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Horbaly H, Hubbe M. Systemic versus local patterns of limb joint articular morphology inferred from relative distances from morphological centroid. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024. [PMID: 38817037 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Joint morphogenesis is a complex process known to require the interaction of developmental cascades and mechanical loading, yet many details of this interaction are incompletely understood. While prior work has established populational patterns of joint morphological (co)variance, exploring how these patterns manifest within the individual provides information on the deployment of morphogenic processes as either systemic or local influences on joint shape. To better identify the patterns of variance-generating morphogenic processes, this study investigates the degree to which individual joint shapes deviate from population averages systematically across the body. Using three-dimensional landmark data from 200 adult skeletons, we ranked individuals based on their distances from morphological centroids for eight major joints. Spearman correlations assessed associations between ranks across various articular pairings, testing hypotheses regarding systemic versus localized variance. Results reveal low coordination between deviations observed in conarticular surfaces, functional analogs, and same-bone surfaces; however strong associations exist between antimeres, suggesting the left-right deployment of variance-generating morphogenic patterns is highly consistent. These results support a model of localized rather than systemic processes driving variation in joint shape. While more remains to be elucidated about the specifics of articular surface morphogenesis, these findings advance our understanding of the systems of variance generation at play during development and growth of our definitive joint morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley Horbaly
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Congdon School of Health Sciences, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Physician Assistant Studies, Congdon School of Health Sciences, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mark Hubbe
- Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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2
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Dehesa-Santos A, Faria-Teixeira MC, Iglesias-Linares A. Skeletal Class III phenotype: Link between animal models and human genetics: A scoping review. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART B, MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2024; 342:21-44. [PMID: 38108095 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify evidence from animal studies examining genetic variants underlying maxillomandibular discrepancies resulting in a skeletal Class III (SCIII) malocclusion phenotype. Following the Manual for Evidence Synthesis of the JBI and the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews, a participant, concept, context question was formulated and systematic searches were executed in the PubMed, Scopus, WOS, Scielo, Open Gray, and Mednar databases. Of the 779 identified studies, 13 met the selection criteria and were included in the data extraction. The SCIII malocclusion phenotype was described as mandibular prognathism in the Danio rerio, Dicentrarchus labrax, and Equus africanus asinus models; and as maxillary deficiency in the Felis silvestris catus, Canis familiaris, Salmo trutta, and Mus musculus models. The identified genetic variants highlight the significance of BMP and TGF-β signaling. Their regulatory pathways and genetic interactions link them to cellular bone regulation events, particularly ossification regulation of postnatal cranial synchondroses. In conclusion, twenty genetic variants associated with the skeletal SCIII malocclusion phenotype were identified in animal models. Their interactions and regulatory pathways corroborate the role of these variants in bone growth, differentiation events, and ossification regulation of postnatal cranial synchondroses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Cristina Faria-Teixeira
- School of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- University Clinic of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Alejandro Iglesias-Linares
- School of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- BIOCRAN, Craniofacial Biology and Orthodontics Research Group, School of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Murakami T, Ruengsinpinya L, Takahata Y, Nakaminami Y, Hata K, Nishimura R. HOXA10 promotes Gdf5 expression in articular chondrocytes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22778. [PMID: 38123662 PMCID: PMC10733362 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50318-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF5), a BMP family member, is highly expressed in the surface layer of articular cartilage. The GDF5 gene is a key risk locus for osteoarthritis and Gdf5-deficient mice show abnormal joint development, indicating that GDF5 is essential in joint development and homeostasis. In this study, we aimed to identify transcription factors involved in Gdf5 expression by performing two-step screening. We first performed microarray analyses to find transcription factors specifically and highly expressed in the superficial zone (SFZ) cells of articular cartilage, and isolated 11 transcription factors highly expressed in SFZ cells but not in costal chondrocytes. To further proceed with the identification, we generated Gdf5-HiBiT knock-in (Gdf5-HiBiT KI) mice, by which we can easily and reproducibly monitor Gdf5 expression, using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. Among the 11 transcription factors, Hoxa10 clearly upregulated HiBiT activity in the SFZ cells isolated from Gdf5-HiBiT KI mice. Hoxa10 overexpression increased Gdf5 expression while Hoxa10 knockdown decreased it in the SFZ cells. Moreover, ChIP and promoter assays proved the direct regulation of Gdf5 expression by HOXA10. Thus, our results indicate the important role played by HOXA10 in Gdf5 regulation and the usefulness of Gdf5-HiBiT KI mice for monitoring Gdf5 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Murakami
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Lerdluck Ruengsinpinya
- Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110, Thailand
| | - Yoshifumi Takahata
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuri Nakaminami
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenji Hata
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Riko Nishimura
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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4
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Flore L, Francalacci P, Massidda M, Robledo R, Calò CM. Influence of Different Evolutive Forces on GDF5 Gene Variability. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1895. [PMID: 37895244 PMCID: PMC10606091 DOI: 10.3390/genes14101895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The GDF5 gene is involved in the development of skeletal elements, synovial joint formation, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage. Several polymorphisms are present within the gene, and two of them, rs143384 and 143383, were reported to be correlated with osteoarticular disease or muscle flexibility. The aim of this research is to verify if the worldwide distribution of the rs143384 polymorphism among human populations was shaped by selective pressure, or if it was the result of random genetic drift events. Ninety-four individuals of both the male and female sexes, 18-28 years old, from Sardinia were analyzed. We observed the following genotype frequencies: 28.72% of AA homozygotes, 13.83% of GG homozygotes, and 57.45% of AG heterozygotes. The allele frequencies were 0.574 for allele A and 0.426 for allele G. The relationships between the populations were verified via Multidimensional Scaling (MDS). Our data show (i) a clear heterogeneity within the African populations; (ii) a strong differentiation between the African populations and the other populations; and that (iii) the Sardinian population is placed within the European cluster. To reveal possible traces of selective pressure, the Population Branch Statistic (PBS) was calculated; both the rs143384 and 143383 SNPs have low PBS values, suggesting that there are no signals of selective pressure in those areas of the gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Flore
- Department of Life and Environment Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (L.F.); (P.F.); (C.M.C.)
| | - Paolo Francalacci
- Department of Life and Environment Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (L.F.); (P.F.); (C.M.C.)
| | - Myosotis Massidda
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Renato Robledo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Carla Maria Calò
- Department of Life and Environment Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (L.F.); (P.F.); (C.M.C.)
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5
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The molecular genetics of human appendicular skeleton. Mol Genet Genomics 2022; 297:1195-1214. [PMID: 35907958 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-022-01930-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Disorders that result from de-arrangement of growth, development and/or differentiation of the appendages (limbs and digit) are collectively called as inherited abnormalities of human appendicular skeleton. The bones of appendicular skeleton have central role in locomotion and movement. The different types of appendicular skeletal abnormalities are well described in the report of "Nosology and Classification of Genetic skeletal disorders: 2019 Revision". In the current article, we intend to present the embryology, developmental pathways, disorders and the molecular genetics of the appendicular skeletal malformations. We mainly focused on the polydactyly, syndactyly, brachydactyly, split-hand-foot malformation and clubfoot disorders. To our knowledge, only nine genes of polydactyly, five genes of split-hand-foot malformation, nine genes for syndactyly, eight genes for brachydactyly and only single gene for clubfoot have been identified to be involved in disease pathophysiology. The current molecular genetic data will help life sciences researchers working on the rare skeletal disorders. Moreover, the aim of present systematic review is to gather the published knowledge on molecular genetics of appendicular skeleton, which would help in genetic counseling and molecular diagnosis.
