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Wen X, Zhang L, Wang X, Chen L, Sun J, Hu H. Helium Ion-Assisted Wet Etching of Silicon Carbide with Extremely Low Roughness for High-Quality Nanofabrication. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2301364. [PMID: 38185791 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Silicon carbide (SiC) is a promising material for a wide range of applications, including mechanical nano-resonators, quantum photonics, and non-linear photonics. However, its chemical inertness poses challenges for etching in terms of resolution and smoothness. Herein, a novel approach known as helium ion-bombardment-enhanced etching (HIBEE) is presented to achieve high-quality SiC etching. The HIBEE technique utilizes a focused helium ion beam with a typical ion energy of 30 keV to disrupt the crystal lattices of SiC, thus enabling wet etching using hydrofluoric acids and hydrogen peroxide. The etching mechanism is verified via simulations and characterization. The use of a sub-nanometer beam spot of focused helium ions ensures fabrication resolution, and the resulting etched surface exhibits an extremely low roughness of ≈0.9 nm. One of the advantages of the HIBEE technique is that it does not require resist spin-coating and development processes, thus enabling the production of nanostructures on irregular SiC surfaces, such as suspended structures and sidewalls. Additionally, the unique interaction volume of helium ions with substrates enables the one-step fabrication of suspended nanobeam structures directly from bulk substrates. The HIBEE technique is expected to facilitate and accelerate the prototyping of high-quality SiC devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Wen
- Center for Micro and Nanoscale Research and Fabrication, University of Science and Technology of China, 433 Huangshan RD, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Lansheng Zhang
- ZJUI Institute, Zhejiang University, 718 East Haizhou Rd, Haining, Zhejiang, 314400, China
- State Key laboratory of Fluidic Power and Mechanical Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiuxia Wang
- Center for Micro and Nanoscale Research and Fabrication, University of Science and Technology of China, 433 Huangshan RD, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Center for Micro and Nanoscale Research and Fabrication, University of Science and Technology of China, 433 Huangshan RD, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Center for Micro and Nanoscale Research and Fabrication, University of Science and Technology of China, 433 Huangshan RD, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Huan Hu
- ZJUI Institute, Zhejiang University, 718 East Haizhou Rd, Haining, Zhejiang, 314400, China
- State Key laboratory of Fluidic Power and Mechanical Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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2
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Kaisar T, Yousuf SMEH, Lee J, Qamar A, Rais-Zadeh M, Mandal S, Feng PXL. Five Low-Noise Stable Oscillators Referenced to the Same Multimode AlN/Si MEMS Resonator. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2023; 70:1213-1228. [PMID: 37669212 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2023.3312159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
We report on the first experimental demonstration of five self-sustaining feedback oscillators referenced to a single multimode resonator, using piezoelectric aluminum nitride on silicon (AlN/Si) microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology. Integrated piezoelectric transduction enables efficient readout of five resonance modes of the same AlN/Si MEMS resonator, at 10, 30, 65, 95, and 233 MHz with quality ( Q ) factors of 18 600, 4350, 4230, 2630, and 2138, respectively, at room temperature. Five stable self-sustaining oscillators are built, each referenced to one of these high- Q modes, and their mode-dependent phase noise and frequency stability (Allan deviation) are measured and analyzed. The 10, 30, 65, 95, and 233 MHz oscillators exhibit low phase noise of -116, -100, -105, -106, and -92 dBc/Hz at 1 kHz offset frequency, respectively. The 65 MHz oscillator yields the Allan deviation of 4×10-9 and 2×10-7 at 1 and 1000 s averaging time, respectively. The 10 MHz oscillator's low phase noise holds strong promise for clock and timing applications. The five oscillators' overall promising performance suggests suitability for multimode resonant sensing and real-time frequency tracking. This work also elucidates mode dependency in oscillator noise and stability, one of the key attributes of mode-engineerable resonators.
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3
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Kähler H, Arthaber H, Winkler R, West RG, Ignat I, Plank H, Schmid S. Transduction of Single Nanomechanical Pillar Resonators by Scattering of Surface Acoustic Waves. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:4344-4350. [PMID: 37167540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
One of the challenges of nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) is the effective transduction of the tiny resonators. Vertical structures, such as nanomechanical pillar resonators, which are exploited in optomechanics, acoustic metamaterials, and nanomechanical sensing, are particularly challenging to transduce. Existing electromechanical transduction methods are ill-suited as they put constraints on the pillars' material and do not enable a transduction of freestanding pillars. Here, we present an electromechanical transduction method for single nanomechanical pillar resonators based on surface acoustic waves (SAWs). We demonstrate the transduction of freestanding nanomechanical platinum-carbon pillars in the first-order bending and compression mode. Since the principle of the transduction method is based on resonant scattering of a SAW by a nanomechanical resonator, our transduction method is independent of the pillar's material and not limited to pillar-shaped geometries. It represents a general method to transduce vertical mechanical resonators with nanoscale lateral dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Kähler
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27-29, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Holger Arthaber
- Institute of Electrodynamics, Microwave and Circuit Engineering, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 25, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Winkler
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Direct-Write Fabrication of 3D Nanoprobes (DEFINE), Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Robert G West
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27-29, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ioan Ignat
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27-29, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Plank
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Direct-Write Fabrication of 3D Nanoprobes (DEFINE), Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Silvan Schmid
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27-29, 1040 Vienna, Austria
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4
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Kaisar T, Lee J, Li D, Shaw SW, Feng PXL. Nonlinear Stiffness and Nonlinear Damping in Atomically Thin MoS 2 Nanomechanical Resonators. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:9831-9838. [PMID: 36480748 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We report on experimental measurements and quantitative analyses of nonlinear dynamic characteristics in ultimately thin nanomechanical resonators built upon single-layer, bilayer, and trilayer (1L, 2L, and 3L) molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) vibrating drumhead membranes. This synergistic study with calibrated measurements and analytical modeling on observed nonlinear responses has led to the determination of nonlinear damping and stiffness coefficients at cubic and quintic orders for these two-dimensional (2D) resonators operating in the very high frequency (VHF) band (up to ∼90 MHz). We find that the quintic force can be ∼20% of the Duffing force at larger amplitudes, and thus, it generally cannot be ignored in a nonlinear dynamics analysis. This study provides the first quantification of nonlinear damping and frequency detuning characteristics in 2D semiconductor nanomechanical resonators and elucidates their origins and dependency on engineerable parameters, setting a foundation for future exploration and utilization of the rich nonlinear dynamics in 2D nanomechanical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahmid Kaisar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
| | - Jaesung Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
| | - Donghao Li
- Department of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida32901, United States
| | - Steven W Shaw
- Department of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida32901, United States
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Physics & Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan48423, United States
| | - Philip X-L Feng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
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5
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Cai X, Xu L. A Piezoelectrically Excited ZnO Nanowire Mass Sensor with Closed-Loop Detection at Room Temperature. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:2242. [PMID: 36557541 PMCID: PMC9788434 DOI: 10.3390/mi13122242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
One-dimensional nanobeam mass sensors offer an unprecedented ability to measure tiny masses or even the mass of individual molecules or atoms, enabling many interesting applications in the fields of mass spectrometry and atomic physics. However, current nano-beam mass sensors suffer from poor real-time test performance and high environment requirements. This paper proposes a piezoelectrically excited ZnO nanowire (NW) mass sensor with closed-loop detection at room temperature to break this limitation. It is detected that the designed piezo-excited ZnO NW could operate at room temperature with a resonant frequency of 417.35 MHz, a quality factor of 3010, a mass sensitivity of -8.1 Hz/zg, and a resolution of 192 zg. The multi-field coupling dynamic model of ZnO NW mass sensor under piezoelectric excitation was established and solved. The nonlinear amplitude-frequency characteristic formula, frequency formula, modal function, sensitivity curve, and linear operating interval were obtained. The ZnO NW mass sensor was fabricated by a top-down method and its response to ethanol gas molecules was tested at room temperature. Experiments show that the sensor has high sensitivity, good closed-loop tracking performance, and high linearity, which provides great potential for the detection of biochemical reaction process of biological particles based on mechanics.
