1
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Nguyen QLD, Simoni J, Dorney KM, Shi X, Ellis JL, Brooks NJ, Hickstein DD, Grennell AG, Yazdi S, Campbell EEB, Tan LZ, Prendergast D, Daligault J, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM. Direct Observation of Enhanced Electron-Phonon Coupling in Copper Nanoparticles in the Warm-Dense Matter Regime. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:085101. [PMID: 37683150 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.085101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Warm dense matter (WDM) represents a highly excited state that lies at the intersection of solids, plasmas, and liquids and that cannot be described by equilibrium theories. The transient nature of this state when created in a laboratory, as well as the difficulties in probing the strongly coupled interactions between the electrons and the ions, make it challenging to develop a complete understanding of matter in this regime. In this work, by exciting isolated ∼8 nm copper nanoparticles with a femtosecond laser below the ablation threshold, we create uniformly excited WDM. Using photoelectron spectroscopy, we measure the instantaneous electron temperature and extract the electron-ion coupling of the nanoparticle as it undergoes a solid-to-WDM phase transition. By comparing with state-of-the-art theories, we confirm that the superheated nanoparticles lie at the boundary between hot solids and plasmas, with associated strong electron-ion coupling. This is evidenced both by a fast energy loss of electrons to ions, and a strong modulation of the electron temperature induced by strong acoustic breathing modes that change the nanoparticle volume. This work demonstrates a new route for experimental exploration of the exotic properties of WDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quynh L D Nguyen
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Jacopo Simoni
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Kevin M Dorney
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Xun Shi
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Jennifer L Ellis
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Nathan J Brooks
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Daniel D Hickstein
- Kapteyn-Murnane Laboratories Inc., 4775 Walnut St #102, Boulder, Colorado 80301, USA
| | - Amanda G Grennell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309 80309, USA
| | - Sadegh Yazdi
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Eleanor E B Campbell
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, Edinburgh University, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Liang Z Tan
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - David Prendergast
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jerome Daligault
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Henry C Kapteyn
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- Kapteyn-Murnane Laboratories Inc., 4775 Walnut St #102, Boulder, Colorado 80301, USA
| | - Margaret M Murnane
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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2
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Colombo A, Dold S, Kolb P, Bernhardt N, Behrens P, Correa J, Düsterer S, Erk B, Hecht L, Heilrath A, Irsig R, Iwe N, Jordan J, Kruse B, Langbehn B, Manschwetus B, Martinez F, Meiwes-Broer KH, Oldenburg K, Passow C, Peltz C, Sauppe M, Seel F, Tanyag RMP, Treusch R, Ulmer A, Walz S, Fennel T, Barke I, Möller T, von Issendorff B, Rupp D. Three-dimensional femtosecond snapshots of isolated faceted nanostructures. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade5839. [PMID: 36812315 PMCID: PMC9946342 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade5839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The structure and dynamics of isolated nanosamples in free flight can be directly visualized via single-shot coherent diffractive imaging using the intense and short pulses of x-ray free-electron lasers. Wide-angle scattering images encode three-dimensional (3D) morphological information of the samples, but its retrieval remains a challenge. Up to now, effective 3D morphology reconstructions from single shots were only achieved via fitting with highly constrained models, requiring a priori knowledge about possible geometries. Here, we present a much more generic imaging approach. Relying on a model that allows for any sample morphology described by a convex polyhedron, we reconstruct wide-angle diffraction patterns from individual silver nanoparticles. In addition to known structural motives with high symmetries, we retrieve imperfect shapes and agglomerates that were not previously accessible. Our results open unexplored routes toward true 3D structure determination of single nanoparticles and, ultimately, 3D movies of ultrafast nanoscale dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Colombo
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Dold
- European XFEL GmbH, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Patrice Kolb
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nils Bernhardt
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Behrens
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan Correa
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Düsterer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Erk
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Linos Hecht
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Heilrath
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Irsig
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Norman Iwe
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jakob Jordan
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Björn Kruse
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Bruno Langbehn
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Karl-Heinz Meiwes-Broer
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Kevin Oldenburg
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Christian Peltz
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Mario Sauppe
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Seel
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rico Mayro P. Tanyag
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rolf Treusch
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anatoli Ulmer
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Saida Walz
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Fennel
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ingo Barke
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Möller
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd von Issendorff
- Department of Physics, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Rupp
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Max Born Institute, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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3
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Zimmermann J, Beguet F, Guthruf D, Langbehn B, Rupp D. Finding the semantic similarity in single-particle diffraction images using self-supervised contrastive projection learning. NPJ COMPUTATIONAL MATERIALS 2023; 9:24. [PMID: 38666059 PMCID: PMC11041688 DOI: 10.1038/s41524-023-00966-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Single-shot coherent diffraction imaging of isolated nanosized particles has seen remarkable success in recent years, yielding in-situ measurements with ultra-high spatial and temporal resolution. The progress of high-repetition-rate sources for intense X-ray pulses has further enabled recording datasets containing millions of diffraction images, which are needed for the structure determination of specimens with greater structural variety and dynamic experiments. The size of the datasets, however, represents a monumental problem for their analysis. Here, we present an automatized approach for finding semantic similarities in coherent diffraction images without relying on human expert labeling. By introducing the concept of projection learning, we extend self-supervised contrastive learning to the context of coherent diffraction imaging and achieve a dimensionality reduction producing semantically meaningful embeddings that align with physical intuition. The method yields substantial improvements compared to previous approaches, paving the way toward real-time and large-scale analysis of coherent diffraction experiments at X-ray free-electron lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Daniela Rupp
- ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Max-Born-Institut, Berlin, Germany
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4
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Influence of air exposure on structural isomers of silver nanoparticles. Commun Chem 2023; 6:19. [PMID: 36698009 PMCID: PMC9873626 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00813-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Up to date, the influence of ambient air exposure on the energetics and stability of silver clusters has rarely been investigated and compared to clusters in vacuum. Silver clusters up to 3000 atoms in size, on an amorphous carbon film, have been exposed to ambient air and investigated by atomic-resolution imaging in the aberration-corrected Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope. Ordered structures comprise more than half the population, the rest are amorphous. Here, we show that the most common ordered isomer structures is the icosahedron. These results contrast with the published behaviour of silver clusters protected from atmospheric exposure, where the predominant ordered isomer is face-centred cubic. We propose that the formation of surface oxide or sulphide species resulting from air exposure can account for this deviation in stable isomer. This interpretation is consistent with density functional theory calculations based on silver nanoclusters, in the size range 147-201 atoms, on which methanethiol molecules are adsorbed. An understanding of the effects of ambient exposure on the atomic structure and therefore functional properties of nanoparticles is highly relevant to their real-world performance and applications.