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Li Q, Bai F, Chen S. Frameshift Mutation in a Chinese Patient with Brachydactyly Type C Involving the Third Metacarpal: A Case Report. Orthop Surg 2022; 14:2386-2390. [PMID: 35819086 PMCID: PMC9483038 DOI: 10.1111/os.13383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Brachydactyly is a common feature of congenital hand anomalies characterized by shortening of the phalanges and/or metacarpals. Mutation of growth differentiation factor‐5 (GDF5) may result in loss of appearance and function in brachydactyly type C (BDC). Herein, we describe an 11 year‐old Chinese BDC patient with significant shortening of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 5th digits. Notably, according to the analysis of metacarpophalangeal pattern profiles, we do not think the 4th digit appears unaffected as usual. In this patient a novel heterozygous frameshift mutation was identified (c.349delG) causing termination of translation after translating six amino acids from codon 117 (p.A117fs*6). This mutation is located in the propeptide region of GDF5, causing GDF5 haploinsufficiency in BDC. Considering our results expanding the genetic spectrum of BDC‐causing mutations, further molecular analysis to diagnose and reclassify isolated brachydactyly on the basis of genotype rather than phenotype is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuya Li
- Peking University Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China.,Department of Hand Surgery, Beijing Ji Shui Tan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Bai
- Peking University Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China.,Department of Hand Surgery, Beijing Ji Shui Tan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shanlin Chen
- Department of Hand Surgery, Beijing Ji Shui Tan Hospital, Beijing, China
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7
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Atas N, Çakır B, Bakır F, Uçar M, Satış H, Güz GT, Demirel KD, Babaoğlu H, Salman RB, Güler AA, Karadeniz H, Haznedaroğlu Ş, Göker B, Öztürk MA, Tufan A. The impact of anti-TNF treatment on Wnt signaling, noggin, and cytokine levels in axial spondyloarthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2022; 41:1381-1389. [DOI: 10.1007/s10067-022-06070-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Muthuirulan P, Zhao D, Young M, Richard D, Liu Z, Emami A, Portilla G, Hosseinzadeh S, Cao J, Maridas D, Sedlak M, Menghini D, Cheng L, Li L, Ding X, Ding Y, Rosen V, Kiapour AM, Capellini TD. Joint disease-specificity at the regulatory base-pair level. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4161. [PMID: 34230488 PMCID: PMC8260791 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24345-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the pleiotropic nature of coding sequences and that many loci exhibit multiple disease associations, it is within non-coding sequence that disease-specificity likely exists. Here, we focus on joint disorders, finding among replicated loci, that GDF5 exhibits over twenty distinct associations, and we identify causal variants for two of its strongest associations, hip dysplasia and knee osteoarthritis. By mapping regulatory regions in joint chondrocytes, we pinpoint two variants (rs4911178; rs6060369), on the same risk haplotype, which reside in anatomical site-specific enhancers. We show that both variants have clinical relevance, impacting disease by altering morphology. By modeling each variant in humanized mice, we observe joint-specific response, correlating with GDF5 expression. Thus, we uncouple separate regulatory variants on a common risk haplotype that cause joint-specific disease. By broadening our perspective, we finally find that patterns of modularity at GDF5 are also found at over three-quarters of loci with multiple GWAS disease associations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dewei Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Mariel Young
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Richard
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zun Liu
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alireza Emami
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabriela Portilla
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shayan Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jiaxue Cao
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - David Maridas
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mary Sedlak
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Danilo Menghini
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Liangliang Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Xinjia Ding
- Department of Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vicki Rosen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ata M Kiapour
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Terence D Capellini
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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9
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Faryal S, Farooq M, Abdullah U, Ali Z, Saadi SM, Ullah F, Khan K, Sarwar Y, Sher M, Chopra AA, Tommerup N, Baig SM. A GDF5 frameshift mutation segregating with Grebe type chondrodysplasia and brachydactyly type C+ in a 6 generations family: Clinical report and mini review. Eur J Med Genet 2021; 64:104226. [PMID: 33872773 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2021.104226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Different mutations in the Growth/Differentiation Factor 5 gene (GDF5) have been associated with varying types of skeletal dysplasia, including Grebe type chondrodysplasia (GTC), Hunter-Thompson syndrome, Du Pan Syndrome and Brachydactyly type C (BDC). Heterozygous pathogenic mutations exert milder effects, whereas homozygous mutations are known to manifest more severe phenotypes. In this study, we report a GDF5 frameshift mutation (c.404delC) segregating over six generations in an extended consanguineous Pakistani family. The family confirmed that both GTC and BDC are part of the GDF5 mutational spectrum, with severe GTC associated with homozygosity, and with a wide phenotypic variability among heterozygous carriers, ranging from unaffected non-penetrant carriers, to classical BDC and to novel unclassified types of brachydactylies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanam Faryal
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Uzma Abdullah
- University Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology (UIBB), PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
| | - Zafar Ali
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Saadia Maryam Saadi
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Farid Ullah
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Kamal Khan
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Yasra Sarwar
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sher
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Anuja Arora Chopra
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Tommerup
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shahid M Baig
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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Iwan A, Moskalewski S, Hyc A. Growth factor profile in calcified cartilage from the metaphysis of a calf costochondral junction, the site of initial bone formation. Biomed Rep 2021; 14:54. [PMID: 33884197 PMCID: PMC8056382 DOI: 10.3892/br.2021.1430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Endochondral bone formation is orchestrated by growth factors produced by chondrocytes and deposited in the cartilage matrix. Whilst some of these factors have been identified, the complete list and their relationship remains unknown. In the present study, the growth factors were isolated from non-calcified and calcified cartilage of costochondral junctions. Cartilage dissected from the ribs of 6-20-week-old calves was purchased from a local butcher within 24 h of the death of the animal. The isolation involved hyaluronidase digestion, guanidinium hydrochloride (GuHCl) extraction, HCl decalcification and GuHCl extraction of the decalcified matrix. Growth factors were purified by heparin chromatography and their quantities were estimated using ELISA. Decalcified cartilage was also used for protein sequence analysis (data are available via ProteomeXchange; ID, PXD021781). Bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7), growth/differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5) and NEL-like protein-1 (NELL-1), all known growth factors that stimulate bone formation, quantitatively accounted for the majority of the material obtained in all steps of isolation. Thus, cartilage serves as a store for growth factors. During initial bone formation septoclasts release osteoclastogenesis-stimulating factors deposited in non-calcified cartilage. Osteoclasts dissolve calcified cartilage and transport the released factors required for the stimulation of osteoprogenitor cells to deposit osteoid. High concentrations of BMP-7, GDF-5 and NELL-1 at the site of initial bone formation may suggest that their synergistic action favours osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Iwan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw PL02004, Poland
| | - Stanisław Moskalewski
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw PL02004, Poland
| | - Anna Hyc
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw PL02004, Poland
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11
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Genovesi ML, Guadagnolo D, Marchionni E, Giovannetti A, Traversa A, Panzironi N, Bernardo S, Palumbo P, Petrizzelli F, Carella M, Mazza T, Pizzuti A, Caputo V. GDF5 mutation case report and a systematic review of molecular and clinical spectrum: Expanding current knowledge on genotype-phenotype correlations. Bone 2021; 144:115803. [PMID: 33333243 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brachydactyly is a bone development abnormality presenting with variable phenotypes and different transmission patterns. Mutations in GDF5 (Growth and Differentiation Factor 5, MIM *601146) account for a significant amount of cases. Here, we report on a three-generation family, where the proband and the grandfather have an isolated brachydactyly with features of both type A1 (MIM #112500) and type C (MIM #113100), while the mother shows only subtle hand phenotype signs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) was performed on the two affected individuals. An in-depth analysis of GDF5 genotype-phenotype correlations was performed through literature reviewing and retrieving information from several databases to elucidate GDF5-related molecular pathogenic mechanisms. RESULTS WES analysis disclosed a pathogenic variant in GDF5 (NM_000557.5:c.157dup; NP_000548.2:p.Leu53Profs*41; rs778834209), segregating with the phenotype. The frameshift variant was previously associated with Brachydactyly type C (MIM #113100), in heterozygosity, and with the severe Grebe type chondrodysplasia (MIM #200700), in homozygosity. In-depth analysis of literature and databases allowed to retrieve GDF5 mutations and correlations to phenotypes. We disclosed the association of 49 GDF5 pathogenic mutations with eight phenotypes, with both autosomal dominant and recessive transmission patterns. Clinical presentations ranged from severe defects of limb morphogenesis to mild redundant ossification. We suggest that such clinical gradient can be linked to a continuum of GDF5-activity variation, with loss of GDF5 activity underlying bone development defects, and gain of function causing disorders with excessive bone formation. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis of GDF5 pathogenicity mechanisms furtherly supports that mutation and zygosity backgrounds resulting in the same level of GDF5 activity may lead to similar phenotypes. This information can aid in interpreting the potential pathogenic effect of new variants and in supporting an appropriate genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luce Genovesi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Guadagnolo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrica Marchionni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Agnese Giovannetti
