1
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Farzin P, Nooramin AS, Soleimani M. Reprogrammable reflection-transmission integrated coding metasurface for real-time terahertz wavefront manipulations in full-space. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11156. [PMID: 38750121 PMCID: PMC11096410 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61638-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been notable advancement in programmable metasurfaces, primarily attributed to their cost-effectiveness and capacity to manipulate electromagnetic (EM) waves. Nevertheless, a significant limitation of numerous available metasurfaces is their capability to influence wavefronts only in reflection mode or transmission mode, thus catering to only half of the spatial coverage. To the best of our knowledge and for the first time, a novel graphene-assisted reprogrammable metasurface that offers the unprecedented capability to independently and concurrently manipulate EM waves within both half-spaces has been introduced in the THz frequency band. This intelligent programmable metasurface achieves wavefront control in reflection mode, transmission mode, and the concurrent reflection-transmission mode, all within the same polarization and frequency channel. The meta-atom is constructed with two graphene sections, enabling straightforward modification of wave behavior by adjusting the chemical potential distribution within each graphene segment via an external electronic source. The proposed functionalities encompass various programmable modes, including single and dual beam control in reflection mode, dual beam control in transmission mode, simultaneous control of dual beams in reflection mode-direct transmission, and vice versa, and control of beam steering in reflection mode-dual beams in transmission mode simultaneously. The proposed metasurface is expected to be reprogrammable due to wavefront manipulation in both half-spaces separately and continuously for various applications such as imaging systems, encryption, miniaturized systems, and next-generation wireless intelligent communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parsa Farzin
- School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, 1684613114, Iran
| | - Amir Saman Nooramin
- School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, 1684613114, Iran
| | - Mohammad Soleimani
- School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, 1684613114, Iran.
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2
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Lu B, Fu Y, Zhang T, Jin Z, Zang X, Zhu Y. Terahertz metalens for generating multi-polarized focal points and images with uniform intensity distributions. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:2241-2244. [PMID: 38691689 DOI: 10.1364/ol.519605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Metasurfaces have provided a flexible platform for designing ultracompact metalenses with unusual functionalities. However, traditional multi-foci metalenses are limited to generating circularly polarized (CP) or linearly polarized (LP) focal points, and the intensity distributions are always inhomogeneous/chaotical between the multiple focal points. Here, an inverse design approach is proposed to optimize the in-plane orientation of each meta-atom in a terahertz (THz) multi-foci metalens that can generate multi-polarized focal points with nearly uniform intensity distributions. As a proof-of-principle example, we numerically and experimentally demonstrate an inversely designed metalens for simultaneously generating multiple CP- and LP-based focal points with homogeneous intensity distributions, leading to a multi-polarized image (rather than the holography). Furthermore, the multi-channel and multi-polarized images consisting of multiple focal points with homogeneous intensity distributions are also numerically demonstrated. The unique approach for inversely designing multi-foci metalens that can generate multi-polarized focal points and images with uniform intensity distributions will enable potential applications in imaging and sensing.
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3
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Hu J, Guo Z, Shi J, Jiang X, Chen Q, Chen H, He Z, Song Q, Xiao S, Yu S, Chi N, Shen C. A metasurface-based full-color circular auto-focusing Airy beam transmitter for stable high-speed underwater wireless optical communications. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2944. [PMID: 38580656 PMCID: PMC10997589 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47105-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to its unique intensity distribution, self-acceleration, and beam self-healing properties, Airy beam holds great potential for optical wireless communications in challenging channels, such as underwater environments. As a vital part of 6G wireless network, the Internet of Underwater Things requires high-stability, low-latency, and high-capacity underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC). Currently, the primary challenge of UWOC lies in the prevalent time-varying and complex channel characteristics. Conventional blue Gaussian beam-based systems face difficulties in underwater randomly perturbed links. In this work, we report a full-color circular auto-focusing Airy beams metasurface transmitter for reliable, large-capacity and long-distance UWOC links. The metasurface is designed to exhibits high polarization conversion efficiency over a wide band (440-640 nm), enabling an increased data transmission rate of 91% and reliable 4 K video transmission in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) based UWOC data link. The successful application of this metasurface in challenging UWOC links establishes a foundation for underwater interconnection scenarios in 6G communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Hu
- Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE), School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeyuan Guo
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianyang Shi
- Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE), School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiong Jiang
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qinmiao Chen
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhixue He
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qinghai Song
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shumin Xiao
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China.
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Shaohua Yu
- Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE), School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nan Chi
- Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE), School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Chao Shen
- Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE), School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China.
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4
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Li SH, Sun C, Tang PY, Liao JH, Hsieh YH, Fung BH, Fang YH, Kuo WH, Wu MH, Chang HC, J Su GD. Augmented reality system based on the integration of polarization-independent metalens and micro-LEDs. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:11463-11473. [PMID: 38570993 DOI: 10.1364/oe.517356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Augmented reality (AR), a technology that superimposes virtual information onto a user's direct view of real-world scenes, is considered one of the next-generation display technologies and has been attracting considerable attention. Here, we propose a flat optic AR system that synergistically integrates a polarization-independent metalens with micro light-emitting diodes (LEDs). A key component is a meticulously designed metalens with a numerical aperture of 0.25, providing a simulated focusing efficiency of approximately 76.5% at a wavelength of 532 nm. Furthermore, the laser measurement system substantiates that the fabricated metalens achieves a focusing efficiency of 70.8%. By exploiting the reversibility of light characteristics, the metalens transforms the divergent light from green micro-LEDs into a collimated beam that passes through the pupil and images on the retina. Monochromatic pixels with a size of 5×5 µm2 and a pitch of 10 µm can be distinctly resolved with a power efficiency of 50%. This work illustrates the feasibility of integrating the metalens with microdisplays, realizing a high-efficiency AR device without the need for additional optical components and showcasing great potential for the development of near-eye display applications.
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5
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Mason S, Meretska ML, Spägele C, Ossiander M, Capasso F. Metasurface-Controlled Holographic Microcavities. ACS PHOTONICS 2024; 11:941-949. [PMID: 38523748 PMCID: PMC10958604 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c01479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Optical microcavities confine light to wavelength-scale volumes and are a key component for manipulating and enhancing the interaction of light, vacuum states, and matter. Current microcavities are constrained to a small number of spatial mode profiles. Imaging cavities can accommodate complicated modes but require an externally preshaped input. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a visible-wavelength, metasurface-based holographic microcavity that overcomes these limitations. The micrometer-scale metasurface cavity fulfills the round-trip condition for a designed mode with a complex-shaped intensity profile and thus selectively enhances light that couples to this mode, achieving a spectral bandwidth of 0.8 nm. By imaging the intracavity mode, we show that the holographic mode changes quickly with the cavity length and that the cavity displays the desired spatial mode profile only close to the design cavity length. When a metasurface is placed on a distributed Bragg reflector and steep phase gradients are realized, the correct choice of the reflector's top layer material can boost metasurface performance considerably. The applied forward-design method can be readily transferred to other spectral regimes and mode profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Mason
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Maryna Leonidivna Meretska
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Christina Spägele
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Marcus Ossiander
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Federico Capasso
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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6
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Chu H, Xiong X, Fang NX, Wu F, Jia R, Peng R, Wang M, Lai Y. Matte surfaces with broadband transparency enabled by highly asymmetric diffusion of white light. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadm8061. [PMID: 38489370 PMCID: PMC10942103 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adm8061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The long-standing paradox between matte appearance and transparency has deprived traditional matte materials of optical transparency. Here, we present a solution to this centuries-old optical conundrum by harnessing the potential of disordered optical metasurfaces. Through the construction of a random array of meta-atoms tailored in asymmetric backgrounds, we have created transparent matte surfaces that maintain clear transparency regardless of the strength of disordered light scattering or their matte appearances. This remarkable property originates in the achievement of highly asymmetric light diffusion, exhibiting substantial diffusion in reflection and negligible diffusion in transmission across the entire visible spectrum. By fabricating macroscopic samples of such metasurfaces through industrial lithography, we have experimentally demonstrated transparent windows camouflaged as traditional matte materials, as well as transparent displays with high clarity, full color, and one-way visibility. Our work introduces an unprecedented frontier of transparent matte materials in optics, offering unprecedented opportunities and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchen Chu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- School of Physics and Technology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiang Xiong
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Nicholas X. Fang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Feng Wu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Runqi Jia
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Ruwen Peng
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Mu Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- American Physical Society, 100 Motor Pkwy, Hauppauge, NY 11788, USA
| | - Yun Lai
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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7
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Tang W, Yuan H, Zhong Z, Zhang B. Multiplicative-noise-multiplexing holography with ultrahigh capacity and low cross talk. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:1389-1392. [PMID: 38489407 DOI: 10.1364/ol.514569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Optical multiplexing technologies, by utilizing various dimensions of light, can effectively expand the information capacity and density for holography but may also lead to multiplexing cross talk. Here, we propose and demonstrate a novel, to our knowledge, multiplicative-noise-multiplexing holography by utilizing the orthogonality between multiplicative noises as a multiplexing dimension. The results prove that this holography can provide a new multiplexing dimension, significantly enhancing information capacity and effectively lowering cross talk. This promising scheme for ultrahigh-capacity holography has the potential to address the limitations of traditional holographic multiplexing technologies.
