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Fernandez SG, Ferguson L, Ingolia NT. Ribosome rescue factor PELOTA modulates translation start site choice for C/EBPα protein isoforms. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302501. [PMID: 38803235 PMCID: PMC11109482 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Translation initiation at alternative start sites can dynamically control the synthesis of two or more functionally distinct protein isoforms from a single mRNA. Alternate isoforms of the developmental transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) produced from different start sites exert opposing effects during myeloid cell development. This choice between alternative start sites depends on sequence features of the CEBPA transcript, including a regulatory uORF, but the molecular basis is not fully understood. Here, we identify the factors that affect C/EBPα isoform choice using a sensitive and quantitative two-color fluorescent reporter coupled with CRISPRi screening. Our screen uncovered a role of the ribosome rescue factor PELOTA (PELO) in promoting the expression of the longer C/EBPα isoform by directly removing inhibitory unrecycled ribosomes and through indirect effects mediated by the mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase. Our work uncovers further links between ribosome recycling and translation reinitiation that regulate a key transcription factor, with implications for normal hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha G Fernandez
- https://ror.org/01an7q238 Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lucas Ferguson
- https://ror.org/01an7q238 Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- https://ror.org/01an7q238 Center for Computational Biology and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas T Ingolia
- https://ror.org/01an7q238 Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- https://ror.org/01an7q238 Center for Computational Biology and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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2
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Bansal M, Ansari S, Verma M. Role of miRNAs to control the progression of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia by their expression levels. Med Oncol 2024; 41:55. [PMID: 38216843 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02278-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disorder distinguished by a specific genetic anomaly known as a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22. This translocation causes fusion between the BCR and ABL regions. Consequently, BCR::ABL oncoprotein is formed, which plays a significant role in driving CML progression. Imatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), became the first line of drugs against CML. However, with continuous treatment, patients developed resistance against it. Indeed, to address this challenge, microRNA-based therapy emerges as a promising approach. miRNAs are 20-25 nucleotides long and hold great significance in various cellular processes, including cell differentiation, proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. In several malignancies, it has been reported that miRNAs might help to promote or prevent tumourigenesis and abnormal expression because they could act as both oncogenes/tumor suppressors. Recently, because of their vital regulatory function in maintaining cell homeostasis, miRNAs might be used to control CML progression and in developing new therapies for TKI-resistant patients. They might also act as potential prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic biomarkers based on their expression profiles. Various annotation tools and microarray-based expression profiles can be used to predict dysregulated miRNAs and their target genes. The main purpose of this review is to provide brief insights into the role of dysregulated miRNAs in CML pathogenesis and to emphasize their clinical relevance, such as their significant potential as therapeutics against CML. Utilizing these miRNAs as a therapeutic approach by inhibition or amplification of their activity could unlock new doors for the therapy of CML.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Imatinib Mesylate/therapeutic use
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Manvi Bansal
- School of Biotechnology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sana Ansari
- School of Biotechnology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Malkhey Verma
- School of Biotechnology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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3
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Golovine K, Abalakov G, Lian Z, Chatla S, Karami A, Chitrala KN, Madzo J, Nieborowska-Skorska M, Huang J, Skorski T. ABL1 kinase as a tumor suppressor in AML1-ETO and NUP98-PMX1 leukemias. Blood Cancer J 2023; 13:42. [PMID: 36959186 PMCID: PMC10036529 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-023-00810-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Deletion of ABL1 was detected in a cohort of hematologic malignancies carrying AML1-ETO and NUP98 fusion proteins. Abl1-/- murine hematopoietic cells transduced with AML1-ETO and NUP98-PMX1 gained proliferation advantage when compared to Abl1 + /+ counterparts. Conversely, overexpression and pharmacological stimulation of ABL1 kinase resulted in reduced proliferation. To pinpoint mechanisms facilitating the transformation of ABL1-deficient cells, Abl1 was knocked down in 32Dcl3-Abl1ko cells by CRISPR/Cas9 followed by the challenge of growth factor withdrawal. 32Dcl3-Abl1ko cells but not 32Dcl3-Abl1wt cells generated growth factor-independent clones. RNA-seq implicated PI3K signaling as one of the dominant mechanisms contributing to growth factor independence in 32Dcl3-Abl1ko cells. PI3K inhibitor buparlisib exerted selective activity against Lin-cKit+ NUP98-PMX1;Abl1-/- cells when compared to the Abl1 + /+ counterparts. Since the role of ABL1 in DNA damage response (DDR) is well established, we also tested the inhibitors of ATM (ATMi), ATR (ATRi) and DNA-PKcs (DNA-PKi). AML1-ETO;Abl1-/- and NUP98-PMX1;Abl1-/- cells were hypersensitive to DNA-PKi and ATRi, respectively, when compared to Abl1 + /+ counterparts. Moreover, ABL1 kinase inhibitor enhanced the sensitivity to PI3K, DNA-PKcs and ATR inhibitors. In conclusion, we showed that ABL1 kinase plays a tumor suppressor role in hematological malignancies induced by AML1-ETO and NUP98-PMX1 and modulates the response to PI3K and/or DDR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Golovine
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gleb Abalakov
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zhaorui Lian
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Srinivas Chatla
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adam Karami
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kumaraswamy Naidu Chitrala
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jozef Madzo
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Margaret Nieborowska-Skorska
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jian Huang
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, USA.
| | - Tomasz Skorski
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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4
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Gonzalez MA, Olivas IM, Bencomo‐Alvarez AE, Rubio AJ, Barreto‐Vargas C, Lopez JL, Dang SK, Solecki JP, McCall E, Astudillo G, Velazquez VV, Schenkel K, Reffell K, Perkins M, Nguyen N, Apaflo JN, Alvidrez E, Young JE, Lara JJ, Yan D, Senina A, Ahmann J, Varley KE, Mason CC, Eide CA, Druker BJ, Nurunnabi M, Padilla O, Bajpeyi S, Eiring AM. Loss of G0/G1 switch gene 2 (G0S2) promotes disease progression and drug resistance in chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) by disrupting glycerophospholipid metabolism. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e1146. [PMID: 36536477 PMCID: PMC9763536 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) targeting BCR::ABL1 have turned chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) from a fatal disease into a manageable condition for most patients. Despite improved survival, targeting drug-resistant leukaemia stem cells (LSCs) remains a challenge for curative CML therapy. Aberrant lipid metabolism can have a large impact on membrane dynamics, cell survival and therapeutic responses in cancer. While ceramide and sphingolipid levels were previously correlated with TKI response in CML, the role of lipid metabolism in TKI resistance is not well understood. We have identified downregulation of a critical regulator of lipid metabolism, G0/G1 switch gene 2 (G0S2), in multiple scenarios of TKI resistance, including (1) BCR::ABL1 kinase-independent TKI resistance, (2) progression of CML from the chronic to the blast phase of the disease, and (3) in CML versus normal myeloid progenitors. Accordingly, CML patients with low G0S2 expression levels had a worse overall survival. G0S2 downregulation in CML was not a result of promoter hypermethylation or BCR::ABL1 kinase activity, but was rather due to transcriptional repression by MYC. Using CML cell lines, patient samples and G0s2 knockout (G0s2-/- ) mice, we demonstrate a tumour suppressor role for G0S2 in CML and TKI resistance. Our data suggest that reduced G0S2 protein expression in CML disrupts glycerophospholipid metabolism, correlating with a block of differentiation that renders CML cells resistant to therapy. Altogether, our data unravel a new role for G0S2 in regulating myeloid differentiation and TKI response in CML, and suggest that restoring G0S2 may have clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra A. Gonzalez
- Department of Molecular and Translational MedicineCenter of Emphasis in CancerTexas Tech University Health Sciences Center El PasoEl PasoTexasUSA
| | - Idaly M. Olivas
- Department of Molecular and Translational MedicineCenter of Emphasis in CancerTexas Tech University Health Sciences Center El PasoEl PasoTexasUSA
- L. Frederick Francis Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesTexas Tech University Health Sciences Center El PasoEl PasoTexasUSA
| | - Alfonso E. Bencomo‐Alvarez
- Department of Molecular and Translational MedicineCenter of Emphasis in CancerTexas Tech University Health Sciences Center El PasoEl PasoTexasUSA
| | - Andres J. Rubio
- Department of Molecular and Translational MedicineCenter of Emphasis in CancerTexas Tech University Health Sciences Center El PasoEl PasoTexasUSA
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El PasoEl PasoTexasUSA
| | | | - Jose L. Lopez
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El PasoEl PasoTexasUSA
| | - Sara K. Dang
- L. Frederick Francis Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesTexas Tech University Health Sciences Center El PasoEl PasoTexasUSA
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El PasoEl PasoTexasUSA
| | - Jonathan P. Solecki
- L. Frederick Francis Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesTexas Tech University Health Sciences Center El PasoEl PasoTexasUSA
| | - Emily McCall
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El PasoEl PasoTexasUSA
| | - Gonzalo Astudillo
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El PasoEl PasoTexasUSA
| | - Vanessa V. Velazquez
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El PasoEl PasoTexasUSA
| | - Katherine Schenkel
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El PasoEl PasoTexasUSA
| | - Kelaiah Reffell
- L. Frederick Francis Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesTexas Tech University Health Sciences Center El PasoEl PasoTexasUSA
| | - Mariah Perkins
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El PasoEl PasoTexasUSA
| | - Nhu Nguyen
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El PasoEl PasoTexasUSA
| | - Jehu N. Apaflo
- Metabolic, Nutrition and Exercise Research (MiNER) Laboratory, Department of KinesiologyUniversity of Texas at El PasoEl PasoTexasUSA
| | - Efren Alvidrez
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of Texas at El PasoEl PasoTexasUSA
| | - James E. Young
- L. Frederick Francis Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesTexas Tech University Health Sciences Center El PasoEl PasoTexasUSA
| | - Joshua J. Lara
- L. Frederick Francis Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesTexas Tech University Health Sciences Center El PasoEl PasoTexasUSA
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El PasoEl PasoTexasUSA
| | - Dongqing Yan
- Huntsman Cancer InstituteThe University of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Anna Senina
- Huntsman Cancer InstituteThe University of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Jonathan Ahmann
- Huntsman Cancer InstituteThe University of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | | | - Clinton C. Mason
- Huntsman Cancer InstituteThe University of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Christopher A. Eide
- Knight Cancer InstituteDivision of Hematology/Medical OncologyOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Brian J. Druker
- Knight Cancer InstituteDivision of Hematology/Medical OncologyOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Md Nurunnabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of Texas at El PasoEl PasoTexasUSA
| | - Osvaldo Padilla
- Department of PathologyTexas Tech University Health Sciences Center El PasoEl PasoTexasUSA
| | - Sudip Bajpeyi
- Metabolic, Nutrition and Exercise Research (MiNER) Laboratory, Department of KinesiologyUniversity of Texas at El PasoEl PasoTexasUSA
| | - Anna M. Eiring
- Department of Molecular and Translational MedicineCenter of Emphasis in CancerTexas Tech University Health Sciences Center El PasoEl PasoTexasUSA
- L. Frederick Francis Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesTexas Tech University Health Sciences Center El PasoEl PasoTexasUSA
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El PasoEl PasoTexasUSA
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5