- Laboratory of Clinical Genomics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Alice Traversa
- Laboratory of Clinical Genomics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Noemi Panzironi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Bernardo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Palumbo
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Francesco Petrizzelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Massimo Carella
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Tommaso Mazza
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Antonio Pizzuti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Clinical Genomics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Viviana Caputo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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12
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Sun K, Guo J, Yao X, Guo Z, Guo F. Growth differentiation factor 5 in cartilage and osteoarthritis: A possible therapeutic candidate. Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e12998. [PMID: 33522652 PMCID: PMC7941218 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF-5) is essential for cartilage development and homeostasis. The expression and function of GDF-5 are highly associated with the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). OA, characterized by progressive degeneration of joint, particularly in cartilage, causes severe social burden. However, there is no effective approach to reverse the progression of this disease. Over the past decades, extensive studies have demonstrated the protective effects of GDF-5 against cartilage degeneration and defects. Here, we summarize the current literature describing the role of GDF-5 in development of cartilage and joints, and the association between the GDF-5 gene polymorphisms and OA susceptibility. We also shed light on the protective effects of GDF-5 against OA in terms of direct GDF-5 supplementation and modulation of the GDF-5-related signalling. Finally, we discuss the current limitations in the application of GDF-5 for the clinical treatment of OA. This review provides a comprehensive insight into the role of GDF-5 in cartilage and emphasizes GDF-5 as a potential therapeutic candidate in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sun
- Department of OrthopedicsTongji Medical CollegeTongji HospitalHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Jiachao Guo
- Department of OrthopedicsTongji Medical CollegeTongji HospitalHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Xudong Yao
- Department of OrthopedicsTongji Medical CollegeTongji HospitalHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Zhou Guo
- Department of OrthopedicsTongji Medical CollegeTongji HospitalHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Fengjing Guo
- Department of OrthopedicsTongji Medical CollegeTongji HospitalHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
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13
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Gariballa N, Ali BR. Endoplasmic Reticulum Associated Protein Degradation (ERAD) in the Pathology of Diseases Related to TGFβ Signaling Pathway: Future Therapeutic Perspectives. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:575608. [PMID: 33195419 PMCID: PMC7658374 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.575608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor signaling pathway (TGFβ) controls a wide range of cellular activities in adulthood as well as during embryogenesis including cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, immunological responses and other cellular functions. Therefore, germline mutations in components of the pathway have given rise to a heterogeneous spectrum of hereditary diseases with variable phenotypes associated with malformations in the cardiovascular, muscular and skeletal systems. Our extensive literature and database searches revealed 47 monogenic diseases associated with germline mutations in 24 out of 41 gene variant encoding for TGFβ components. Most of the TGFβ components are membrane or secretory proteins and they are therefore expected to pass through the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where fidelity of proteins folding is stringently monitored via the ER quality control machineries. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of mutant proteins’ folding and trafficking showed the implication of ER associated protein degradation (ERAD) in the pathogenesis of some of the diseases. For example, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia types 1 and 2 (HHT1 and HHT2) and familial pulmonary arterial hypertension (FPAH) associated with mutations in Endoglin, ALK1 and BMPR2 components of the signaling pathway, respectively, have all exhibited loss of function phenotype as a result of ER retention of some of their disease-causing variants. In some cases, this has led to premature protein degradation through the proteasomal pathway. We anticipate that ERAD will be involved in the mechanisms of other TGFβ signaling components and therefore warrants further research. In this review, we highlight advances in ER quality control mechanisms and their modulation as a potential therapeutic target in general with particular focus on prospect of their implementation in the treatment of monogenic diseases associated with TGFβ components including HHT1, HHT2, and PAH. In particular, we emphasis the need to establish disease mechanisms and to implement such novel approaches in modulating the molecular pathway of mutant TGFβ components in the quest for restoring protein folding and trafficking as a therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrin Gariballa
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bassam R Ali
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Zayed Bin Sultan Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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14
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Andreasson L, Evenbratt H, Simonsson S. GDF5 induces TBX3 in a concentration dependent manner - on a gold nanoparticle gradient. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04133. [PMID: 32551383 PMCID: PMC7292926 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Organs and tissues, such as cartilage and limbs, are formed during development through an orchestration of growth factors that function as morphogens. Examples of growth factors include growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF5) and transforming growth factors beta 1 and 3 (TGFβ-1 and TGFβ-3) which can specify creation of more than one cell type after forming a concentration gradient in vivo. Here, we studied the impact of morphogen gradients during differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into the chondrocyte lineage. Cell budding zones, consisting of condensed cell aggregates, were observed only in gradients of GDF5. T-box transcription factor 3 (TBX3) was detected specifically in the budding zones (ranging from 500-1,500 particles/μm2) of nuclei and cell vesicles. A homogenous density of GDF5 of 900 particles/μm2 on a surface induced budding and expression of TBX3 after five days in iPSCs. Therefore, we conclude that a gradient of GDF5, as well as the specific homogenous density of GDF5, support the induction of TBX3 in iPCSs. Moreover, differentiation of iPSCs first on GDF5 gradient or homogenous surfaces for five days and then in a three-dimensional structure for five weeks resulted in pellets that expressed TBX3.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Andreasson
- Cline Scientific AB, Mölndal, SE-431 53, Sweden
- Institute of Biomedicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SE-413 45, Sweden
| | | | - S. Simonsson
- Institute of Biomedicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SE-413 45, Sweden
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15
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Kania K, Colella F, Riemen AHK, Wang H, Howard KA, Aigner T, Dell'Accio F, Capellini TD, Roelofs AJ, De Bari C. Regulation of Gdf5 expression in joint remodelling, repair and osteoarthritis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:157. [PMID: 31932746 PMCID: PMC6957535 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth and Differentiation Factor 5 (GDF5) is a key risk locus for osteoarthritis (OA). However, little is known regarding regulation of Gdf5 expression following joint tissue damage. Here, we employed Gdf5-LacZ reporter mouse lines to assess the spatiotemporal activity of Gdf5 regulatory sequences in experimental OA following destabilisation of the medial meniscus (DMM) and after acute cartilage injury and repair. Gdf5 expression was upregulated in articular cartilage post-DMM, and was increased in human OA cartilage as determined by immunohistochemistry and microarray analysis. Gdf5 expression was also upregulated during cartilage repair in mice and was switched on in injured synovium in prospective areas of cartilage formation, where it inversely correlated with expression of the transcriptional co-factor Yes-associated protein (Yap). Indeed, overexpression of Yap suppressed Gdf5 expression in chondroprogenitors in vitro. Gdf5 expression in both mouse injury models required regulatory sequence downstream of Gdf5 coding exons. Our findings suggest that Gdf5 upregulation in articular cartilage and synovium is a generic response to knee injury that is dependent on downstream regulatory sequence and in progenitors is associated with chondrogenic specification. We propose a role for Gdf5 in tissue remodelling and repair after injury, which may partly underpin its association with OA risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Kania
- Arthritis and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Fabio Colella
- Arthritis and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Anna H K Riemen
- Arthritis and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Hui Wang
- Arthritis and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Kenneth A Howard
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas Aigner
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Medical Center Coburg, Coburg, Germany
| | - Francesco Dell'Accio
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Terence D Capellini
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anke J Roelofs
- Arthritis and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Cosimo De Bari
- Arthritis and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
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16
