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Franco RAG, McKenna E, Shajib MS, Guillesser B, Robey PG, Crawford RW, Doran MR, Futrega K. Microtissue Culture Provides Clarity on the Relative Chondrogenic and Hypertrophic Response of Bone-Marrow-Derived Stromal Cells to TGF-β1, BMP-2, and GDF-5. Cells 2023; 13:37. [PMID: 38201241 PMCID: PMC10778331 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Chondrogenic induction of bone-marrow-derived stromal cells (BMSCs) is typically accomplished with medium supplemented with growth factors (GF) from the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)/bone morphogenetic factor (BMP) superfamily. In a previous study, we demonstrated that brief (1-3 days) stimulation with TGF-β1 was sufficient to drive chondrogenesis and hypertrophy using small-diameter microtissues generated from 5000 BMSC each. This biology is obfuscated in typical large-diameter pellet cultures, which suffer radial heterogeneity. Here, we investigated if brief stimulation (2 days) of BMSC microtissues with BMP-2 (100 ng/mL) or growth/differentiation factor (GDF-5, 100 ng/mL) was also sufficient to induce chondrogenic differentiation, in a manner comparable to TGF-β1 (10 ng/mL). Like TGF-β1, BMP-2 and GDF-5 are reported to stimulate chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs, but the effects of transient or brief use in culture have not been explored. Hypertrophy is an unwanted outcome in BMSC chondrogenic differentiation that renders engineered tissues unsuitable for use in clinical cartilage repair. Using three BMSC donors, we observed that all GFs facilitated chondrogenesis, although the efficiency and the necessary duration of stimulation differed. Microtissues treated with 2 days or 14 days of TGF-β1 were both superior at producing extracellular matrix and expression of chondrogenic gene markers compared to BMP-2 and GDF-5 with the same exposure times. Hypertrophic markers increased proportionally with chondrogenic differentiation, suggesting that these processes are intertwined for all three GFs. The rapid action, or "temporal potency", of these GFs to induce BMSC chondrogenesis was found to be as follows: TGF-β1 > BMP-2 > GDF-5. Whether briefly or continuously supplied in culture, TGF-β1 was the most potent GF for inducing chondrogenesis in BMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Ann G. Franco
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies (CBT), School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Translational Research Institute (TRI), Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Eamonn McKenna
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies (CBT), School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Translational Research Institute (TRI), Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Md. Shafiullah Shajib
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies (CBT), School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Translational Research Institute (TRI), Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
- School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Bianca Guillesser
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies (CBT), School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Translational Research Institute (TRI), Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
- School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Pamela G. Robey
- Skeletal Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ross W. Crawford
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies (CBT), School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Michael R. Doran
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies (CBT), School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Translational Research Institute (TRI), Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
- School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Skeletal Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Mater Research Institute—University of Queensland (UQ), Translational Research Institute (TRI), Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Kathryn Futrega
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies (CBT), School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Skeletal Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Zhu C, Zhou Q, Wang Z, Zhang J, Xu C, Ruan D. Growth differentiation factor 5 inhibits lipopolysaccharide-mediated pyroptosis of nucleus pulposus mesenchymal stem cells via RhoA signaling pathway. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:6337-6347. [PMID: 37310547 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08547-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Degenerative disc disease(DDD)is one of the most important causes of low back pain (LBP). Programmed death of human nucleus pulposus mesenchymal stem cells (NPMSCs) plays an important role in the progression of DDD. Growth differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5) is a protein that promotes chondrogenic differentiation, and has been reported to slow the expression of inflammatory factors in nucleus pulposus cells. Compared with those in normal rats, MRI T2-weighted images show hypointense in the central nucleus pulposus region of the intervertebral disc in GDF-5 knockout rats. METHODS AND RESULTS We aimed to evaluate the role of GDF-5 and Ras homolog family member A (RhoA) in NPMSCs. We used lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to simulate the inflammatory environment in degenerative disc disease, and performed related experiments on the effects of GDF-5 on NPMSCs, including the effects of pyroptosis, RhoA protein, and the expression of extracellular matrix components, and the effects of GDF-5, on NPMSCs. In addition, the effect of GDF-5 on chondroid differentiation of NPMSCs was included. The results showed that the addition of GDF-5 inhibited the LPS-induced pyroptosis of NPMSCs, and further analysis of its mechanism showed that this was achieved by activating the RhoA signaling pathway. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that GDF-5 plays an important role in inhibiting the pyroptosis of NPMSCs and GDF-5 may have potential for degenerative disc disease gene-targeted therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhu
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Sixth Medical Centre of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Sixth Medical Centre of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Navy Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Zuqiang Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Sixth Medical Centre of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Junyou Zhang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Sixth Medical Centre of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Cheng Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Sixth Medical Centre of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Dike Ruan
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China.