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Toyokuni S, Kong Y, Zheng H, Maeda Y, Motooka Y, Akatsuka S. Iron as spirit of life to share under monopoly. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2022; 71:78-88. [PMID: 36213789 PMCID: PMC9519419 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.22-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Any independent life requires iron to survive. Whereas iron deficiency causes oxygen insufficiency, excess iron is a risk for cancer, generating a double-edged sword. Iron metabolism is strictly regulated via specific systems, including iron-responsive element (IRE)/iron regulatory proteins (IRPs) and the corresponding ubiquitin ligase FBXL5. Here we briefly reflect the history of bioiron research and describe major recent advancements. Ferroptosis, a newly coined Fe(II)-dependent regulated necrosis, is providing huge impact on science. Carcinogenesis is a process to acquire ferroptosis-resistance and ferroptosis is preferred in cancer therapy due to immunogenicity. Poly(rC)-binding proteins 1/2 (PCBP1/2) were identified as major cytosolic Fe(II) chaperone proteins. The mechanism how cells retrieve stored iron in ferritin cores was unraveled as ferritinophagy, a form of autophagy. Of note, ferroptosis may exploit ferritinophagy during the progression. Recently, we discovered that cellular ferritin secretion is through extracellular vesicles (EVs) escorted by CD63 under the regulation of IRE/IRP system. Furthermore, this process was abused in asbestos-induced mesothelial carcinogenesis. In summary, cellular iron metabolism is tightly regulated by multi-system organizations as surplus iron is shared through ferritin in EVs among neighbor and distant cells in need. However, various noxious stimuli dramatically promote cellular iron uptake/storage, which may result in ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Toyokuni
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yingyi Kong
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hao Zheng
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yuki Maeda
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yashiro Motooka
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Shinya Akatsuka
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
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6
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Zhao H, Wei Z, Shen G, Chen Y, Hao X, Li S, Wang R. Poly(rC)-binding proteins as pleiotropic regulators in hematopoiesis and hematological malignancy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1045797. [PMID: 36452487 PMCID: PMC9701828 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1045797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(rC)-binding proteins (PCBPs), a defined subfamily of RNA binding proteins, are characterized by their high affinity and sequence-specific interaction with poly-cytosine (poly-C). The PCBP family comprises five members, including hnRNP K and PCBP1-4. These proteins share a relatively similar structure motif, with triple hnRNP K homology (KH) domains responsible for recognizing and combining C-rich regions of mRNA and single- and double-stranded DNA. Numerous studies have indicated that PCBPs play a prominent role in hematopoietic cell growth, differentiation, and tumorigenesis at multiple levels of regulation. Herein, we summarized the currently available literature regarding the structural and functional divergence of various PCBP family members. Furthermore, we focused on their roles in normal hematopoiesis, particularly in erythropoiesis. More importantly, we also discussed and highlighted their involvement in carcinogenesis, including leukemia and lymphoma, aiming to clarify the pleiotropic roles and molecular mechanisms in the hematopoietic compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Zhao
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China.,Basic Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Ziqing Wei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guomin Shen
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China.,Basic Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yixiang Chen
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China.,Basic Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xueqin Hao
- Basic Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Sanqiang Li
- Basic Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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7
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NAD Modulates DNA Methylation and Cell Differentiation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112986. [PMID: 34831209 PMCID: PMC8616462 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional intake impacts the human epigenome by directing epigenetic pathways in normal cell development via as yet unknown molecular mechanisms. Consequently, imbalance in the nutritional intake is able to dysregulate the epigenetic profile and drive cells towards malignant transformation. Here we present a novel epigenetic effect of the essential nutrient, NAD. We demonstrate that impairment of DNMT1 enzymatic activity by NAD-promoted ADP-ribosylation leads to demethylation and transcriptional activation of the CEBPA gene, suggesting the existence of an unknown NAD-controlled region within the locus. In addition to the molecular events, NAD- treated cells exhibit significant morphological and phenotypical changes that correspond to myeloid differentiation. Collectively, these results delineate a novel role for NAD in cell differentiation, and indicate novel nutri-epigenetic strategies to regulate and control gene expression in human cells.
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8
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Porazzi P, De Dominici M, Salvino J, Calabretta B. Targeting the CDK6 Dependence of Ph+ Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12091355. [PMID: 34573335 PMCID: PMC8467343 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ph+ ALL is a poor-prognosis leukemia subtype driven by the BCR-ABL1 oncogene, either the p190- or the p210-BCR/ABL isoform in a 70:30 ratio. Tyrosine Kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are the drugs of choice in the therapy of Ph+ ALL. In combination with standard chemotherapy, TKIs have markedly improved the outcome of Ph+ ALL, in particular if this treatment is followed by bone marrow transplantation. However, resistance to TKIs develops with high frequency, causing leukemia relapse that results in <5-year overall survival. Thus, new therapies are needed to address relapsed/TKI-resistant Ph+ ALL. We have shown that expression of cell cycle regulatory kinase CDK6, but not of the highly related CDK4 kinase, is required for the proliferation and survival of Ph+ ALL cells. Comparison of leukemia suppression induced by treatment with the clinically-approved dual CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib versus CDK6 silencing revealed that the latter treatment was markedly more effective, probably reflecting inhibition of CDK6 kinase-independent effects. Thus, we developed CDK4/6-targeted proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) that preferentially degrade CDK6 over CDK4. One compound termed PROTAC YX-2-107, which degrades CDK6 by recruiting the Cereblon ubiquitin ligase, markedly suppressed leukemia burden in mice injected with de novo or TKI-resistant Ph+ ALL. The effect of PROTAC YX-2-107 was comparable or superior to that of palbociclib. The development of CDK6-selective PROTACs represents an effective strategy to exploit the “CDK6 dependence” of Ph+ ALL cells while sparing a high proportion of normal hematopoietic progenitors that depend on both CDK6 and CDK6 for their survival. In combination with other agents, CDK6-selective PROTACs may be valuable components of chemotherapy-free protocols for the therapy of Ph+ ALL and other CDK6-dependent hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Porazzi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Marco De Dominici
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | | | - Bruno Calabretta
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA;
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9
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Wang L, Li L, Chen R, Huang X, Ye X. Understanding and Monitoring Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Blast Crisis: How to Better Manage Patients. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:4987-5000. [PMID: 34188552 PMCID: PMC8236273 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s314343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is triggered primarily by the t(9;22) (q34.13; q11.23) translocation. This reciprocal chromosomal translocation leads to the formation of the BCR-ABL fusion gene. Patients in the chronic phase (CP) experience a good curative effect with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. However, cases are treatment refractory, with a dismal prognosis, when the disease has progressed to the accelerated phase (AP) or blast phase (BP). Until now, few reports have provided a comprehensive description of the mechanisms involved at different molecular levels. Indeed, the underlying pathogenesis of CML evolution comprises genetic aberrations, chromosomal translocations (except for the Philadelphia chromosome), telomere biology, and epigenetic anomalies. Herein, we provide knowledge of the biology responsible for blast transformation of CML at several levels, such as genetics, telomere biology, and epigenetic anomalies. Because of the limited treatment options available and poor outcomes, only the therapeutic response is monitored regularly, which involves BCR-ABL transcript level assessment and immunologic surveillance, with the optimal treatment strategy for patients in CP adapted to evaluate disease recurrence or progression. Overall, selecting optimal treatment endpoints to predict survival and successful TFR improves the quality of life of patients. Thus, identifying risk factors and developing risk-adapted therapeutic options may contribute to a better outcome for advanced-phase patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Program in Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongrong Chen
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Program in Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianbo Huang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiujin Ye
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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10
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Favero A, Segatto I, Perin T, Belletti B. The many facets of miR-223 in cancer: Oncosuppressor, oncogenic driver, therapeutic target, and biomarker of response. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2021; 12:e1659. [PMID: 33951281 PMCID: PMC8518860 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Given their intrinsic pleiotropism, microRNAs (miR) play complex biological roles, in both normal and pathological conditions. Often the same miR can act as oncogene or oncosuppressor, depending on the biological process dysregulated in each specific tissue. miR‐223 does not represent an exception to this rule and its functions greatly differ in different contexts. miR‐223 has been widely studied in the hematopoietic compartment, where it plays a central role in innate immune response, regulating myeloid differentiation and granulocytes function. Accordingly, dysregulated expression of miR‐223 has been associated to different inflammatory disorders and tumors arising from the immune compartment. Most carcinomas, breast cancer being the most studied, display loss of miR‐223. However, in gastro‐esophageal cancers miR‐223 is frequently overexpressed and correlates with worse prognosis. A link between miR‐223 and response to CDK4/6‐inhibitors has been recently proposed, suggesting a role as biomarker of therapeutic response. The notion that one of the most commonly mutated protein in cancer, mutant p53, binds the promoter of miR‐223 and suppresses its transcription, adds a further level of complexity to the full understanding of miR‐223 in cancer. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge on the molecular networks that alter or are altered by miR‐223, in different cancer types. We will discuss if the times are ready for the exploitation of miR‐223 as predictive biomarker of treatment response or, even, as therapeutic target, in specific settings. Finally, we will suggest which could be the next steps to be taken for a realistic clinical application of miR‐223. This article is categorized under:RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Favero
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO Aviano), IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Ilenia Segatto
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO Aviano), IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Tiziana Perin
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO Aviano), IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Barbara Belletti
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO Aviano), IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
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11
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Higa KC, Goodspeed A, Chavez JS, De Dominici M, Danis E, Zaberezhnyy V, Rabe JL, Tenen DG, Pietras EM, DeGregori J. Chronic interleukin-1 exposure triggers selection for Cebpa-knockout multipotent hematopoietic progenitors. J Exp Med 2021; 218:212039. [PMID: 33914855 PMCID: PMC8094119 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The early events that drive myeloid oncogenesis are not well understood. Most studies focus on the cell-intrinsic genetic changes and how they impact cell fate decisions. We consider how chronic exposure to the proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), impacts Cebpa-knockout hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in competitive settings. Surprisingly, we found that Cebpa loss did not confer a hematopoietic cell–intrinsic competitive advantage; rather chronic IL-1β exposure engendered potent selection for Cebpa loss. Chronic IL-1β augments myeloid lineage output by activating differentiation and repressing stem cell gene expression programs in a Cebpa-dependent manner. As a result, Cebpa-knockout HSPCs are resistant to the prodifferentiative effects of chronic IL-1β, and competitively expand. We further show that ectopic CEBPA expression reduces the fitness of established human acute myeloid leukemias, coinciding with increased differentiation. These findings have important implications for the earliest events that drive hematologic disorders, suggesting that chronic inflammation could be an important driver of leukemogenesis and a potential target for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly C Higa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.,Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Andrew Goodspeed