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Chijimatsu R, Saito T. Mechanisms of synovial joint and articular cartilage development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3939-3952. [PMID: 31201464 PMCID: PMC11105481 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03191-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is formed at the end of epiphyses in the synovial joint cavity and permanently contributes to the smooth movement of synovial joints. Most skeletal elements develop from transient cartilage by a biological process known as endochondral ossification. Accumulating evidence indicates that articular and growth plate cartilage are derived from different cell sources and that different molecules and signaling pathways regulate these two kinds of cartilage. As the first sign of joint development, the interzone emerges at the presumptive joint site within a pre-cartilage tissue. After that, joint cavitation occurs in the center of the interzone, and the cells in the interzone and its surroundings gradually form articular cartilage and the synovial joint. During joint development, the interzone cells continuously migrate out to the epiphyseal cartilage and the surrounding cells influx into the joint region. These complicated phenomena are regulated by various molecules and signaling pathways, including GDF5, Wnt, IHH, PTHrP, BMP, TGF-β, and FGF. Here, we summarize current literature and discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying joint formation and articular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Chijimatsu
- Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Taku Saito
- Sensory and Motor System Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
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17
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Baghdadi T, Nejadhosseinian M, Shirkoohi R, Mostafavi Tabatabaee R, Tamehri SS, Saffari M, Mortazavi SMJ. DNA hypermethylation of GDF5 in developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e887. [PMID: 31338995 PMCID: PMC6732267 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction & Objective Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH) is one of the most common congenital skeletal anomalies. Body of evidence suggests that genetic variations in GDF5 are associated with susceptibility to DDH. DDH is a multifactorial disease and its etiology has not been entirely determined. Epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation could be linked to DDH. In this scheme, we hypothesized that changes in GDF5 DNA methylation could predispose a susceptible individual to DDH. Methods This study consisted of 45 DDH patients and 45 controls with healthy femoral neck cartilage, who underwent hemi‐, or total arthroplasty for the femoral neck fracture. A cartilage sample of 1 cm in diameter and 1 mm in the thickness was obtained for DNA extraction. DNA was extracted and DNA methylation of GDF5 was evaluated by metabisulfite method. Results Methylation analysis showed that the promoter of GDF5 in cartilage samples from DDH patients was hypermethylated in comparison to healthy controls (p = .001). Conclusion Our study showed that the methylation status of the GDF5 in patients with DDH is dysregulated. This dysregulation indicates that adjustment in the methylation might modify the expression of this gene. Since this gene plays an essential role in cartilage and bone development, thus reducing its expression can contribute to the pathogenesis of DDH. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of GDF5 in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taghi Baghdadi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.,Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mohammad Nejadhosseinian
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.,Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Reza Shirkoohi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Reza Mostafavi Tabatabaee
- Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Seyed S Tamehri
- Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.,School of medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mojtaba Saffari
- Department of medical genetics, School of medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - S M Javad Mortazavi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.,Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
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18
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Yip RK, Chan D, Cheah KS. Mechanistic insights into skeletal development gained from genetic disorders. Curr Top Dev Biol 2019; 133:343-385. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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19
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Familial Brachydactyly with Variable Expression in Three Family Members. Indian J Pediatr 2018; 85:1145-1146. [PMID: 29948736 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-018-2730-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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20
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Khan S, Mudassir M, Khan N, Marwat A. Brachdactyly Instigated as a Result of Mutation in GDF5 and NOG Genes in Pakistani Population. Pak J Med Sci 2018; 34:82-87. [PMID: 29643884 PMCID: PMC5857035 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.341.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Brachdactyly a genetic disorder associated with the abnormal development of metacarpals, phalanges or both which results in the shortening of hands and feet. Mutations in the contributing genes has been recognized with the majority of the investigated syndromic form of brachdactyly. The current study was proposed to examine mutation in NOG and GDF5 genes in a Pakistani family. Methods Poly Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis and Polymerase Chain Reaction was used for the genomic screening and linkage analysis to observe the mutation in genes. The samples were collected from Luckki Marwat district, KPK, while the research study was conducted in the department of Biochemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Results After survey, family was identified with brachdactyly type A2 and investigated a heterozygous arginine to glutamine exchange in the growth demarcation factor 5 in all the victim persons. Different types of skeletal dysplasia resulted due to mutation in the GDF5 genes. Novel GDF5 genes mutations were reported with distinct limb malformation and sequencing of coding region revealed that the mildly affected individuals were heterozygous while the harshly affected individuals were homozygous. Conclusion The current study reported the genetic variability and concluded that the Brachdacytyly type A2 and type B2 resulted due to mutation in GDF5 and NOG genes respectively. A new subtype of brachydactyly (BDB2) was instigated as a result of novel mutations in NOG. The mutation has been reported for the first time in Pakistani population and especially in Pushtoon ethnic population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiullah Khan
- Dr. Samiullah Khan, Ph.D. Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Mudassir
- Mr. Muhammad Mudassir, M. Phil (Scholar). Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Naqab Khan
- Mr. Naqab Khan, Ph. D (Scholar). Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Asmatullah Marwat
- Dr. Asmatullah Marwat, Ph.D. Chairman Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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21
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MacFarlane EG, Haupt J, Dietz HC, Shore EM. TGF-β Family Signaling in Connective Tissue and Skeletal Diseases. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a022269. [PMID: 28246187 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family of signaling molecules, which includes TGF-βs, activins, inhibins, and numerous bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and growth and differentiation factors (GDFs), has important functions in all cells and tissues, including soft connective tissues and the skeleton. Specific TGF-β family members play different roles in these tissues, and their activities are often balanced with those of other TGF-β family members and by interactions with other signaling pathways. Perturbations in TGF-β family pathways are associated with numerous human diseases with prominent involvement of the skeletal and cardiovascular systems. This review focuses on the role of this family of signaling molecules in the pathologies of connective tissues that manifest in rare genetic syndromes (e.g., syndromic presentations of thoracic aortic aneurysm), as well as in more common disorders (e.g., osteoarthritis and osteoporosis). Many of these diseases are caused by or result in pathological alterations of the complex relationship between the TGF-β family of signaling mediators and the extracellular matrix in connective tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gallo MacFarlane
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Julia Haupt
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.,Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Harry C Dietz
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 21205
| | - Eileen M Shore
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.,Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.,Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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22
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Monteagudo S, Lories RJ. Cushioning the cartilage: a canonical Wnt restricting matter. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2017; 13:670-681. [PMID: 29021569 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2017.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signalling pathways have key roles in joint development, homeostasis and disease, particularly in osteoarthritis. New data is starting to reveal the importance of tightly regulating canonical Wnt signalling pathway activation to maintain homeostasis and health in articular cartilage. In addition to the presence of different Wnt antagonists that limit pathway activation in articular cartilage, the reciprocal crosstalk between the canonical and non-canonical cascades and competitive antagonism between different Wnt ligands seem to be critical in restraining excessive Wnt pathway activation. Changes in transcriptional complex assembly upon Wnt pathway activation, epigenetic modulation of target gene transcription, in particular through histone modifications, and complex interactions between the Wnt signalling pathway and other signalling pathways, are also instrumental in adjusting Wnt signalling. In this Review, the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in fine-tuning canonical Wnt signalling in the joint are updated, with a focus on the articular cartilage. The interventions for preventing or treating osteoarthritis are also discussed, which should aim to limit disease-associated excessive canonical Wnt activity to avoid joint damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Monteagudo
- Laboratory for Tissue Homeostasis and Disease, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Centre, Department of Development and Regeneration, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik J Lories
- Laboratory for Tissue Homeostasis and Disease, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Centre, Department of Development and Regeneration, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Division of Rheumatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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23