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8
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Carter MJ, Resneck L, Ra'di Y, Yu N. Flat‐Knit, Flexible, Textile Metasurfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2312087. [PMID: 38419481 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Lightweight, low-cost metasurfaces and reflectarrays that are easy to stow and deploy are desirable for many terrestrial and space-based communications and sensing applications. This work demonstrates a lightweight, flexible metasurface platform based on flat-knit textiles operating in the cm-wave spectral range. By using a colorwork knitting approach called float-jacquard knitting to directly integrate an array of resonant metallic antennas into a textile, two textile reflectarray devices, a metasurface lens (metalens), and a vortex-beam generator are realized. Operating as a receiving antenna, the metalens focuses a collimated normal-incidence beam to a diffraction-limited, off-broadside focal spot. Operating as a transmitting antenna, the metalens converts the divergent emission from a horn antenna into a collimated beam with peak measured directivity, gain, and efficiency of 21.30, 15.30, and -6.00 dB (25.12%), respectively. The vortex-beam generating metasurface produces a focused vortex beam with a topological charge of m = 1 over a wide frequency range of 4.1-5.8 GHz. Strong specular reflection is observed for the textile reflectarrays, caused by wavy yarn floats on the backside of the float-jacquard textiles. This work demonstrates a novel approach for the scalable production of flexible metasurfaces by leveraging commercially available yarns and well-established knitting machinery and techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Carter
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, 45433-7707, USA
| | - Leah Resneck
- Zeis Textiles Extension, Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Younes Ra'di
- Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Nanfang Yu
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
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9
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Hu J, Mengu D, Tzarouchis DC, Edwards B, Engheta N, Ozcan A. Diffractive optical computing in free space. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1525. [PMID: 38378715 PMCID: PMC10879514 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45982-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Structured optical materials create new computing paradigms using photons, with transformative impact on various fields, including machine learning, computer vision, imaging, telecommunications, and sensing. This Perspective sheds light on the potential of free-space optical systems based on engineered surfaces for advancing optical computing. Manipulating light in unprecedented ways, emerging structured surfaces enable all-optical implementation of various mathematical functions and machine learning tasks. Diffractive networks, in particular, bring deep-learning principles into the design and operation of free-space optical systems to create new functionalities. Metasurfaces consisting of deeply subwavelength units are achieving exotic optical responses that provide independent control over different properties of light and can bring major advances in computational throughput and data-transfer bandwidth of free-space optical processors. Unlike integrated photonics-based optoelectronic systems that demand preprocessed inputs, free-space optical processors have direct access to all the optical degrees of freedom that carry information about an input scene/object without needing digital recovery or preprocessing of information. To realize the full potential of free-space optical computing architectures, diffractive surfaces and metasurfaces need to advance symbiotically and co-evolve in their designs, 3D fabrication/integration, cascadability, and computing accuracy to serve the needs of next-generation machine vision, computational imaging, mathematical computing, and telecommunication technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtian Hu
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Deniz Mengu
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Dimitrios C Tzarouchis
- Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Meta Materials Inc., Athens, 15123, Greece
| | - Brian Edwards
- Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Nader Engheta
- Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Aydogan Ozcan
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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10
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Li H, Li YB, Wang SY, Liu YH, Hu JT, Zeng XK, Cui TJ. Independent Manipulations of Transmitting and Receiving Channels by Nonreciprocal Programmable Metasurface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:5234-5244. [PMID: 38241202 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
The electromagnetic (EM) beam manipulations such as spatial scanning have always been the focus in information science and technology. Generally, the transmitting and receiving (T/R) beams of the same aperture should be coincident due to the reciprocal theory, and hence, more flexible controls of the spatial information are limited accordingly. Here, we propose a new approach to achieve independent controls of beam scanning in spatial T/R channels based on one aperture made by a nonreciprocal programmable metasurface. The meta-atom is designed to have independent propagation chains for T/R waves by introducing dual-direction power amplifiers (PAs) as the isolators for one-way transparency. A programmable phase shifter with a 360° coverage is loaded with the PA device in the transmitting or receiving chain to realize independent beam scanning in the T/R channels. A prototype of the proposed metasurface is fabricated, and independent beam scanning in the T/R channels is directly acquired with good performance in our measurements. In addition, a proof of concept of integrated sensing and auxiliary communications is accomplished to verify the validity of the presented method.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yun Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Shi Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yong Han Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Jin Tong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xian Kun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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11
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Zhao K, Li Z, Zhong Y, Dai Q. Photothermal metasurface with polarization and wavelength multiplexing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:3551-3560. [PMID: 38297573 DOI: 10.1364/oe.514130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Controlling temperature distribution at the micro/nano-scale brings new applications in many fields such as physics, chemistry and biology. This paper proposes a photothermal metasurface that employs polarization and wavelength multiplexing to regulate various temperature distributions at the micro/nano-scale. Such a photothermal metasurface is numerically validated by the finite element method. Firstly, the inversion algorithm is used to calculate the thermal power density distribution, which is decided by a given temperature distribution. Then, based on the bottom-up design method, (a) the library of absorption cross sections of gold nanoparticles is established by resizing nanoparticles; (b) the single pixel is constructed for wavelength and polarization multiplexing; (c) the overall structure of a photothermal metasurface is optimized and established. Finally, four given temperature distributions, combining the multiplexing of two orthogonal polarizations and two wavelengths, are achieved in the same area. The simulation results well confirm the feasibility of photothermal multiplexing. Such photothermal metasurface provides solutions for flexible control of temperature distribution at the micro/nano-scale.
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12
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Zou Y, Jin H, Zhu R, Zhang T. Metasurface Holography with Multiplexing and Reconfigurability. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 14:66. [PMID: 38202521 PMCID: PMC10780441 DOI: 10.3390/nano14010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Metasurface holography offers significant advantages, including a broad field of view, minimal noise, and high imaging quality, making it valuable across various optical domains such as 3D displays, VR, and color displays. However, most passive pure-structured metasurface holographic devices face a limitation: once fabricated, as their functionality remains fixed. In recent developments, the introduction of multiplexed and reconfigurable metasurfaces breaks this limitation. Here, the comprehensive progress in holography from single metasurfaces to multiplexed and reconfigurable metasurfaces is reviewed. First, single metasurface holography is briefly introduced. Second, the latest progress in angular momentum multiplexed metasurface holography, including basic characteristics, design strategies, and diverse applications, is discussed. Next, a detailed overview of wavelength-sensitive, angle-sensitive, and polarization-controlled holograms is considered. The recent progress in reconfigurable metasurface holography based on lumped elements is highlighted. Its instant on-site programmability combined with machine learning provides the possibility of realizing movie-like dynamic holographic displays. Finally, we briefly summarize this rapidly growing area of research, proposing future directions and potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Zou
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (Y.Z.); (H.J.); (R.Z.)
| | - Hui Jin
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (Y.Z.); (H.J.); (R.Z.)
| | - Rongrong Zhu
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (Y.Z.); (H.J.); (R.Z.)