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.,University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - James S Chavez
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Marco De Dominici
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Etienne Danis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.,University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Vadym Zaberezhnyy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Jennifer L Rabe
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Daniel G Tenen
- Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Eric M Pietras
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.,University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.,Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - James DeGregori
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.,Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.,University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.,Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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12
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Galatà G, García-Montero AC, Kristensen T, Dawoud AAZ, Muñoz-González JI, Meggendorfer M, Guglielmelli P, Hoade Y, Alvarez-Twose I, Gieger C, Strauch K, Ferrucci L, Tanaka T, Bandinelli S, Schnurr TM, Haferlach T, Broesby-Olsen S, Vestergaard H, Møller MB, Bindslev-Jensen C, Vannucchi AM, Orfao A, Radia D, Reiter A, Chase AJ, Cross NCP, Tapper WJ. Genome-wide association study identifies novel susceptibility loci for KIT D816V positive mastocytosis. Am J Hum Genet 2021; 108:284-294. [PMID: 33421400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastocytosis is a rare myeloid neoplasm characterized by uncontrolled expansion of mast cells, driven in >80% of affected individuals by acquisition of the KIT D816V mutation. To explore the hypothesis that inherited variation predisposes to mastocytosis, we performed a two-stage genome-wide association study, analyzing 1,035 individuals with KIT D816V positive disease and 17,960 healthy control individuals from five European populations. After quality control, we tested 592,007 SNPs at stage 1 and 75 SNPs at stage 2 for association by using logistic regression and performed a fixed effects meta-analysis to combine evidence across the two stages. From the meta-analysis, we identified three intergenic SNPs associated with mastocytosis that achieved genome-wide significance without heterogeneity between cohorts: rs4616402 (pmeta = 1.37 × 10-15, OR = 1.52), rs4662380 (pmeta = 2.11 × 10-12, OR = 1.46), and rs13077541 (pmeta = 2.10 × 10-9, OR = 1.33). Expression quantitative trait analyses demonstrated that rs4616402 is associated with the expression of CEBPA (peQTL = 2.3 × 10-14), a gene encoding a transcription factor known to play a critical role in myelopoiesis. The role of the other two SNPs is less clear: rs4662380 is associated with expression of the long non-coding RNA gene TEX41 (peQTL = 2.55 × 10-11), whereas rs13077541 is associated with the expression of TBL1XR1, which encodes transducin (β)-like 1 X-linked receptor 1 (peQTL = 5.70 × 10-8). In individuals with available data and non-advanced disease, rs4616402 was associated with age at presentation (p = 0.009; beta = 4.41; n = 422). Additional focused analysis identified suggestive associations between mastocytosis and genetic variation at TERT, TPSAB1/TPSB2, and IL13. These findings demonstrate that multiple germline variants predispose to KIT D816V positive mastocytosis and provide novel avenues for functional investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Galatà
- School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Andrés C García-Montero
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain; Servicio de Citometría, Departamento de Medicina, CIBERONC, and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain
| | - Thomas Kristensen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark; Mastocytosis Centre Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Ahmed A Z Dawoud
- School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Javier I Muñoz-González
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain; Servicio de Citometría, Departamento de Medicina, CIBERONC, and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain
| | | | - Paola Guglielmelli
- Centro di Ricerca e Innovazione per le Malattie Mieloproliferative, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Yvette Hoade
- School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Ivan Alvarez-Twose
- Instituto de Mastocitosis de Castilla La Mancha, Hospital Virgen del Valle, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80802 Munich, Germany; Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, IBE, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Longitudinal study section, Translation Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Longitudinal study section, Translation Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | | | - Theresia M Schnurr
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Sigurd Broesby-Olsen
- Mastocytosis Centre Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark; Department of Dermatology and Allergy Centre, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark; Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Hanne Vestergaard
- Mastocytosis Centre Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark; Department of Hematology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Michael Boe Møller
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark; Mastocytosis Centre Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Carsten Bindslev-Jensen
- Mastocytosis Centre Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark; Department of Dermatology and Allergy Centre, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark; Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Alessandro M Vannucchi
- Centro di Ricerca e Innovazione per le Malattie Mieloproliferative, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Alberto Orfao
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain; Servicio de Citometría, Departamento de Medicina, CIBERONC, and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain
| | - Deepti Radia
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Hospitals, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Andreas Reiter
- University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andrew J Chase
- School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury SP2 8BJ, UK
| | - Nicholas C P Cross
- School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury SP2 8BJ, UK.
| | - William J Tapper
- School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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13
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The "Janus" Role of C/EBPs Family Members in Cancer Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124308. [PMID: 32560326 PMCID: PMC7352866 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs) constitute a family of transcription factors composed of six members that are critical for normal cellular differentiation in a variety of tissues. They promote the expression of genes through interaction with their promoters. Moreover, they have a key role in regulating cellular proliferation through interaction with cell cycle proteins. C/EBPs are considered to be tumor suppressor factors due to their ability to arrest cell growth (contributing to the terminal differentiation of several cell types) and for their role in cellular response to DNA damage, nutrient deprivation, hypoxia, and genotoxic agents. However, C/EBPs can elicit completely opposite effects on cell proliferation and cancer development and they have been described as both tumor promoters and tumor suppressors. This "Janus" role of C/EBPs depends on different factors, such as the type of tumor, the isoform/s expressed in cells, the type of dimerization (homo- or heterodimerization), the presence of inhibitory elements, and the ability to inhibit the expression of other tumor suppressors. In this review, we discuss the implication of the C/EBPs family in cancer, focusing on the molecular aspects that make these transcription factors tumor promoters or tumor suppressors.
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14
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Syed SN, Brüne B. MicroRNAs as Emerging Regulators of Signaling in the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040911. [PMID: 32276464 PMCID: PMC7225969 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A myriad of signaling molecules in a heuristic network of the tumor microenvironment (TME) pose a challenge and an opportunity for novel therapeutic target identification in human cancers. MicroRNAs (miRs), due to their ability to affect signaling pathways at various levels, take a prominent space in the quest of novel cancer therapeutics. The role of miRs in cancer initiation, progression, as well as in chemoresistance, is being increasingly investigated. The canonical function of miRs is to target mRNAs for post-transcriptional gene silencing, which has a great implication in first-order regulation of signaling pathways. However, several reports suggest that miRs also perform non-canonical functions, partly due to their characteristic non-coding small RNA nature. Examples emerge when they act as ligands for toll-like receptors or perform second-order functions, e.g., to regulate protein translation and interactions. This review is a compendium of recent advancements in understanding the role of miRs in cancer signaling and focuses on the role of miRs as novel regulators of the signaling pathway in the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad Nawaz Syed
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.N.S.); (B.B.); Tel.: +49-69-6301-7424 (B.B.)
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.N.S.); (B.B.); Tel.: +49-69-6301-7424 (B.B.)
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15
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Wang Y, Yang C, Liu X, Zheng J, Zhang F, Wang D, Xue Y, Li X, Shen S, Shao L, Yang Y, Liu L, Ma J, Liu Y. Transcription factor AP-4 (TFAP4)-upstream ORF coding 66 aa inhibits the malignant behaviors of glioma cells by suppressing the TFAP4/long noncoding RNA 00520/microRNA-520f-3p feedback loop. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:891-906. [PMID: 31943575 PMCID: PMC7060482 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Upstream ORF (uORF) is a translational initiation element located in the 5′UTR of eukaryotic mRNAs. Studies have found that uORFs play an important regulatory role in many diseases. Based on The Cancer Genome Atlas database, the results of our experiments and previous research evidence, we investigated transcription factor AP‐4 (TFAP4) and its uORF, LIM and SH3 protein 1 (LASP1), long noncoding RNA 00520 (LINC00520), and microRNA (miR)‐520f‐3p as candidates involved in glioma malignancy, which is a poorly understood process. Both TFAP4‐66aa‐uORF and miR‐520f‐3p were downregulated, and TFAP4, LASP1, and LINC00520 were highly expressed in glioma tissues and cells. TFAP4‐66aa‐uORF or miR‐520f‐3p overexpression or TFAP4, LASP1, or LINC00520 knockdown inhibited glioma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, but promoted apoptosis. TFAP4‐66aa‐uORF inhibited the translation of TFAP4 by binding to the TFAP4 mRNA. MicroRNA‐520f‐3p inhibited TFAP4 expression by binding to its 3′UTR. However, LINC00520 could promote the expression of TFAP4 by competitively binding to miR‐520f‐3p. In addition, TFAP4 transcriptionally activated LASP1 and LINC00520 expression by binding to their promoter regions, forming a positive feedback loop of TFAP4/LINC00520/miR‐520f‐3p. Our findings together indicated that TFAP4‐66aa‐uORF inhibited the TFAP4/LINC00520/miR‐520f‐3p feedback loop by directly inhibiting TFAP4 expression, subsequently leading to inhibition of glioma malignancy. This provides a basis for developing new therapeutic approaches for glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Chunqing Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaobai Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Jian Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Fangfang Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Yixue Xue
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaozhi Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuyuan Shen
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lianqi Shao
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Libo Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yunhui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
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16
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Mechanisms of Disease Progression and Resistance to Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Therapy in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246141. [PMID: 31817512 PMCID: PMC6940932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is characterized by the presence of the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene, which encodes a constitutive active tyrosine kinase considered to be the pathogenic driver capable of initiating and maintaining the disease. Despite the remarkable efficacy of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) targeting BCR-ABL1, some patients may not respond (primary resistance) or may relapse after an initial response (secondary resistance). In a small proportion of cases, development of resistance is accompanied or shortly followed by progression from chronic to blastic phase (BP), characterized by a dismal prognosis. Evolution from CP into BP is a multifactorial and probably multistep phenomenon. Increase in BCR-ABL1 transcript levels is thought to promote the onset of secondary chromosomal or genetic defects, induce differentiation arrest, perturb RNA transcription, editing and translation that together with epigenetic and metabolic changes may ultimately lead to the expansion of highly proliferating, differentiation-arrested malignant cells. A multitude of studies over the past two decades have investigated the mechanisms underlying the closely intertwined phenomena of drug resistance and disease progression. Here, we provide an update on what is currently known on the mechanisms underlying progression and present the latest acquisitions on BCR-ABL1-independent resistance and leukemia stem cell persistence.