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Xu B, Zhang P, Zhu J, Liu Z, Eichler A, Zheng XQ, Lee J, Dash A, More S, Wu S, Wang Y, Jia H, Naik A, Bachtold A, Yang R, Feng PXL, Wang Z. Nanomechanical Resonators: Toward Atomic Scale. ACS NANO 2022; 16:15545-15585. [PMID: 36054880 PMCID: PMC9620412 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c01673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The quest for realizing and manipulating ever smaller man-made movable structures and dynamical machines has spurred tremendous endeavors, led to important discoveries, and inspired researchers to venture to previously unexplored grounds. Scientific feats and technological milestones of miniaturization of mechanical structures have been widely accomplished by advances in machining and sculpturing ever shrinking features out of bulk materials such as silicon. With the flourishing multidisciplinary field of low-dimensional nanomaterials, including one-dimensional (1D) nanowires/nanotubes and two-dimensional (2D) atomic layers such as graphene/phosphorene, growing interests and sustained effort have been devoted to creating mechanical devices toward the ultimate limit of miniaturization─genuinely down to the molecular or even atomic scale. These ultrasmall movable structures, particularly nanomechanical resonators that exploit the vibratory motion in these 1D and 2D nano-to-atomic-scale structures, offer exceptional device-level attributes, such as ultralow mass, ultrawide frequency tuning range, broad dynamic range, and ultralow power consumption, thus holding strong promises for both fundamental studies and engineering applications. In this Review, we offer a comprehensive overview and summary of this vibrant field, present the state-of-the-art devices and evaluate their specifications and performance, outline important achievements, and postulate future directions for studying these miniscule yet intriguing molecular-scale machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xu
- Institute
of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University
of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu610054, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhang
- University
of Michigan−Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
| | - Jiankai Zhu
- Institute
of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University
of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu610054, China
| | - Zuheng Liu
- University
of Michigan−Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
| | | | - Xu-Qian Zheng
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of
Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
- College
of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Jaesung Lee
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of
Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas79968, United States
| | - Aneesh Dash
- Centre
for
Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute
of Science, Bangalore560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Swapnil More
- Centre
for
Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute
of Science, Bangalore560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Song Wu
- Institute
of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University
of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu610054, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of
Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska68588, United States
| | - Hao Jia
- Shanghai
Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Shanghai200050, China
| | - Akshay Naik
- Centre
for
Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute
of Science, Bangalore560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Adrian Bachtold
- ICFO-Institut
de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona08860, Spain
| | - Rui Yang
- University
of Michigan−Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
- School of
Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
| | - Philip X.-L. Feng
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of
Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
| | - Zenghui Wang
- Institute
of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University
of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu610054, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University
of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu610054, China
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7
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Cai X, Xu L. A Precise Closed-Loop Controlled ZnO Nanowire Resonator Operating at Room Temperature. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13060952. [PMID: 35744566 PMCID: PMC9231396 DOI: 10.3390/mi13060952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To realize the real-time measurement of masses of nanoparticles, virus molecules, organic macromolecules, and gas molecules, and to analyze their physical and chemical properties, a ZnO nanowire (NW) resonator operating at room temperature with an ultrahigh resonant frequency, real-time detection, and high precision was designed and developed in this study. The machining method is simple and easy to integrate into an integrated circuit. A closed-loop detection system based on a phase-locked loop (PLL) and frequency modulation technology (FM) was used to perform closed-loop testing of electromagnetically excited ZnO NW. The first-order resonance frequency of the resonator was 10.358 MHz, the quality factor Q value was about 600, the frequency fluctuation value fRMS was about 300 Hz, and the FM range could reach 200 kHz. The equivalent circuit model of the resonator was established, the parasitic parameters during the test were obtained, and the frequency accuracy and phase noise of the resonator were analyzed and tested. The experimental results show that the closed-loop system can automatically control the resonator in a wide range of frequency bands, with good tracking performance of the resonant frequency, small frequency fluctuation, and low phase noise level.
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8
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Reaching silicon-based NEMS performances with 3D printed nanomechanical resonators. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6080. [PMID: 34667168 PMCID: PMC8526607 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26353-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The extreme miniaturization in NEMS resonators offers the possibility to reach an unprecedented resolution in high-performance mass sensing. These very low limits of detection are related to the combination of two factors: a small resonator mass and a high quality factor. The main drawback of NEMS is represented by the highly complex, multi-steps, and expensive fabrication processes. Several alternatives fabrication processes have been exploited, but they are still limited to MEMS range and very low-quality factor. Here we report the fabrication of rigid NEMS resonators with high-quality factors by a 3D printing approach. After a thermal step, we reach complex geometry printed devices composed of ceramic structures with high Young’s modulus and low damping showing performances in line with silicon-based NEMS resonators ones. We demonstrate the possibility of rapid fabrication of NEMS devices that present an effective alternative to semiconducting resonators as highly sensitive mass and force sensors. NEMS devices, nano-electro-mechanical systems, by virtue of their minute size, offer ultra-high sensitivity, though at the expense of manufacturing complexity. Here, Stassi et al succeed in manufacturing high quality factor NEMS devices using high resolution 3D printing.