- School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Information Processing, Communication and Networking (IPCN), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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13
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Zhang W, Lin J, Yuan Z, Lin Y, Shang W, Chin LK, Zhang M. Terahertz Metamaterials for Biosensing Applications: A Review. BIOSENSORS 2023; 14:3. [PMID: 38275304 PMCID: PMC10813048 DOI: 10.3390/bios14010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, THz metamaterials have emerged as a promising technology for biosensing by extracting useful information (composition, structure and dynamics) of biological samples from the interaction between the THz wave and the biological samples. Advantages of biosensing with THz metamaterials include label-free and non-invasive detection with high sensitivity. In this review, we first summarize different THz sensing principles modulated by the metamaterial for bio-analyte detection. Then, we compare various resonance modes induced in the THz range for biosensing enhancement. In addition, non-conventional materials used in the THz metamaterial to improve the biosensing performance are evaluated. We categorize and review different types of bio-analyte detection using THz metamaterials. Finally, we discuss the future perspective of THz metamaterial in biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Zhang
- School of Physics and Material Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (W.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jiahan Lin
- School of Physics and Material Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (W.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Zhengxin Yuan
- School of Physics and Material Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (W.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yanxiao Lin
- School of Physics and Material Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (W.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Wenli Shang
- School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
- Key Laboratory of On-Chip Communication and Sensor Chip of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lip Ket Chin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
- Key Laboratory of On-Chip Communication and Sensor Chip of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou 510006, China
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14
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Hail CU, Foley M, Sokhoyan R, Michaeli L, Atwater HA. High quality factor metasurfaces for two-dimensional wavefront manipulation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8476. [PMID: 38123546 PMCID: PMC10733294 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44164-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The strong interaction of light with micro- and nanostructures plays a critical role in optical sensing, nonlinear optics, active optical devices, and quantum optics. However, for wavefront shaping, the required local control over light at a subwavelength scale limits this interaction, typically leading to low-quality-factor optical devices. Here, we demonstrate an avenue towards high-quality-factor wavefront shaping in two spatial dimensions based on all-dielectric higher-order Mie-resonant metasurfaces. We design and experimentally realize transmissive band stop filters, beam deflectors and high numerical aperture radial lenses with measured quality factors in the range of 202-1475 at near-infrared wavelengths. The excited optical mode and resulting wavefront control are both local, allowing versatile operation with finite apertures and oblique illumination. Our results represent an improvement in quality factor by nearly two orders of magnitude over previous localized mode designs, and provide a design approach for a new class of compact optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio U Hail
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Morgan Foley
- Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Ruzan Sokhoyan
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Lior Michaeli
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Harry A Atwater
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
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15
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Yue S, Liu Y, Wang R, Hou Y, Shi H, Feng Y, Wen Z, Zhang Z. All-silicon polarization-independent broadband achromatic metalens designed for the mid-wave and long-wave infrared. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:44340-44352. [PMID: 38178507 DOI: 10.1364/oe.506471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Metasurfaces demonstrate excellent capabilities in manipulating the phase, amplitude and polarization of light. Metalens, as a typical kind of metasurface devices, shows great prospect in simplifying imaging systems. However, like diffractive optical elements, intrinsic dispersion of metasurfaces is high. Thus, significant chromatic aberration is present in common metalenses, deteriorating imaging quality under broadband illumination condition and limiting their applications. To tackle this problem, broadband achromatic metalenses have been proposed and demonstrated in the visible and near-infrared wavelength regions so far. However, broadband achromatic metalens working in the mid-wave and long-wave infrared is still rare. In this paper, thanks to the ingenious design of meta-units that provide the required local phase and phase dispersion, several all-silicon broadband achromatic metalenses working in the mid-wave infrared (3-5 µm) or long-wave infrared (8-14 µm) wavelengths are proposed. Numerical simulation results demonstrate that the designed broadband achromatic metalenses can provide a near-constant focal length with small deviations and an average focusing efficiency of about 70% over the whole operation bandwidths. In addition, these metalenses hold near diffraction-limited focusing capability and polarization-independent focusing features. The achromatic metalenses proposed here are beneficial for improving imaging quality under broadband illumination and increasing detection efficiency of mid-wave and long-wave infrared detection systems.
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16
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Cohen K, Tsesses S, Dolev S, Blechman Y, Ankonina G, Bartal G. Topological Transitions and Surface Umklapp Scattering in Weakly Modulated Periodic Metasurfaces. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:10243-10250. [PMID: 37910442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Controlling and manipulating surface waves is highly beneficial for imaging applications, nanophotonic device design, and light-matter interactions. While deep-subwavelength structuring of the metal-dielectric interface can influence surface waves by forming strong effective anisotropy, it disregards important structural degrees of freedom such as the interplay between corrugation periodicity and depth and its effect on the beam transport. Here, we unlock these degrees of freedom, introducing weakly modulated metasurfaces, structured metal-dielectric surfaces beyond effective medium. We utilize groove-structuring with varying depths and periodicities to demonstrate control over the transport of surface waves, dominated by the depth-period interplay. We show unique backward focusing of surface waves driven by an umklapp process-momentum relaxation empowered by the periodic nature of the structure and discover a yet unexplored, dual-stage topological transition. Our findings can be applied to any type of guided wave, introducing a simple and versatile approach for controlling wave propagation in artificial media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobi Cohen
- The Andrew and Erna Viterbi Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel 3200003
| | - Shai Tsesses
- The Andrew and Erna Viterbi Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel 3200003
| | - Shimon Dolev
- The Andrew and Erna Viterbi Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel 3200003
| | - Yael Blechman
- The Andrew and Erna Viterbi Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel 3200003
| | - Guy Ankonina
- The Photovoltaic Lab, The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel 3200003
| | - Guy Bartal
- The Andrew and Erna Viterbi Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel 3200003
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17
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Izdebskaya YV, Yang Z, Shvedov VG, Neshev DN, Shadrivov IV. Multifunctional Metasurface Tuning by Liquid Crystals in Three Dimensions. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:9825-9831. [PMID: 37883324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Optical metasurfaces present remarkable opportunities for manipulating wave propagation in unconventional ways, surpassing the capabilities of traditional optical devices. In this work, we introduce and demonstrate a multifunctional dynamic tuning of dielectric metasurfaces containing liquid crystals (LCs) through an effective three-dimensional (3D) control of the molecular orientation. We theoretically and experimentally study the spectral tuning of the electric and magnetic resonances of dielectric metasurfaces, which was enabled by rotating an external magnetic field in 3D. Our approach allows for the independent control of the electric and magnetic resonances of a metasurface, enabling multifunctional operation. The magnetic field tuning approach eliminates the need for the pre-alignment of LCs and is not limited by a finite set of directions in which the LC molecules can be oriented. Our results open new pathways for realizing dynamically reconfigurable metadevices and observing novel physical effects without the usual limitations imposed by the boundary conditions of LC cells and the external voltage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana V Izdebskaya
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Ziwei Yang
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Vladlen G Shvedov
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Dragomir N Neshev
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Ilya V Shadrivov
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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18
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Fan Q, Xu W, Hu X, Zhu W, Yue T, Yan F, Lin P, Chen L, Song J, Lezec HJ, Agrawal A, Lu Y, Xu T. Disordered metasurface enabled single-shot full-Stokes polarization imaging leveraging weak dichroism. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7180. [PMID: 37935685 PMCID: PMC10630513 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42944-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Polarization, one of the fundamental properties of light, is critical for certain imaging applications because it captures information from the scene that cannot directly be recorded by traditional intensity cameras. Currently, mainstream approaches for polarization imaging rely on strong dichroism of birefringent crystals or artificially fabricated structures that exhibit a high diattenuation typically exceeding 99%, which corresponds to a polarization extinction ratio (PER) >~100. This not only limits the transmission efficiency of light, but also makes them either offer narrow operational bandwidth or be non-responsive to the circular polarization. Here, we demonstrate a single-shot full-Stokes polarization camera incorporating a disordered metasurface array with weak dichroism. The diattenuation of the metasurface array is ~65%, which corresponds to a PER of ~2. Within the framework of compressed sensing, the proposed disordered metasurface array serves as an efficient sensing matrix. By incorporating a mask-aware reconstruction algorithm, the signal can be accurately recovered with a high probability. In our experiments, the proposed approach exhibits high-accuracy full-Stokes polarimetry and high-resolution real-time polarization imaging. Our demonstration highlights the potential of combining meta-optics with reconstruction algorithms as a promising approach for advanced imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbin Fan
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- School of Electronic Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Weizhu Xu
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- School of Electronic Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xuemei Hu
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- School of Electronic Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Wenqi Zhu
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899, USA
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20899, USA
| | - Tao Yue
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
- School of Electronic Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Feng Yan
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
- School of Electronic Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Peicheng Lin
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899, USA
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20899, USA
| | - Junyeob Song
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899, USA
| | - Henri J Lezec
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899, USA
| | - Amit Agrawal
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899, USA
| | - Yanqing Lu
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
- School of Electronic Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Ting Xu
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
- School of Electronic Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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19
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Chen H, Chen X, Zhao X, Wang J. Enhanced second harmonic generation from a quasi-periodic silver dendritic metasurface. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 35:035202. [PMID: 37852219 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of the vast majority of nonlinear optical metal metasurfaces currently relies on complex top-down methods such as electron beam or ion beam etching, which are expensive and difficult to meet the requirement of large area preparation. In this paper, an easily prepared quasi-periodic silver dendritic metasurface model with highQfactor is established in the near-infrared band based on a simple and easy-to-operate electrochemical deposition method. The simulations prove that the silver dendritic metasurface has a highQfactor (exceeds 104) because of its strong electric field localization ability, which is analogous to the superposition of multiple split-ring resonators. It is demonstrated that the second harmonic generation (SHG) intensity of the dendritic metasurface at a large incident angle (such as 85°) is about 30 times that of the metasurface at a small incident angle when thex-polarized pump light is incident obliquely to break the centrosymmetry of the metasurface. The influences of the incident angle or dendritic structure's dimensions on theQfactor and SHG efficiency have also been researched through a lot of simulation. This easily prepared quasi-periodic silver dendritic metasurface SHG device may provide a new avenue for the development and application of miniature, integratable nonlinear optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Chen
- School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710071, People's Republic of China
- Guangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Guangzhou, 510555, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhao
- Smart Materials Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, People's Republic of China
| | - Junli Wang
- School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710071, People's Republic of China
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20
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Liu Z, Liu J, Qu S, Wang Z. Omnidirectional broadband phase modulation by total internal reflection. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:5743-5746. [PMID: 37910748 DOI: 10.1364/ol.505024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Phase modulation plays a crucial role in shaping optical fields and physical optics. However, traditional phase modulation techniques are highly dependent on angles and wavelengths, limiting their applicability in smart optical systems. Here, we propose a first-principle theory for achieving constant phase modulation independent of incident angle and wavelength. By utilizing a hyperbolic metamaterial and engineering-specific optical parameters, different reflective phase jumps are achieved and tailored for both transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) waves. The aimed reflection phase difference between TE and TM waves can be thus achieved omnidirectionally and achromatically. As an example, we propose a perfect omnidirectional broadband reflection quarter wave plate. This work provides fundamental insights into manipulating optical phases through optical parameter engineering.