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5
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Caleffi M, Mariani P, Bertoni G, Paolicelli G, Pasquali L, Agresti A, Pescetelli S, Di Carlo A, De Renzi V, D’Addato S. Ag/MgO Nanoparticles via Gas Aggregation Nanocluster Source for Perovskite Solar Cell Engineering. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14195507. [PMID: 34639901 PMCID: PMC8509757 DOI: 10.3390/ma14195507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nanocluster aggregation sources based on magnetron-sputtering represent precise and versatile means to deposit a controlled quantity of metal nanoparticles at selected interfaces. In this work, we exploit this methodology to produce Ag/MgO nanoparticles (NPs) and deposit them on a glass/FTO/TiO2 substrate, which constitutes the mesoscopic front electrode of a monolithic perovskite-based solar cell (PSC). Herein, the Ag NP growth through magnetron sputtering and gas aggregation, subsequently covered with MgO ultrathin layers, is fully characterized in terms of structural and morphological properties while thermal stability and endurance against air-induced oxidation are demonstrated in accordance with PSC manufacturing processes. Finally, once the NP coverage is optimized, the Ag/MgO engineered PSCs demonstrate an overall increase of 5% in terms of device power conversion efficiencies (up to 17.8%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Caleffi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Informatiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy; (V.D.R.); (S.D.)
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (A.A.)
| | - Paolo Mariani
- CHOSE—Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy, Department of Electronics Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (P.M.); (S.P.); (A.D.C.)
| | - Giovanni Bertoni
- CNR—Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto Nanoscienze, Via Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy; (G.B.); (G.P.)
- IMEM—CNR, Istituto dei Materiali per l’Elettronica ed il Magnetismo, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Guido Paolicelli
- CNR—Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto Nanoscienze, Via Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy; (G.B.); (G.P.)
| | - Luca Pasquali
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria E. Ferrari, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy;
- IOM—CNR, Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, s.s. 14, Km. 163.5 in AREA Science Park, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
| | - Antonio Agresti
- CHOSE—Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy, Department of Electronics Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (P.M.); (S.P.); (A.D.C.)
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (A.A.)
| | - Sara Pescetelli
- CHOSE—Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy, Department of Electronics Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (P.M.); (S.P.); (A.D.C.)
| | - Aldo Di Carlo
- CHOSE—Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy, Department of Electronics Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (P.M.); (S.P.); (A.D.C.)
- ISM—CNR, Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina De Renzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Informatiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy; (V.D.R.); (S.D.)
- CNR—Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto Nanoscienze, Via Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy; (G.B.); (G.P.)
| | - Sergio D’Addato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Informatiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy; (V.D.R.); (S.D.)
- CNR—Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto Nanoscienze, Via Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy; (G.B.); (G.P.)
- EN & TECH, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
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6
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Choukourov A, Nikitin D, Pleskunov P, Tafiichuk R, Biliak K, Protsak M, Kishenina K, Hanuš J, Dopita M, Cieslar M, Popelář T, Ondič L, Varga M. Residual- and linker-free metal/polymer nanofluids prepared by direct deposition of magnetron-sputtered Cu nanoparticles into liquid PEG. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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7
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Farkaš B, de Leeuw NH. Effect of coverage on the magnetic properties of -COOH, -SH, and -NH 2 ligand-protected cobalt nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:11844-11855. [PMID: 34190285 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr01081f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Implementation of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedicine requires their passivation, which often comes at a cost of diminished magnetic properties. For the design of nano-agents with targeted magnetic behaviour, it is important to distinguish between ligands which can improve desired performance, and those that reduce it. Carboxylic acid-, thiol-, and amine-protected cobalt nanoparticles were studied by density functional theory calculations to model the impact of ligand coverage on the magnetic properties. The simulations show that the functional group, arrangement, and coverage density of the ligand coating control both the total magnetic moment and magnetic anisotropy energy of the nanoparticle, as well as the distribution of local spin magnetic moments across the metallic core. Captured effects of ligand binding on the orbital moments of cobalt atoms were insignificant. Out of the three ligand families, only carboxylic acid coatings increased the magnetic moments of cobalt nanoparticles, while amines and thiols quenched them. Calculated anisotropy energies of protected nanoparticles consistently increased with the growing ligand density, reaching the highest values for a 100% coverage of both carboxylic acid and thiol coatings. However, the binding nature of the two functional groups showed opposite impacts on the d-states of interacting cobalt atoms. This study has thus established important principles for the design of biocompatible magnetic nanocomposites, highlighting different routes to achieve desired magnetic behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Farkaš
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
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8
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Farkaš B, de Leeuw NH. A Perspective on Modelling Metallic Magnetic Nanoparticles in Biomedicine: From Monometals to Nanoalloys and Ligand-Protected Particles. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:3611. [PMID: 34203371 PMCID: PMC8269646 DOI: 10.3390/ma14133611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The focus of this review is on the physical and magnetic properties that are related to the efficiency of monometallic magnetic nanoparticles used in biomedical applications, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia, and how to model these by theoretical methods, where the discussion is based on the example of cobalt nanoparticles. Different simulation systems (cluster, extended slab, and nanoparticle models) are critically appraised for their efficacy in the determination of reactivity, magnetic behaviour, and ligand-induced modifications of relevant properties. Simulations of the effects of nanoscale alloying with other metallic phases are also briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Farkaš
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK;
| | - Nora H. de Leeuw
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK;
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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9
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Stielow T, Scheel S. Reconstruction of nanoscale particles from single-shot wide-angle free-electron-laser diffraction patterns with physics-informed neural networks. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:053312. [PMID: 34134223 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.053312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Single-shot wide-angle diffraction imaging is a widely used method to investigate the structure of noncrystallizing objects such as nanoclusters, large proteins, or even viruses. Its main advantage is that information about the three-dimensional structure of the object is already contained in a single image. This makes it useful for the reconstruction of fragile and nonreproducible particles without the need for tomographic measurements. However, currently there is no efficient numerical inversion algorithm available that is capable of determining the object's structure in real time. Neural networks, on the other hand, excel in image processing tasks suited for such purpose. Here we show how a physics-informed deep neural network can be used to reconstruct complete three-dimensional object models of uniform, convex particles on a voxel grid from single two-dimensional wide-angle scattering patterns. We demonstrate its universal reconstruction capabilities for silver nanoclusters, where the network uncovers novel geometric structures that reproduce the experimental scattering data with very high precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Stielow