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9
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Xu YJ, Song J. Nonreciprocal magnon laser. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:5276-5279. [PMID: 34653171 DOI: 10.1364/ol.440608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A nonreciprocal magnon laser is proposed in a compound cavity optomagnonical system consisting of an yttrium iron garnet sphere coupled to a spinning resonator. On the basis of the magnon-induced Brillouin scattering process making it possible to achieve a magnon lasing action, the Fizeau light-dragging effect caused by the spinning of the resonator further results in significant modifications in the magnon gain and the threshold power of magnon lasing for different driving directions, and then a nonreciprocal magnon laser is realized. Especially, this nonreciprocal magnon laser is highly tunable by the spinning speed and the driving direction. Our work provides an experimentally feasible pathway for manipulating spin-wave excitations and may find intriguing phenomena at the crossroad between spintronics of the magnet and nonreciprocal optics.
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10
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Molina J, Escobar JE, Ramos D, Gil-Santos E, Ruz JJ, Tamayo J, San Paulo Á, Calleja M. High Dynamic Range Nanowire Resonators. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:6617-6624. [PMID: 34288677 PMCID: PMC8361434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic range quantifies the linear operation regime available in nanomechanical resonators. Nonlinearities dominate the response of flexural beams in the limit of very high aspect ratio and very small diameter, which leads to expectation of low dynamic range for nanowire resonators in general. However, the highest achievable dynamic range for nanowire resonators with practical dimensions remains to be determined. We report dynamic range measurements on singly clamped silicon nanowire resonators reaching remarkably high values of up to 90 dB obtained with a simple harmonic actuation scheme. We explain these measurements by a comprehensive theoretical examination of dynamic range in singly clamped flexural beams including the effect of tapering, a usual feature of semiconductor nanowires. Our analysis reveals the nanowire characteristics required for broad linear operation, and given the relationship between dynamic range and mass sensing performance, it also enables analytical determination of mass detection limits, reaching atomic-scale resolution for feasible nanowires.
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11
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Ye F, Islam A, Zhang T, Feng PXL. Ultrawide Frequency Tuning of Atomic Layer van der Waals Heterostructure Electromechanical Resonators. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:5508-5515. [PMID: 34143641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report on the experimental demonstration of atomically thin molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)-graphene van der Waals (vdW) heterostructure nanoelectromechanical resonators with ultrawide frequency tuning. With direct electrostatic gate tuning, these vdW resonators exhibit exceptional tunability, in general, Δf/f0 > 200%, for continuously tuning the same device and the same mode (e.g., from ∼23 to ∼107 MHz), up to Δf/f0 ≈ 370%, the largest fractional tuning range in such resonators to date. This remarkable electromechanical resonance tuning is investigated by two different analytical models and finite element simulations. Furthermore, we carefully perform clear control experiments and simulations to elucidate the difference in frequency tuning between the heterostructure and single-material resonators. At a given initial strain level, the tuning range depends on the two-dimensional (2D) Young's moduli of the constitutive crystals; devices built on materials with lower 2D moduli show wider tuning ranges. This study exemplifies that vdW heterostructure resonators can retain unconventionally broad, continuous tuning, which is promising for voltage-controlled, tunable nanosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Ye
- Department of Electrical, Computer, & Systems Engineering, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Arnob Islam
- Department of Electrical, Computer, & Systems Engineering, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | | | - Philip X-L Feng
- Department of Electrical, Computer, & Systems Engineering, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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12
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Maillard D, De Pastina A, Abazari AM, Villanueva LG. Avoiding transduction-induced heating in suspended microchannel resonators using piezoelectricity. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2021; 7:34. [PMID: 34567748 PMCID: PMC8433141 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00254-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Calorimetry of single biological entities remains elusive. Suspended microchannel resonators (SMRs) offer excellent performance for real-time detection of various analytes and could hold the key to unlocking pico-calorimetry experiments. However, the typical readout techniques for SMRs are optical-based, and significant heat is dissipated in the sensor, altering the measurement and worsening the frequency noise. In this manuscript, we demonstrate for the first time full on-chip piezoelectric transduction of SMRs on which we focus a laser Doppler vibrometer to analyze its effect. We demonstrate that suddenly applying the laser to a water-filled SMR causes a resonance frequency shift, which we attribute to a local increase in temperature. When the procedure is repeated at increasing flow rates, the resonance frequency shift diminishes, indicating that convection plays an important role in cooling down the device and dissipating the heat induced by the laser. We also show that the frequency stability of the device is degraded by the laser source. In comparison to an optical readout scheme, a low-dissipative transduction method such as piezoelectricity shows greater potential to capture the thermal properties of single entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Maillard
- Advanced NEMS Laboratory, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Annalisa De Pastina
- Advanced NEMS Laboratory, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Amir Musa Abazari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Luis Guillermo Villanueva
- Advanced NEMS Laboratory, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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13
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Microcantilever: Dynamical Response for Mass Sensing and Fluid Characterization. SENSORS 2020; 21:s21010115. [PMID: 33375431 PMCID: PMC7795892 DOI: 10.3390/s21010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A microcantilever is a suspended micro-scale beam structure supported at one end which can bend and/or vibrate when subjected to a load. Microcantilevers are one of the most fundamental miniaturized devices used in microelectromechanical systems and are ubiquitous in sensing, imaging, time reference, and biological/biomedical applications. They are typically built using micro and nanofabrication techniques derived from the microelectronics industry and can involve microelectronics-related materials, polymeric materials, and biological materials. This work presents a comprehensive review of the rich dynamical response of a microcantilever and how it has been used for measuring the mass and rheological properties of Newtonian/non-Newtonian fluids in real time, in ever-decreasing space and time scales, and with unprecedented resolution.