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Sixth Medical Centre of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China.
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Weißenberger M, Wagenbrenner M, Nickel J, Ahlbrecht R, Blunk T, Steinert AF, Gilbert F. Comparative in vitro treatment of mesenchymal stromal cells with GDF-5 and R57A induces chondrogenic differentiation while limiting chondrogenic hypertrophy. J Exp Orthop 2023; 10:29. [PMID: 36943593 PMCID: PMC10030724 DOI: 10.1186/s40634-023-00594-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Hypertrophic cartilage is an important characteristic of osteoarthritis and can often be found in patients suffering from osteoarthritis. Although the exact pathomechanism remains poorly understood, hypertrophic de-differentiation of chondrocytes also poses a major challenge in the cell-based repair of hyaline cartilage using mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). While different members of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) family have been shown to promote chondrogenesis in MSCs, the transition into a hypertrophic phenotype remains a problem. To further examine this topic we compared the effects of the transcription growth and differentiation factor 5 (GDF-5) and the mutant R57A on in vitro chondrogenesis in MSCs. METHODS Bone marrow-derived MSCs (BMSCs) were placed in pellet culture and in-cubated in chondrogenic differentiation medium containing R57A, GDF-5 and TGF-ß1 for 21 days. Chondrogenesis was examined histologically, immunohistochemically, through biochemical assays and by RT-qPCR regarding the expression of chondrogenic marker genes. RESULTS Treatment of BMSCs with R57A led to a dose dependent induction of chondrogenesis in BMSCs. Biochemical assays also showed an elevated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content and expression of chondrogenic marker genes in corresponding pellets. While treatment with R57A led to superior chondrogenic differentiation compared to treatment with the GDF-5 wild type and similar levels compared to incubation with TGF-ß1, levels of chondrogenic hypertrophy were lower after induction with R57A and the GDF-5 wild type. CONCLUSIONS R57A is a stronger inducer of chondrogenesis in BMSCs than the GDF-5 wild type while leading to lower levels of chondrogenic hypertrophy in comparison with TGF-ß1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Weißenberger
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, König-Ludwig-Haus, Würzburg, Germany.
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Wuerzburg, König-Ludwig-Haus, Brettreichstraße 11, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Mike Wagenbrenner
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, König-Ludwig-Haus, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Musculoskeletal University Center Munich (MUM), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim Nickel
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rasmus Ahlbrecht
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, König-Ludwig-Haus, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Trauma-, Hand-, Plastic- and Reconstructive Surgery, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Blunk
- Department of Trauma-, Hand-, Plastic- and Reconstructive Surgery, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andre F Steinert
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, König-Ludwig-Haus, Würzburg, Germany
- Current address:, Department of Orthopaedic, Trauma, Shoulder and Arthroplasty Surgery, Rhön-Klinikum, Campus Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt, Germany
| | - Fabian Gilbert
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Musculoskeletal University Center Munich (MUM), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Department of Trauma-, Hand-, Plastic- and Reconstructive Surgery, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
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Hasenbein I, Sachse A, Hortschansky P, Schmuck KD, Horbert V, Anders C, Lehmann T, Huber R, Maslaris A, Layher F, Braun C, Roth A, Plöger F, Kinne RW. Single Application of Low-Dose, Hydroxyapatite-Bound BMP-2 or GDF-5 Induces Long-Term Bone Formation and Biomechanical Stabilization of a Bone Defect in a Senile Sheep Lumbar Osteopenia Model. Biomedicines 2022; 10:513. [PMID: 35203721 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of hydroxyapatite (HA) particles with bone morphogenetic BMP-2 or GDF-5 were compared in sheep lumbar osteopenia; in vitro release in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or sheep serum was assessed by ELISA. Lumbar (L) vertebral bone defects (Ø 3.5 mm) were generated in aged, osteopenic female sheep (n = 72; 9.00 ± 0.11 years; mean ± SEM). Treatment was: (a) HA particles (2.5 mg; L5); or (b) particles coated with BMP-2 (1 µg; 10 µg) or GDF-5 (5 µg; 50 µg; L4; all groups n = 6). Untouched vertebrae (L3) served as controls. Three and nine months post-therapy, bone formation was assessed by osteodensitometry, histomorphometry, and biomechanical testing. Cumulative 14-day BMP release was high in serum (76–100%), but max. 1.4% in PBS. In vivo induction of bone formation by HA particles with either growth factor was shown by: (i) significantly increased bone volume, trabecular and cortical thickness (overall increase HA + BMP vs. control close to the injection channel 71%, 110%, and 37%, respectively); (ii) partial significant effects for bone mineral density, bone formation, and compressive strength (increase 17%; 9 months; GDF-5). Treatment effects were not dose-dependent. Combined HA and BMPs (single low-dose) highly augment long-term bone formation and biomechanical stabilization in sheep lumbar osteopenia. Thus, carrier-bound BMP doses 20,000-fold to 1000-fold lower than previously applied appear suitable for spinal fusion/bone regeneration and improved treatment safety.