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefan Scheel
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
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10
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Loffreda D, Foster DM, Palmer RE, Tarrat N. Importance of Defective and Nonsymmetric Structures in Silver Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:3705-3711. [PMID: 33831304 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Scanning transmission electron microscopy experiments indicate that face-centered cubic (FCC) is the predominant ordered structure for Ag309 ± 7 nanoclusters, synthesized in vacuum. Historically, experiments do not present a consensus on the morphology at these sizes, whereas theoretical studies find the icosahedral symmetry for Ag309 and the decahedral shape for nearby sizes. We employ density functional theory calculations to rationalize these observations, considering both regular and defective Ag nanoparticles (281-321 atoms). The change of stability induced by the presence of defects, symmetry loss, and change of number of atoms is evaluated by the nanoparticle surface energy, which was measured previously. FCC and decahedral symmetries are found to be more favorable than icosahedral, consistent with our measurements of clusters protected from extended atmospheric exposure. In addition, an energy-free descriptor, surface atomic density, is proposed and qualitatively reproduces the surface energy data. Nonsymmetric and defective structures may be preferred over perfectly regular ones within a given size range.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Loffreda
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Univ Lyon, Ens de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Dawn M Foster
- Nanoscale Physics Research Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Richard E Palmer
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Fabian Way, Swansea SA1 8EN, U.K
| | - Nathalie Tarrat
- CEMES, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 29, Rue Jeanne Marvig, 31055 Toulouse, France
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11
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Stielow T, Schmidt R, Peltz C, Fennel T, Scheel S. Fast reconstruction of single-shot wide-angle diffraction images through deep learning. MACHINE LEARNING: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/2632-2153/abb213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Single-shot x-ray imaging of short-lived nanostructures such as clusters and nanoparticles near a phase transition or non-crystalizing objects such as large proteins and viruses is currently the most elegant method for characterizing their structure. Using hard x-ray radiation provides scattering images that encode two-dimensional projections, which can be combined to identify the full three-dimensional object structure from multiple identical samples. Wide-angle scattering using XUV or soft x-rays, despite yielding lower resolution, provides three-dimensional structural information in a single shot and has opened routes towards the characterization of non-reproducible objects in the gas phase. The retrieval of the structural information contained in wide-angle scattering images is highly non-trivial, and currently no efficient rigorous algorithm is known. Here we show that deep learning networks, trained with simulated scattering data, allow for fast and accurate reconstruction of shape and orientation of nanoparticles from experimental images. The gain in speed compared to conventional retrieval techniques opens the route for automated structure reconstruction algorithms capable of real-time discrimination and pre-identification of nanostructures in scattering experiments with high repetition rate—thus representing the enabling technology for fast femtosecond nanocrystallography.
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12
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Hoshino T, Shiono M, Saswatee B, Aoki S, Sakurai K, Itoh M. High accuracy cross-sectional shape analysis by coherent soft x-ray diffraction. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:8661-8667. [PMID: 33104540 DOI: 10.1364/ao.400317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
When the scatterer size is less than 100 wavelengths, the effect of diffraction is large. The analysis of diffraction is important for 3D shape measurement. However, in soft x rays, shapes suitable for rigorous diffraction analysis have been limited to ellipses and periodic structures. We have developed a method to expand this to any shape (isolated triangle, rectangle, etc.). Experimentally, we measured the respective widths of the cross section of a column consisting of two layers and showed that the resolution was at least a few wavelengths. For this purpose, we have also developed a fast simulation method with a small memory size.
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13
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Rupp D, Flückiger L, Adolph M, Colombo A, Gorkhover T, Harmand M, Krikunova M, Müller JP, Oelze T, Ovcharenko Y, Richter M, Sauppe M, Schorb S, Treusch R, Wolter D, Bostedt C, Möller T. Imaging plasma formation in isolated nanoparticles with ultrafast resonant scattering. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2020; 7:034303. [PMID: 32596413 PMCID: PMC7304997 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We have recorded the diffraction patterns from individual xenon clusters irradiated with intense extreme ultraviolet pulses to investigate the influence of light-induced electronic changes on the scattering response. The clusters were irradiated with short wavelength pulses in the wavelength regime of different 4d inner-shell resonances of neutral and ionic xenon, resulting in distinctly different optical properties from areas in the clusters with lower or higher charge states. The data show the emergence of a transient structure with a spatial extension of tens of nanometers within the otherwise homogeneous sample. Simulations indicate that ionization and nanoplasma formation result in a light-induced outer shell in the cluster with a strongly altered refractive index. The presented resonant scattering approach enables imaging of ultrafast electron dynamics on their natural timescale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rupp
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
| | | | - Marcus Adolph
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Tais Gorkhover
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94305, USA
| | | | | | | | - Tim Oelze
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Maria Richter
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Möller
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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15
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Niozu A, Kumagai Y, Nishiyama T, Fukuzawa H, Motomura K, Bucher M, Asa K, Sato Y, Ito Y, Takanashi T, You D, Ono T, Li Y, Kukk E, Miron C, Neagu L, Callegari C, Di Fraia M, Rossi G, Galli DE, Pincelli T, Colombo A, Owada S, Tono K, Kameshima T, Joti Y, Katayama T, Togashi T, Yabashi M, Matsuda K, Nagaya K, Bostedt C, Ueda K. Characterizing crystalline defects in single nanoparticles from angular correlations of single-shot diffracted X-rays. IUCRJ 2020; 7:276-286. [PMID: 32148855 PMCID: PMC7055387 DOI: 10.1107/s205225252000144x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing and controlling the uniformity of nanoparticles is crucial for their application in science and technology because crystalline defects in the nanoparticles strongly affect their unique properties. Recently, ultra-short and ultra-bright X-ray pulses provided by X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) opened up the possibility of structure determination of nanometre-scale matter with Å spatial resolution. However, it is often difficult to reconstruct the 3D structural information from single-shot X-ray diffraction patterns owing to the random orientation of the particles. This report proposes an analysis approach for characterizing defects in nanoparticles using wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) data from free-flying single nanoparticles. The analysis method is based on the concept of correlated X-ray scattering, in which correlations of scattered X-ray are used to recover detailed structural information. WAXS experiments of xenon nanoparticles, or clusters, were conducted at an XFEL facility in Japan by using the SPring-8 Ångstrom compact free-electron laser (SACLA). Bragg spots in the recorded single-shot X-ray diffraction patterns showed clear angular correlations, which offered significant structural information on the nanoparticles. The experimental angular correlations were reproduced by numerical simulation in which kinematical theory of diffraction was combined with geometric calculations. We also explain the diffuse scattering intensity as being due to the stacking faults in the xenon clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinobu Niozu