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17
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Szmajda D, Krygier A, Jamroziak K, Żebrowska-Nawrocka M, Balcerczak E. Expression level of CEBPA gene in acute lymphoblastic leukemia individuals. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15640. [PMID: 31666608 PMCID: PMC6821811 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52104-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has an overall survival of nearly 80% when it occurs in children, however cure rates among adults are far reduced. Leukemogenesis can be driven up by a slight change in the expression or function of certain transcription factors. CCAAT Enhancer Binding Protein Alpha (CEBPA) is a transcription factor with role in cell cycle regulation, granulocytic differentiation and more. Some studies suggest its oncogenic function. The potential role of CEBPA as an oncogene in ALL development has not been completely elucidated so far. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate mRNA level of CEBPA gene in 60 adult patients diagnosed with ALL. Quantitative analysis was performed by qPCR reaction. Analysis revealed that men tended to have higher and more variable CEBPA expression levels (P = 0.032). No associations for other parameters (ALL subtype, age, leukocytosis, blast percentage, Philadelphia chromosome presence, CD10 marker presence) were found. When comparing the results of CEBPA expression with patients suffering from acute myeloid leukemia, ALL cases showed statistically significant lower levels of CEBPA (P < 0.0000). It may seem that CEBPA expression level itself has potentially no effect on arising and progression of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, although it is a matter that needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara Szmajda
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Adrian Krygier
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Marta Żebrowska-Nawrocka
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Balcerczak
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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18
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Chandran RK, Geetha N, Sakthivel KM, Kumar RS, Krishna KMNJ, Sreedharan H. Differential gene expression changes and their implication on the disease progression in patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2019; 77:51-60. [PMID: 30959263 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms responsible for disease progression of CML are not conclusive. The main functional changes associated with disease evolution in CML was high proliferation rate, decreased apoptosis, blockade of differentiation, and strong resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. The current study analyzed the relative expressional profiles of genes related with proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and resistance to chemotherapeutic agents such as c-MYC, BAD, BCL-2, C/EBPα/-β and ABCB1 respectively in different clinical stages of CML by SYBR Green I quantitative real-time (qRT) PCR. We selected a total of 183 CML patients and 30 healthy control samples. The study populations were classified into four groups, including de novo CML-CP (50/183), CML-AP (32/183), CML-BC (51/183) and Imatinib Mesylate or IM resistant CML-CP (50/183) groups. qRT PCR analysis revealed that significant overexpression of c-MYC, ABCB1 and BCL-2 was observed in advanced phases and IM resistant CP of CML compared to healthy controls. Likewise, the mean expression level of BAD, C/EBPα/-β genes were found to be significantly down regulated. Present study concluded that the complex interplay of several candidate genes like overexpression of c-MYC, ABCB1, BCL-2 and down regulation of BAD, C/EBPα/-β played a significant role in the disease evolution and development of drug resistant in CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandran Krishna Chandran
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular Diagnostics, Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Medical College Post, Trivandrum 695011, Kerala, India
| | - Narayanan Geetha
- Division of Medical Oncology, Regional Cancer Centre, Medical College Post, Trivandrum 695011, Kerala, India
| | - Kunnathur Murugesan Sakthivel
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular Diagnostics, Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Medical College Post, Trivandrum 695011, Kerala, India; Department of Biochemistry, PSG College of Arts and Science, Civil Aerodrome Post, Coimbatore 641014, India
| | - Raveendran Suresh Kumar
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular Diagnostics, Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Medical College Post, Trivandrum 695011, Kerala, India
| | | | - Hariharan Sreedharan
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular Diagnostics, Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Medical College Post, Trivandrum 695011, Kerala, India.
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19
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Fan Z, Zheng J, Xue Y, Liu X, Wang D, Yang C, Ma J, Liu L, Ruan X, Wang Z, Liu Y. NR2C2-uORF targeting UCA1-miR-627-5p-NR2C2 feedback loop to regulate the malignant behaviors of glioma cells. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1165. [PMID: 30518750 PMCID: PMC6281640 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1149-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has highlighted the potential role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and upstream open-reading frames (uORFs) in the biological behaviors of glioblastoma. Here, we elucidated the function and possible molecular mechanisms of the effect of some ncRNAs and NR2C2-uORF on the biological behaviors of gliomas. Quantitative real-time PCR was conducted to profile the cell expression of lnc-UCA1 and microRNA-627-5p (miR-627-5p) in glioma tissues and cells. Western blot assay was used to determine the expression levels of NR2C2, SPOCK1, and NR2C2-uORF in glioma tissues and cells. Stable knockdown of lnc-UCA1 or overexpression of miR-627-5p in glioma cell lines (U87 and U251) were established to explore the function of lnc-UCA1 and miR-627-5p in glioma cells. Further, Dual luciferase report assay was used to investigate the correlation between lnc-UCA1 and miR-627-5p. Cell Counting Kit-8, transwell assays, and flow cytometry were used to investigate lnc-UCA1 and miR-627-5p function including cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and apoptosis, respectively. ChIP assays were used to ascertain the correlations between NR2C2 and SPOCK1 as well as NR2C2 between lnc-UCA1. This study confirmed that lnc-UCA1 was up-regulated in glioma tissues and cells. UCA1 knockdown inhibited the malignancies of glioma cells by reducing proliferation, migration, and invasion, but inducing apoptosis. We found that lnc-UCA1 acted as miR-627-5p sponge in a sequence-specific manner. Meanwhile, upregulated lnc-UCA1 inhibited miR-627-5p expression. In addition, miR-627-5p targeted 3'UTR of NR2C2 and down-regulated its expression. Moreover, UCA1 knockdown impaired NR2C2 expression by upregulating miR-627-5p. An uORF was identified in mRNA 5'UTR of NR2C2 and overexpression of whom negatively regulated NR2C2 expression. Remarkably, lnc-UCA1 knockdown combined with uORF overepression and NR2C2 knockdown led to severe tumor suppression in vivo. This study demonstrated that the NR2C2-uORF impaired the pivotal roles that UCA1-miR-627-5p-NR2C2 feedback loop had in regulating the malignancies of glioma cells by targeting NR2C2 directly. And this may provide a potential therapeutic strategy for treating glioma.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Brain Neoplasms/genetics
- Brain Neoplasms/metabolism
- Brain Neoplasms/mortality
- Brain Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Feedback, Physiological
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Glioblastoma/genetics
- Glioblastoma/metabolism
- Glioblastoma/mortality
- Glioblastoma/pathology
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Open Reading Frames
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Proteoglycans/genetics
- Proteoglycans/metabolism
- RNA, Long Noncoding/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics
- RNA, Long Noncoding/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Receptors, Steroid/genetics
- Receptors, Steroid/metabolism
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/genetics
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Survival Analysis
- Tumor Burden
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Zirong Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 110004, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, 110004, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, 110004, Shenyang, China
| | - Jian Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 110004, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, 110004, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, 110004, Shenyang, China
| | - Yixue Xue
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, 110122, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, China Medical University, 110122, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, 110122, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaobai Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 110004, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, 110004, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, 110004, Shenyang, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 110004, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, 110004, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, 110004, Shenyang, China
| | - Chunqing Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 110004, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, 110004, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, 110004, Shenyang, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, 110122, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, China Medical University, 110122, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, 110122, Shenyang, China
| | - Libo Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, 110122, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, China Medical University, 110122, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, 110122, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuelei Ruan
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, 110122, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, China Medical University, 110122, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, 110122, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, 110122, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yunhui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 110004, Shenyang, China.
- Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, 110004, Shenyang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, 110004, Shenyang, China.
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20
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Wen F, Cao YX, Luo ZY, Liao P, Lu ZW. LncRNA MALAT1 promotes cell proliferation and imatinib resistance by sponging miR-328 in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 507:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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21
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TRIB2 regulates the differentiation of MLL-TET1 transduced myeloid progenitor cells. J Mol Med (Berl) 2018; 96:1267-1277. [PMID: 30324339 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-018-1700-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The function and mechanism of action of MLL-TET1 (MT1) fusion protein in hematological cells are unclear and require further investigation. In the present study, we found that the MT1 fusion protein attenuated the expression of Cebpa, Csf1r, and Cd11b and inhibited the differentiation of myeloid progenitor cells. Increased binding of the MT1 fusion protein to the Trib2 promoter upregulated Trib2 mRNA and protein expression and downregulated Cebpa expression. Trib2 knockdown relieved the inhibition of myeloid cell differentiation induced by the MT1 fusion protein. Thus, TRIB2 is important for the survival of leukemia cells during MT1-related leukemogenesis and is important in maintaining differentiation blockade of leukemic cells. KEY MESSAGES: • MLL-TET1 fusion decreases the 5-hmC levels in the myeloid progenitor cells. • MLL-TET1 fusion inhibits myeloid differentiation through decreased expression of Cebpa. • MLL-TET1 fusion blocks the differentiation of the myeloid progenitor cells by overexpressing Trib2. • Knockdown of Trib2 in MLL-TET1 transduced cells induces myeloid differentiation.