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Capellini TD, Chen H, Cao J, Doxey AC, Kiapour AM, Schoor M, Kingsley DM. Ancient selection for derived alleles at a GDF5 enhancer influencing human growth and osteoarthritis risk. Nat Genet 2017; 49:1202-1210. [PMID: 28671685 PMCID: PMC6556117 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Variants in GDF5 are associated with human arthritis and decreased height, but the causal mutations are still unknown. We surveyed the Gdf5 locus for regulatory regions in transgenic mice and fine-mapped separate enhancers controlling expression in joints versus growing ends of long bones. A large downstream regulatory region contains a novel growth enhancer (GROW1), which is required for normal Gdf5 expression at ends of developing bones and for normal bone lengths in vivo. Human GROW1 contains a common base-pair change that decreases enhancer activity and colocalizes with peaks of positive selection in humans. The derived allele is rare in Africa but common in Eurasia and is found in Neandertals and Denisovans. Our results suggest that an ancient regulatory variant in GROW1 has been repeatedly selected in northern environments and that past selection on growth phenotypes explains the high frequency of a GDF5 haplotype that also increases arthritis susceptibility in many human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence D Capellini
- Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jiaxue Cao
- Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew C Doxey
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ata M Kiapour
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Schoor
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - David M Kingsley
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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24
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Ratnayake M, Tselepi M, Bloxham R, Plöger F, Reynard LN, Loughlin J. A consistent and potentially exploitable response during chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells from osteoarthritis patients to the protein encoded by the susceptibility gene GDF5. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176523. [PMID: 28481944 PMCID: PMC5421763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common joint disease characterised by the focal loss of the protective cartilage layer at the ends of the bones. It is painful, disabling, multifactorial and polygenic. The growth differentiation factor 5 gene GDF5 was one of the first reported OA susceptibility signals that showed consistent association to OA, with the transcript single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs143383 demonstrating association in Asians and Europeans. The functional effect of the signal is reduced expression of the gene. The GDF5 protein is an extracellular matrix signalling molecule that is active during chondrogenesis and in mature chondrocytes. Due to the functional impact of the susceptibility, we previously assessed the effect of supplementing chondrocytes from OA patients with exogenous GDF5. Their response was highly discordant, precluding the application of GDF5 as a simple means of attenuating the genetic deficit. Since GDF5 is also active during development, we have now assessed the effect of exogenous GDF5 on bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that are undergoing chondrogenesis during cartilage disc formation. MSCs from healthy donors and OA patients were studied and the effect of GDF5 was assessed by measuring the wet mass of the discs, by histological staining, and by monitoring the change in expression of anabolic, catabolic and hypertrophic protein-coding genes. The MSCs expressed the three principal GDF5 receptor genes and responded in a significantly anabolic manner (increase in wet mass, p = 0.0022; Bonferroni corrected p = 0.018) to a variant form of GDF5 that targets the most abundantly expressed receptor, BMPR-IA. GDF5 elicited significant (p < 0.05) changes in the expression of anabolic, catabolic and hypertrophic genes with several consistent effects in healthy donors and in OA patients. Our data implies that, unlike OA chondrocytes, OA MSCs do respond in a predictable, anabolic manner to GDF5, which could therefore provide a route to modulate the genetic deficit mediated by the rs143383 association signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhushika Ratnayake
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Tselepi
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Robert Bloxham
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | - Louise N. Reynard
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - John Loughlin
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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25
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Parrish WR, Byers BA, Su D, Geesin J, Herzberg U, Wadsworth S, Bendele A, Story B. Intra-articular therapy with recombinant human GDF5 arrests disease progression and stimulates cartilage repair in the rat medial meniscus transection (MMT) model of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2017; 25:554-560. [PMID: 27851984 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Investigation of osteoarthritis (OA) risk alleles suggests that reduced levels of growth and differentiation factor-5 (GDF5) may be a precipitating factor in OA. We hypothesized that intra-articular recombinant human GDF5 (rhGDF5) supplementation to the OA joint may alter disease progression. METHODS A rat medial meniscus transection (MMT) joint instability OA model was used. Animals received either one intra-articular injection, or two or three bi-weekly intra-articular injections of either 30 μg or 100 μg of rhGDF5 beginning on day 21 post surgery after structural pathology had been established. Nine weeks after MMT surgery, joints were processed for histological analysis following staining with toluidine blue. Control groups received intra-articular vehicle injections, comprising a glycine-buffered trehalose solution. OA changes in the joint were evaluated using histopathological end points that were collected by a pathologist who was blinded to treatment. RESULTS Intra-articular rhGDF5 supplementation reduced cartilage lesions on the medial tibial plateau in a dose-dependent manner when administered therapeutically to intercept OA disease progression. A single 100 μg rhGDF5 injection on day 21 slowed disease progression at day 63. A similar effect was achieved with two bi-weekly injections of 30 μg. Two bi-weekly injections of 100 μg or three bi-weekly injections of 30 μg stopped progression of cartilage lesions. Importantly, three biweekly injections of 100 μg rhGDF5 stimulated significant cartilage repair. CONCLUSIONS Intra-articular rhGDF5 supplementation can prevent and even reverse OA disease progression in the rat MMT OA model. Collectively, these results support rhGDF5 supplementation as an intra-articular disease modifying OA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Parrish
- DePuy Synthes Mitek Sports Medicine, Raynham, MA, USA.
| | - B A Byers
- DePuy Synthes Mitek Sports Medicine, Raynham, MA, USA.
| | - D Su
- Advanced Therapeutics and Regenerative Medicine, Johnson & Johnson, Somerville, NJ, USA.
| | - J Geesin
- Advanced Therapeutics and Regenerative Medicine, Johnson & Johnson, Somerville, NJ, USA.
| | - U Herzberg
- Advanced Therapeutics and Regenerative Medicine, Johnson & Johnson, Somerville, NJ, USA.
| | - S Wadsworth
- Advanced Therapeutics and Regenerative Medicine, Johnson & Johnson, Somerville, NJ, USA.
| | | | - B Story
- DePuy Synthes Mitek Sports Medicine, Raynham, MA, USA.
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26
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Chen H, Capellini TD, Schoor M, Mortlock DP, Reddi AH, Kingsley DM. Heads, Shoulders, Elbows, Knees, and Toes: Modular Gdf5 Enhancers Control Different Joints in the Vertebrate Skeleton. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006454. [PMID: 27902701 PMCID: PMC5130176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Synovial joints are crucial for support and locomotion in vertebrates, and are the frequent site of serious skeletal defects and degenerative diseases in humans. Growth and differentiation factor 5 (Gdf5) is one of the earliest markers of joint formation, is required for normal joint development in both mice and humans, and has been genetically linked to risk of common osteoarthritis in Eurasian populations. Here, we systematically survey the mouse Gdf5 gene for regulatory elements controlling expression in synovial joints. We identify separate regions of the locus that control expression in axial tissues, in proximal versus distal joints in the limbs, and in remarkably specific sub-sets of composite joints like the elbow. Predicted transcription factor binding sites within Gdf5 regulatory enhancers are required for expression in particular joints. The multiple enhancers that control Gdf5 expression in different joints are distributed over a hundred kilobases of DNA, including regions both upstream and downstream of Gdf5 coding exons. Functional rescue tests in mice confirm that the large flanking regions are required to restore normal joint formation and patterning. Orthologs of these enhancers are located throughout the large genomic region previously associated with common osteoarthritis risk in humans. The large array of modular enhancers for Gdf5 provide a new foundation for studying the spatial specificity of joint patterning in vertebrates, as well as new candidates for regulatory regions that may also influence osteoarthritis risk in human populations. Joints, such as the hip and knee, are crucial for support and locomotion in animals, and are the frequent sites of serious human diseases such as arthritis. The Growth and differentiation factor 5 (Gdf5) gene is required for normal joint formation, and has been linked to risk of common arthritis in Eurasians. Here, we surveyed the mouse gene for the regulatory information that controls Gdf5's expression pattern in stripes at sites of joint formation. The gene does not have a single regulatory sequence that drives expression in all joints. Instead, Gdf5 has multiple different control sequences that show striking specificity for joints in the head, vertebral column, shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, and digits. Rescue experiments show that multiple control sequences are required to restore normal joint formation in Gdf5 mutants. The joint control sequences originally found in mice are also present in humans, where they are marked as active regions during fetal development and post-natal life, and map to a large region associated with arthritis risk in human populations. Regulatory variants in the human GDF5 control sequences can now be studied for their potential role in altering joint development or disease risk at particular locations in the skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Beckman Center B300, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Terence D. Capellini
- Department of Developmental Biology, Beckman Center B300, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Human Evolutionary Biology, Peabody Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Doug P. Mortlock
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - A. Hari Reddi
- Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - David M. Kingsley
- Department of Developmental Biology, Beckman Center B300, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), originally identified as osteoinductive components in extracts derived from bone, are now known to play important roles in a wide array of processes during formation and maintenance of various organs including bone, cartilage, muscle, kidney, and blood vessels. BMPs and the related "growth and differentiation factors" (GDFs) are members of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family, and transduce their signals through type I and type II serine-threonine kinase receptors and their intracellular downstream effectors, including Smad proteins. Furthermore, BMP signals are finely tuned by various agonists and antagonists. Because deregulation of the BMP activity at multiple steps in signal transduction is linked to a wide variety of human diseases, therapeutic use of activators and inhibitors of BMP signaling will provide potential avenues for the treatment of the human disorders that are caused by hypo- and hyperactivation of BMP signals, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takenobu Katagiri