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kumagai
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Toshiyuki Nishiyama
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Hironobu Fukuzawa
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Koji Motomura
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Maximilian Bucher
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Kazuki Asa
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Yuhiro Sato
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Yuta Ito
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Takanashi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Daehyun You
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Taishi Ono
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yiwen Li
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Edwin Kukk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Catalin Miron
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, LIDYL, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Extreme Light Infrastructure – Nuclear Physics (ELI–NP), Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 30 Reactorului Street, RO-077125 Magurele, Jud. Ilfov, Romania
| | - Liviu Neagu
- Extreme Light Infrastructure – Nuclear Physics (ELI–NP), Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 30 Reactorului Street, RO-077125 Magurele, Jud. Ilfov, Romania
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor PO Box MG-36, 077125 Magurele, Jud. Ilfov, Romania
| | - Carlo Callegari
- Elettra – Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Michele Di Fraia
- Elettra – Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giorgio Rossi
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Davide E. Galli
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Tommaso Pincelli
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4–6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alessandro Colombo
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 5, 8049 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Kensuke Tono
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Takashi Kameshima
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Joti
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Katayama
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Tadashi Togashi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | | | | | - Kiyonobu Nagaya
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Christoph Bostedt
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
- Laboratory for Femtochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- LUXS Laboratory for Ultrafast X-ray Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kiyoshi Ueda
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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16
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Nishiyama T, Niozu A, Bostedt C, Ferguson KR, Sato Y, Hutchison C, Nagaya K, Fukuzawa H, Motomura K, Wada SI, Sakai T, Matsunami K, Matsuda K, Tachibana T, Ito Y, Xu W, Mondal S, Umemoto T, Nicolas C, Miron C, Kameshima T, Joti Y, Tono K, Hatsui T, Yabashi M, Ueda K. Refinement for single-nanoparticle structure determination from low-quality single-shot coherent diffraction data. IUCRJ 2020; 7:10-17. [PMID: 31949900 PMCID: PMC6949595 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252519014222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
With the emergence of X-ray free-electron lasers, it is possible to investigate the structure of nanoscale samples by employing coherent diffractive imaging in the X-ray spectral regime. In this work, we developed a refinement method for structure reconstruction applicable to low-quality coherent diffraction data. The method is based on the gradient search method and considers the missing region of a diffraction pattern and the small number of detected photons. We introduced an initial estimate of the structure in the method to improve the convergence. The present method is applied to an experimental diffraction pattern of an Xe cluster obtained in an X-ray scattering experiment at the SPring-8 Angstrom Compact free-electron LAser (SACLA) facility. It is found that the electron density is successfully reconstructed from the diffraction pattern with a large missing region, with a good initial estimate of the structure. The diffraction pattern calculated from the reconstructed electron density reproduced the observed diffraction pattern well, including the characteristic intensity modulation in each ring. Our refinement method enables structure reconstruction from diffraction patterns under difficulties such as missing areas and low diffraction intensity, and it is potentially applicable to the structure determination of samples that have low scattering power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Nishiyama
- Division of Physics and Astronomy, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Akinobu Niozu
- Division of Physics and Astronomy, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Christoph Bostedt
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont IL 60439, USA
- Paul-Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- LUXS Laboratory for Ultrafast X-ray Sciences, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ken R. Ferguson
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Yuhiro Sato
- Division of Physics and Astronomy, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | | | - Kiyonobu Nagaya
- Division of Physics and Astronomy, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Hironobu Fukuzawa
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Koji Motomura
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Wada
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Department of Physical Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Sakai
- Division of Physics and Astronomy, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsunami
- Division of Physics and Astronomy, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Matsuda
- Division of Physics and Astronomy, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tachibana
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yuta Ito
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Weiqing Xu
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Subhendu Mondal
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Takayuki Umemoto
- Department of Physical Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Christophe Nicolas
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, l’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Catalin Miron
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, l’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
- Extreme Light Infrastructure - Nuclear Physics (ELI-NP), "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 30 Reactorului Street, Măgurele RO-077125, Jud.Ilfov, Romania
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Takashi Kameshima
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Joti
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Kensuke Tono
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | | | | | - Kiyoshi Ueda
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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17
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Multispectroscopic Study of Single Xe Clusters Using XFEL Pulses. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9224932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) deliver ultrashort coherent laser pulses in the X-ray spectral regime, enabling novel investigations into the structure of individual nanoscale samples. In this work, we demonstrate how single-shot small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements combined with fluorescence and ion time-of-flight (TOF) spectroscopy can be used to obtain size- and structure-selective evaluation of the light-matter interaction processes on the nanoscale. We recorded the SAXS images of single xenon clusters using XFEL pulses provided by the SPring-8 Angstrom compact free-electron laser (SACLA). The XFEL fluences and the radii of the clusters at the reaction point were evaluated and the ion TOF spectra and fluorescence spectra were sorted accordingly. We found that the XFEL fluence and cluster size extracted from the diffraction patterns showed a clear correlation with the fluorescence and ion TOF spectra. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of the multispectroscopic approach for exploring laser–matter interaction in the X-ray regime without the influence of the size distribution of samples and the fluence distribution of the incident XFEL pulses.