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21
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Wang W, Zhao R, Kang Q, Wang R, Liu X, Liu T, Fan SW, Guo Z. Photonic spin Hall effect driven broadband multi-focus dielectric metalens. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:8159-8167. [PMID: 38038113 DOI: 10.1364/ao.502888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The multi-focus metalens can couple the light into multiple channels in optical interconnections, which is beneficial to the development of planar, miniaturized, and integrated components. We propose broadband photonic spin Hall effect (PSHE) driven multi-focus metalenses, in which each nanobrick plays a positive role for all focal points. Three PSHE driven metalenses with four, six, and eight focal points have been designed and investigated, respectively. Under the incidences of left-/right-handed circularly polarized (LCP/RCP) light, these metalenses can generate regularly distributed two, three, and four RCP/LCP focal points, respectively. The uniformity of the focusing intensity has been investigated in detail by designing an additional four six-focus metalenses with different focus distributions. The uniqueness of these metalenses makes this design philosophy very attractive for applications in spin photonics, compact polarization detection, multi-imaging systems, and information processing systems.
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22
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Hu Y, Jiang Y, Zhang Y, Yang X, Ou X, Li L, Kong X, Liu X, Qiu CW, Duan H. Asymptotic dispersion engineering for ultra-broadband meta-optics. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6649. [PMID: 37863896 PMCID: PMC10589226 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42268-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dispersion decomposes compound light into its monochromatic components, which is detrimental to broadband imaging but advantageous for spectroscopic applications. Metasurfaces provide a unique path to modulate the dispersion by adjusting structural parameters on a two-dimensional plane. However, conventional linear phase compensation does not adequately match the meta-unit's dispersion characteristics with required complex dispersion, hindering at-will dispersion engineering over a very wide bandwidth particularly. Here, we propose an asymptotic phase compensation strategy for ultra-broadband dispersion-controlled metalenses. Metasurfaces with extraordinarily high aspect ratio nanostructures have been fabricated for arbitrary dispersion control in ultra-broad bandwidth, and we experimentally demonstrate the single-layer achromatic metalenses in the visible to infrared spectrum (400 nm~1000 nm, NA = 0.164). Our proposed scheme provides a comprehensive theoretical framework for single-layer meta-optics, allowing for arbitrary dispersion manipulation without bandwidth restrictions. This development is expected to have significant applications in ultra-broadband imaging and chromatography detection, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqiang Hu
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
- Advanced Manufacturing Laboratory of Micro-Nano Optical Devices, Shenzhen Research Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen, 518000, PR China
| | - Yuting Jiang
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Yi Zhang
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Xing Yang
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Xiangnian Ou
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Ling Li
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Xianghong Kong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xingsi Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Huigao Duan
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China.
- Advanced Manufacturing Laboratory of Micro-Nano Optical Devices, Shenzhen Research Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen, 518000, PR China.
- Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, Guangzhou, 511300, PR China.
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23
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So S, Mun J, Park J, Rho J. Revisiting the Design Strategies for Metasurfaces: Fundamental Physics, Optimization, and Beyond. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2206399. [PMID: 36153791 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the capabilities of metasurfaces in light modulation with subwavelength thickness have been proven, and metasurfaces are expected to miniaturize conventional optical components and add various functionalities. Herein, various metasurface design strategies are reviewed thoroughly. First, the scalar diffraction theory is revisited to provide the basic principle of light propagation. Then, widely used design methods based on the unit-cell approach are discussed. The methods include a set of simplified steps, including the phase-map retrieval and meta-atom unit-cell design. Then, recently emerging metasurfaces that may not be accurately designed using unit-cell approach are introduced. Unconventional metasurfaces are examined where the conventional design methods fail and finally potential design methods for such metasurfaces are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunae So
- Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungho Mun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Park
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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24
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Li ZL, Chen K, Li F, Shi ZJ, Sun QL, Li PQ, Peng YG, Huang LX, Yang G, Zheng H, Zhu XF. Decorated bacteria-cellulose ultrasonic metasurface. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5319. [PMID: 37658073 PMCID: PMC10474036 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41172-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose, as a component of green plants, becomes attractive for fabricating biocompatible flexible functional devices but is plagued by hydrophilic properties, which make it easily break down in water by poor mechanical stability. Here we report a class of SiO2-nanoparticle-decorated bacteria-cellulose meta-skin with superior stability in water, excellent machining property, ultrathin thickness, and active bacteria-repairing capacity. We further develop functional ultrasonic metasurfaces based on meta-skin paper-cutting that can generate intricate patterns of ~10 μm precision. Benefited from the perfect ultrasound insulation of surface Cassie-Baxter states, we utilize meta-skin paper-cutting to design and fabricate ultrathin (~20 μm) and super-light (<20 mg) chip-scale devices, such as nonlocal holographic meta-lens and the 3D imaging meta-lens, realizing complicated acoustic holograms and high-resolution 3D ultrasound imaging in far fields. The decorated bacteria-cellulose ultrasonic metasurface opens the way for exploiting flexible and biologically degradable metamaterial devices with functionality customization and key applications in advanced biomedical engineering technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Lin Li
- School of Physics and Innovation Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, and Biomedical Imaging Science and System Key Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kun Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Li
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, and Biomedical Imaging Science and System Key Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Shi
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi-Li Sun
- School of Physics and Innovation Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng-Qi Li
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, and Biomedical Imaging Science and System Key Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu-Gui Peng
- School of Physics and Innovation Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Lai-Xin Huang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, and Biomedical Imaging Science and System Key Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guang Yang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China.
| | - Hairong Zheng
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, and Biomedical Imaging Science and System Key Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Xue-Feng Zhu
- School of Physics and Innovation Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China.
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25
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Wang Y, Zhang S, Liu M, Huo P, Tan L, Xu T. Compact meta-optics infrared camera based on a polarization-insensitive metalens with a large field of view. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:4709-4712. [PMID: 37656592 DOI: 10.1364/ol.499942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces have recently emerged as a crucial tool because they achieve spherical-aberration-free focusing when exposed to normal incident light. Nevertheless, these metasurfaces often exhibit considerable coma when subjected to oblique incident light, thereby limiting their imaging field of view. In light of this, our study presents the design and an experimental demonstration of a polarization-insensitive, large-field-of-view metalens that uses a silicon metasurface. The metalens is specifically tailored to the long-wavelength infrared region and possesses a numerical aperture of 0.81, which is capable of focusing light at incident angles up to ±80°. Moreover, we successfully build a meta-optics camera by integrating the large field-of-view metalens on top of an image sensor, thus enabling wide-angle thermal imaging of practical scenes. This research provides new, to the best of our knowledge, insights for designing and realizing large-field-of-view optical systems and holds promise for applications in night vision imaging and security monitoring.