- Division of Pathophysiology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama 350-1241, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Watabe
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Bio-Matrix, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
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28
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Khan S, Basit S, Khan MA, Muhammad N, Ahmad W. Genetics of human isolated acromesomelic dysplasia. Eur J Med Genet 2016; 59:198-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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29
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Abstract
Since the identification in 1988 of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) as a potent inducer of bone and cartilage formation, BMP superfamily signalling has become one of the most heavily investigated topics in vertebrate skeletal biology. Whereas a large part of this research has focused on the roles of BMP2, BMP4 and BMP7 in the formation and repair of endochondral bone, a large number of BMP superfamily molecules have now been implicated in almost all aspects of bone, cartilage and joint biology. As modulating BMP signalling is currently a major therapeutic target, our rapidly expanding knowledge of how BMP superfamily signalling affects most tissue types of the skeletal system creates enormous potential to translate basic research findings into successful clinical therapies that improve bone mass or quality, ameliorate diseases of skeletal overgrowth, and repair damage to bone and joints. This Review examines the genetic evidence implicating BMP superfamily signalling in vertebrate bone and joint development, discusses a selection of human skeletal disorders associated with altered BMP signalling and summarizes the status of modulating the BMP pathway as a therapeutic target for skeletal trauma and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie S Salazar
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Laura W Gamer
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Vicki Rosen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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30
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Thysen S, Luyten FP, Lories RJU. Targets, models and challenges in osteoarthritis research. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:17-30. [PMID: 25561745 PMCID: PMC4283647 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.016881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a chronic degenerative disorder of the joint and represents one of the most common diseases worldwide. Its prevalence and severity are increasing owing to aging of the population, but treatment options remain largely limited to painkillers and anti-inflammatory drugs, which only provide symptomatic relief. In the late stages of the disease, surgical interventions are often necessary to partially restore joint function. Although the focus of osteoarthritis research has been originally on the articular cartilage, novel findings are now pointing to osteoarthritis as a disease of the whole joint, in which failure of different joint components can occur. In this Review, we summarize recent progress in the field, including data from novel ‘omics’ technologies and from a number of preclinical and clinical trials. We describe different in vitro and in vivo systems that can be used to study molecules, pathways and cells that are involved in osteoarthritis. We illustrate that a comprehensive and multisystem approach is necessary to understand the complexity and heterogeneity of the disease and to better guide the development of novel therapeutic strategies for osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Thysen
- Laboratory of Tissue Homeostasis and Disease, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank P Luyten
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. Division of Rheumatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik J U Lories
- Laboratory of Tissue Homeostasis and Disease, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. Division of Rheumatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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31
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Zhang R, Yao J, Xu P, Ji B, Luck JV, Chin B, Lu S, Kelsoe JR, Ma J. A comprehensive meta-analysis of association between genetic variants of GDF5 and osteoarthritis of the knee, hip and hand. Inflamm Res 2015; 64:405-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-015-0818-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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32
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Al-Qattan MM, Al-Motairi MI, Al Balwi MA. Two novel homozygous missense mutations in theGDF5gene cause brachydactyly type C. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167:1621-6. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohammed A. Al Balwi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; King Abdulaziz Medical City; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center; Molecular Biology; King Abdulaziz Medical City; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences; College of Medicine; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
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33
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Exome sequencing reveals a novel PTHLH mutation in a Chinese pedigree with brachydactyly type E and short stature. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 446:9-14. [PMID: 25801215 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Brachydactyly includes shortening of digits due to abnormal development of phalanges, metacarpals, or both. It can occur either as an isolated malformation or with other anomalies as part of many congenital syndromes. It is included as one of the dysostosis groups affecting the limbs in the nosology and classification of genetic skeletal disorders. However, brachydactyly usually shows a high degree of phenotypic variability. In this study, we successfully identified a novel heterozygous mutation of the parathyroid hormone-like hormone (PTHLH) gene by exome sequencing in a Chinese pedigree with brachydactyly and short stature. The PTHLH gene encodes a parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) that is involved in the regulation of endochondral bone development, and mutations in this gene cause the type E form of brachydactyly. The mutation p.L15R occurs at a hydrophobic core region of the signal peptide, suggesting that this variation probably changes the signal peptide cleavage site at the in silico prediction. Further in vitro functional analysis showed that this mutation can lead to the retention of an N-terminal signal peptide fragment after the nascent proteins are translated.
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34
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Two novel disease-causing variants in BMPR1B are associated with brachydactyly type A1. Eur J Hum Genet 2015; 23:1640-5. [PMID: 25758993 PMCID: PMC4795202 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2015.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Brachydactyly type A1 is an autosomal dominant disorder primarily characterized by hypoplasia/aplasia of the middle phalanges of digits 2–5. Human and mouse genetic perturbations in the BMP-SMAD signaling pathway have been associated with many brachymesophalangies, including BDA1, as causative mutations in IHH and GDF5 have been previously identified. GDF5 interacts directly as the preferred ligand for the BMP type-1 receptor BMPR1B and is important for both chondrogenesis and digit formation. We report pathogenic variants in BMPR1B that are associated with complex BDA1. A c.975A>C (p.(Lys325Asn)) was identified in the first patient displaying absent middle phalanges and shortened distal phalanges of the toes in addition to the significant shortening of middle phalanges in digits 2, 3 and 5 of the hands. The second patient displayed a combination of brachydactyly and arachnodactyly. The sequencing of BMPR1B in this individual revealed a novel c.447-1G>A at a canonical acceptor splice site of exon 8, which is predicted to create a novel acceptor site, thus leading to a translational reading frameshift. Both mutations are most likely to act in a dominant-negative manner, similar to the effects observed in BMPR1B mutations that cause BDA2. These findings demonstrate that BMPR1B is another gene involved with the pathogenesis of BDA1 and illustrates the continuum of phenotypes between BDA1 and BDA2.
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35
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Xiao JL, Meng JH, Gan YH, Zhou CY, Ma XC. Association of GDF5, SMAD3 and RUNX2 polymorphisms with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis in female Han Chinese. J Oral Rehabil 2015; 42:529-36. [PMID: 25757091 DOI: 10.1111/joor.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J.-L. Xiao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology; Beijing China
| | - J.-H. Meng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology; Beijing China
| | - Y.-H. Gan
- Center for Temporomandibular Joint Disorder and Orofacial Pain; Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology; Beijing China
| | - C.-Y. Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences; Beijing China
| | - X.-C. Ma
- Center for Temporomandibular Joint Disorder and Orofacial Pain; Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology; Beijing China
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36
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David A, Vincent M, Quéré MP, Lefrançois T, Frampas E, David A. Isolated and syndromic brachydactylies: Diagnostic value of hand X-rays. Diagn Interv Imaging 2015; 96:443-8. [PMID: 25758756 DOI: 10.1016/j.diii.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Brachydactyly, or shortening of the digits, is due to the abnormal development of phalanges, metacarpals and/or metatarsals. This congenital malformation is common, easily detectable clinically but often requires additional radiological exploration. Radiographs are essential to characterize the type of brachydactyly and to show the location of the bone shortening, as well as any associated malformation. This article reviews the radiological findings for isolated brachydactylies (according to the types classified by Bell, and Temtamy and McKusick) and for brachydactylies that are part of complex multisystem malformation syndromes. If warranted by the clinical and radiological examinations, a genetic analysis (molecular and/or cytogenetic) can confirm the etiologic diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A David
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Hôtel Dieu, CHU de Nantes, 1, place Alexis-Ricordeau, 44093 Nantes cedex 1, France.
| | - M Vincent
- Department of Clinical Genetics, hôpital mère-enfant, CHU de Nantes, 7, quai Moncousu, 44000 Nantes, France.
| | - M-P Quéré
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, hôpital mère-enfant, CHU de Nantes, 7, quai Moncousu, 44000 Nantes, France.
| | - T Lefrançois
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, hôpital mère-enfant, CHU de Nantes, 7, quai Moncousu, 44000 Nantes, France.
| | - E Frampas
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Hôtel Dieu, CHU de Nantes, 1, place Alexis-Ricordeau, 44093 Nantes cedex 1, France.
| | - A David
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, hôpital mère-enfant, CHU de Nantes, 7, quai Moncousu, 44000 Nantes, France.