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18
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Zimmermann J, Langbehn B, Cucini R, Di Fraia M, Finetti P, LaForge AC, Nishiyama T, Ovcharenko Y, Piseri P, Plekan O, Prince KC, Stienkemeier F, Ueda K, Callegari C, Möller T, Rupp D. Deep neural networks for classifying complex features in diffraction images. Phys Rev E 2019; 99:063309. [PMID: 31330687 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.99.063309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Intense short-wavelength pulses from free-electron lasers and high-harmonic-generation sources enable diffractive imaging of individual nanosized objects with a single x-ray laser shot. The enormous data sets with up to several million diffraction patterns present a severe problem for data analysis because of the high dimensionality of imaging data. Feature recognition and selection is a crucial step to reduce the dimensionality. Usually, custom-made algorithms are developed at a considerable effort to approximate the particular features connected to an individual specimen, but because they face different experimental conditions, these approaches do not generalize well. On the other hand, deep neural networks are the principal instrument for today's revolution in automated image recognition, a development that has not been adapted to its full potential for data analysis in science. We recently published [Langbehn et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 255301 (2018)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.121.255301] the application of a deep neural network as a feature extractor for wide-angle diffraction images of helium nanodroplets. Here we present the setup, our modifications, and the training process of the deep neural network for diffraction image classification and its systematic bench marking. We find that deep neural networks significantly outperform previous attempts for sorting and classifying complex diffraction patterns and are a significant improvement for the much-needed assistance during postprocessing of large amounts of experimental coherent diffraction imaging data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Zimmermann
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bruno Langbehn
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Michele Di Fraia
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Trieste, Italy.,ISM-CNR, Istituto di Struttura della Materia, LD2 Unit, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Paola Finetti
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Aaron C LaForge
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Toshiyuki Nishiyama
- Division of Physics and Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yevheniy Ovcharenko
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany.,European XFEL GmbH, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Paolo Piseri
- CIMAINA and Dipartimento di Fisica, University degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Oksana Plekan
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Kevin C Prince
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Trieste, Italy.,Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | | | - Kiyoshi Ueda
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Carlo Callegari
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Trieste, Italy.,ISM-CNR, Istituto di Struttura della Materia, LD2 Unit, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Thomas Möller
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniela Rupp
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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19
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Klimešová E, Kulyk O, Gu Y, Dittrich L, Korn G, Hajdu J, Krikunova M, Andreasson J. Plasma channel formation in NIR laser-irradiated carrier gas from an aerosol nanoparticle injector. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8851. [PMID: 31221980 PMCID: PMC6586673 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45120-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerosol nanoparticle injectors are fundamentally important for experiments where container-free sample handling is needed to study isolated nanoparticles. The injector consists of a nebuliser, a differential pumping unit, and an aerodynamic lens to create and deliver a focused particle beam to the interaction point inside a vacuum chamber. The tightest focus of the particle beam is close to the injector tip. The density of the focusing carrier gas is high at this point. We show here how this gas interacts with a near infrared laser pulse (800 nm wavelength, 120 fs pulse duration) at intensities approaching 1016 Wcm-2. We observe acceleration of gas ions to kinetic energies of 100s eV and study their energies as a function of the carrier gas density. Our results indicate that field ionisation by the intense near-infrared laser pulse opens up a plasma channel behind the laser pulse. The observations can be understood in terms of a Coulomb explosion of the created underdense plasma channel. The results can be used to estimate gas background in experiments with the injector and they open up opportunities for a new class of studies on electron and ion dynamics in nanoparticles surrounded by a low-density gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Klimešová
- ELI Beamlines, Institute of Physics AS CR, v.v.i., Na Slovance 2, 182 21, Prague 8, Czech Republic.
| | - Olena Kulyk
- ELI Beamlines, Institute of Physics AS CR, v.v.i., Na Slovance 2, 182 21, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Yanjun Gu
- ELI Beamlines, Institute of Physics AS CR, v.v.i., Na Slovance 2, 182 21, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Laura Dittrich
- ELI Beamlines, Institute of Physics AS CR, v.v.i., Na Slovance 2, 182 21, Prague 8, Czech Republic
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, ER 1-1, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Korn
- ELI Beamlines, Institute of Physics AS CR, v.v.i., Na Slovance 2, 182 21, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Janos Hajdu
- ELI Beamlines, Institute of Physics AS CR, v.v.i., Na Slovance 2, 182 21, Prague 8, Czech Republic
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Krikunova
- ELI Beamlines, Institute of Physics AS CR, v.v.i., Na Slovance 2, 182 21, Prague 8, Czech Republic
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, ER 1-1, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jakob Andreasson
- ELI Beamlines, Institute of Physics AS CR, v.v.i., Na Slovance 2, 182 21, Prague 8, Czech Republic
- Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Physics, Göteborg, Sweden
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20
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Langbehn B, Sander K, Ovcharenko Y, Peltz C, Clark A, Coreno M, Cucini R, Drabbels M, Finetti P, Di Fraia M, Giannessi L, Grazioli C, Iablonskyi D, LaForge AC, Nishiyama T, Oliver Álvarez de Lara V, Piseri P, Plekan O, Ueda K, Zimmermann J, Prince KC, Stienkemeier F, Callegari C, Fennel T, Rupp D, Möller T. Three-Dimensional Shapes of Spinning Helium Nanodroplets. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:255301. [PMID: 30608832 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.255301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A significant fraction of superfluid helium nanodroplets produced in a free-jet expansion has been observed to gain high angular momentum resulting in large centrifugal deformation. We measured single-shot diffraction patterns of individual rotating helium nanodroplets up to large scattering angles using intense extreme ultraviolet light pulses from the FERMI free-electron laser. Distinct asymmetric features in the wide-angle diffraction patterns enable the unique and systematic identification of the three-dimensional droplet shapes. The analysis of a large data set allows us to follow the evolution from axisymmetric oblate to triaxial prolate and two-lobed droplets. We find that the shapes of spinning superfluid helium droplets exhibit the same stages as classical rotating droplets while the previously reported metastable, oblate shapes of quantum droplets are not observed. Our three-dimensional analysis represents a valuable landmark for clarifying the interrelation between morphology and superfluidity on the nanometer scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Langbehn
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Sander
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Yevheniy Ovcharenko
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- European XFEL GmbH, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Christian Peltz
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Andrew Clark
- Laboratory of Molecular Nanodynamics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marcello Coreno
- ISM-CNR, Istituto di Struttura della Materia, LD2 Unit, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Marcel Drabbels
- Laboratory of Molecular Nanodynamics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paola Finetti
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Michele Di Fraia
- ISM-CNR, Istituto di Struttura della Materia, LD2 Unit, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Luca Giannessi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Cesare Grazioli
- ISM-CNR, Istituto di Struttura della Materia, LD2 Unit, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Denys Iablonskyi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Aaron C LaForge
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Toshiyuki Nishiyama
- Division of Physics and Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | | | - Paolo Piseri
- CIMAINA and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Oksana Plekan
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Kiyoshi Ueda
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Julian Zimmermann
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- Max-Born-Institut fur Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kevin C Prince
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | | | - Carlo Callegari
- ISM-CNR, Istituto di Struttura della Materia, LD2 Unit, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Thomas Fennel
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
- Max-Born-Institut fur Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniela Rupp
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- Max-Born-Institut fur Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Möller
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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21
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Kousal J, Shelemin A, Schwartzkopf M, Polonskyi O, Hanuš J, Solař P, Vaidulych M, Nikitin D, Pleskunov P, Krtouš Z, Strunskus T, Faupel F, Roth SV, Biederman H, Choukourov A. Magnetron-sputtered copper nanoparticles: lost in gas aggregation and found by in situ X-ray scattering. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:18275-18281. [PMID: 30246834 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr06155f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Magnetron discharge in a cold buffer gas represents a liquid-free approach to the synthesis of metal nanoparticles (NPs) with tailored structure, chemical composition and size. Despite a large number of metal NPs that were successfully produced by this method, the knowledge of the mechanisms of their nucleation and growth in the discharge is still limited, mainly because of the lack of in situ experimental data. In this work, we present the results of in situ Small Angle X-ray Scattering measurements performed in the vicinity of a Cu magnetron target with Ar used as a buffer gas. Condensation of atomic metal vapours is found to occur mainly at several mm distance from the target plane. The NPs are found to be captured preferentially within a region circumscribed by the magnetron plasma ring. In this capture zone, the NPs grow to the size of 90 nm whereas smaller ones sized 10-20 nm may escape and constitute a NP beam. Time-resolved measurements of the discharge indicate that the electrostatic force acting on the charged NPs may be largely responsible for their capturing nearby the magnetron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Kousal
- Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, V Holesovickach 2, 18000 Prague, Czech Republic.