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26
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Ndukaife TA, Yang S. Slot driven dielectric electromagnetically induced transparency metasurface. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:27324-27331. [PMID: 37710811 DOI: 10.1364/oe.488704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The control of resonant metasurface for electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) offers unprecedented opportunities to tailor lightwave coupling at the nanoscale leading to many important applications including slow light devices, optical filters, chemical and biosensors. However, the realization of EIT relies on the high degree of structural asymmetry by positional displacement of optically resonant structures, which usually lead to low quality factor (Q-factor) responses due to the light leakage from structural discontinuity from asymmetric displacements. In this work, we demonstrate a new pathway to create high quality EIT metasurface without any displacement of constituent resonator elements. The mechanism is based on the detuning of the resonator modes which generate dark-bright mode interference by simply introducing a slot in metasurface unit cells (meta-atoms). More importantly, the slot diameter and position on the meta-atom can be modulated to tune the transmittance and quality factor (Q-factor) of the metasurface, leading to a Q-factor of 1190 and near unity transmission at the same time. Our work provides a new degree of freedom in designing optically resonant elements for metamaterials and metasurfaces with tailored wave propagation and properties.
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John-Herpin A, Tittl A, Kühner L, Richter F, Huang SH, Shvets G, Oh SH, Altug H. Metasurface-Enhanced Infrared Spectroscopy: An Abundance of Materials and Functionalities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2110163. [PMID: 35638248 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Infrared spectroscopy provides unique information on the composition and dynamics of biochemical systems by resolving the characteristic absorption fingerprints of their constituent molecules. Based on this inherent chemical specificity and the capability for label-free, noninvasive, and real-time detection, infrared spectroscopy approaches have unlocked a plethora of breakthrough applications for fields ranging from environmental monitoring and defense to chemical analysis and medical diagnostics. Nanophotonics has played a crucial role for pushing the sensitivity limits of traditional far-field spectroscopy by using resonant nanostructures to focus the incident light into nanoscale hot-spots of the electromagnetic field, greatly enhancing light-matter interaction. Metasurfaces composed of regular arrangements of such resonators further increase the design space for tailoring this nanoscale light control both spectrally and spatially, which has established them as an invaluable toolkit for surface-enhanced spectroscopy. Starting from the fundamental concepts of metasurface-enhanced infrared spectroscopy, a broad palette of resonator geometries, materials, and arrangements for realizing highly sensitive metadevices is showcased, with a special focus on emerging systems such as phononic and 2D van der Waals materials, and integration with waveguides for lab-on-a-chip devices. Furthermore, advanced sensor functionalities of metasurface-based infrared spectroscopy, including multiresonance, tunability, dielectrophoresis, live cell sensing, and machine-learning-aided analysis are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelian John-Herpin
- Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Tittl
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Lucca Kühner
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Felix Richter
- Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Steven H Huang
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Gennady Shvets
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Sang-Hyun Oh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Hatice Altug
- Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
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Fang J, Zhong R, Xu B, Zhang H, Wu Q, Guo B, Wang J, Wu Z, Hu M, Zhang K, Liu D. Reconfigurable Terahertz Spatial Deflection Varifocal Metamirror. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1313. [PMID: 37512624 PMCID: PMC10384800 DOI: 10.3390/mi14071313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
A traditional optical lens usually has a fixed focus, and its focus controlling relies on a bulky lens component, which makes integration difficult. In this study, we propose a kind of terahertz spatial varifocal metamirror with a consistent metal-graphene unit structure whose focus can be flexibly adjusted. The focus deflection angle can be theoretically defined by superimposing certain encoded sequence on it according to Fourier convolution theorem. The configurable metamirror allows for the deflection of the focus position in space. The proposed configuration approach presents a design concept and offers potential advancements in the field of developing novel terahertz devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Fang
- Terahertz Research Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Cooperative Innovation Centre of Terahertz Science, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Renbin Zhong
- Terahertz Research Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Cooperative Innovation Centre of Terahertz Science, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Boli Xu
- Terahertz Research Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Cooperative Innovation Centre of Terahertz Science, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Terahertz Research Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Cooperative Innovation Centre of Terahertz Science, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Terahertz Research Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Cooperative Innovation Centre of Terahertz Science, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Benzheng Guo
- Terahertz Research Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Cooperative Innovation Centre of Terahertz Science, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Jianian Wang
- Terahertz Research Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Cooperative Innovation Centre of Terahertz Science, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Zhenhua Wu
- Terahertz Research Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Cooperative Innovation Centre of Terahertz Science, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Min Hu
- Terahertz Research Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Cooperative Innovation Centre of Terahertz Science, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Kaichun Zhang
- Terahertz Research Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Cooperative Innovation Centre of Terahertz Science, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Diwei Liu
- Terahertz Research Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Cooperative Innovation Centre of Terahertz Science, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
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Abstract
Optical metasurfaces supporting localized resonances have become a versatile platform for shaping the wavefront of light, but their low quality (Q-) factor modes inevitably modify the wavefront over extended momentum and frequency space, resulting in limited spectral and angular control. In contrast, periodic nonlocal metasurfaces have been providing great flexibility for both spectral and angular selectivity but with limited spatial control. Here, we introduce multiresonant nonlocal metasurfaces capable of shaping the spatial properties of light using several resonances with widely disparate Q-factors. In contrast to previous designs, the narrowband resonant transmission punctuates a broadband resonant reflection window enabled by a highly symmetric array, achieving simultaneous spectral filtering and wavefront shaping in the transmission mode. Through rationally designed perturbations, we realize nonlocal flat lenses suitable as compact band-pass imaging devices, ideally suited for microscopy. We further employ modified topology optimization to demonstrate high-quality-factor metagratings for extreme wavefront transformations with large efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Zhou
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Shuwei Guo
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Adam Christopher Overvig
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Andrea Alù
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Physics Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
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30
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Chung H, Hwang I, Yu J, Boehm G, Belkin MA, Lee J. Electrical Phase Modulation Based on Mid-Infrared Intersubband Polaritonic Metasurfaces. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2207520. [PMID: 37029461 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Electrically reconfigurable metasurfaces that overcome the static limitations in controlling the fundamental properties of scattered light are opening new avenues for functional flat optics. This work proposes and experimentally demonstrates electrically phase-tunable mid-infrared metasurfaces based on the polaritonic coupling of Stark-tunable intersubband transitions in semiconductor heterostructures and electromagnetic modes in plasmonic nanoresonators. In the applied voltage range of -3 to +3 V, the local phase tuning of the light reflects from the metasurface, which enables the electrical control of the polarization state and wavefront of the reflected wave. Electrical beam polarization control, electrical beam diffraction control, and electrical beam steering are experimentally demonstrated as applications for local phase tunability. The proposed electrically tunable metasurfaces can easily tune the operating wavelength and function at relatively low voltages, which will enable various applications in the mid-infrared region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeongju Chung
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Inyong Hwang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyeon Yu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Gerhard Boehm
- Walter Schottky Institute, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Mikhail A Belkin
- Walter Schottky Institute, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Jongwon Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
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31
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Chen J, Yu F, Liu X, Bao Y, Chen R, Zhao Z, Wang J, Wang X, Liu W, Shi Y, Qiu CW, Chen X, Lu W, Li G. Polychromatic full-polarization control in mid-infrared light. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:105. [PMID: 37142624 PMCID: PMC10160079 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01140-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Objects with different shapes, materials and temperatures can emit distinct polarizations and spectral information in mid-infrared band, which provides a unique signature in the transparent window for object identification. However, the crosstalk among various polarization and wavelength channels prevents from accurate mid-infrared detections at high signal-to-noise ratio. Here, we report full-polarization metasurfaces to break the inherent eigen-polarization constraint over the wavelengths in mid-infrared. This recipe enables to select arbitrary orthogonal polarization basis at individual wavelength independently, therefore alleviating the crosstalk and efficiency degradation. A six-channel all-silicon metasurface is specifically presented to project focused mid-infrared light to distinct positions at three wavelengths, each with a pair of arbitrarily chosen orthogonal polarizations. An isolation ratio of 117 between neighboring polarization channels is experimentally recorded, exhibiting detection sensitivity one order of magnitude higher than existing infrared detectors. Remarkably, the high aspect ratio ~30 of our meta-structures manufactured by deep silicon etching technology at temperature -150 °C guarantees the large and precise phase dispersion control over a broadband from 3 to 4.5 μm. We believe our results would benefit the noise-immune mid-infrared detections in remote sensing and space-to-ground communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yu Tian Road, Shanghai, 200083, China
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 SubLane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, 99 Xiupu Road, Shanghai, 201315, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, No. 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Feilong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yu Tian Road, Shanghai, 200083, China
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 SubLane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, 99 Xiupu Road, Shanghai, 201315, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, No. 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xingsi Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Yanjun Bao
- Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Rongsheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yu Tian Road, Shanghai, 200083, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, No. 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zengyue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yu Tian Road, Shanghai, 200083, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, No. 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiuxu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yu Tian Road, Shanghai, 200083, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, No. 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiuxia Wang
- Center for Micro-and Nanoscale Research and Fabrication, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Center for Micro-and Nanoscale Research and Fabrication, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yuzhi Shi
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore.