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Sun K, Guo J, Yao X, Guo Z, Guo F. Growth differentiation factor 5 in cartilage and osteoarthritis: A possible therapeutic candidate. Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e12998. [PMID: 33522652 PMCID: PMC7941218 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF-5) is essential for cartilage development and homeostasis. The expression and function of GDF-5 are highly associated with the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). OA, characterized by progressive degeneration of joint, particularly in cartilage, causes severe social burden. However, there is no effective approach to reverse the progression of this disease. Over the past decades, extensive studies have demonstrated the protective effects of GDF-5 against cartilage degeneration and defects. Here, we summarize the current literature describing the role of GDF-5 in development of cartilage and joints, and the association between the GDF-5 gene polymorphisms and OA susceptibility. We also shed light on the protective effects of GDF-5 against OA in terms of direct GDF-5 supplementation and modulation of the GDF-5-related signalling. Finally, we discuss the current limitations in the application of GDF-5 for the clinical treatment of OA. This review provides a comprehensive insight into the role of GDF-5 in cartilage and emphasizes GDF-5 as a potential therapeutic candidate in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sun
- Department of OrthopedicsTongji Medical CollegeTongji HospitalHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Jiachao Guo
- Department of OrthopedicsTongji Medical CollegeTongji HospitalHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Xudong Yao
- Department of OrthopedicsTongji Medical CollegeTongji HospitalHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Zhou Guo
- Department of OrthopedicsTongji Medical CollegeTongji HospitalHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Fengjing Guo
- Department of OrthopedicsTongji Medical CollegeTongji HospitalHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
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Zhao X, Bian R, Wang F, Wang Y, Li X, Guo Y, Zhang X, Luo G, Zhan R. GDF-5 promotes epidermal stem cells proliferation via Foxg1-cyclin D1 signaling. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:42. [PMID: 33413682 PMCID: PMC7792190 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-02106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epidermal stem cells (EpSCs) can self-renew, which are responsible for the long-term maintenance of the skin, and it also plays a critical role in wound re-epithelization, but the mechanism underlying EpSCs proliferation is unclear. GDF-5, also known as BMP-14, is a member of the BMP family and can be used as a self-renewal supporter. Here, we studied the effects of GDF-5 on mouse EpSCs proliferation mechanism in wound healing. METHODS Firstly, the effects of GDF-5 on EpSCs proliferation was tested by using CCK8 reagent and PCNA expression was analyzed by Western blotting. Secondly, we screened genes that promote EpSCs proliferation in the FOX and cyclin family by qPCR, and then the protein expression level of the selected genes was further analyzed by Western blotting. Thirdly, siRNA plasmids and pAdEasy adenovirus were transfected or infected, respectively, into mouse EpSCs to detect the effect of target genes on GDF-5-induced cell proliferation. Furthermore, we injected GDF-5 to a deep partial thickness burn mouse model for finding out whether EpSCs proliferation can be detected by immunohistochemical. Finally, the relevant target genes were analyzed by qPCR, immunoblotting, and dual-luciferase reporter gene detection. RESULTS We discovered that 100 ng/ml recombinant mouse GDF-5 was the optimal concentration for promoting mouse EpSCs proliferation. Through preliminary screened by qPCR, we found that Foxg1 and cyclin D1 could be the downstream molecules of GDF-5, and the results were confirmed by Western blotting. And the effect of GDF-5 on mouse EpSCs proliferation was adjusted by Foxg1/cyclin D1 in vitro and in vivo. Besides, GDF-5-induced transcription of cyclin D1 was regulated by Foxg1-mediated cyclin D1 promoter activity. CONCLUSION This paper showed that GDF-5 promotes mouse EpSCs proliferation via Foxg1-cyclin D1 signal pathway. It is suggested that GDF-5 may be a new approach to make EpSCs proliferation which can be used in wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Zhao
- Institute of Burn Research; State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury; Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ruyu Bian
- Institute of Burn Research; State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury; Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Burn Research; State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury; Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xue Li
- Institute of Burn Research; State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury; Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yicheng Guo
- Institute of Burn Research; State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury; Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xiaorong Zhang