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14
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Huang Y, Flores JGF, Li Y, Wang W, Wang D, Goldberg N, Zheng J, Yu M, Lu M, Kutzer M, Rogers D, Kwong DL, Churchill L, Wong CW. A Chip-Scale Oscillation-Mode Optomechanical Inertial Sensor Near the Thermodynamical Limits. LASER & PHOTONICS REVIEWS 2020; 14:1800329. [PMID: 34712367 PMCID: PMC8549854 DOI: 10.1002/lpor.201800329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Modern navigation systems integrate the global positioning system (GPS) with an inertial navigation system (INS), which complement each other for correct attitude and velocity determination. The core of the INS integrates accelerometers and gyroscopes used to measure forces and angular rate in the vehicular inertial reference frame. With the help of gyroscopes and by integrating the acceleration to compute velocity and distance, precision and compact accelerometers with sufficient accuracy can provide small-error location determination. Solid-state implementations, through coherent readout, can provide a platform for high performance acceleration detection. In contrast to prior accelerometers using piezoelectric or capacitive readout techniques, optical readout provides narrow-linewidth high-sensitivity laser detection along with low-noise resonant optomechanical transduction near the thermodynamical limits. Here an optomechanical inertial sensor with an 8.2 μg Hz-1/2 velocity random walk (VRW) at an acquisition rate of 100 Hz and 50.9 μg bias instability is demonstrated, suitable for applications, such as, inertial navigation, inclination sensing, platform stabilization, and/or wearable device motion detection. Driven into optomechanical sustained-oscillation, the slot photonic crystal cavity provides radio-frequency readout of the optically-driven transduction with an enhanced 625 μg Hz-1 sensitivity. Measuring the optomechanically-stiffened oscillation shift, instead of the optical transmission shift, provides a 220× VRW enhancement over pre-oscillation mode detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Huang
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 611731, China; Fang Lu Mesoscopic Optics and Quantum Electronics Laboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Optical Nanostructures Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Jaime Gonzalo Flor Flores
- Fang Lu Mesoscopic Optics and Quantum Electronics Laboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Optical Nanostructures Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Wenting Wang
- Fang Lu Mesoscopic Optics and Quantum Electronics Laboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Di Wang
- Optical Nanostructures Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Noam Goldberg
- Optical Nanostructures Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Jiangjun Zheng
- Optical Nanostructures Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Mingbin Yu
- Institute of Microelectronics, ASTAR, Singapore 117865
| | - Ming Lu
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Michael Kutzer
- Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - Daniel Rogers
- Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - Dim-Lee Kwong
- Institute of Microelectronics, ASTAR, Singapore 117865
| | - Layne Churchill
- Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - Chee Wei Wong
- Fang Lu Mesoscopic Optics and Quantum Electronics Laboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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15
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Frequency stabilization and noise-induced spectral narrowing in resonators with zero dispersion. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3930. [PMID: 31477718 PMCID: PMC6718662 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11946-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical resonators are widely used as precision clocks and sensitive detectors that rely on the stability of their eigenfrequencies. The phase noise is determined by different factors including thermal noise, frequency noise of the resonator and noise in the feedback circuitry. Increasing the vibration amplitude can mitigate some of these effects but the improvements are limited by nonlinearities that are particularly strong for miniaturized micro- and nano-mechanical systems. Here we design a micromechanical resonator with non-monotonic dependence of the eigenfrequency on energy. Near the extremum, where the dispersion of the eigenfrequency is zero, the system regains certain characteristics of a linear resonator, albeit at large amplitudes. The spectral peak undergoes narrowing when the noise intensity is increased. With the resonator serving as the frequency-selecting element in a feedback loop, the phase noise at the extremum amplitude is ~3 times smaller than the minimal noise in the conventional nonlinear regime. Designing miniaturized oscillators with stable frequencies is challenging due to nonlinearities. Here, the authors demonstrate reduced phase noise using zero dispersion phenomena in a micromechanical resonator designed with non-monotonic dependence of the frequency of eigenoscillations on energy.
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16
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Ganesan A, Seshia A. Resonance tracking in a micromechanical device using phononic frequency combs. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9452. [PMID: 31263233 PMCID: PMC6602941 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro and nanomechanical resonators have been extensively researched in recent decades for applications to time and frequency references, as well as highly sensitive sensors. Conventionally, the operation of these resonant sensors is implemented using a feedback oscillator to dynamically track variations in the resonant frequency. However, this approach places limitations on the frequency stability of the output response, particularly owing to near-carrier noise shaping, limiting measurement stabilities at short-to-moderate integration times. Here, in this paper, utilizing the recent experimental demonstration of phononic frequency combs, we demonstrate an alternative resonance tracking approach with the potential to provide significant improvements in near-carrier phase noise and long-term stability. In addition, we also showcase comb dynamics mediated resonant frequency modulation which indirectly points to the possible control of inevitable noise processes including thermomechanical fluctuations. This resonant tracking approach may also have general applicability to a number of other physical oscillators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adarsh Ganesan
- Nanoscience Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ashwin Seshia
- Nanoscience Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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17
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Hussain N, Zhang MH, Zhang Q, Zhou Z, Xu X, Murtaza M, Zhang R, Wei H, Ou G, Wang D, Wang K, Li JF, Wu H. Large Piezoelectric Strain in Sub-10 Nanometer Two-Dimensional Polyvinylidene Fluoride Nanoflakes. ACS NANO 2019; 13:4496-4506. [PMID: 30883093 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Functional polymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and its copolymers, which exhibit room-temperature piezoelectricity and ferroelectricity in two-dimensional (2D) limit, are promising candidates to substitute hazardous lead-based piezoceramics for flexible nanoelectronic and electromechanical energy-harvesting applications. However, realization of many polymers including PVDF in ultrathin 2D nanostructures with desired crystal phases and tunable properties remains challenging due to ineffective conventional synthesis methods. Consequently, it has remained elusive to obtain optimized piezoelectric performance of PVDF particularly in sub-10 nm regimes. Taking advantage of its high flexibility and easy processing, we fabricate ultrathin PVDF nanoflakes with thicknesses down to 7 nm by using a hot-pressing method. This thermo-mechanical strategy simultaneously induces robust thermodynamic α to electroactive β-phase transformation, with β fraction as high as 92.8% in sub-10 nm flakes. Subsequently, piezoelectric studies performed by using piezoresponse force microscopy reveal an excellent piezoelectric strain of 0.7% in 7 nm film and the highest piezoelectric coefficient ( d33) achieved is -68 pm/V for 50 nm-thick nanoflakes, which is 13% higher than the piezoresponse from 50 nm-thick PZT nanofilms. Our results further suggest thickness modulation as an effective strategy to tune the piezoelectric performance of PVDF and affirm its supremacy over conventional piezoceramics especially at nanoscale. This work aims not only to help understand fundamental piezoelectricity of pure PVDF in sub-10 nm regimes but also provides an opportunity to realize other polymer-based 2D nanocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Hussain
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Mao-Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Qingyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Xingyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Muhammad Murtaza
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Ruoyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Hehe Wei
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Gang Ou
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Ke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Jing-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Hui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
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18
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Matheny MH, Emenheiser J, Fon W, Chapman A, Salova A, Rohden M, Li J, Hudoba de Badyn M, Pósfai M, Duenas-Osorio L, Mesbahi M, Crutchfield JP, Cross MC, D’Souza RM, Roukes ML. Exotic states in a simple network of nanoelectromechanical oscillators. Science 2019; 363:363/6431/eaav7932. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aav7932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Synchronization of oscillators, a phenomenon found in a wide variety of natural and engineered systems, is typically understood through a reduction to a first-order phase model with simplified dynamics. Here, by exploiting the precision and flexibility of nanoelectromechanical systems, we examined the dynamics of a ring of quasi-sinusoidal oscillators at and beyond first order. Beyond first order, we found exotic states of synchronization with highly complex dynamics, including weak chimeras, decoupled states, traveling waves, and inhomogeneous synchronized states. Through theory and experiment, we show that these exotic states rely on complex interactions emerging out of networks with simple linear nearest-neighbor coupling. This work provides insight into the dynamical richness of complex systems with weak nonlinearities and local interactions.