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22
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Experimental determination of the energy difference between competing isomers of deposited, size-selected gold nanoclusters. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1323. [PMID: 29615638 PMCID: PMC5882772 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03794-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The equilibrium structures and dynamics of a nanoscale system are regulated by a complex potential energy surface (PES). This is a key target of theoretical calculations but experimentally elusive. We report the measurement of a key PES parameter for a model nanosystem: size-selected Au nanoclusters, soft-landed on amorphous silicon nitride supports. We obtain the energy difference between the most abundant structural isomers of magic number Au561 clusters, the decahedron and face-centred-cubic (fcc) structures, from the equilibrium proportions of the isomers. These are measured by atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy, with an ultra-stable heating stage, as a function of temperature (125–500 °C). At lower temperatures (20–125 °C) the behaviour is kinetic, exhibiting down conversion of metastable decahedra into fcc structures; the higher state is repopulated at higher temperatures in equilibrium. We find the decahedron is 0.040 ± 0.020 eV higher in energy than the fcc isomer, providing a benchmark for the theoretical treatment of nanoparticles. The equilibrium structures and dynamics of a nanoscale system are regulated by a complex potential energy surface (PES), a key target of theoretical calculations but experimentally elusive. Here, the authors report the measurement of a key PES parameter for size-selected Au nanoclusters soft-landed on amorphous silicon nitride supports.
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23
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Melchior L, Salditt T. Finite difference methods for stationary and time-dependent X-ray propagation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:32090-32109. [PMID: 29245874 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.032090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We have generalized finite-difference (FD) simulations for time-dependent field propagation problems, in particular in view of ultra-short x-ray pulse propagation and dispersion. To this end, we first derive the stationary paraxial (parabolic) wave equation for the scalar field envelope in a more general manner than typically found in the literature. We then present an efficient FD implementation of propagators for different dimensionality for stationary field propagation, before we treat time-dependent problems by spectral decomposition, and suitable numerical sampling. We prove the validity of the numerical approach by comparison to analytical theory, using simple tractable propagation problems. Finally, we apply the framework to the problem of modal dispersion in X-ray waveguide. We show that X-ray waveguides can be considered as non-dispersive optical elements down to sub-femtosecond pulse width. Only when considering resonant absorption close to an X-ray absorption edge, we observe pronounced dispersion effects for experimentally achievable pulse widths. All code used for the work is made available as supplemental material.
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24
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Coherent diffractive imaging of single helium nanodroplets with a high harmonic generation source. Nat Commun 2017; 8:493. [PMID: 28887513 PMCID: PMC5591197 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00287-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coherent diffractive imaging of individual free nanoparticles has opened routes for the in situ analysis of their transient structural, optical, and electronic properties. So far, single-shot single-particle diffraction was assumed to be feasible only at extreme ultraviolet and X-ray free-electron lasers, restricting this research field to large-scale facilities. Here we demonstrate single-shot imaging of isolated helium nanodroplets using extreme ultraviolet pulses from a femtosecond-laser-driven high harmonic source. We obtain bright wide-angle scattering patterns, that allow us to uniquely identify hitherto unresolved prolate shapes of superfluid helium droplets. Our results mark the advent of single-shot gas-phase nanoscopy with lab-based short-wavelength pulses and pave the way to ultrafast coherent diffractive imaging with phase-controlled multicolor fields and attosecond pulses. Diffraction imaging studies of free individual nanoparticles have so far been restricted to XUV and X-ray free - electron laser facilities. Here the authors demonstrate the possibility of using table-top XUV laser sources to image prolate shapes of superfluid helium droplets.