- Institute of Burn Research; State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury; Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Gaoxing Luo
- Institute of Burn Research; State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury; Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Rixing Zhan
- Institute of Burn Research; State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury; Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
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Lucke LD, Bortolazzo FO, Theodoro V, Fujii L, Bombeiro AL, Felonato M, Dalia RA, Carneiro GD, Cartarozzi LP, Vicente CP, Oliveira ALR, Mendonça FAS, Esquisatto MAM, Pimentel ER, de Aro AA. Low-level laser and adipose-derived stem cells altered remodelling genes expression and improved collagen reorganization during tendon repair. Cell Prolif 2019; 52:e12580. [PMID: 30734394 PMCID: PMC6536450 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The cellular therapy using adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) aims to improve tendon healing, considering that repaired tendons often result in a less resistant tissue. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of the ASCs combination with a low‐level laser (LLL), an effective photobiostimulation for the healing processes. Materials and methods Rats calcaneal tendons were divided into five groups: normal (NT), transected (T), transected and ASCs (SC) or LLL (L), or with ASCs and LLL (SCL). Results All treated groups presented higher expression of Dcn and greater organization of collagen fibres. In comparison with T, LLL also up‐regulated Gdf5 gene expression, ASCs up‐regulated the expression of Tnmd, and the association of LLL and ASCs down‐regulated the expression of Scx. No differences were observed for the expression of Il1b, Timp2, Tgfb1, Lox, Mmp2, Mmp8 and Mmp9, neither in the quantification of hydroxyproline, TNF‐α, PCNA and in the protein level of Tnmd. A higher amount of IL‐10 was detected in SC, L and SCL compared to T, and higher amount of collagen I and III was observed in SC compared to SCL. Conclusions Transplanted ASCs migrated to the transected region, and all treatments altered the remodelling genes expression. The LLL was the most effective in the collagen reorganization, followed by its combination with ASCs. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in the LLL and ASCs combination during initial phases of tendon repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia D Lucke
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda O Bortolazzo
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Viviane Theodoro
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Herminio Ometto University Center - UNIARARAS, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Fujii
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Herminio Ometto University Center - UNIARARAS, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André L Bombeiro
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maíra Felonato
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Herminio Ometto University Center - UNIARARAS, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A Dalia
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Herminio Ometto University Center - UNIARARAS, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giane D Carneiro
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana P Cartarozzi
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina Pontes Vicente
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre L R Oliveira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda A S Mendonça
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Herminio Ometto University Center - UNIARARAS, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A M Esquisatto
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Herminio Ometto University Center - UNIARARAS, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edson R Pimentel
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea A de Aro
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Herminio Ometto University Center - UNIARARAS, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
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Wang JY, Yin CC, Wu CC, Geng SG, Yin M. [Icaritin promotes chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs by Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2016; 41:694-9. [PMID: 28871695 DOI: 10.4268/cjcmm20160425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of icaritin (ICT) combined with GDF-5 on chondrogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), and discuss the action of Wnt signaling pathway, full bone marrow adherent method was used to isolate and culture SD rats BMSCs, and the cells at P3 generation were taken and divided into 6 groups: BMSCs group, ICT group, GDF-5 group, GDF-5+ICT group, GDF-5+ICT+SB216763 group, and GDF-5+ICT+ XAV-939 group. The cells were induced and cultured for 14 days. The morphology change was observed by inverted microscope. Alcian blue staining method was used to detect the changes of proteoglycans. RT-PCR was used to detect the mRNA expressions of aggrecan, Col2, Sox9, Dvl1, Gsk3β, and β-catenin. The protein expressions of collagen 2 (COL2) and β-catenin were detected by Western blot. The results indicated that, compared with the BMSCs group, gradual increase was present in proteoglycan