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19
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Wang Y, Yousefzadeh B, Chen H, Nassar H, Huang G, Daraio C. Observation of Nonreciprocal Wave Propagation in a Dynamic Phononic Lattice. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:194301. [PMID: 30468594 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.194301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic waves in a linear time-invariant medium are generally reciprocal; however, reciprocity can break down in a time-variant system. In this Letter, we report on an experimental demonstration of nonreciprocity in a dynamic one-dimensional phononic crystal, where the local elastic properties are dependent on time. The system consists of an array of repelling magnets, and the on-site elastic potentials of the constitutive elements are modulated by an array of electromagnets. The modulation in time breaks time-reversal symmetry and opens a directional band gap in the dispersion relation. As shown by experimental and numerical results, nonreciprocal mechanical systems like the one presented here offer opportunities to create phononic diodes that can serve for rectification applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Behrooz Yousefzadeh
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Hussein Nassar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Guoliang Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Chiara Daraio
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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20
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A Temperature-Compensated Single-Crystal Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) MEMS Oscillator with a CMOS Amplifier Chip. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9110559. [PMID: 30715058 PMCID: PMC6266509 DOI: 10.3390/mi9110559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Self-sustained feedback oscillators referenced to MEMS/NEMS resonators have the potential for a wide range of applications in timing and sensing systems. In this paper, we describe a real-time temperature compensation approach to improving the long-term stability of such MEMS-referenced oscillators. This approach is implemented on a ~26.8 kHz self-sustained MEMS oscillator that integrates the fundamental in-plane mode resonance of a single-crystal silicon-on-insulator (SOI) resonator with a programmable and reconfigurable single-chip CMOS sustaining amplifier. Temperature compensation using a linear equation fit and look-up table (LUT) is used to obtain the near-zero closed-loop temperature coefficient of frequency (TCf) at around room temperature (~25 °C). When subject to small temperature fluctuations in an indoor environment, the temperature-compensated oscillator shows a >2-fold improvement in Allan deviation over the uncompensated counterpart on relatively long time scales (averaging time τ > 10,000 s), as well as overall enhanced stability throughout the averaging time range from τ = 1 to 20,000 s. The proposed temperature compensation algorithm has low computational complexity and memory requirement, making it suitable for implementation on energy-constrained platforms such as Internet of Things (IoT) sensor nodes.
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21
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Hauser AW, Sundaram S, Hayward RC. Photothermocapillary Oscillators. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:158001. [PMID: 30362782 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.158001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present a new class of tunable light-driven oscillators based on mm-scale objects adsorbed at fluid interfaces. A fixed light source induces photothermal surface tension gradients (Marangoni stresses) that drive nanocomposite hydrogel discs away from a stable apex position atop a drop of water. The capillary forces on the disc increase with surface curvature; thus, they act to restore the disc to its original position. As the disc reenters the light source it again experiences Marangoni propulsion, leading to sustained oscillation for appropriate conditions. Propulsive forces can be modulated with incident light intensity, while the restoring force can be tuned via surface curvature-i.e., drop volume-providing highly tunable oscillatory behaviors. To our knowledge, this is the first example where Marangoni and capillary forces combine to incite sustained motion. As such, a model was developed that describes this behavior and provides key insights into the underlying control parameters. We expect that this simple approach will enable the study of more complex and coupled oscillatory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam W Hauser
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Subramanian Sundaram
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Ryan C Hayward
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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22
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Ohta R, Okamoto H, Tawara T, Gotoh H, Yamaguchi H. Dynamic Control of the Coupling between Dark and Bright Excitons with Vibrational Strain. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:267401. [PMID: 30004772 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.267401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We numerically and experimentally investigate strain-induced coupling between dark and bright excitons and its dynamic control using a gallium arsenide (GaAs) micromechanical resonator. Uniaxial strain induced by the mechanical resonance efficiently detunes the exciton energies and modulates the coupling strength via the deformation potential in GaAs. This allows optical access to the long-lived dark states without using any external electromagnetic field. This field-free approach could be expanded to a wide range of solid-state materials, leading to on-chip excitonic memories and circuits based on micromechanical resonators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Ohta
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
| | - Hajime Okamoto
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
| | - Takehiko Tawara
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
| | - Hideki Gotoh
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamaguchi
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
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23
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Ye F, Lee J, Feng PXL. Electrothermally Tunable Graphene Resonators Operating at Very High Temperature up to 1200 K. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:1678-1685. [PMID: 29385804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The unique negative thermal expansion coefficient and remarkable thermal stability of graphene make it an ideal candidate for nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) with electrothermal tuning. We report on the first experimental demonstration of electrothermally tuned single- and few-layer graphene NEMS resonators operating in the high frequency (HF) and very high frequency (VHF) bands. In single-, bi-, and trilayer (1L, 2L, and 3L) graphene resonators with carefully controlled Joule heating, we have demonstrated remarkably broad frequency tuning up to Δ f/ f0 ≈ 310%. Simultaneously, device temperature variations imposed by Joule heating are monitored using Raman spectroscopy; we find that the device temperature increases from 300 K up to 1200 K, which is the highest operating temperature known to date for electromechanical resonators. Using the measured frequency and temperature variations, we further extract both thermal expansion coefficients and thermal conductivities of these devices. Comparison with graphene electrostatic gate tuning indicates that electrothermal tuning is more efficient. The results clearly suggest that the unique negative thermal expansion coefficient of graphene and its excellent tolerance to very high temperature can be exploited for engineering highly tunable and robust graphene transducers for harsh and extreme environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Ye
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case School of Engineering , Case Western Reserve University , 10900 Euclid Avenue , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
| | - Jaesung Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case School of Engineering , Case Western Reserve University , 10900 Euclid Avenue , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
| | - Philip X-L Feng
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case School of Engineering , Case Western Reserve University , 10900 Euclid Avenue , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
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24
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Lee J, Wang Z, He K, Yang R, Shan J, Feng PXL. Electrically tunable single- and few-layer MoS 2 nanoelectromechanical systems with broad dynamic range. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaao6653. [PMID: 29670938 PMCID: PMC5903902 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao6653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Atomically thin semiconducting crystals [such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)] have outstanding electrical, optical, and mechanical properties, thus making them excellent constitutive materials for innovating new two-dimensional (2D) nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). Although prototype structures have recently been demonstrated toward functional devices such as ultralow-power, high-frequency tunable oscillators and ultrasensitive resonant transducers, both electrical tunability and large dynamic range (DR) are critical and desirable. We report the first experimental demonstration of clearly defined single-, bi-, and trilayer MoS2 2D resonant NEMS operating in the very high frequency band (up to ~120 MHz) with outstanding electrical tunability and DR. Through deterministic measurement and calibration, we discover that these 2D atomic layer devices have remarkably broad DR (up to ~70 to 110 dB), in contrast to their 1D NEMS counterparts that are expected to have limited DR. These 2D devices, therefore, open avenues for efficiently tuning and strongly coupling the electronic, mechanical, and optical properties in atomic layer semiconducting devices and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaesung Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Zenghui Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China
| | - Keliang He
- Department of Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jie Shan
- Department of Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Philip X.-L. Feng
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Corresponding author.