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22
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Takita M, Tsukahara F, Mishima T, Ieguchi K, Yamada M, Honda H, Maru Y. Paradoxical counteraction by imatinib against cell death in myeloid progenitor 32D cells expressing p210BCR-ABL. Oncotarget 2018; 9:31682-31696. [PMID: 30167087 PMCID: PMC6114964 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is believed to be caused by the tyrosine kinase p210BCR-ABL, which exhibits growth-promoting and anti-apoptotic activities. However, mechanisms that allow cell differentiation in CML still remain elusive. Here we established tetracycline (Tet)-regulatable p210BCR-ABL-expressing murine 32D myeloid progenitor (32D/TetOff-p210) cells to explore p210BCR-ABL-induced cell death and differentiation. Tet-regulatable overexpression of p210BCR-ABL induced cell death due to the activation of both caspase-1 and caspase-3, coincident with the differentiation from myeloid progenitors into CD11b+Ly6C+Ly6G+ cells with segmented nuclei, exemplified as granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (G-MDSC), and the ability to secrete IL-1β, TNF-α, and S100A8/A9 into the culture supernatant. Treatment with imatinib almost completely abrogated all these phenotypes. Moreover, overexpression of a sensor of activated caspase-1 based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) probe enabled us to detect activation of caspase-1 in a human CML cell line, K562. Furthermore, increased numbers of splenic G-MDSC associated with enhancement of S100A8/A9 production were observed in transgenic mice expressing p210BCR-ABL compared with that in wild-type mice. We also propose the novel mode of cell death in this 32D/TetOff-p210 system termed as myeloptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morichika Takita
- Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fujiko Tsukahara
- Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taishi Mishima
- Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Ieguchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamada
- Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Medical Education, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Honda
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Maru
- Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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23
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Spagnuolo M, Regazzo G, De Dominici M, Sacconi A, Pelosi A, Korita E, Marchesi F, Pisani F, Magenta A, Lulli V, Cordone I, Mengarelli A, Strano S, Blandino G, Rizzo MG, Calabretta B. Transcriptional activation of the miR-17-92 cluster is involved in the growth-promoting effects of MYB in human Ph-positive leukemia cells. Haematologica 2018; 104:82-92. [PMID: 30076175 PMCID: PMC6312025 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.191213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs, non-coding regulators of gene expression, are likely to function as important downstream effectors of many transcription factors including MYB. Optimal levels of MYB are required for transformation/maintenance of BCR-ABL-expressing cells. We investigated whether MYB silencing modulates microRNA expression in Philadelphia-positive (Ph+) leukemia cells and if MYB-regulated microRNAs are important for the “MYB addiction” of these cells. Thirty-five microRNAs were modulated by MYB silencing in lymphoid and erythromyeloid chronic myeloid leukemia-blast crisis BV173 and K562 cells; 15 of these were concordantly modulated in both lines. We focused on the miR-17-92 cluster because of its oncogenic role in tumors and found that: i) it is a direct MYB target; ii) it partially rescued the impaired proliferation and enhanced apoptosis of MYB-silenced BV173 cells. Moreover, we identified FRZB, a Wnt/β-catenin pathway inhibitor, as a novel target of the miR-17-92 cluster. High expression of MYB in blast cells from 2 Ph+leukemia patients correlated positively with the miR-17-92 cluster and inversely with FRZB. This expression pattern was also observed in a microarray dataset of 122 Ph+acute lymphoblastic leukemias. In vivo experiments in NOD scid gamma mice injected with BV173 cells confirmed that FRZB functions as a Wnt/β-catenin inhibitor even as they failed to demonstrate that this pathway is important for BV173-dependent leukemogenesis. These studies illustrate the global effects of MYB expression on the microRNAs profile of Ph+cells and supports the concept that the “MYB addiction” of these cells is, in part, caused by modulation of microRNA-regulated pathways affecting cell proliferation and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Spagnuolo
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics and Technological Innovation, Oncogenomic and Epigenetic Unit, Translational Research Area, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Regazzo
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics and Technological Innovation, Oncogenomic and Epigenetic Unit, Translational Research Area, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco De Dominici
- Department of Cancer Biology and Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrea Sacconi
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics and Technological Innovation, Oncogenomic and Epigenetic Unit, Translational Research Area, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Pelosi
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics and Technological Innovation, Oncogenomic and Epigenetic Unit, Translational Research Area, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Etleva Korita
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics and Technological Innovation, Oncogenomic and Epigenetic Unit, Translational Research Area, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Marchesi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology-Hematology and Stem Cell Transplant Unit, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Pisani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology-Hematology and Stem Cell Transplant Unit, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Magenta
- Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-IRCCS, FLMM, Laboratorio di Patologia Vascolare, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Lulli
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Iole Cordone
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics and Technological Innovation, Clinical Pathology Unit, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Mengarelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology-Hematology and Stem Cell Transplant Unit, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Strano
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics and Technological Innovation, Oncogenomic and Epigenetic Unit, Translational Research Area, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Blandino
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics and Technological Innovation, Oncogenomic and Epigenetic Unit, Translational Research Area, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria G Rizzo
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics and Technological Innovation, Oncogenomic and Epigenetic Unit, Translational Research Area, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Calabretta
- Department of Cancer Biology and Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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24
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Takei H, Kobayashi SS. Targeting transcription factors in acute myeloid leukemia. Int J Hematol 2018; 109:28-34. [PMID: 29956082 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-018-2488-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors recognize and bind to consensus sequence elements that are specific for each transcription factor, and the transcription factors then regulate downstream gene expression. In the bone marrow, transcription factors, such as C/EBPα, PU.1, and RUNX1, control essential genes to maintain the normal hematopoietic system. Dysregulation of transcription factors caused by gene mutations, chromosomal aberrations, or aberrant expression can lead to cancer, including acute myeloid leukemia. In the past, transcription factors were not considered "druggable" targets. However, a better understanding of the pathology of malignant tumors and mechanisms of transcriptional regulation has enabled us to develop novel therapeutic strategies that target transcription factors. In this review, we focus on transcription factors that play important roles in leukemogenesis and current efforts and prospects in the development of transcriptional therapy. We believe that such a therapeutic approach will benefit patients with cancers that involve acute myeloid leukemia in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Takei
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Department of Hematology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Susumu S Kobayashi
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
- Division of Translational Genomics, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
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25
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Behzad MM, Shahrabi S, Jaseb K, Bertacchini J, Ketabchi N, Saki N. Aberrant DNA Methylation in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: Cell Fate Control, Prognosis, and Therapeutic Response. Biochem Genet 2018; 56:149-175. [DOI: 10.1007/s10528-018-9841-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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26
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Gupta P, Li YR. Upf proteins: highly conserved factors involved in nonsense mRNA mediated decay. Mol Biol Rep 2017; 45:39-55. [PMID: 29282598 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-017-4139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Over 10% of genetic diseases are caused by mutations that introduce a premature termination codon in protein-coding mRNA. Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is an essential cellular pathway that degrades these mRNAs to prevent the accumulation of harmful partial protein products. NMD machinery is also increasingly appreciated to play a role in other essential cellular functions, including telomere homeostasis and the regulation of normal mRNA turnover, and is misregulated in numerous cancers. Hence, understanding and designing therapeutics targeting NMD is an important goal in biomedical science. The central regulator of NMD, the Upf1 protein, interacts with translation termination factors and contextual factors to initiate NMD specifically on mRNAs containing PTCs. The molecular details of how these contextual factors affect Upf1 function remain poorly understood. Here, we review plausible models for the NMD pathway and the evidence for the variety of roles NMD machinery may play in different cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Gupta
- Harvard College, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,School of Arts and Sciences, St. Bonaventure University, St. Bonaventure, NY, 14778, USA
| | - Yan-Ruide Li
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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27
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De Dominici M, Porazzi P, Soliera AR, Mariani SA, Addya S, Fortina P, Peterson LF, Spinelli O, Rambaldi A, Martinelli G, Ferrari A, Iacobucci I, Calabretta B. Targeting CDK6 and BCL2 Exploits the "MYB Addiction" of Ph + Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Cancer Res 2017; 78:1097-1109. [PMID: 29233926 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-2644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL) is currently treated with BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) in combination with chemotherapy. However, most patients develop resistance to TKI through BCR-ABL1-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Newly developed TKI can target Ph+ ALL cells with BCR-ABL1-dependent resistance; however, overcoming BCR-ABL1-independent mechanisms of resistance remains challenging because transcription factors, which are difficult to inhibit, are often involved. We show here that (i) the growth of Ph+ ALL cell lines and primary cells is highly dependent on MYB-mediated transcriptional upregulation of CDK6, cyclin D3, and BCL2, and (ii) restoring their expression in MYB-silenced Ph+ ALL cells rescues their impaired proliferation and survival. Levels of MYB and CDK6 were highly correlated in adult Ph+ ALL (P = 0.00008). Moreover, Ph+ ALL cells exhibited a specific requirement for CDK6 but not CDK4 expression, most likely because, in these cells, CDK6 was predominantly localized in the nucleus, whereas CDK4 was almost exclusively cytoplasmic. Consistent with their essential role in Ph+ ALL, pharmacologic inhibition of CDK6 and BCL2 markedly suppressed proliferation, colony formation, and survival of Ph+ ALL cells ex vivo and in mice. In summary, these findings provide a proof-of-principle, rational strategy to target the MYB "addiction" of Ph+ ALL.Significance: MYB blockade can suppress Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemia in mice, suggesting that this therapeutic strategy may be useful in patients who develop resistance to imatinib and other TKIs used to treat this disease. Cancer Res; 78(4); 1097-109. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco De Dominici
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrizia Porazzi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Angela Rachele Soliera
- Department of Diagnostic, Clinical Medicine and Public Health, University of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Samanta A Mariani
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sankar Addya
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Paolo Fortina
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Luke F Peterson
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Orietta Spinelli
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rambaldi
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Martinelli
- Department of Hematology and Istituto L. and E. Seragnoli, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Ferrari
- Department of Hematology and Istituto L. and E. Seragnoli, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ilaria Iacobucci
- Department of Hematology and Istituto L. and E. Seragnoli, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Bruno Calabretta
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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28
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Perrotti D, Silvestri G, Stramucci L, Yu J, Trotta R. Cellular and Molecular Networks in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: The Leukemic Stem, Progenitor and Stromal Cell Interplay. Curr Drug Targets 2017; 18:377-388. [PMID: 27307150 DOI: 10.2174/1389450117666160615074120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The use of imatinib, second and third generation ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) (i.e. dasatinib, nilotinib, bosutinib and ponatinib) made CML a clinically manageable and, in a small percentage of cases, a cured disease. TKI therapy also turned CML blastic transformation into a rare event; however, disease progression still occurs in those patients who are refractory, not compliant with TKI therapy or develop resistance to multiple TKIs. In the past few years, it became clear that the BCRABL1 oncogene does not operate alone to drive disease emergence, maintenance and progression. Indeed, it seems that bone marrow (BM) microenvironment-generated signals and cell autonomous BCRABL1 kinase-independent genetic and epigenetic alterations all contribute to: i. persistence of a quiescent leukemic stem cell (LSC) reservoir, ii. innate or acquired resistance to TKIs, and iii. progression into the fatal blast crisis stage. Herein, we review the intricate leukemic network in which aberrant, but finely tuned, survival, mitogenic and self-renewal signals are generated by leukemic progenitors, stromal cells, immune cells and metabolic microenvironmental conditions (e.g. hypoxia) to promote LSC maintenance and blastic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Perrotti
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
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29
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C/EBPα deregulation as a paradigm for leukemogenesis. Leukemia 2017; 31:2279-2285. [PMID: 28720765 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid master regulator CCAAT enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPα) is deregulated by multiple mechanisms in leukemia. Inhibition of C/EBPα function plays pivotal roles in leukemogenesis. While much is known about how C/EBPα orchestrates granulopoiesis, our understanding of molecular transformation events, the role(s) of cooperating mutations and clonal evolution during C/EBPα deregulation in leukemia remains elusive. In this review, we will summarize the latest research addressing these topics with special emphasis on CEBPA mutations. We conclude by describing emerging therapeutic strategies to restore C/EBPα function.