Alcian blue staining; mRNA expressions of cartilage differentiation marker genes aggrecan, COL2, Sox9 and the protein expression of COL2, as well as mRNA and protein expressions of Wnt signaling pathway-related gene β-catenin, but with gradual decrease in Gsk3β mRNA expressions in GDF-5 group, GDF-5+ICT group and GDF-5+ICT+SB216763 group. On the contrary, compared with GDF-5+ICT group, there was a decrease in expressions of Dvl1, and β-catenin related to chondrogenic differentiation and Wnt signaling pathway, a increase in Gsk3β mRNA expression, and also a decrease in protein expressions of COL2 and β-catenin in GDF-5+ICT+XAV-939 group, with statistically significant difference between two groups. GDF-5 in combination with icaritin can induce chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs in rats, and icaritin (ICT) can promote the chondrogenic differentiation. ICT can promote the chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs in vitro probably by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Diederichs S, Renz Y, Hagmann S, Lotz B, Seebach E, Richter W. Stimulation of a calcified cartilage connecting zone by GDF-5-augmented fibrin hydrogel in a novel layered ectopic in vivo model. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2017; 106:2214-2224. [PMID: 29068568 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering approaches for reconstructing full-depth cartilage defects need to comprise a zone of calcified cartilage to tightly anchor cartilage constructs into the subchondral bone. Here, we investigated whether growth and differentiation factor-5-(GDF-5)-augmented fibrin hydrogel can induce a calcified cartilage-layer in vitro that seamlessly connects cartilage-relevant biomaterials with bone tissue. Human bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) were embedded in fibrin hydrogel and subjected to chondrogenesis with TGF-β with or without GDF-5 before constructs were implanted subcutaneously into SCID mice. A novel layered ectopic in vivo model was developed and GDF-5-augmented fibrin with BMSCs was used to glue hydrogel and collagen constructs onto bone disks to investigate formation of a calcified cartilage connecting zone. GDF-5 significantly enhanced ALP activity during in vitro chondrogenesis while ACAN and COL2A1 mRNA, proteoglycan-, collagen-type-II- and collagen-type-X-deposition remained similar to controls. Pellets pretreated with GDF-5 mineralized faster in vivo and formed more ectopic bone. In the novel layered ectopic model, GDF-5 strongly supported calcified cartilage formation that seamlessly connected with the bone. Pro-chondrogenic and pro-hypertrophic activity makes GDF-5-augmented fibrin an attractive bioactive hydrogel with high potential to stimulate a calcified cartilage connecting zone in situ that might promote integration of cartilage scaffolds with bone. Thus, GDF-5-augmented fibrin hydrogel promises to overcome poor fixation of biomaterials in cartilage defects facilitating their long-term regeneration. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 2214-2224, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solvig Diederichs
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Renz
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sébastien Hagmann
- Clinic for Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benedict Lotz
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Seebach
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wiltrud Richter
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
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10
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Daniels J, Binch AAL, Le Maitre CL. Inhibiting IL-1 signaling pathways to inhibit catabolic processes in disc degeneration. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:74-85. [PMID: 27391542 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration is characterized by an imbalance between catabolic and anabolic signaling, with an increase in catabolic cytokines particularly IL-1β, a key regulator of IVD degeneration. This study aimed to investigate intracellular signaling pathways activated by IL-1β, and GDF-5 in the degenerate IVD to identify potential new therapeutic targets. Human NP cells were cultured in alginate beads to regain in vivo phenotype prior to stimulation with IL-1β or GDF-5 for 30 min, a proteasome profiler array was initially utilized to screen activation status of 46 signaling proteins. Immunoflourescence was used to investigate activation of the NFκB pathway. Cell-based ELISAs were then deployed to confirm results for ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, c-jun, and IκB signaling. IHC was utilized to investigate native activation status within human IVD tissue between grades of degeneration. Finally, cells were stimulated with IL-1β in the absence or presence of p38 MAPK, c-jun, JNK, and NFκB inhibitors to investigate effects on MMP3, MMP13, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 mRNA expression. This study demonstrated three key signaling pathways which were differentially activated by IL-1β but not GDF-5; namely p38 MAPK, c-jun, and NFκB. While ERK 1/2 was activated by both GDF-5 and IL-1. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated p38 MAPK, c-jun, and NFκB were activated during human IVD degeneration and inhibition of these pathways reduced or abrogated the catabolic effects of IL-1β, with inhibition of NFκB signaling demonstrating most widespread inhibition of IL-1β catabolic effects. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:74-85, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie Daniels
