based on the correlation between simulation outputs and field results (otolith chemical analysis), we found that the oceanographic characteristics of the study area could have determined the pattern of settler distribution recorded with otolith analysis in 2013 and inferred the geographical position of main O. melanura spawning grounds along the coast. Dispersal distance was found to be significantly affected by the geographical position of propagule release zones. The combination of methods used was the first attempt to assess the geographical position of propagule release zones in the Mediterranean Sea for O. melanura, and can represent a valuable approach for elucidating dispersal and connectivity patterns in other coastal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Calò
- Departamento de Ecología e Hidrología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Christophe Lett
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, IRD, unité de modélisation mathématique et informatique des systèmes complexes (UMMISCO), F-93143, Bondy, France
| | - Baptiste Mourre
- Modelling and Forecasting Facility, Balearic Islands Coastal Observing and Forecasting System (SOCIB), Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Ángel Pérez-Ruzafa
- Departamento de Ecología e Hidrología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
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Fredston-Hermann A, Gaines SD, Halpern BS. Biogeographic constraints to marine conservation in a changing climate. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1429:5-17. [PMID: 29411385 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The siting of protected areas to achieve management and conservation objectives draws heavily on biogeographic concepts of the spatial distribution and connectivity of species. However, the marine protected area (MPA) literature rarely acknowledges how biogeographic theories underpin MPA and MPA network design. We review which theories from biogeography have been incorporated into marine spatial planning and which relevant concepts have yet to be translated to inform the next generation of design principles. This biogeographic perspective will only become more relevant as climate change amplifies these spatial and temporal dynamics, and as species begin to shift in and out of existing MPAs. The scale of climate velocities predicted for the 21st century dwarfs all but the largest MPAs currently in place, raising the possibility that in coming decades many MPAs will no longer contain the species or assemblages they were established to protect. We present a number of design elements that could improve the success of MPAs and MPA networks in light of biogeographic processes and climate change. Biogeographically informed MPA networks of the future may resemble the habitat corridors currently being considered for many terrestrial regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Fredston-Hermann
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Steven D Gaines
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Benjamin S Halpern
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California.,National Center for Ecological Analysis & Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, California.,Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
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