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37
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Abstract
Isolated familial non-syndromic brachydactyly is interesting from the embryological point of view because the phenotypes of isolated brachydactyly are frequently overlapping, yet they are caused by different gene mutations and the ring finger is frequently relatively preserved. We review the embryology of isolated familial brachydactyly with special attention to these two features.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Al-Qattan
- Department of Surgery, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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38
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Stange K, Thieme T, Hertel K, Kuhfahl S, Janecke AR, Piza-Katzer H, Penttinen M, Hietala M, Dathe K, Mundlos S, Schwarz E, Seemann P. Molecular Analysis of Two Novel Missense Mutations in the GDF5 Proregion That Reduce Protein Activity and Are Associated with Brachydactyly Type C. J Mol Biol 2014; 426:3221-3231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2014.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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39
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Uyguner ZO, Kocaoğlu M, Toksoy G, Basaran S, Kayserili H. Novel indel Mutation in the GDF5 Gene Is Associated with Brachydactyly Type C in a Four-Generation Turkish Family. Mol Syndromol 2014; 5:81-6. [PMID: 24715855 DOI: 10.1159/000357264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations of GDF5 are reported to cause hypoplasia/aplasia of certain skeletal elements (brachydactyly), and heterozygous gain-of-function mutations, occurring either on the gene itself or through the loss of its inhibitor noggin, result in joint fusion (symphalangism). We present here the clinical and molecular investigation of a family with disproportionate shortness of the second and third fingers which comprises 9 variably affected members spanning 4 generations. In this study, we performed clinical and radiographical examinations of 2 patients of this family, sequencing of GDF5 and 3D protein modeling of the wildtype and mutated polypeptide to predict the structural alteration. Diagnoses were compatible with familial brachydactyly type C. GDF5 analysis revealed a novel heterozygous in-frame indel mutation (c.803_ 827del25ins25), involving the propeptide domain of GDF5 that alters the number of random coil and beta-strand structures, creating a 1-turn-helix at the mutated site. The mutation described here is the second indel reported in GDF5. The previously published homozygous indel mutation affected the TGF-beta like domain and was associated with Du Pan syndrome. The novel mutation reported here presents further allelic heterogeneity and a probable intrafamilial variable clinical expressivity of GDF5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z O Uyguner
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M Kocaoğlu
- Department of Orthopedics, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - G Toksoy
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - S Basaran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - H Kayserili
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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40
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Liu X, Gao L, Zhao A, Zhang R, Ji B, Wang L, Zheng Y, Zeng B, Valenzuela RK, He L, Ma J. Identification of duplication downstream of BMP2 in a Chinese family with brachydactyly type A2 (BDA2). PLoS One 2014; 9:e94201. [PMID: 24710560 PMCID: PMC3978006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Brachydactyly type A2 (BDA2, MIM 112600) is characterized by the deviation and shortening of the middle phalange of the index finger and the second toe. Using genome-wide linkage analysis in a Chinese BDA2 family, we mapped the maximum candidate interval of BDA2 to a ∼1.5 Mb region between D20S194 and D20S115 within chromosome 20p12.3 and found that the pairwise logarithm of the odds score was highest for marker D20S156 (Zmax = 6.09 at θ = 0). Based on functional and positional perspectives, the bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) gene was identified as the causal gene for BDA2 in this region, even though no point mutation was detected in BMP2. Through further investigation, we identified a 4,671 bp (Chr20: 6,809,218-6,813,888) genomic duplication downstream of BMP2. This duplication was located within the linked region, co-segregated with the BDA2 phenotype in this family, and was not found in the unaffected family members and the unrelated control individuals. Compared with the previously reported duplications, the duplication in this family has a different breakpoint flanked by the microhomologous sequence GATCA and a slightly different length. Some other microhomologous nucleotides were also found in the duplicated region. In summary, our findings support the conclusions that BMP2 is the causing gene for BDA2, that the genomic location corresponding to the duplication region is prone to structural changes associated with malformation of the digits, and that this tendency is probably caused by the abundance of microhomologous sequences in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linghan Gao
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Aman Zhao
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Xi'an Hong Hui Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Baohu Ji
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Lei Wang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yonglan Zheng
- Department of Medicine, the University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Bingfang Zeng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Robert K. Valenzuela
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lin He
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
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41
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Paria N, Copley LA, Herring JA, Kim HKW, Richards BS, Sucato DJ, Rios JJ, Wise CA. The impact of large-scale genomic methods in orthopaedic disorders: insights from genome-wide association studies. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2014; 96:e38. [PMID: 24599210 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.m.00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nandina Paria
- Sarah M. and Charles E. Seay Center for Musculoskeletal Research (N.P., H.K.W.K., J.J.R., and C.A.W.) and Department of Orthopaedics (L.A.C., J.A.H., B.S.R., and D.J.S.), Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, 2222 Welborn Street, Dallas, TX 75219. E-
| | - Lawson A Copley
- Sarah M. and Charles E. Seay Center for Musculoskeletal Research (N.P., H.K.W.K., J.J.R., and C.A.W.) and Department of Orthopaedics (L.A.C., J.A.H., B.S.R., and D.J.S.), Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, 2222 Welborn Street, Dallas, TX 75219. E-
| | - John A Herring
- Sarah M. and Charles E. Seay Center for Musculoskeletal Research (N.P., H.K.W.K., J.J.R., and C.A.W.) and Department of Orthopaedics (L.A.C., J.A.H., B.S.R., and D.J.S.), Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, 2222 Welborn Street, Dallas, TX 75219. E-
| | - Harry K W Kim
- Sarah M. and Charles E. Seay Center for Musculoskeletal Research (N.P., H.K.W.K., J.J.R., and C.A.W.) and Department of Orthopaedics (L.A.C., J.A.H., B.S.R., and D.J.S.), Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, 2222 Welborn Street, Dallas, TX 75219. E-
| | - B Stephens Richards
- Sarah M. and Charles E. Seay Center for Musculoskeletal Research (N.P., H.K.W.K., J.J.R., and C.A.W.) and Department of Orthopaedics (L.A.C., J.A.H., B.S.R., and D.J.S.), Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, 2222 Welborn Street, Dallas, TX 75219. E-
| | - Daniel J Sucato
- Sarah M. and Charles E. Seay Center for Musculoskeletal Research (N.P., H.K.W.K., J.J.R., and C.A.W.) and Department of Orthopaedics (L.A.C., J.A.H., B.S.R., and D.J.S.), Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, 2222 Welborn Street, Dallas, TX 75219. E-
| | - Jonathan J Rios
- Sarah M. and Charles E. Seay Center for Musculoskeletal Research (N.P., H.K.W.K., J.J.R., and C.A.W.) and Department of Orthopaedics (L.A.C., J.A.H., B.S.R., and D.J.S.), Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, 2222 Welborn Street, Dallas, TX 75219. E-
| | - Carol A Wise
- Sarah M. and Charles E. Seay Center for Musculoskeletal Research (N.P., H.K.W.K., J.J.R., and C.A.W.) and Department of Orthopaedics (L.A.C., J.A.H., B.S.R., and D.J.S.), Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, 2222 Welborn Street, Dallas, TX 75219. E-
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Ratnayake M, Plöger F, Santibanez-Koref M, Loughlin J. Human chondrocytes respond discordantly to the protein encoded by the osteoarthritis susceptibility gene GDF5. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86590. [PMID: 24466161 PMCID: PMC3897745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A genetic deficit mediated by SNP rs143383 that leads to reduced expression of GDF5 is strongly associated with large-joint osteoarthritis. We speculated that this deficit could be attenuated by the application of exogenous GDF5 protein and as a first step we have assessed what effect such application has on primary osteoarthritis chondrocyte gene expression. Chondrocytes harvested from cartilage of osteoarthritic patients who had undergone joint replacement were cultured with wildtype recombinant mouse and human GDF5 protein. We also studied variants of GDF5, one that has a higher affinity for the receptor BMPR-IA and one that is insensitive to the GDF5 antagonist noggin. As a positive control, chondrocytes were treated with TGF-β1. Chondrocytes were cultured in monolayer and micromass and the expression of genes coding for catabolic and anabolic proteins of cartilage were measured by quantitative PCR. The expression of the GDF5 receptor genes and the presence of their protein products was confirmed and the ability of GDF5 signal to translocate to the nucleus was demonstrated by the activation of a luciferase reporter construct. The capacity of GDF5 to elicit an intracellular signal in chondrocytes was demonstrated by the phosphorylation of intracellular Smads. Chondrocytes cultured with TGF-β1 demonstrated a consistent down regulation of MMP1, MMP13 and a consistent upregulation of TIMP1 and COL2A1 with both culture techniques. In contrast, chondrocytes cultured with wildtype GDF5, or its variants, did not show any consistent response, irrespective of the culture technique used. Our results show that osteoarthritis chondrocytes do not respond in a predictable manner to culture with exogenous GDF5. This may be a cause or a consequence of the osteoarthritis disease process and will need to be surmounted if treatment with exogenous GDF5 is to be advanced as a potential means to overcome the genetic deficit conferring osteoarthritis susceptibility at this gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhushika Ratnayake
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Mauro Santibanez-Koref
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - John Loughlin
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Nonviral Gene Delivery of Growth and Differentiation Factor 5 to Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Injected into a 3D Bovine Intervertebral Disc Organ Culture System. Stem Cells Int 2013; 2013:326828. [PMID: 24454406 PMCID: PMC3885261 DOI: 10.1155/2013/326828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) cell therapy with unconditioned 2D expanded mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) is a promising concept yet challenging to realize. Differentiation of MSCs by nonviral gene delivery of growth and differentiation factor 5 (GDF5) by electroporation mediated gene transfer could be an excellent source for cell transplantation. Human MSCs were harvested from bone marrow aspirate and GDF5 gene transfer was achieved by in vitro electroporation. Transfected cells were cultured as monolayers and as 3D cultures in 1.2% alginate bead culture. MSC expressed GDF5 efficiently for up to 21 days. The combination of GDF5 gene transfer and 3D culture in alginate showed an upregulation of aggrecan and SOX9, two markers for chondrogenesis, and KRT19 as a marker for discogenesis compared to untransfected cells. The cells encapsulated in alginate produced more proteoglycans expressed in GAG/DNA ratio. Furthermore, GDF5 transfected MCS injected into an IVD papain degeneration organ culture model showed a partial recovery of the GAG/DNA ratio after 7 days. In this study we demonstrate the potential of GDF5 transfected MSC as a promising approach for clinical translation for disc regeneration.