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, S1 1WB, Howard Street, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Abbie A L Binch
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, S1 1WB, Howard Street, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Christine L Le Maitre
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, S1 1WB, Howard Street, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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11
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Brockmeyer P, Lange K, Hahn W, Schliephake H, Matthias Gruber R. Increase of homogenous new bone formation using osteoinductive factor rh GDF-5 during sinus floor augmentation in Goettingen Minipigs. Clin Oral Implants Res 2014; 26:1321-7. [PMID: 25039481 DOI: 10.1111/clr.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that recombinant human growth and differentiation factor-5 (rhGDF-5) induces an increased and homogenous distribution of new bone formation across the entire volume of sinus floor augmentation in 12 Goettingen Minipigs. MATERIAL AND METHODS In a randomized split-mouth design, one maxillary sinus was augmented with the bone substitute β-TCP, whereas a combination of β-TCP and the osteoinductive growth factor rhGDF-5 was used on the contralateral side. To evaluate the influence of dose and time on the effectiveness of the factor, two different concentrations of rhGDF-5 (400 μg and 800 μg) and healing periods (4 and 12 weeks) were each analysed. RESULTS After 4 weeks, a homogenous gradient of bone formation could be observed for all dosage groups, with decreasing bone density from the local bone towards the sinus membrane. Both test groups, however, achieved a higher total level of bone formation compared with the control group, which was only significant in the low-dose group (P = 0.0184). After 12 weeks, the influence of the growth factor significantly depends on the region (P = 0.023). In the low-dose group, the new bone formation did not differ significantly within the examined regions of the graft (P = 0.1118), suggesting a homogeneous bone formation over the entire augmentation. The gradient of the high-dose group was similar to the control group with a decrease of local bone development. CONCLUSIONS rhGDF-5 delivered on a β-TCP scaffold material leads to an increase in homogeneous new bone formation across the entire volume of the sinus floor augmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillipp Brockmeyer
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Lange
- Department of Medical Statistics, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | | | - Henning Schliephake
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Rudolf Matthias Gruber
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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12
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Yamano S, Haku K, Yamanaka T, Dai J, Takayama T, Shohara R, Tachi K, Ishioka M, Hanatani S, Karunagaran S, Wada K, Moursi AM. The effect of a bioactive collagen membrane releasing PDGF or GDF-5 on bone regeneration. Biomaterials 2013; 35:2446-53. [PMID: 24388383 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative procedures using barrier membrane technology are presently well established in periodontal/endodontic surgery. The objective of this study was to compare the subsequent effects of the released platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and growth/differentiation factor 5 (GDF-5) from collagen membranes (CMs) on bone regeneration in vitro and in vivo. In vitro studies were conducted using MC3T3-E1 mouse preosteoblasts cultured with or without factors. Cell viability, cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and bone marker gene expression were then measured. In vivo studies were conducted by placing CMs with low or high dose PDGF or GDF-5 in rat mandibular defects. At 4 weeks after surgery new bone formation was measured using μCT and histological analysis. The results of in vitro studies showed that CM/GDF-5 significantly increased ALP and cell proliferation activities without cytotoxicity in MC3T3-E1 cells when compared to CM/PDGF or CM alone. Gene expression analysis revealed that Runx2 and Osteocalcin were significantly increased in CM/GDF-5 compared to CM/PDGF or control. Quantitative and qualitative μCT and histological analysis for new bone formation revealed that although CM/PDGF significantly enhanced bone regeneration compared to CM alone or control, CM/GDF-5 significantly accelerated bone regeneration to an even greater extent than CM/PDGF. The results also showed that GDF-5 induced new bone formation in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that this strategy, using a CM carrying GDF-5, might lead to an improvement in the current clinical treatment of bone defects for periodontal and implant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichi Yamano
- Department of Prosthodontics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA.