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25
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Uder B, Gao H, Kunnas P, de Jonge N, Hartmann U. Low-force spectroscopy on graphene membranes by scanning tunneling microscopy. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:2148-2153. [PMID: 29327012 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr07300c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional atomically flat sheets with a high mechanical flexibility are very attractive as ultrathin membranes but are also inherently challenging for microscopic investigations. We report on a method using Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) under ultra-high vacuum conditions for non-indenting low-force spectroscopy on micrometer-sized freestanding graphene membranes. The method is based on applying quasi-static voltage ramps with active feedback at low tunneling currents and ultimately relies on the attractive electrostatic force between the tip and the membrane. As a result a bulge-test scenario can be established. The convenience and simplicity of the method relies on the fact that the loading force and the membrane deflection detection are both provided simultaneously by the STM. This permits the continuous measurement of the stress-strain relation. Electrostatic forces applied are typically below 1 nN and the membrane deflection is detected at sub-nanometer resolution. Experiments on single-layer graphene membranes with a strain of 0.1% reveal a two-dimensional elastic modulus E2D = 220 N m-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Uder
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, D-66041, Germany.
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26
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Eizner E, Akulov K, Schwartz T, Ellenbogen T. Temporal Dynamics of Localized Exciton-Polaritons in Composite Organic-Plasmonic Metasurfaces. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:7675-7683. [PMID: 29078048 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b03751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We use femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy to study the temporal dynamics of strongly coupled exciton-plasmon polaritons in metasurfaces of aluminum nanoantennas coated with J-aggregate molecules. Compared with the thermal nonlinearities of aluminum nanoantennas, the exciton-plasmon hybridization introduces strong ultrafast nonlinearities in the composite metasurfaces. Within femtoseconds after the pump excitation, the plasmonic resonance is broadened and shifted, showcasing its high sensitivity to excited-state modification of the molecular surroundings. In addition, we observe temporal oscillations due to the deep subangstrom acoustic breathing modes of the nanoantennas in both bare and hybrid metasurfaces. Finally, unlike the dynamics of hybrid states in optical microcavities, here, ground-state bleaching is observed with a significantly longer relaxation time at the upper polariton band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elad Eizner
- Department of Physical Electronics, Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, ‡School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, and §Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Katherine Akulov
- Department of Physical Electronics, Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, ‡School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, and §Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Tal Schwartz
- Department of Physical Electronics, Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, ‡School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, and §Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Tal Ellenbogen
- Department of Physical Electronics, Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, ‡School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, and §Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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27
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Zheng XQ, Lee J, Rafique S, Han L, Zorman CA, Zhao H, Feng PXL. Ultrawide Band Gap β-Ga 2O 3 Nanomechanical Resonators with Spatially Visualized Multimode Motion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:43090-43097. [PMID: 29115818 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b13930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Beta gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3) is an emerging ultrawide band gap (4.5 eV-4.9 eV) semiconductor with attractive properties for future power electronics, optoelectronics, and sensors for detecting gases and ultraviolet radiation. β-Ga2O3 thin films made by various methods are being actively studied toward such devices. Here, we report on the experimental demonstration of single-crystal β-Ga2O3 nanomechanical resonators using β-Ga2O3 nanoflakes grown via low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD). By investigating β-Ga2O3 circular drumhead structures, we demonstrate multimode nanoresonators up to the sixth mode in high and very high frequency (HF/VHF) bands, and also realize spatial mapping and visualization of the multimode motion. These measurements reveal a Young's modulus of EY = 261 GPa and anisotropic biaxial built-in tension of 37.5 MPa and 107.5 MPa. We find that thermal annealing can considerably improve the resonance characteristics, including ∼40% upshift in frequency and ∼90% enhancement in quality (Q) factor. This study lays a foundation for future exploration and development of mechanically coupled and tunable β-Ga2O3 electronic, optoelectronic, and physical sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Qian Zheng
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Jaesung Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Subrina Rafique
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Lu Han
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Christian A Zorman
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Hongping Zhao
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Philip X-L Feng
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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28
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Abstract
Nanomechanical devices have attracted the interest of a growing interdisciplinary research community, since they can be used as highly sensitive transducers for various physical quantities. Exquisite control over these systems facilitates experiments on the foundations of physics. Here, we demonstrate that an optically trapped silicon nanorod, set into rotation at MHz frequencies, can be locked to an external clock, transducing the properties of the time standard to the rod’s motion with a remarkable frequency stability fr/Δfr of 7.7 × 1011. While the dynamics of this periodically driven rotor generally can be chaotic, we derive and verify that stable limit cycles exist over a surprisingly wide parameter range. This robustness should enable, in principle, measurements of external torques with sensitivities better than 0.25 zNm, even at room temperature. We show that in a dilute gas, real-time phase measurements on the locked nanorod transduce pressure values with a sensitivity of 0.3%. Nanomechanical sensors that rely on intrinsic resonance frequencies usually present a tradeoff between sensitivity and bandwidth. In this work, the authors realise an optically driven nanorotor featuring high frequency stability and tunability over a large frequency range.
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29
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Piezo-generated charge mapping revealed through direct piezoelectric force microscopy. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1113. [PMID: 29062016 PMCID: PMC5653648 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01361-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While piezoelectric and ferroelectric materials play a key role in many everyday applications, there are still a number of open questions related to their physics. To enhance our understanding of piezoelectrics and ferroelectrics, nanoscale characterization is essential. Here, we develop an atomic force microscopy based mode that obtains a direct quantitative analysis of the piezoelectric coefficient d33. We report nanoscale images of piezogenerated charge in a thick single crystal of periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN), a bismuth ferrite (BiFO3) thin film, and lead zirconate titanate (PZT) by applying a force and recording the current produced by these materials. The quantification of d33 coefficients for PPLN (14 ± 3 pC per N) and BFO (43 ± 6 pC per N) is in agreement with the values reported in the literature. Even stronger evidence of the reliability of the method is provided by an equally accurate measurement of the significantly larger d33 of PZT. Piezoelectrics and ferroelectrics are important for everyday applications, but methods to characterize these materials at the nanoscale are lacking. Here the authors present direct piezoelectric force microscopy, an AFM mode that can measure charges generated by the direct piezoelectric effect with nanoscale resolution.