- National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute, No. 377 Linquan Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
| | - Xiaoshuang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yu Tian Road, Shanghai, 200083, China
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 SubLane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, 99 Xiupu Road, Shanghai, 201315, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, No. 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yu Tian Road, Shanghai, 200083, China
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 SubLane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, 99 Xiupu Road, Shanghai, 201315, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, No. 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guanhai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yu Tian Road, Shanghai, 200083, China.
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 SubLane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, 99 Xiupu Road, Shanghai, 201315, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, No. 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Li M, Hail CU, Biswas S, Atwater HA. Excitonic Beam Steering in an Active van der Waals Metasurface. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:2771-2777. [PMID: 36921321 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (2D TMDCs) are promising candidates for ultrathin active nanophotonic elements due to the strong tunable excitonic resonances that dominate their optical response. Here, we demonstrate dynamic beam steering by an active van der Waals metasurface that leverages large complex refractive index tunability near excitonic resonances in monolayer molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2). Through varying the radiative and nonradiative rates of the excitons, we can dynamically control both the reflection amplitude and phase profiles, resulting in an excitonic phased array metasurface. Our experiments show reflected light steering to angles between -30° and 30° at different resonant wavelengths corresponding to the A exciton and B exciton. This active van der Waals metasurface relies solely on the excitonic resonances of the monolayer MoSe2 material rather than geometric resonances of patterned nanostructures, suggesting the potential to harness the tunability of excitonic resonances for wavefront shaping in emerging photonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Li
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Claudio U Hail
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Souvik Biswas
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Harry A Atwater
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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33
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Li L, Jin S, Hu S, Huang Y, Sun H, Ma L, Kang T, Chen Y, Xiong S, Lin G, Yang B, Wu M, Qi Z, Wu W. Optical metasurfaces for multiplex high-performance grating-type structural colors. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:1686-1689. [PMID: 37221741 DOI: 10.1364/ol.482891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Optical metasurfaces provide a significant approach for the production of structural colors due to their excellent optical control abilities. Herein, we propose trapezoidal structural metasurfaces for achieving multiplex grating-type structural colors with high comprehensive performance originating from the anomalous reflection dispersion in the visible band. Single trapezoidal metasurfaces with different x-direction periods can tune the angular dispersion regularly from 0.036 rad/nm to 0.224 rad/nm to generate various structural colors, and composite trapezoidal metasurfaces with three kinds of combinations can achieve multiplex sets of structural colors. The brightness can be controlled by adjusting the distance between the trapezoids in a pair accurately. The designed structural colors have higher saturation than traditional pigmentary colors, whose excitation purity can reach 1.00. The gamut is about 158.1% of the Adobe RGB standard. This research has application potential in ultrafine displays, information encryption, optical storage, and anti-counterfeit tagging.
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34
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So S, Kim J, Badloe T, Lee C, Yang Y, Kang H, Rho J. Multicolor and 3D Holography Generated by Inverse-Designed Single-Cell Metasurfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2208520. [PMID: 36575136 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Metasurface-generated holography has emerged as a promising route for fully reproducing vivid scenes by manipulating the optical properties of light using ultra-compact devices. However, achieving multiple holographic images using a single metasurface is still difficult due to the capacity limit of a single meta-atom. In this work, an inverse design method based on gradient-descent optimization is presented to encode multiple pieces of holographic information into a single metasurface. The proposed method allows the inverse design of single-cell metasurfaces without the need for complex meta-atom design strategies, facilitating high-throughput fabrication using broadband low-loss materials. By exploiting the proposed design method, both multiplane red-green-blue (RGB) color and three-dimensional (3D) holograms are designed and experimentally demonstrated. Multiplane RGB color holograms with nine distinct holograms are achieved, which demonstrate the state-of-the-art data capacity of a phase-only metasurface. The first experimental demonstration of metasurface-generated 3D holograms with completely independent and distinct images in each plane is also presented. The current research findings provide a viable route for practical metasurface-generated holography by demonstrating the high-density holography produced by a single metasurface. It is expected to ultimately lead to optical storage, display, and full-color imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunae So
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electro-Mechanical Systems Engineering, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Chihun Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghwan Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjung Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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Ou K, Wan H, Wang G, Zhu J, Dong S, He T, Yang H, Wei Z, Wang Z, Cheng X. Advances in Meta-Optics and Metasurfaces: Fundamentals and Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1235. [PMID: 37049327 PMCID: PMC10097126 DOI: 10.3390/nano13071235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Meta-optics based on metasurfaces that interact strongly with light has been an active area of research in recent years. The development of meta-optics has always been driven by human's pursuits of the ultimate miniaturization of optical elements, on-demand design and control of light beams, and processing hidden modalities of light. Underpinned by meta-optical physics, meta-optical devices have produced potentially disruptive applications in light manipulation and ultra-light optics. Among them, optical metalens are most fundamental and prominent meta-devices, owing to their powerful abilities in advanced imaging and image processing, and their novel functionalities in light manipulation. This review focuses on recent advances in the fundamentals and applications of the field defined by excavating new optical physics and breaking the limitations of light manipulation. In addition, we have deeply explored the metalenses and metalens-based devices with novel functionalities, and their applications in computational imaging and image processing. We also provide an outlook on this active field in the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ou
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hengyi Wan
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Guangfeng Wang
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jingyuan Zhu
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Siyu Dong
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Tao He
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hui Yang
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Zeyong Wei
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhanshan Wang
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xinbin Cheng
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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36
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Zhang Z, Wu C, Li Q, Zhao S, Li H. Complex-amplitude modulation of surface waves based on a metasurface coupler. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:9620-9630. [PMID: 37157528 DOI: 10.1364/oe.485620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous and independent modulation of the amplitude and phase of surface waves (SWs) is critical in photonics and plasmonics. Here, we propose a method for flexible complex-amplitude modulation of SWs based on a metasurface coupler. Benefiting from the full range complex-amplitude modulation ability of the meta-atoms over the transmitted field, the coupler can convert the incident wave into a driven surface wave (DSW) with an arbitrary combination of amplitude and initial phase. By placing a dielectric waveguide that supports guided SWs below the coupler, the DSWs can resonantly couple to SWs while preserving complex-amplitude modulation. The proposed scheme provides a practical way for freely tailoring the phase and amplitude profiles of SWs wavefronts. As verification, meta-devices for normal and deflected SW Airy beam generation and SW dual focusing are designed and characterized in the microwave regime. Our findings may stimulate various advanced surface optical meta-devices.
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37
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Chen W, Li R, Huang Z, Wu H, Wei J, Wang S, Wang L, Li Y. Inverse design of polarization conversion metasurfaces by deep neural networks. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:2048-2054. [PMID: 37133092 DOI: 10.1364/ao.481549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
To address the problem of multiple solutions and improve the calculating speed, we construct a tandem architecture consisting of a forward modeling network and an inverse design network. Using this combined network, we inversely design the circular polarization converter and analyze the effect of different design parameters on the prediction accuracy of the polarization conversion rate. The average mean square error of the circular polarization converter is 0.00121 at an average prediction time of 1.56×10-2 s. If only the forward modeling process is considered, it takes 6.15×10-4 s, which is 2.1×105 times faster than that using the traditional numerical full-wave simulation method. By slightly resizing the network input and output layers, the network is adaptable to the design of both the linear cross-polarization and linear-to-circular polarization converters.
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38
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Xu P, Xiao Y, Huang H, Yang T, Zhang X, Yuan X, Li XC, Xu H, Wang M. Dual-wavelength hologram of high transmittance metasurface. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:8110-8119. [PMID: 36859927 DOI: 10.1364/oe.482263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a simple dielectric metasurface hologram is proposed and designed by combining the electromagnetic vector analysis method and the immune algorithm, which can realize the holographic display of dual wavelength orthogonal-linear polarization light in visible light band, solve the problem of low efficiency of the traditional design method of metasurface hologram, and effectively improve the diffraction efficiency of metasurface hologram. The titanium dioxide metasurface nanorod based on rectangular structure is optimized and designed. When the x-linear polarized light with wavelength of 532 nm and y-linear polarized light with wavelength of 633 nm are incident on the metasurface respectively, different display output images with low cross-talk can be obtained on the same observation plane, and the transmission efficiencies of x-linear and y-linear polarized light are as high as 68.2% and 74.6% respectively in simulation. Then the metasurface is fabricated by Atomic Layer Deposition method. The experimental results are consistent with the design results, which proves that the metasurface hologram designed by this method can completely realize the feasibility of wavelength and polarization multiplexing holographic display, and has potential application value in holographic display, optical encryption, anti-counterfeiting, data storage and other fields.