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30
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EVI2B is a C/EBPα target gene required for granulocytic differentiation and functionality of hematopoietic progenitors. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:705-716. [PMID: 28186500 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of hematopoietic populations through the process of differentiation is critical for proper hematopoiesis. The transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPα) is a master regulator of myeloid differentiation, and the identification of C/EBPα target genes is key to understand this process. Here we identified the Ecotropic Viral Integration Site 2B (EVI2B) gene as a direct target of C/EBPα. We showed that the product of the gene, the transmembrane glycoprotein EVI2B (CD361), is abundantly expressed on the surface of primary hematopoietic cells, the highest levels of expression being reached in mature granulocytes. Using shRNA-mediated downregulation of EVI2B in human and murine cell lines and in primary hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, we demonstrated impaired myeloid lineage development and altered progenitor functions in EVI2B-silenced cells. We showed that the compromised progenitor functionality in Evi2b-depleted cells can be in part explained by deregulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis. In addition, we generated an Evi2b knockout murine model and demonstrated altered properties of hematopoietic progenitors, as well as impaired G-CSF dependent myeloid colony formation in the knockout cells. Remarkably, we found that EVI2B is significantly downregulated in human acute myeloid leukemia samples characterized by defects in CEBPA. Altogether, our data demonstrate that EVI2B is a downstream target of C/EBPα, which regulates myeloid differentiation and functionality of hematopoietic progenitors.
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Expression and regulation of C/EBPα in normal myelopoiesis and in malignant transformation. Blood 2017; 129:2083-2091. [PMID: 28179278 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-09-687822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most studied transcription factors in hematopoiesis is the leucine zipper CCAAT-enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα), which is mainly involved in cell fate decisions for myeloid differentiation. Its involvement in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is diverse, with patients frequently exhibiting mutations, deregulation of gene expression, or alterations in the function of C/EBPα. In this review, we emphasize the importance of C/EBPα for neutrophil maturation, its role in myeloid priming of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, and its indispensable requirement for AML development. We discuss that mutations in the open reading frame of CEBPA lead to an altered C/EBPα function, affecting the expression of downstream genes and consequently deregulating myelopoiesis. The emerging transcriptional mechanisms of CEBPA are discussed based on recent studies. Novel insights on how these mechanisms may be deregulated by oncoproteins or mutations/variants in CEBPA enhancers are suggested in principal to reveal novel mechanisms of how CEBPA is deregulated at the transcriptional level.
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Abstract
Historically, eosinophils have been considered as end-stage cells involved in host protection against parasitic infection and in the mechanisms of hypersensitivity. However, later studies have shown that this multifunctional cell is also capable of producing immunoregulatory cytokines and soluble mediators and is involved in tissue homeostasis and modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. In this review, we summarize the biology of eosinophils, including the function and molecular mechanisms of their granule proteins, cell surface markers, mediators, and pathways, and present comprehensive reviews of research updates on the genetics and epigenetics of eosinophils. We describe recent advances in the development of epigenetics of eosinophil-related diseases, especially in asthma. Likewise, recent studies have provided us with a more complete appreciation of how eosinophils contribute to the pathogenesis of various diseases, including hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES). Over the past decades, the definition and criteria of HES have been evolving with the progress of our understanding of the disease and some aspects of this disease still remain controversial. We also review recent updates on the genetic and molecular mechanisms of HES, which have spurred dramatic developments in the clinical strategies of diagnosis and treatment for this heterogeneous group of diseases. The conclusion from this review is that the biology of eosinophils provides significant insights as to their roles in health and disease and, furthermore, demonstrates that a better understanding of eosinophil will accelerate the development of new therapeutic strategies for patients.
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UPF1 regulates myeloid cell functions and S100A9 expression by the hnRNP E2/miRNA-328 balance. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31995. [PMID: 27573788 PMCID: PMC5004132 DOI: 10.1038/srep31995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UPF1 is a key player in nonsense mediated mRNA decay (NMD) but also involved in posttranscriptional gene regulation. In this study we found that UPF1 regulates the expression of genes with functions in inflammation and myeloid cell differentiation via hnRNP E2. The majority of the UPF1-regulated genes identified in monocytic cells contain a binding site for hnRNP E2 within 5′ UTR located introns with hnRNP E2 acting here as splicing regulator. We found that miRNA-328 which is significantly induced during monocytic cell differentiation acts independently from its gene silencing function as RNA decoy for hnRNP E2. One representative gene controlled by the hnRNP E2/miRNA-328 balance is S100A9 which plays an important role in cell differentiation and oxidative stress response of monocytes. Induction of miRNA-328 expression during cell differentiation antagonizes the blockade by hnRNP E2 which results in the upregulation of CD11b expression and ROS production in monocytic cells. Taken together, our data indicate that upregulation of miR-328 is responsible for the induction of hnRNP E2 target genes during myeloid cell differentiation.
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Agatheeswaran S, Chakraborty S. MEF2C and CEBPA: Possible co-regulators in chronic myeloid leukemia disease progression. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 77:165-170. [PMID: 27297623 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), a hematopoietic malignancy, characterized initially by a chronic phase (CP) progresses into blast crisis (BC) with the accumulation of secondary abnormalities. We have reported earlier that MEF2C, a target of miR-223, was significantly up regulated in CML and also showed a negative correlation with miR-223. In this study, gene expression arrays were used to identify the genes regulated by MEF2C during myelopoiesis. Statistical tools were used to understand the correlation between MEF2C and the targets in different phases of CML. Different CML cell lines and CML patient samples were treated with imatinib to study the effect of MEF2C on the target genes. We observed that MEF2C targets a set of myeloid genes including the myeloid transcription factor CEBPA. MEF2C and CEBPA expression patterns are negatively correlated in CML patient samples. We further show that the expression of MEF2C and CEBPA along with CSF3R is sufficient to molecularly classify different stages of CML. Imatinib, the drug of choice for CML, abrogates MEF2C expression and reverses CEBPA repression both in the cell line and the primary cells. We report the existence of a MEF2C and CEBPA correlation in CML disease progression.
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The Philadelphia chromosome in leukemogenesis. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2016; 35:48. [PMID: 27233483 PMCID: PMC4896164 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-016-0108-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The truncated chromosome 22 that results from the reciprocal translocation t(9;22)(q34;q11) is known as the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) and is a hallmark of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). In leukemia cells, Ph not only impairs the physiological signaling pathways but also disrupts genomic stability. This aberrant fusion gene encodes the breakpoint cluster region-proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase (BCR-ABL1) oncogenic protein with persistently enhanced tyrosine kinase activity. The kinase activity is responsible for maintaining proliferation, inhibiting differentiation, and conferring resistance to cell death. During the progression of CML from the chronic phase to the accelerated phase and then to the blast phase, the expression patterns of different BCR-ABL1 transcripts vary. Each BCR-ABL1 transcript is present in a distinct leukemia phenotype, which predicts both response to therapy and clinical outcome. Besides CML, the Ph is found in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and mixed-phenotype acute leukemia. Here, we provide an overview of the clinical presentation and cellular biology of different phenotypes of Ph-positive leukemia and highlight key findings regarding leukemogenesis.
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Zhang G, Dong F, Luan C, Zhang X, Shao H, Liu J, Sun C. Overexpression of CCAAT Enhancer-Binding Protein α Inhibits the Growth of K562 Cells via the Foxo3a-Bim Pathway. Acta Haematol 2016; 136:65-70. [PMID: 27161125 DOI: 10.1159/000444517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the role of CCAAT enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) in the pathogenesis of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and the mechanism underlying its effect. Bone marrow specimens from 50 patients with CML and peripheral blood specimens from 20 healthy individuals were collected. K562 cells were treated with imatinib. Subsequently, a stable cell line, K562-C/EBPα, was constructed. Cell proliferation was assayed with cell counting kit-8, and mRNA levels of C/EBPα, forkhead transcription factor FKHRL1 (Foxo3a) and Bim were detected by semiquantitative PCR. The correlation of C/EBPα and BCR-ABL was assessed by Spearman's correlation analysis. The results showed that C/EBPα mRNA levels were significantly reduced in CML patients compared with healthy subjects (p < 0.001) and were negatively correlated with BCR-ABL1 (r = -0.5046, p < 0.01). Additionally, imatinib enhanced the expression of C/EBPα in K562 cells compared with untreated cells (p < 0.05). Overexpression of C/EBPα significantly decreased cell proliferation and upregulated the expressions of the apoptosis-related genes Foxo3a (p < 0.01) and Bim (p < 0.05) in K562 cells. In conclusion, C/EBPα expression was decreased in patients with CML. Imatinib enhances the expression of C/EBPα in K562 cells, and the overexpression of C/EBPα inhibits cell proliferation and increases apoptosis via the Foxo3a-Bim pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guili Zhang
- Department of Laboratory, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Medical College, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
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Kowenz-Leutz E, Schuetz A, Liu Q, Knoblich M, Heinemann U, Leutz A. Functional interaction of CCAAT/enhancer-binding-protein-α basic region mutants with E2F transcription factors and DNA. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2016; 1859:841-7. [PMID: 27131901 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) regulates cell cycle arrest and terminal differentiation of neutrophils and adipocytes. Mutations in the basic leucine zipper domain (bZip) of C/EBPα are associated with acute myeloid leukemia. A widely used murine transforming C/EBPα basic region mutant (BRM2) entails two bZip point mutations (I294A/R297A). BRM2 has been discordantly described as defective for DNA binding or defective for interaction with E2F. We have separated the two BRM2 mutations to shed light on the intertwined reciprocity between C/EBPα-E2F-DNA interactions. Both, C/EBPα I294A and R297A retain transactivation capacity and interaction with E2F-DP. The C/EBPα R297A mutation destabilized DNA binding, whereas the C/EBPα I294A mutation enhanced binding to DNA. The C/EBPα R297A mutant, like BRM2, displayed enhanced interaction with E2F-DP but failed to repress E2F-dependent transactivation although both mutants were readily suppressed by E2F1 for transcription through C/EBP cis-regulatory sites. In contrast, the DNA binding enhanced C/EBPα I294A mutant displayed increased repression of E2F-DP mediated transactivation and resisted E2F-DP mediated repression. Thus, the efficient repression of E2F dependent S-phase genes and the activation of differentiation genes reside in the balanced DNA binding capacity of C/EBPα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Kowenz-Leutz
- Tumorigenesis and Cell Differentiation, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Schuetz
- Protein Sample Production Facility, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Qingbin Liu
- Tumorigenesis and Cell Differentiation, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Biology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Knoblich
- Tumorigenesis and Cell Differentiation, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Udo Heinemann
- Protein Sample Production Facility, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany; Chemistry and Biochemistry Institute, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim Leutz
- Tumorigenesis and Cell Differentiation, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Biology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Wilson M, Tsakraklides V, Tran M, Xiao YY, Zhang Y, Perkins AS. EVI1 Interferes with Myeloid Maturation via Transcriptional Repression of Cebpa, via Binding to Two Far Downstream Regulatory Elements. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:13591-607. [PMID: 27129260 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.708156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One mechanism by which oncoproteins work is through perturbation of cellular maturation; understanding the mechanisms by which this occurs can lead to the development of targeted therapies. EVI1 is a zinc finger oncoprotein involved in the development of acute myeloid leukemia; previous work has shown it to interfere with the maturation of granulocytes from immature precursors. Here we investigate the mechanism by which that occurs, using an immortalized hematopoietic progenitor cell line, EML-C1, as a model system. We document that overexpression of EVI1 abrogates retinoic acid-induced maturation of EML cells into committed myeloid cells, a process that can be documented by the down-regulation of stem cell antigen-1 and acquisition of responsiveness to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. We show that this requires DNA binding capacity of EVI1, suggesting that downstream target genes are involved. We identify the myeloid regulator Cebpa as a target gene and identify two EVI1 binding regions within evolutionarily conserved enhancer elements at +35 and +37 kb relative to the gene. EVI1 can strongly suppress Cebpa transcription, and add-back of Cebpa into EVI1-expressing EML cells partially corrects the block in maturation. We identify the DNA sequences to which EVI1 binds at +35 and +37 kb and show that mutation of one of these releases Cebpa from EVI1-induced suppression. We observe a more complex picture in primary bone marrow cells, where EVI1 suppresses Cebpa in stem cells but not in more committed progenitors. Our data thus identify a regulatory node by which EVI1 contributes to leukemia, and this represents a possible therapeutic target for treatment of EVI1-expressing leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wilson