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Fon W, Matheny MH, Li J, Krayzman L, Cross MC, D'Souza RM, Crutchfield JP, Roukes ML. Complex Dynamical Networks Constructed with Fully Controllable Nonlinear Nanomechanical Oscillators. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:5977-5983. [PMID: 28884582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b02026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Control of the global parameters of complex networks has been explored experimentally in a variety of contexts. Yet, the more difficult prospect of realizing arbitrary network architectures, especially analog physical networks that provide dynamical control of individual nodes and edges, has remained elusive. Given the vast hierarchy of time scales involved, it also proves challenging to measure a complex network's full internal dynamics. These span from the fastest nodal dynamics to very slow epochs over which emergent global phenomena, including network synchronization and the manifestation of exotic steady states, eventually emerge. Here, we demonstrate an experimental system that satisfies these requirements. It is based upon modular, fully controllable, nonlinear radio frequency nanomechanical oscillators, designed to form the nodes of complex dynamical networks with edges of arbitrary topology. The dynamics of these oscillators and their surrounding network are analog and continuous-valued and can be fully interrogated in real time. They comprise a piezoelectric nanomechanical membrane resonator, which serves as the frequency-determining element within an electrical feedback circuit. This embodiment permits network interconnections entirely within the electrical domain and provides unprecedented node and edge control over a vast region of parameter space. Continuous measurement of the instantaneous amplitudes and phases of every constituent oscillator node are enabled, yielding full and detailed network data without reliance upon statistical quantities. We demonstrate the operation of this platform through the real-time capture of the dynamics of a three-node ring network as it evolves from the uncoupled state to full synchronization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Fon
- Condensed Matter Physics and Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Matthew H Matheny
- Condensed Matter Physics and Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jarvis Li
- Condensed Matter Physics and Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Lev Krayzman
- Condensed Matter Physics and Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Michael C Cross
- Condensed Matter Physics and Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Raissa M D'Souza
- Santa Fe Institute , 1399 Hyde Park Rd, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501, United States
| | - James P Crutchfield
- Santa Fe Institute , 1399 Hyde Park Rd, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501, United States
| | - Michael L Roukes
- Condensed Matter Physics and Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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31
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Manca N, Pellegrino L, Kanki T, Venstra WJ, Mattoni G, Higuchi Y, Tanaka H, Caviglia AD, Marré D. Selective High-Frequency Mechanical Actuation Driven by the VO 2 Electronic Instability. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1701618. [PMID: 28714094 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201701618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Relaxation oscillators consist of periodic variations of a physical quantity triggered by a static excitation. They are a typical consequence of nonlinear dynamics and can be observed in a variety of systems. VO2 is a correlated oxide with a solid-state phase transition above room temperature, where both electrical resistance and lattice parameters undergo a drastic change in a narrow temperature range. This strong nonlinear response allows to realize spontaneous electrical oscillations in the megahertz range under a DC voltage bias. These electrical oscillations are employed to set into mechanical resonance a microstructure without the need of any active electronics, with small power consumption and with the possibility to selectively excite specific flexural modes by tuning the value of the DC electrical bias in a range of few hundreds of millivolts. This actuation method is robust and flexible and can be implemented in a variety of autonomous DC-powered devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Manca
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Teruo Kanki
- Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Warner J Venstra
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
- Quantified Air, Lorentzweg 1, Delft, 2628 CJ, The Netherlands
| | - Giordano Mattoni
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Yoshiyuki Higuchi
- Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Tanaka
- Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Andrea D Caviglia
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Daniele Marré
- CNR-SPIN, Corso Perrone 24, 16152, Genova, Italy
- Physics Department, University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy
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32
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De Alba R, Abhilash TS, Rand RH, Craighead HG, Parpia JM. Low-Power Photothermal Self-Oscillation of Bimetallic Nanowires. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:3995-4002. [PMID: 28537401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b04769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the nonlinear mechanics of a bimetallic, optically absorbing SiN-Nb nanowire in the presence of incident laser light and a reflecting Si mirror. Situated in a standing wave of optical intensity and subject to photothermal forces, the nanowire undergoes self-induced oscillations at low incident light thresholds of <1 μW due to engineered strong temperature-position (T-z) coupling. Along with inducing self-oscillation, laser light causes large changes to the mechanical resonant frequency ω0 and equilibrium position z0 that cannot be neglected. We present experimental results and a theoretical model for the motion under laser illumination. In the model, we solve the governing nonlinear differential equations by perturbative means to show that self-oscillation amplitude is set by the competing effects of direct T-z coupling and 2ω0 parametric excitation due to T-ω0 coupling. We then study the linearized equations of motion to show that the optimal thermal time constant τ for photothermal feedback is τ → ∞ rather than the previously reported ω0 τ = 1. Lastly, we demonstrate photothermal quality factor (Q) enhancement of driven motion as a means to counteract air damping. Understanding photothermal effects on nano- and micromechanical devices, as well as nonlinear aspects of optics-based motion detection, can enable new device applications as oscillators or other electronic elements with smaller device footprints and less stringent ambient vacuum requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto De Alba
- Department of Physics, ‡Department of Mathematics, §Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and ∥School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York, 14853, United States
| | - T S Abhilash
- Department of Physics, ‡Department of Mathematics, §Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and ∥School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York, 14853, United States
| | - Richard H Rand
- Department of Physics, ‡Department of Mathematics, §Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and ∥School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York, 14853, United States
| | - Harold G Craighead
- Department of Physics, ‡Department of Mathematics, §Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and ∥School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York, 14853, United States
| | - Jeevak M Parpia
- Department of Physics, ‡Department of Mathematics, §Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and ∥School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York, 14853, United States
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Ghadimi AH, Wilson DJ, Kippenberg TJ. Radiation and Internal Loss Engineering of High-Stress Silicon Nitride Nanobeams. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:3501-3505. [PMID: 28362505 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
High-stress Si3N4 nanoresonators have become an attractive choice for electro- and optomechanical devices. Membrane resonators can achieve quality factor (Q)-frequency (f) products exceeding 1013 Hz, enabling (in principle) quantum coherent operation at room temperature. String-like beam resonators possess smaller Q × f products; however, on account of their significantly lower mass and mode density, they remain a canonical choice for precision force, mass, and charge sensing, and have recently enabled Heisenberg-limited position measurements at cryogenic temperatures. Here we explore two techniques to enhance the Q of a nanomechanical beam. The techniques relate to two main loss mechanisms: internal loss, which dominates for high aspect ratios and f ≲ 100 MHz, and radiation loss, which dominates for low aspect ratios and f ≳ 100 MHz. First, we show that by embedding a nanobeam in a 1D phononic crystal (PnC), it is possible to localize its flexural motion and shield it against radiation loss. Using this method, we realize f > 100 MHz modes with Q ≈ 104, consistent with internal loss and contrasting sharply with unshielded beams of similar dimensions. We then study the Q × f product of high-order modes of millimeter-long nanobeams. Taking advantage of the mode-shape dependence of stress-induced "loss dilution", we realize a f ≈ 4 MHz mode with Q × f ≈ 9 × 1012 Hz. Our results complement recent work on PnC-based "soft-clamping" of nanomembranes, in which mode localization is used to enhance loss dilution. Combining these strategies should enable ultra-low-mass nanobeam oscillators that operate deep in the quantum coherent regime at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossein Ghadimi