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39
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Gong J, Xiong L, Pu M, Guo Y, Wen Y, He Q, Li X, Ma X, Luo X. Simple route for high-throughput fabrication of metasurfaces using one-step UV-curable resin printing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:8068-8080. [PMID: 36859924 DOI: 10.1364/oe.481384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Phase-gradient metasurfaces are two-dimensional (2D) optical elements that can manipulate light by imposing local, space-variant phase changes on an incident electromagnetic wave. These metasurfaces hold the potential and the promise to revolutionize photonics by providing ultrathin alternatives for a wide range of common optical elements such as bulky refractive optics, waveplates, polarizers, and axicons. However, the fabrication of state-of-the-art metasurfaces typically requires some time-consuming, expensive, and possibly hazardous processing steps. To overcome these limitations on conventional metasurface fabrication, a facile methodology to produce phase-gradient metasurfaces through one-step UV-curable resin printing is developed by our research group. The method dramatically reduces the required processing time and cost, as well as eliminates safety hazards. As a proof-of-concept, the advantages of the method are clearly demonstrated via a rapid reproduction of high-performance metalenses based on the Pancharatnam-Berry phase gradient concept in the visible spectrum.
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40
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Li W, Ma Q, Liu C, Zhang Y, Wu X, Wang J, Gao S, Qiu T, Liu T, Xiao Q, Wei J, Gu TT, Zhou Z, Li F, Cheng Q, Li L, Tang W, Cui TJ. Intelligent metasurface system for automatic tracking of moving targets and wireless communications based on computer vision. Nat Commun 2023; 14:989. [PMID: 36813789 PMCID: PMC9947232 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36645-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication has an urgent need for target tracking. Digital programmable metasurface (DPM) may offer an intelligent and efficient solution owing to its powerful and flexible controls of electromagnetic waves and advantages of lower cost, less complexity and smaller size than the traditional antenna array. Here, we report an intelligent metasurface system to perform target tracking and wireless communications, in which computer vision integrated with a convolutional neural network (CNN) is used to automatically detect the locations of moving targets, and the dual-polarized DPM integrated with a pre-trained artificial neural network (ANN) serves to realize the smart beam tracking and wireless communications. Three groups of experiments are conducted for demonstrating the intelligent system: detection and identification of moving targets, detection of radio-frequency signals, and real-time wireless communications. The proposed method sets the stage for an integrated implementation of target identification, radio environment tracking, and wireless communications. This strategy opens up an avenue for intelligent wireless networks and self-adaptive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihan Li
- grid.263826.b0000 0004 1761 0489State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves and Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Ma
- grid.263826.b0000 0004 1761 0489State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves and Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China
| | - Che Liu
- grid.263826.b0000 0004 1761 0489State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves and Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhang
- grid.263826.b0000 0004 1761 0489State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves and Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China
| | - Xianning Wu
- grid.440645.70000 0004 1800 072XShaanxi Key Laboratory of Artificially-Structured Functional Materials and Devices, Air Force Engineering University, 710051 Xi’an, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- grid.263826.b0000 0004 1761 0489State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves and Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China
| | - Shizhao Gao
- grid.263826.b0000 0004 1761 0489State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves and Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China
| | - Tianshuo Qiu
- grid.440645.70000 0004 1800 072XShaanxi Key Laboratory of Artificially-Structured Functional Materials and Devices, Air Force Engineering University, 710051 Xi’an, China
| | - Tonghao Liu
- grid.440645.70000 0004 1800 072XShaanxi Key Laboratory of Artificially-Structured Functional Materials and Devices, Air Force Engineering University, 710051 Xi’an, China
| | - Qiang Xiao
- grid.263826.b0000 0004 1761 0489State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves and Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaxuan Wei
- grid.263826.b0000 0004 1761 0489State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves and Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Ting Gu
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XState Key Laboratory of CAD & CG, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhize Zhou
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XState Key Laboratory of CAD & CG, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Fashuai Li
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XState Key Laboratory of CAD & CG, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Cheng
- grid.263826.b0000 0004 1761 0489State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves and Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China
| | - Lianlin Li
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Electronics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Wenxuan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves and Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China.
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves and Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China.
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41
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Wavefront shaping with nonlinear four-wave mixing. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2750. [PMID: 36797346 PMCID: PMC9935867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29621-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Wavefront manipulations have enabled wide applications across many interdisciplinary fields ranging from optics and microwaves to acoustics. However, the realizations of such functional surfaces heavily rely on micro/nanofabrication to define the structured surfaces, which are fixed and only work within a limited spectrum. To address these issues, previous attempts combining tunable materials like liquid crystal or phase-change ones onto the metasurfaces have permitted extra tunability and working spectra, however, these additional layers bring in inevitable loss and complicate the fabrication. Here we demonstrate a fabrication-free tunable flat slab using a nonlinear four-wave mixing process. By wavefront-shaping the pump onto the flat slab, we can successfully tune the effective nonlinear refraction angle of the emitting FWM beams according to the phase-matching condition. In this manner, a focusing and a defocusing nonlinear of FWM beam through the flat slab have been demonstrated with a converging and a diverging pump wavefronts, respectively. Furthermore, a beam steering scheme over a 20° angle has been realized through a non-degenerate four-wave mixing process by introducing a second pump. These features open up a door to manipulating light propagation in an all-optical manner, paving the way to more functional and tunable flat slab devices in the applications of imaging and all-optical information.
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42
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Goodsell J, Xiong P, Nikolov DK, Vamivakas AN, Rolland JP. Metagrating meets the geometry-based efficiency limit for AR waveguide in-couplers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:4599-4614. [PMID: 36785423 DOI: 10.1364/oe.480092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently, augmented reality (AR) displays have attracted considerable attention due to the highly immersive and realistic viewer experience they can provide. One key challenge of AR displays is the fundamental trade-off between the extent of the field-of-view (FOV) and the size of the eyebox, set by the conservation of etendue sets this trade-off. Exit-pupil expansion (EPE) is one possible solution to this problem. However, it comes at the cost of distributing light over a larger area, decreasing the overall system's brightness. In this work, we show that the geometry of the waveguide and the in-coupler sets a fundamental limit on how efficient the combiner can be for a given FOV. This limit can be used as a tool for waveguide designers to benchmark the in-coupling efficiency of their in-coupler gratings. We design a metasurface-based grating (metagrating) and a commonly used SRG as in-couplers using the derived limit to guide optimization. We then compare the diffractive efficiencies of the two types of in-couplers to the theoretical efficiency limit. For our chosen waveguide geometry, the metagrating's 28% efficiency surpasses the SRG's 20% efficiency and nearly matches the geometry-based limit of 29% due to the superior angular response control of metasurfaces compared to SRGs. This work provides new insight into the efficiency limit of waveguide-based combiners and paves a novel path toward implementing metasurfaces in efficient waveguide AR displays.
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43
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Qu K, Li B, Zhao J, Chen K, Jiang T, Feng Y. Ultra-wideband two-dimensional Airy beam generation with an amplitude-tailorable metasurface. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:1330-1339. [PMID: 36785170 DOI: 10.1364/oe.481393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Airy beams, accelerating optical beams with exotic properties of self-bending, self-healing and non-diffraction, are essential for a wide range of photonics applications. Recently, metasurfaces have provided an efficient platform for generating desired Airy beams within a thin thickness, but they suffer from the narrow bandwidth, especially for two-dimensional (2D) Airy beams. Here, we propose an amplitude-tailorable polarization-converting metasurface to enable ultra-wideband 2D Airy beam generation. The amplitude and phase profiles for the 2D Airy beam can be realized by tuning only the orientation of the multi-resonant meta-atom, which can operate in the range of 6.6 GHz to 23.7 GHz, or fractional bandwidth of 113%. An exemplary prototype is measured to validate the design principle, which is in agreement with the simulation results. The proposed method holds great promise for wavefront shaping, and may facilitate the uses of Airy beam for practical applications.