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25
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Classen A, Ayyer K, Chapman HN, Röhlsberger R, von Zanthier J. Incoherent Diffractive Imaging via Intensity Correlations of Hard X Rays. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:053401. [PMID: 28949712 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.053401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Established x-ray diffraction methods allow for high-resolution structure determination of crystals, crystallized protein structures, or even single molecules. While these techniques rely on coherent scattering, incoherent processes like fluorescence emission-often the predominant scattering mechanism-are generally considered detrimental for imaging applications. Here, we show that intensity correlations of incoherently scattered x-ray radiation can be used to image the full 3D arrangement of the scattering atoms with significantly higher resolution compared to conventional coherent diffraction imaging and crystallography, including additional three-dimensional information in Fourier space for a single sample orientation. We present a number of properties of incoherent diffractive imaging that are conceptually superior to those of coherent methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Classen
- Institut für Optik, Information und Photonik, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kartik Ayyer
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henry N Chapman
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Röhlsberger
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joachim von Zanthier
- Institut für Optik, Information und Photonik, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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26
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Li X, Chiu CY, Wang HJ, Kassemeyer S, Botha S, Shoeman RL, Lawrence RM, Kupitz C, Kirian R, James D, Wang D, Nelson G, Messerschmidt M, Boutet S, Williams GJ, Hartmann E, Jafarpour A, Foucar LM, Barty A, Chapman H, Liang M, Menzel A, Wang F, Basu S, Fromme R, Doak RB, Fromme P, Weierstall U, Huang MH, Spence JCH, Schlichting I, Hogue BG, Liu H. Diffraction data of core-shell nanoparticles from an X-ray free electron laser. Sci Data 2017; 4:170048. [PMID: 28398334 PMCID: PMC5387922 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2017.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray free-electron lasers provide novel opportunities to conduct single particle analysis on nanoscale particles. Coherent diffractive imaging experiments were performed at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Laboratory, exposing single inorganic core-shell nanoparticles to femtosecond hard-X-ray pulses. Each facetted nanoparticle consisted of a crystalline gold core and a differently shaped palladium shell. Scattered intensities were observed up to about 7 nm resolution. Analysis of the scattering patterns revealed the size distribution of the samples, which is consistent with that obtained from direct real-space imaging by electron microscopy. Scattering patterns resulting from single particles were selected and compiled into a dataset which can be valuable for algorithm developments in single particle scattering research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanxuan Li
- Complex Systems Division, Beijing Computational Science Research Center, ZPark II, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China.,Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Chun-Ya Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Ju Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Stephan Kassemeyer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Botha
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert L Shoeman
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert M Lawrence
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA.,Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Christopher Kupitz
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Richard Kirian
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85297, USA
| | - Daniel James
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85297, USA
| | - Dingjie Wang
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85297, USA
| | - Garrett Nelson
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85297, USA
| | - Marc Messerschmidt
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Sébastien Boutet
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Garth J Williams
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Elisabeth Hartmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aliakbar Jafarpour
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz M Foucar
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anton Barty
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henry Chapman
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mengning Liang
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Menzel
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Fenglin Wang
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Shibom Basu
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA.,School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Raimund Fromme
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA.,School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - R Bruce Doak
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petra Fromme
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA.,School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Uwe Weierstall
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA.,Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85297, USA
| | - Michael H Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - John C H Spence
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA.,Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85297, USA
| | - Ilme Schlichting
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Brenda G Hogue
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA.,Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA.,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Haiguang Liu
- Complex Systems Division, Beijing Computational Science Research Center, ZPark II, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China
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27
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Rupp D, Flückiger L, Adolph M, Gorkhover T, Krikunova M, Müller JP, Müller M, Oelze T, Ovcharenko Y, Röben B, Sauppe M, Schorb S, Wolter D, Mitzner R, Wöstmann M, Roling S, Harmand M, Treusch R, Arbeiter M, Fennel T, Bostedt C, Möller T. Recombination-Enhanced Surface Expansion of Clusters in Intense Soft X-Ray Laser Pulses. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:153401. [PMID: 27768378 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.153401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We studied the nanoplasma formation and explosion dynamics of single large xenon clusters in ultrashort, intense x-ray free-electron laser pulses via ion spectroscopy. The simultaneous measurement of single-shot diffraction images enabled a single-cluster analysis that is free from any averaging over the cluster size and laser intensity distributions. The measured charge state-resolved ion energy spectra show narrow distributions with peak positions that scale linearly with final ion charge state. These two distinct signatures are attributed to highly efficient recombination that eventually leads to the dominant formation of neutral atoms in the cluster. The measured mean ion energies exceed the value expected without recombination by more than an order of magnitude, indicating that the energy release resulting from electron-ion recombination constitutes a previously unnoticed nanoplasma heating process. This conclusion is supported by results from semiclassical molecular dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rupp
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonie Flückiger
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Marcus Adolph
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tais Gorkhover
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- LCLS, SLAC, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Maria Krikunova
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Philippe Müller
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Müller
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tim Oelze
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yevheniy Ovcharenko
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin Röben
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mario Sauppe
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schorb
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- LCLS, SLAC, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - David Wolter
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rolf Mitzner
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Wöstmann
- Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastian Roling
- Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Rolf Treusch
- FLASH, DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Arbeiter
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Fennel
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Christoph Bostedt
- LCLS, SLAC, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Thomas Möller
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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28
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Daurer BJ, Hantke MF, Nettelblad C, Maia FRNC. Hummingbird: monitoring and analyzing flash X-ray imaging experiments in real time. J Appl Crystallogr 2016; 49:1042-1047. [PMID: 27275147 PMCID: PMC4886990 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576716005926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in X-ray detectors and increases in the brightness of X-ray sources combined with more efficient sample delivery techniques have brought about tremendous increases in the speed of data collection in diffraction experiments. Using X-ray free-electron lasers such as the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), more than 100 diffraction patterns can be collected in a second. These high data rates are invaluable for flash X-ray imaging (FXI), where aerosolized samples are exposed to the X-ray beam and the resulting diffraction patterns are used to reconstruct a three-dimensional image of the sample. Such experiments require immediate feedback on the quality of the data collected to adjust or validate experimental parameters, such as aerosol injector settings, beamline geometry or sample composition. The scarcity of available beamtime at the laser facilities makes any delay extremely costly. This paper presents Hummingbird, an open-source scalable Python-based software tool for real-time analysis of diffraction data with the purpose of giving users immediate feedback during their experiments. Hummingbird provides a fast, flexible and easy-to-use framework. It has already proven to be of great value in numerous FXI experiments at the LCLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt J. Daurer
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Max F. Hantke
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Carl Nettelblad
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Sweden
- Division of Scientific Computing, Department of Information Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Filipe R. N. C. Maia
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Sweden
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29
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Abstract