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642 and
| | | | - Minh Tran
- the Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Ying-Yi Xiao
- the Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Yi Zhang
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642 and
| | - Archibald S Perkins
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642 and
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Acetylation of C/EBPα inhibits its granulopoietic function. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10968. [PMID: 27005833 PMCID: PMC4814574 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPα) is an essential transcription factor for myeloid lineage commitment. Here we demonstrate that acetylation of C/EBPα at lysine residues K298 and K302, mediated at least in part by general control non-derepressible 5 (GCN5), impairs C/EBPα DNA-binding ability and modulates C/EBPα transcriptional activity. Acetylated C/EBPα is enriched in human myeloid leukaemia cell lines and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) samples, and downregulated upon granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)- mediated granulocytic differentiation of 32Dcl3 cells. C/EBPα mutants that mimic acetylation failed to induce granulocytic differentiation in C/EBPα-dependent assays, in both cell lines and in primary hematopoietic cells. Our data uncover GCN5 as a negative regulator of C/EBPα and demonstrate the importance of C/EBPα acetylation in myeloid differentiation. C/EBPα is an essential transcription factor for myeloid lineage commitment. Here, the authors show that acetylation of C/EBPα at K298 and K302, mediated at least in part by GCN5, impairs C/EBPα DNA binding ability and modulates C/EBPα transcriptional activity.
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An autonomous CEBPA enhancer specific for myeloid-lineage priming and neutrophilic differentiation. Blood 2016; 127:2991-3003. [PMID: 26966090 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-01-695759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophilic differentiation is dependent on CCAAT enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα), a transcription factor expressed in multiple organs including the bone marrow. Using functional genomic technologies in combination with clustered regularly-interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 genome editing and in vivo mouse modeling, we show that CEBPA is located in a 170-kb topological-associated domain that contains 14 potential enhancers. Of these, 1 enhancer located +42 kb from CEBPA is active and engages with the CEBPA promoter in myeloid cells only. Germ line deletion of the homologous enhancer in mice in vivo reduces Cebpa levels exclusively in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and myeloid-primed progenitor cells leading to severe defects in the granulocytic lineage, without affecting any other Cebpa-expressing organ studied. The enhancer-deleted progenitor cells lose their myeloid transcription program and are blocked in differentiation. Deletion of the enhancer also causes loss of HSC maintenance. We conclude that a single +42-kb enhancer is essential for CEBPA expression in myeloid cells only.
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Ji X, Park JW, Bahrami-Samani E, Lin L, Duncan-Lewis C, Pherribo G, Xing Y, Liebhaber SA. αCP binding to a cytosine-rich subset of polypyrimidine tracts drives a novel pathway of cassette exon splicing in the mammalian transcriptome. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:2283-97. [PMID: 26896798 PMCID: PMC4797308 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) is a robust generator of mammalian transcriptome complexity. Splice site specification is controlled by interactions of cis-acting determinants on a transcript with specific RNA binding proteins. These interactions are frequently localized to the intronic U-rich polypyrimidine tracts (PPT) located 5′ to the majority of splice acceptor junctions. αCPs (also referred to as polyC-binding proteins (PCBPs) and hnRNPEs) comprise a subset of KH-domain proteins with high affinity and specificity for C-rich polypyrimidine motifs. Here, we demonstrate that αCPs promote the splicing of a defined subset of cassette exons via binding to a C-rich subset of polypyrimidine tracts located 5′ to the αCP-enhanced exonic segments. This enhancement of splice acceptor activity is linked to interactions of αCPs with the U2 snRNP complex and may be mediated by cooperative interactions with the canonical polypyrimidine tract binding protein, U2AF65. Analysis of αCP-targeted exons predicts a substantial impact on fundamental cell functions. These findings lead us to conclude that the αCPs play a direct and global role in modulating the splicing activity and inclusion of an array of cassette exons, thus driving a novel pathway of splice site regulation within the mammalian transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjun Ji
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Juw Won Park
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA Department of Computer Engineering and Computer Science, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA KBRIN Bioinformatics Core, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Emad Bahrami-Samani
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lan Lin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Christopher Duncan-Lewis
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gordon Pherribo
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yi Xing
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Stephen A Liebhaber
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Regulation of Stem Cell Self-Renewal and Oncogenesis by RNA-Binding Proteins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 907:153-88. [PMID: 27256386 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-29073-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Throughout their life span, multicellular organisms rely on stem cell systems. During development pluripotent embryonic stem cells give rise to all cell types that make up the organism. After birth, tissue stem cells maintain properly functioning tissues and organs under homeostasis as well as promote regeneration after tissue damage or injury. Stem cells are capable of self-renewal, which is the ability to divide indefinitely while retaining the potential of differentiation into multiple cell types. The ability to self-renew, however, is a double-edged sword; the molecular mechanisms of self-renewal can be a target of malignant transformation driving tumor development and progression. Growing lines of evidence have shown that RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play pivotal roles in the regulation of self-renewal by modulating metabolism of coding and non-coding RNAs both in normal tissues and in cancers. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of tissue stem cell systems and how RBPs regulate stem cell fates as well as how the regulatory functions of RBPs contribute to oncogenesis.
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Horvilleur E, Wilson LA, Bastide A, Piñeiro D, Pöyry TAA, Willis AE. Cap-Independent Translation in Hematological Malignancies. Front Oncol 2015; 5:293. [PMID: 26734574 PMCID: PMC4685420 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematological malignancies are a heterogeneous group of diseases deriving from blood cells progenitors. Although many genes involved in blood cancers contain internal ribosome entry sites (IRESes), there has been only few studies focusing on the role of cap-independent translation in leukemia and lymphomas. Expression of IRES trans-acting factors can also be altered, and interestingly, BCL-ABL1 fusion protein expressed from “Philadelphia” chromosome, found in some types of leukemia, regulates several of them. A mechanism involving c-Myc IRES and cap-independent translation and leading to resistance to chemotherapy in multiple myeloma emphasize the contribution of cap-independent translation in blood cancers and the need for more work to be done to clarify the roles of known IRESes in pathology and response to chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David Piñeiro
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit , Leicester , UK
| | | | - Anne E Willis
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit , Leicester , UK
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44
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Zhang G, Dong F, Luan C, Zhang X, Shao H, Liu J, Sun C. [The expression and role of the transcription factor C/EBPα in chronic myeloid leukemia]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2015; 36:947-50. [PMID: 26632469 PMCID: PMC7342430 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression and the possible mechanism of the transcription factor C/EBPα in chronic myeloid leukemia(CML). METHODS Bone marrow samples from 50 CML patients(including 33 patients in chronic phase, 7 in accelerated phase and 10 in blast crisis)and peripheral blood specimens of 20 healthy donors were collected. The expression of C/EBPα gene and the effect of Imatinib on its expression was detected by RT- PCR. C/EBPα gene was inserted into lentivirus expression vector pLVX- EGFP- 3FLAG- Puro by recombinant DNA technology to construct C/EBPα stable expression in K562 cells. Cell proliferation was assayed by CCK-8. The expressions of Foxo3a and Bim genes were detected by RT-PCR. RESULTS The level of C/EBPα expression was significantly declined in CML patients compared with that of normal control group(P<0.01)and had negative correlation with bcr- abl expression(Spearman r=- 0.505, P<0.01). The stable K562- C/EBPα cell line was successfully established and confirmed by RT-PCR and Western blot. Cell proliferation ability was lower in the K562- C/EBPα group than that in the non- transfection and mock-vehicle groups. The expressions of Foxo3a and Bim genes were 1.06 ± 0.06 and 0.53 ± 0.07, respectively, which was higher than that of nontransfection and mock-vehicle groups(P<0.01, P<0.05). CONCLUSION C/EBPα expression was decreased in CML patients, overexpression of C/EBPα could inhibit K562 cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guili Zhang
- Department of Laboratory, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Medical College, Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, China
| | - Fei Dong
- Department of Laboratory, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Medical College, Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, China
| | - Caifu Luan
- Department of Laboratory, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Medical College, Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Laboratory, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Medical College, Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, China
| | - Huiyuan Shao
- Department of Laboratory, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Medical College, Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Laboratory, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Medical College, Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, China
| | - Chengming Sun
- Department of Laboratory, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Medical College, Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, China
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45
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Di Stefano C, Mirone G, Perna S, Marfe G. The roles of microRNAs in the pathogenesis and drug resistance of chronic myelogenous leukemia (Review). Oncol Rep 2015; 35:614-24. [PMID: 26718125 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is characterized by the accumulation of Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) myeloid cells. Ph+ cells occur via a reciprocal translocation between the long arms of chromosomes 9 and 22 resulting in constitutively active BCR-ABL fusion protein. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are used against the kinase activity of BCR-ABL protein for the effective treatment of CML. However, the development of drug resistance, caused by different genetic mechanisms, is the major issue in the clinical application of TKIs. These mechanisms include changes in expression levels of microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs are short non-coding regulatory RNAs that control gene expression and play an important role in cancer development and progression. In the present review, we highlight the roles of miRNAs both in the progression and chemotherapy-resistance of CML. Our understanding of these mechanisms may lead to the use of this knowledge not only in the treatment of patients with CML, but also in other type of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Di Stefano
- Department of Hematology, 'Tor Vergata' University, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Mirone
- Department of Medical Oncology B, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, I-00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Perna
- Department of Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università di Napoli, I-81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Gabriella Marfe
- Department of Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università di Napoli, I-81100 Caserta, Italy
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The multifaceted functions of C/EBPα in normal and malignant haematopoiesis. Leukemia 2015; 30:767-75. [PMID: 26601784 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The process of blood formation, haematopoiesis, depends upon a small number of haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that reside in the bone marrow. Differentiation of HSCs is characterised by decreased expression of genes associated with self-renewal accompanied by a stepwise activation of genes promoting differentiation. Lineage branching is further directed by groups of cooperating and counteracting genes forming complex networks of lineage-specific transcription factors. Imbalances in such networks can result in blockage of differentiation, lineage reprogramming and malignant transformation. CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α (C/EBPα) was originally identified 30 years ago as a transcription factor that binds both promoter and enhancer regions. Most of the early work focused on the role of C/EBPα in regulating transcriptional processes as well as on its functions in key differentiation processes during liver, adipogenic and haematopoietic development. Specifically, C/EBPα was shown to control differentiation by its ability to coordinate transcriptional output with cell cycle progression. Later, its role as an important tumour suppressor, mainly in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), was recognised and has been the focus of intense studies by a number of investigators. More recent work has revisited the role of C/EBPα in normal haematopoiesis, especially its function in HSCs, and also started to provide more mechanistic insights into its role in normal and malignant haematopoiesis. In particular, the differential actions of C/EBPα isoforms, as well as its importance in chromatin remodelling and cellular reprogramming, are beginning to be elucidated. Finally, recent work has also shed light on the dichotomous function of C/EBPα in AML by demonstrating its ability to act as both a tumour suppressor and promoter. In the present review, we will summarise the current knowledge on the functions of C/EBPα during normal and malignant haematopoiesis with special emphasis on the recent work.