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44
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Wang J, Cai W, He H, Cen M, Liu J, Kong D, Luo D, Lu YQ, Liu YJ. Cholesteric liquid crystal-enabled electrically programmable metasurfaces for simultaneous near- and far-field displays. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:17921-17928. [PMID: 36458471 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05374h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces can enable polarization multiplexing of light so as to carry more information. Specific polarized light necessitates bulk polarizers and waveplates, which significantly increases the form size of metasurface devices. We propose an electrically programmable metasurface enabled by dual-frequency cholesteric liquid crystals (DF-CLCs) for simultaneous near- and far-field displays. Moreover, the integrated device can be electrically programmed to demonstrate 6 different optical images by engineering the DF-CLCs with frequency-modulated voltage pulses. Such programmable metasurfaces are potentially useful for many applications including information storage, displays, anti-counterfeiting, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Wang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Wenfeng Cai
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Huilin He
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Mengjia Cen
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Jianxun Liu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Delai Kong
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Yan-Qing Lu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Yan Jun Liu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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45
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Wu X, Zhu J, Lin F, Fang Z, Zhu X. Study of a High-Index Dielectric Non-Hermitian Metasurface and Its Application in Holograms. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:44743-44749. [PMID: 36530222 PMCID: PMC9753210 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that a high-index dielectric Si metasurface with a designed chiral unit structure possesses an exceptional point (EP) when it is described by a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian associated with the transmission matrix. By encircling any path in the parameter space around the EP, topologically protected 2π-phase accumulation occurs. These typical non-Hermitian properties are ascribed to complex scattering phenomena related to the coupling between electric and magnetic dipolar modes from the high-index dielectric Si metasurface. The topologically guaranteed entire 2π-phase accumulation and chiral distinction around the EP open up many promising possibilities in nanophotonic device designing; for instance, phase-only and polarization multiplexing holograms are realized in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrong Wu
- State
Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Jiaxi Zhu
- State
Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Feng Lin
- State
Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Zheyu Fang
- State
Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Center
for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary
Studies, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing100871, China
| | - Xing Zhu
- State
Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- National
Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing100190, China
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46
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Duan G, Zhang C, Yang D, Wang Z. Theoretical Design of a Bionic Spatial 3D-Arrayed Multifocal Metalens. Biomimetics (Basel) 2022; 7:biomimetics7040200. [PMID: 36412728 PMCID: PMC9680407 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7040200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of micro/nano-optics, metasurfaces are gaining increasing attention working as novel electromagnetic wave control devices. Among which, metalenses have been developed and applied as a typical application of metasurfaces owing to their unique optical properties. However, most of those previous metalenses can only produce one focal point, which severely limits their applications. Inspired by the fly compound eye, we propose a special kind of spatial multifocal metalens. Our metalenses can reverse the polarization state of the incident circularly polarized light, which is then focused. In addition, a horizontally aligned multifocal metalens can be achieved by designing reasonable phase and region distributions, which is similar to a vertically aligned one. Most significantly, a spatially 3D-arrayed multifocal metalens with low crosstalk is well achieved by combining these two distribution methods. The proposed bionic 3D-arrayed multifocal metalens with amazing focusing effect promises applications in imaging, nanoparticle manipulation, optical communication, and other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihui Duan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Low-Carbon Technology and Equipment, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Ce Zhang
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), Beijing 100094, China
| | | | - Zhaolong Wang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Low-Carbon Technology and Equipment, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Heat Fluid Flow Technology and Energy Application, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 100094, China
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47
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Zhi J, Hu B, Guo Y, Sun Z, Wang X, Qiu Z, Ying H, Xu B. Generation of non-diffractive Lommel beams based on all-dielectric metasurfaces. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:42214-42223. [PMID: 36366679 DOI: 10.1364/oe.474951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lommel beam is a non-diffractive vortex beam of high concern recently, widely used in communication and turbulence studies. However, conventional methods of generating Lommel beams, such as using spatial light modulators (SLMs), are limited by their low resolution, poor phase manipulation, and small numerical aperture (NA). Here, non-diffractive Lommel beams based on all-dielectric metasurfaces are proposed. Using the Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) phase arrangement, the focal depth of the main lobe of the generated beam can reach 75 µm (∼119λ). Additionally, the broadband characteristics of the designed metasurface between 550 and 710 nm are observed. The resulting beam is demonstrated to show excellent self-healing properties by placing up obstacles. We also combine the phase of the Dammann grating with that of the Lommel beam to create a metasurface capable of producing a 1 × 4 Lommel beam array; the generated beams are still characterized by uniformity and non-diffraction. This study provides a new idea for Lommel beam generation with promising applications in optical communication, optical tweezers, and laser fabrication.
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48
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Palermo G, Lininger A, Guglielmelli A, Ricciardi L, Nicoletta G, De Luca A, Park JS, Lim SWD, Meretska ML, Capasso F, Strangi G. All-Optical Tunability of Metalenses Permeated with Liquid Crystals. ACS NANO 2022; 16:16539-16548. [PMID: 36215293 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c05887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces have been extensively engineered to produce a wide range of optical phenomena, allowing exceptional control over the propagation of light. However, they are generally designed as single-purpose devices without a modifiable postfabrication optical response, which can be a limitation to real-world applications. In this work, we report a nanostructured planar-fused silica metalens permeated with a nematic liquid crystal (NLC) and gold nanoparticle solution. The physical properties of embedded NLCs can be manipulated with the application of external stimuli, enabling reconfigurable optical metasurfaces. We report the all-optical, dynamic control of the metalens optical response resulting from thermoplasmonic-induced changes of the NLC solution associated with the nematic-isotropic phase transition. A continuous and reversible tuning of the metalens focal length is experimentally demonstrated, with a variation of 80 μm (0.16% of the 5 cm nominal focal length) along the optical axis. This is achieved without direct mechanical or electrical manipulation of the device. The reconfigurable properties are compared with corroborating numerical simulations of the focal length shift and exhibit close correspondence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Palermo
- Department of Physics, NLHT-Lab, University of Calabria and CNR-NANOTEC Istituto di Nanotecnologia, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Andrew Lininger
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 2076 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Alexa Guglielmelli
- Department of Physics, NLHT-Lab, University of Calabria and CNR-NANOTEC Istituto di Nanotecnologia, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Nicoletta
- Department of Physics, NLHT-Lab, University of Calabria and CNR-NANOTEC Istituto di Nanotecnologia, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Antonio De Luca
- Department of Physics, University of Calabria and CNR-NANOTEC Istituto di Nanotecnologia, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Joon-Suh Park
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Nanophotonics Research Centre, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Wei Daniel Lim
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Maryna L Meretska
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Federico Capasso
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Giuseppe Strangi
- Department of Physics, NLHT-Lab, University of Calabria and CNR-NANOTEC Istituto di Nanotecnologia, 87036 Rende, Italy
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 2076 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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49
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Zhang B, Hu ZD, Wang J, Wu J, Tian S. Creating perfect composite vortex beams with a single all-dielectric geometric metasurface. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:40231-40242. [PMID: 36298959 DOI: 10.1364/oe.475158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Optical vortex beam carrying orbit angular momentum has been extensively researched and applied recently. Among which a perfect vortex beam (PVB) has attracted much attention owing to its topological charge (TC)-irrelevant intensity profile. However, the morphology singularity, as well as implementation complexity of the PVB tie the degree of freedom for multiplexing. Herein, by introducing the concept of a composite vortex beam, we originally propose a novel kind of PVB - perfect composite vortex beam (PCVB) - which possesses a rosette-like intensity pattern that is exactly correlated with the TC and can be directly generated using a single all-dielectric geometric metasurface rather than bulky optical systems. We numerically simulate the broadband generation of the proposed PCVB with various TCs, sizes, and rotation angles. To further explore the potential of our design in practical applications, we demonstrated the coaxial array of the PCVBs and detected their optical angular force for manipulating nanoparticles. We believe that our fruitage may pave a desirable avenue for optical communication, information processing, and optical manipulation.
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50
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Sun X, Huo S, Yang H, Yan M, Zhai J, Zhao S, Zeng Y. Optimizing Metasurface-Component Performance by Improving Transmittance and Phase Match of the Nanopillars. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3720. [PMID: 36364497 PMCID: PMC9657525 DOI: 10.3390/nano12213720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the propagation phase of a dielectric metasurface, there are two important problems. Firstly, the range of transmittance of the nanopillars for a building metasurface is usually between 60% and 100%, which reduces the metasurface's overall transmittance and affects the uniformity of the transmitted light. Secondly, the realistic phase provided by the nanopillar cannot be matched very well with the theoretical phase at each lattice location.The phase difference (between a realistic phase and theoretical phase) may reach tens of degrees. Here, we propose an interesting method to solve these problems. With this new method, a metalens is designed in this paper. The nanopillars for building the metalens have transmittance over 0.95, which increases the metalens transmittance and improves the light uniformity. In addition, with the new method, the phase differences of all elements in the metalens can also be reduced to be below 0.05°, decreasing the metalens spherical aberration dramatically. This method not only helps us to optimize the metalens but also provides a useful way for designing high-quality metasurfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yong Zeng
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-1730-385-3855
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