| | - Ken Haku
- Department of Prosthodontics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Takuto Yamanaka
- Department of Prosthodontics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Jisen Dai
- Department of Prosthodontics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Tadahiro Takayama
- Department of Prosthodontics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Ryutaro Shohara
- Department of Prosthodontics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Keita Tachi
- Department of Prosthodontics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Mika Ishioka
- Department of Prosthodontics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Shigeru Hanatani
- Department of Prosthodontics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Sanjay Karunagaran
- Department of Prosthodontics, The University of Tennessee College of Dentistry, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Keisuke Wada
- Department of Periodontics, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amr M Moursi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
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13
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Chang MC, Lin LD, Tseng HC, Chang BE, Chan CP, Lee SY, Chang HH, Lin PS, Tseng SK, Jeng JH. Growth and differentiation factor-5 regulates the growth and differentiation of human dental pulp cells. J Endod 2013; 39:1272-7. [PMID: 24041390 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Growth and differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5) is a multifunctional protein that regulates the development and repair in many tissues. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether GDF-5 may influence the proliferation, differentiation, and collagen turnover of human dental pulp cells. METHODS Human dental pulp cells were treated with different concentrations of GDF-5 (0-500 ng/mL). Morphology of pulp cells was observed under a microscope. Cell proliferation was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay. Immunofluorescent assay was used to observe the percentages of cell mitosis. Collagen content was measured by Sircol collagen assay. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 level in the culture medium was measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting. Cell differentiation was evaluated by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and ALP enzyme activity assay. RESULTS After exposure of dental pulp cells to various concentrations of GDF-5, cell number was up-regulated significantly in dose-dependent manner. GDF-5 also stimulated mitosis of dental pulp cells as indicated by an increased percentage of binucleated cells from 28% to 35%-45%. GDF-5 did not affect the collagen content and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 level of pulp cells. GDF-5 decreased the ALP activity of pulp cells as analyzed by ALP staining and enzyme activity assay, with 14%-44% of inhibition. CONCLUSIONS GDF-5 revealed mitogenic and proliferative activity to dental pulp cells. GDF-5 showed inhibitory effect on ALP activity but little effect on the collagen turnover. These events are crucial in specific stages of dental pulp repair and regeneration. GDF-5 may be potentially used for tissue engineering of pulp-dentin complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chi Chang
- Biomedical Science Team, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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14
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Leknes KN, Yang J, Qahash M, Polimeni G, Susin C, Wikesjö UME. Alveolar ridge augmentation using implants coated with recombinant human growth/differentiation factor -5 (rhGDF-5). Radiographic observations. Clin Oral Implants Res 2012; 24:1185-91. [PMID: 22882602 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2012.02564.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Application of growth factors onto dental implant surfaces is being considered to support local bone formation. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and BMP-7 have been shown to support local bone formation, but are also associated with adverse events including seroma formation, extensive bone remodeling, and implant displacement captured in the radiographic evaluation. This report presents mineralized tissue formation and associated adverse events following implantation of recombinant human growth/differentiation factor-5 (rhGDF-5) coated onto a purpose-designed titanium porous-oxide implant surface. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twelve young adult Labrador dogs were used. Three 10-mm titanium implants/jaw quadrant were placed 5 mm into the alveolar ridge in the posterior mandible following surgical extraction of the premolar teeth and reduction of the alveolar ridge. Six animals received implants coated with rhGDF-5 at 30 or 60 μg/implant in contralateral jaw quadrants. Six animals received implants coated with rhGDF-5 at 120 μg/implant or uncoated implants (sham-surgery control) using the same split-mouth design. The mucoperiosteal flaps were advanced, adapted, and sutured to submerge the implants. Radiographic recordings were made immediately postsurgery (baseline), and at week 4 and 8 (end of study). Two masked examiners performed the analysis using computer enhanced radiographic images. RESULTS rhGDF-5 coated implants displayed mineralized tissue formation significantly exceeding that of the sham-surgery control in a dose-dependent order. The greatest increase was observed for implants coated with rhGDF-5 at 60 μg and 120 μg amounting to approximately 2.2 mm for both groups at 8 weeks. Importantly, none of the implants showed evidence of peri-implant bone remodeling, implant displacement, or seroma formation. The newly formed mineralized tissues assumed characteristics of the resident bone. CONCLUSIONS rhGDF-5 coated onto a titanium porous-oxide implant surface exhibits a dose-dependent potential to stimulate local mineralized tissue formation. Application of rhGDF-5 appears safe as it is associated with limited, if any, adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut N Leknes
- Department of Clinical Dentistry - Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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