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Homozygous missense and nonsense mutations in BMPR1B cause acromesomelic chondrodysplasia-type Grebe. Eur J Hum Genet 2013; 22:726-33. [PMID: 24129431 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2013.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acromesomelic chondrodysplasias (ACDs) are characterized by disproportionate shortening of the appendicular skeleton, predominantly affecting the middle (forearms and forelegs) and distal segments (hands and feet). Here, we present two consanguineous families with missense (c.157T>C, p.(C53R)) or nonsense (c.657G>A, p.(W219*)) mutations in BMPR1B. Homozygous affected individuals show clinical and radiographic findings consistent with ACD-type Grebe. Functional analysis of the missense mutation C53R revealed that the mutated receptor was partially located at the cell membrane. In contrast to the wild-type receptor, C53R mutation hindered the activation of the receptor by its ligand GDF5, as shown by reporter gene assay. Further, overexpression of the C53R mutation in an in vitro chondrogenesis assay showed no effect on cell differentiation, indicating a loss of function. The nonsense mutation (c.657G>A, p.(W219*)) introduces a premature stop codon, which is predicted to be subject to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, causing reduced protein translation of the mutant allele. A loss-of-function effect of both mutations causing recessive ACD-type Grebe is further supported by the mild brachydactyly or even non-penetrance of these mutations observed in the heterozygous parents. In contrast, dominant-negative BMPR1B mutations described previously are associated with autosomal-dominant brachydactyly-type A2.
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Insights from human genetic studies into the pathways involved in osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2013; 9:573-83. [DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2013.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Characterization of a novel missense mutation in the prodomain of GDF5, which underlies brachydactyly type C and mild Grebe type chondrodysplasia in a large Pakistani family. Hum Genet 2013; 132:1253-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-013-1330-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Syddall CM, Reynard LN, Young DA, Loughlin J. The identification of trans-acting factors that regulate the expression of GDF5 via the osteoarthritis susceptibility SNP rs143383. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003557. [PMID: 23825960 PMCID: PMC3694828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
rs143383 is a C to T transition SNP located in the 5′untranslated region (5′UTR) of the growth differentiation factor 5 gene GDF5. The T allele of the SNP is associated with increased risk of osteoarthritis (OA) in Europeans and in Asians. This susceptibility is mediated by the T allele producing less GDF5 transcript relative to the C allele, a phenomenon known as differential allelic expression (DAE). The aim of this study was to identify trans-acting factors that bind to rs143383 and which regulate this GDF5 DAE. Protein binding to the gene was investigated by two experimental approaches: 1) competition and supershift electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) and 2) an oligonucleotide pull down assay followed by quantitative mass spectrometry. Binding was then confirmed in vivo by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), and the functional effects of candidate proteins investigated by RNA interference (RNAi) and over expression. Using these approaches the trans-acting factors Sp1, Sp3, P15, and DEAF-1 were identified as interacting with the GDF5 5′UTR. Knockdown and over expression of the factors demonstrated that Sp1, Sp3, and DEAF-1 are repressors of GDF5 expression. Depletion of DEAF-1 modulated the DAE of GDF5 and this differential allelic effect was confirmed following over expression, with the rs143383 T allele being repressed to a significantly greater extent than the rs143383 C allele. In combination, Sp1 and DEAF-1 had the greatest repressive activity. In conclusion, we have identified four trans-acting factors that are binding to GDF5, three of which are modulating GDF5 expression via the OA susceptibility locus rs143383. GDF5 is an important growth factor that plays a vital role in the development and repair of articulating joints. rs143383 is a polymorphism within the regulatory region of the GDF5 gene and has two allelic forms, C and T. Genetic studies have demonstrated that the T allele is associated with an increased risk of osteoarthritis in a range of ethnic populations whilst previous functional studies revealed that this allele mediates its effect by producing less GDF5 transcript than the C allele. In this study, we sought to identify transcription factors that are binding to rs143383 and that are responsible for mediating this differential level of expression. Using two different approaches we have identified four factors and our functional studies have revealed that three of these factors repress GDF5 expression and that DEAF-1 modulates the differential expression of the two rs143383 alleles. The factors that we have identified could serve as novel therapeutic targets, with their depletion restoring the expression levels of GDF5 in patients with the osteoarthritis susceptibility T allele. The relevance of our results extends beyond osteoarthritis, since the T allele of rs143383 is also a risk factor for a number of other musculoskeletal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M. Syddall
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Louise N. Reynard
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Young
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - John Loughlin
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Deng FY, Dong SS, Xu XH, Liu YJ, Liu YZ, Shen H, Tian Q, Li J, Deng HW. Genome-wide association study identified UQCC locus for spine bone size in humans. Bone 2013; 53. [PMID: 23207799 PMCID: PMC3682469 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bone size (BS) contributes significantly to the risk of osteoporotic fracture. Osteoporotic spine fracture is one of the most disabling outcomes of osteoporosis. This study aims to identify genomic loci underlying spine BS variation in humans. We performed a genome-wide association scan in 2286 unrelated Caucasians using Affymetrix 6.0 SNP arrays. Areal BS (cm(2)) at lumbar spine was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scanners. SNPs of interest were subjected to replication analyses and meta-analyses with additional two independent Caucasian populations (N=1000 and 2503) and one Chinese population (N=1627). In the initial GWAS, 91 SNPs were associated with spine BS (P<1.0E-4). Eight contiguous SNPs were found clustering in a haplotype block within UQCC gene (ubiquinol-cytochrome creductase complex chaperone). Association of the above eight SNPs with spine BS was replicated in one Caucasian and one Chinese populations. Meta-analyses (N=7416) generated much stronger association signals for these SNPs (e.g., P=1.86E-07 for SNP rs6060373), supporting association of UQCC with spine BS across ethnicities. This study identified a novel locus, i.e., the UQCC gene, for spine BS variation in humans. Future functional studies will contribute to elucidating the mechanisms by which UQCC regulates bone growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Yan Deng
- Center of Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Shan-Shan Dong
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Hong Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Jun Liu
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Yao-Zhong Liu
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Hui Shen
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Qing Tian
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jian Li
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Hong-Wen Deng
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, P. R. China
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Seo SH, Park MJ, Kim SH, Kim OH, Park S, Cho SI, Park SS, Seong MW. Identification of a GDF5 mutation in a Korean patient with brachydactyly type C without foot involvement. Ann Lab Med 2013; 33:150-2. [PMID: 23483675 PMCID: PMC3589643 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2013.33.2.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Brachydactyly type C (BDC) is characterized by shortening of the middle phalanges of the index, middle, and little fingers. Hyperphalangy of the index and middle finger and shortening of the first metacarpal can also be observed. BDC is a rare genetic condition associated with the GDF5 gene, and this condition has not been confirmed by genetic analysis so far in the Korean population. Herein, we present a case of a 6-yr-old girl diagnosed with BDC confirmed by molecular genetic analysis. The patient presented with shortening of the second and third digits of both hands. Sequence analysis of the GDF5 gene was performed and the pathogenic mutation, c.1312C>T (p.Arg438Cys), was identified. Interestingly, this mutation was previously described in a patient who presented with the absence of the middle phalanges in the second through fifth toes. However, our patient showed no involvement of the feet. Considering intrafamilial and interfamilial variability, molecular analysis of isolated brachydactyly is warranted to elucidate the genetic origin and establish a diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Hyun Seo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
Brachydactyly (BD) is a general term that refers to shortening of the hands/feet due to small or missing metacarpals/metatarsalsand/or phalanges, and forms part of the group of limb malformations characterized by bone dysostosis. It may occur either as an isolated trait or as part of a syndrome. BD may also be accompanied by other hand mal-formations, such as syndactyly, polydactyly, reduction defects, and symphalangism. In isolated brachydactyly, the inheritance is mostly autosomal dominant with variable expressivity and penetrtance. For the majority of isolated BD and some syndromic forms of BD, the causative gene defect has been identified. These studies have shown that the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway plays a pivotal role in the normal development of digits and joints and that the majority of brachydactyly disease genes are directly or indirectly linked to this pathway. This review summarizes the progress in the molecular genetics of BD, which will contribute to the BD pathogenic mechanism and implementation of genetic clinic.
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