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Increased Transcript Complexity in Genes Associated with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140885. [PMID: 26480348 PMCID: PMC4610675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies aim to correlate genotype with phenotype. Many common diseases including Type II diabetes, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) are complex genetic traits with hundreds of different loci that are associated with varied disease risk. Identifying common features in the genes associated with each disease remains a challenge. Furthermore, the role of post-transcriptional regulation, and in particular alternative splicing, is still poorly understood in most multigenic diseases. We therefore compiled comprehensive lists of genes associated with Type II diabetes, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and COPD in an attempt to identify common features of their corresponding mRNA transcripts within each gene set. The SERPINA1 gene is a well-recognized genetic risk factor of COPD and it produces 11 transcript variants, which is exceptional for a human gene. This led us to hypothesize that other genes associated with COPD, and complex disorders in general, are highly transcriptionally diverse. We found that COPD-associated genes have a statistically significant enrichment in transcript complexity stemming from a disproportionately high level of alternative splicing, however, Type II Diabetes, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease genes were not significantly enriched. We also identified a subset of transcriptionally complex COPD-associated genes (~40%) that are differentially expressed between mild, moderate and severe COPD. Although the genes associated with other lung diseases are not extensively documented, we found preliminary data that idiopathic pulmonary disease genes, but not cystic fibrosis modulators, are also more transcriptionally complex. Interestingly, complex COPD transcripts are more often the product of alternative acceptor site usage. To verify the biological importance of these alternative transcripts, we used RNA-sequencing analyses to determine that COPD-associated genes are frequently expressed in lung and liver tissues and are regulated in a tissue-specific manner. Additionally, many complex COPD-associated genes are spliced differently between COPD and non-COPD patients. Our analysis therefore suggests that post-transcriptional regulation, particularly alternative splicing, is an important feature specific to COPD disease etiology that warrants further investigation.
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Pérez-Jacobo F, Tuna-Aguilar E, Demichelis-Gómez R, Crespo-Solís E, Valencia-Rocha U, Aguayo Á, López-Karpovitch X. Prognostic Factors, Response to Treatment, and Survival in Patients With Chronic Myeloid Leukemia in Blast Phase: A Single-Institution Survey. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2015; 15:778-84. [PMID: 26500135 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Data from 51 patients (23 women) with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in blast phase (BP) were analyzed in order to identify prognostic factors for complete hematologic response (CHR) and survival. PATIENTS AND METHODS Forty-four patients experienced disease progression from chronic or accelerated phase, and 7 cases presented as CML-BP. Thirteen patients (25.5%) had extramedullary involvement at diagnosis, and 71% were myeloid BP. Clonal evolution was identified in 53% of the cases, and the abnormalities most frequently observed were isochromosome (17q), double Philadelphia chromosome, and trisomy 8. Forty-five patients received treatment: 60% chemotherapy (CT) alone and 40% CT plus tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) or TKI alone; 42% of them experienced CHR. RESULTS Median overall survival (OS) in patients whose disease responded to treatment was 7 months (95% confidence interval, 1.7-6.2 months), with a median disease-free survival of 5 months (95% confidence interval, 2.8-5.8 months). One out of 3 patients who underwent hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation remains alive. Multivariate analysis revealed that lymphoid BP and TKI therapy had a statistically significant positive impact as prognostic factors for CHR. In the multivariate analysis, age > 60 years, hemoglobin < 10 g/dL, and complex karyotype were statistically significant negative prognostic factors for OS. There was no statistical significant difference in OS between patients who received only CT (1988-2002) with those treated with CT plus TKI (2003-2013). CONCLUSION This is the first study in Mexico to report prognostic factors associated with CHR and OS in patients with CML-BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Pérez-Jacobo
- Chronic Leukemia Clinic, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, México
| | - Elena Tuna-Aguilar
- Chronic Leukemia Clinic, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, México
| | - Roberta Demichelis-Gómez
- Chronic Leukemia Clinic, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, México
| | - Erick Crespo-Solís
- Chronic Leukemia Clinic, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, México
| | - Ubaldo Valencia-Rocha
- Chronic Leukemia Clinic, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, México
| | - Álvaro Aguayo
- Chronic Leukemia Clinic, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, México
| | - Xavier López-Karpovitch
- Chronic Leukemia Clinic, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, México.
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Bagca BG, Ozalp O, Kurt CC, Mutlu Z, Saydam G, Gunduz C, Avci CB. Ruxolitinib induces autophagy in chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:1573-9. [PMID: 26298727 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3947-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ruxolitinib is the first agent used in myelofibrosis treatment with its potent JAK2 inhibitory effect. In this novel study, we aimed to discover the anti-leukemic effect of ruxolitinib in K-562 human chronic myeloid leukemia cell line compared to NCI-BL 2171 human healthy B lymphocyte cell line. Cytotoxic effect of ruxolitinib was determined by using WST-1 assay. IC50 values for K-562 and NCI-BL 2171 cell lines were defined as 20 and 23.6 μM at the 48th hour, respectively. Autophagic effects of ruxolitinib were detected by measuring LC3B-II protein formation. Ruxolitinib induced autophagic cell death in K-562 and NCI-BL 2171 cell lines 2.11- and 1.79-fold compared to control groups, respectively. To determine the autophagy-related gene expression changes, total RNA was isolated from K-562 and NCI-BL 2171 cells treated with ruxolitinib and untreated cells as control group. Reverse transcription procedure was performed for cDNA synthesis, and gene expressions were shown by RT-qPCR. Ruxolitinib treatment caused a notable decrease in expression of AKT, mTOR, and STAT autophagy inhibitor genes in K-562 cells, contrariwise control cell line. Ruxolitinib is a promising agent in chronic myeloid leukemia treatment by blocking JAK/STAT pathway known as downstream of BCR-ABL and triggering autophagy. This is the first study that reveals the relationship between ruxolitinib and autophagy induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bakiye Goker Bagca
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Ozgun Ozalp
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Cansu Caliskan Kurt
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Mutlu
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Guray Saydam
- Department of Hematology, School of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Cumhur Gunduz
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Cigir Biray Avci
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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Sharma N, Magistroni V, Piazza R, Citterio S, Mezzatesta C, Khandelwal P, Pirola A, Gambacorti-Passerini C. BCR/ABL1 and BCR are under the transcriptional control of the MYC oncogene. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:132. [PMID: 26179066 PMCID: PMC4504180 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0407-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML) is caused by the BCR/ABL1 fusion gene. Both the presence and the levels of BCR/ABL1 expression seem to be critical for CML progression from chronic phase (CP) to blast crisis (BC). After the oncogenic translocation, the BCR/ABL1 gene is under the transcriptional control of BCR promoter but the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of oncogene expression are mostly unknown. Methods A region of 1443bp of the functional BCR promoter was studied for transcription factor binding sites through in-silico analysis and Chromatin Immunoprecipitation experiments. BCR and BCR/ABL1 expression levels were analysed in CML cell lines after over-expression or silencing of MYC transcription factor. A luciferase reporter assay was used to confirm its activity on BCR promoter. Results In the present study we demonstrate that MYC and its partner MAX bind to the BCR promoter, leading to up-regulation of BCR and BCR/ABL1 at both transcriptional and protein levels. Accordingly, silencing of MYC expression in various BCR/ABL1 positive cell lines causes significant downregulation of BCR and BCR/ABL1, which consequently leads to decreased proliferation and induction of cell death. Conclusions Here we describe a regulatory pathway modulating BCR and BCR/ABL1 expression, showing that the BCR promoter is under the transcriptional control of the MYC/MAX heterodimer. Since MYC is frequently over-expressed in BC, this phenomenon could play a critical role in BCR/ABL1 up-regulation and blast aggressiveness acquired during CML evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitesh Sharma
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy.
| | - Vera Magistroni
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy.
| | - Rocco Piazza
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy. .,Division of Haematology, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy.
| | - Stefania Citterio
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy.
| | | | - Praveen Khandelwal
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Pirola
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy.
| | - Carlo Gambacorti-Passerini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy. .,Division of Haematology, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy.
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