X-ray scattering is a structural characterization tool that has impacted diverse fields of study. It is unique in its ability to examine materials in real time and under realistic sample environments, enabling researchers to understand morphology at nanometer and angstrom length scales using complementary small and wide angle X-ray scattering (SAXS, WAXS), respectively. Herein, we focus on the use of SAXS to examine nanoscale particulate systems. We provide a theoretical foundation for X-ray scattering, considering both form factor and structure factor, as well as the use of correlation functions, which may be used to determine a particle's size, size distribution, shape, and organization into hierarchical structures. The theory is expanded upon with contemporary use cases. Both transmission and reflection (grazing incidence) geometries are addressed, as well as the combination of SAXS with other X-ray and non-X-ray characterization tools. We conclude with an examination of several key areas of research where X-ray scattering has played a pivotal role, including in situ nanoparticle synthesis, nanoparticle assembly, and operando studies of catalysts and energy storage materials. Throughout this review we highlight the unique capabilities of X-ray scattering for structural characterization of materials in their native environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Andrew J Senesi
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Byeongdu Lee
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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30
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Maleki A, Movahed H, Paydar R. Design and development of a novel cellulose/γ-Fe2O3/Ag nanocomposite: a potential green catalyst and antibacterial agent. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra21350a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new cellulose-based nanocomposite was synthesized, characterization and used for the synthesis of imidazoles and α-aminonitriles, and antibacterial property was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Maleki
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Iran University of Science and Technology
- Tehran 16846-13114
- Iran
| | - Hamed Movahed
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Iran University of Science and Technology
- Tehran 16846-13114
- Iran
| | - Reza Paydar
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Iran University of Science and Technology
- Tehran 16846-13114
- Iran
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31
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Volk A, Thaler P, Knez D, Hauser AW, Steurer J, Grogger W, Hofer F, Ernst WE. The impact of doping rates on the morphologies of silver and gold nanowires grown in helium nanodroplets. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 18:1451-9. [PMID: 26603482 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06248a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Silver and gold nanowires are grown within superfluid helium nanodroplets and investigated by high resolution electron microscopy after surface deposition. The wire morphologies depend on the rate of metal atom doping in the pickup sequence. While high doping rates result in a polycrystalline face-centered cubic nanowire structure, at lower doping rates the initial fivefold-symmetry seems to be preserved. An explanation for this observation is given by computer simulations, which allow the derivation of timescales for the nanowire growth process inside helium nanodroplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Volk
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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32
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Oyarzún S, Tamion A, Tournus F, Dupuis V, Hillenkamp M. Size effects in the magnetic anisotropy of embedded cobalt nanoparticles: from shape to surface. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14749. [PMID: 26439626 PMCID: PMC4593963 DOI: 10.1038/srep14749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong size-dependent variations of the magnetic anisotropy of embedded cobalt clusters are evidenced quantitatively by combining magnetic experiments and advanced data treatment. The obtained values are discussed in the frame of two theoretical models that demonstrate the decisive role of the shape in larger nanoparticles and the predominant role of the surface anisotropy in clusters below 3 nm diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simón Oyarzún
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR5306 Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - Alexandre Tamion
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR5306 Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - Florent Tournus
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR5306 Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - Véronique Dupuis
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR5306 Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - Matthias Hillenkamp
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR5306 Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France
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33
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Abstract
Small-angle scattering formulae for crystalline assemblies of arbitrary particles are derived from powder diffraction theory using the decoupling approximation. To do so, the pseudo-lattice factor is defined, and methods to overcome the limitations of the decoupling approximation are investigated. Further, approximated equations are suggested for the diffuse scattering from various defects of the first kind due to non-ideal particles, including size polydispersity, orientational disorder and positional fluctuation about their ideal positions. Calculated curves using the formalism developed herein are compared with numerical simulations computed without any approximation. For a finite-sized assembly, the scattering from the whole domain of the assembly must also be included, and this is derived using the correlation function approach.
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34
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Kirian RA, Awel S, Eckerskorn N, Fleckenstein H, Wiedorn M, Adriano L, Bajt S, Barthelmess M, Bean R, Beyerlein KR, Chavas LMG, Domaracky M, Heymann M, Horke DA, Knoska J, Metz M, Morgan A, Oberthuer D, Roth N, Sato T, Xavier PL, Yefanov O, Rode AV, Küpper J, Chapman HN. Simple convergent-nozzle aerosol injector for single-particle diffractive imaging with X-ray free-electron lasers. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2015; 2:041717. [PMID: 26798816 PMCID: PMC4711644 DOI: 10.1063/1.4922648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in high-resolution x-ray free-electron laser-based coherent diffractive imaging is the development of aerosol injectors that can efficiently deliver particles to the peak intensity of the focused X-ray beam. Here, we consider the use of a simple convergent-orifice nozzle for producing tightly focused beams of particles. Through optical imaging we show that 0.5 μm particles can be focused to a full-width at half maximum diameter of 4.2 μm, and we demonstrate the use of such a nozzle for injecting viruses into a micro-focused soft-X-ray FEL beam.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - N Eckerskorn
- Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University , Canberra, Australia
| | - H Fleckenstein
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science , DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - L Adriano
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY , 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Bajt
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY , 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Barthelmess
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science , DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - R Bean
- European XFEL GmbH , 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - K R Beyerlein
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science , DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - L M G Chavas
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science , DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - M Heymann
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science , DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - D A Horke
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science , DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - A Morgan
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science , DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - D Oberthuer
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science , DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - N Roth
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science , DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - T Sato
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science , DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - O Yefanov
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science , DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A V Rode
- Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University , Canberra, Australia
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Effect of substrate interface on the magnetism of supported iron nanoparticles. Ultramicroscopy 2015; 159 Pt 3:513-9. [PMID: 26051656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In situ X-ray photo-emission electron microscopy is used to investigate the magnetic properties of iron nanoparticles deposited on different single crystalline substrates, including Si(001), Cu(001), W(110), and NiO(001). We find that, in our room temperature experiments, Fe nanoparticles deposited on Si(001) and Cu(001) show both superparamagnetic and magnetically stable (blocked) ferromagnetic states, while Fe nanoparticles deposited on W(110) and NiO(001) show only superparamagnetic behaviour. The dependence of the magnetic behaviour of the Fe nanoparticles on the contact surface is ascribed to the different interfacial bonding energies, higher for W and NiO, and to a possible relaxation of point defects within the core of the nanoparticles on these substrates, that have been suggested to stabilise the ferromagnetic state at room temperature when deposited on more inert surfaces such as Si and Cu.
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Gorobtsov OY, Lorenz U, Kabachnik NM, Vartanyants IA. Theoretical study of electronic damage in single-particle imaging experiments at x-ray free-electron lasers for pulse durations from 0.1 to 10 fs. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 91:062712. [PMID: 26172741 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.91.062712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) may allow us to employ the single-particle imaging (SPI) method to determine the structure of macromolecules that do not form stable crystals. Ultrashort pulses of 10 fs and less allow us to outrun complete disintegration by Coulomb explosion and minimize radiation damage due to nuclear motion, but electronic damage is still present. The major contribution to the electronic damage comes from the plasma generated in the sample that is strongly dependent on the amount of Auger ionization. Since the Auger process has a characteristic time scale on the order of femtoseconds, one may expect that its contribution will be significantly reduced for attosecond pulses. Here we study the effect of electronic damage on the SPI at pulse durations from 0.1 to 10 fs and in a large range of XFEL fluences to determine optimal conditions for imaging of biological samples. We analyzed the contribution of different electronic excitation processes and found that at fluences higher than 10(13)-10(15) photons/μm(2) (depending on the photon energy and pulse duration) the diffracted signal saturates and does not increase further. A significant gain in the signal is obtained by reducing the pulse duration from 10 to 1 fs. Pulses below a duration of 1 fs do not give a significant gain in the scattering signal in comparison with 1-fs pulses. We also study the limits imposed on SPI by Compton scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Yu Gorobtsov
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
- National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute," Akademika Kurchatova pl., 1, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - U Lorenz
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - N M Kabachnik
- Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- European XFEL GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Ring 19, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - I A Vartanyants
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Kashirskoe shosse 31, 115409 Moscow, Russia
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