- Institute of Physics (IPHYS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Dalziel Joseph Wilson
- Institute of Physics (IPHYS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Tobias J Kippenberg
- Institute of Physics (IPHYS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
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Uder B, Hartmann U. A convenient method for large-scale STM mapping of freestanding atomically thin conductive membranes. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:063702. [PMID: 28667998 DOI: 10.1063/1.4985003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional atomically flat sheets with a high flexibility are very attractive as ultrathin membranes but are also inherently challenging for microscopic investigations. We report on a method using Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) under ultra-high vacuum conditions for large-scale mapping of several-micrometer-sized freestanding single and multilayer graphene membranes. This is achieved by operating the STM at unusual parameters. We found that large-scale scanning on atomically thin membranes delivers valuable results using very high tip-scan speeds combined with high feedback-loop gain and low tunneling currents. The method ultimately relies on the particular behavior of the freestanding membrane in the STM which is much different from that of a solid substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Uder
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Saarbruecken D-66041, Germany
| | - U Hartmann
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Saarbruecken D-66041, Germany
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35
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Chen C, Zanette DH, Czaplewski DA, Shaw S, López D. Direct observation of coherent energy transfer in nonlinear micromechanical oscillators. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15523. [PMID: 28548088 PMCID: PMC5458562 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy dissipation is an unavoidable phenomenon of physical systems that are directly coupled to an external environmental bath. In an oscillatory system, it leads to the decay of the oscillation amplitude. In situations where stable oscillations are required, the energy dissipated by the vibrations is usually compensated by replenishment from external energy sources. Consequently, if the external energy supply is removed, the amplitude of oscillations start to decay immediately, since there is no means to restitute the energy dissipated. Here, we demonstrate a novel dissipation engineering strategy that can support stable oscillations without supplying external energy to compensate losses. The fundamental intrinsic mechanism of resonant mode coupling is used to redistribute and store mechanical energy among vibrational modes and coherently transfer it back to the principal mode when the external excitation is off. To experimentally demonstrate this phenomenon, we exploit the nonlinear dynamic response of microelectromechanical oscillators to couple two different vibrational modes through an internal resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyao Chen
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Damián H Zanette
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. 8400 San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - David A Czaplewski
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Steven Shaw
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Bolevard., Melbourne, Florida 32901, USA
| | - Daniel López
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
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36
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Su MN, Dongare PD, Chakraborty D, Zhang Y, Yi C, Wen F, Chang WS, Nordlander P, Sader JE, Halas NJ, Link S. Optomechanics of Single Aluminum Nanodisks. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:2575-2583. [PMID: 28301725 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum nanostructures support tunable surface plasmon resonances and have become an alternative to gold nanoparticles. Whereas gold is the most-studied plasmonic material, aluminum has the advantage of high earth abundance and hence low cost. In addition to understanding the size and shape tunability of the plasmon resonance, the fundamental relaxation processes in aluminum nanostructures after photoexcitation must be understood to take full advantage of applications such as photocatalysis and photodetection. In this work, we investigate the relaxation following ultrafast pulsed excitation and the launching of acoustic vibrations in individual aluminum nanodisks, using single-particle transient extinction spectroscopy. We find that the transient extinction signal can be assigned to a thermal relaxation of the photoexcited electrons and phonons. The ultrafast heating-induced launching of in-plane acoustic vibrations reveals moderate binding to the glass substrate and is affected by the native aluminum oxide layer. Finally, we compare the behavior of aluminum nanodisks to that of similarly prepared and sized gold nanodisks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Debadi Chakraborty
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - John E Sader
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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37
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Jalil J, Zhu Y, Ekanayake C, Ruan Y. Sensing of single electrons using micro and nano technologies: a review. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:142002. [PMID: 28273047 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa57aa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
During the last three decades, the remarkable dynamic features of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS), and advances in solid-state electronics hold much potential for the fabrication of extremely sensitive charge sensors. These sensors have a broad range of applications, such as those involving the measurement of ionization radiation, detection of bio-analyte and aerosol particles, mass spectrometry, scanning tunneling microscopy, and quantum computation. Designing charge sensors (also known as charge electrometers) for electrometry is deemed significant because of the sensitivity and resolution issues in the range of micro- and nano-scales. This article reviews the development of state-of-the-art micro- and nano-charge sensors, and discusses their technological challenges for practical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jubayer Jalil
- School of Engineering, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia. Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
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38
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Kurek M, Carnoy M, Larsen PE, Nielsen LH, Hansen O, Rades T, Schmid S, Boisen A. Nanomechanical Infrared Spectroscopy with Vibrating Filters for Pharmaceutical Analysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201700052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maksymilian Kurek
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology; Technical University of Denmark; Ørsteds Plads, Building 345C 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Matthias Carnoy
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology; Technical University of Denmark; Ørsteds Plads, Building 345C 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Peter E. Larsen
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology; Technical University of Denmark; Ørsteds Plads, Building 345C 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Line H. Nielsen
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology; Technical University of Denmark; Ørsteds Plads, Building 345C 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Ole Hansen
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology; Technical University of Denmark; Ørsteds Plads, Building 345C 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 2 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Silvan Schmid
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems; TU Wien; Gusshausstrasse 27-29 1040 Vienna Austria
| | - Anja Boisen
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology; Technical University of Denmark; Ørsteds Plads, Building 345C 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
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39
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Kurek M, Carnoy M, Larsen PE, Nielsen LH, Hansen O, Rades T, Schmid S, Boisen A. Nanomechanical Infrared Spectroscopy with Vibrating Filters for Pharmaceutical Analysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:3901-3905. [PMID: 28266106 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201700052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Standard infrared spectroscopy techniques are well-developed and widely used. However, they typically require milligrams of sample and can involve time-consuming sample preparation. A promising alternative is represented by nanomechanical infrared spectroscopy (NAM-IR) based on the photothermal response of a nanomechanical resonator, which enables the chemical analysis of picograms of analyte directly from a liquid solution in only a few minutes. Herein, we present NAM-IR using perforated membranes (filters). The method was tested with the pharmaceutical compound indomethacin to successfully perform a chemical and morphological analysis on roughly 100 pg of sample. With an absolute estimated sensitivity of 109±15 fg, the presented method is suitable for ultrasensitive vibrational spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksymilian Kurek
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, Building 345C, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Matthias Carnoy
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, Building 345C, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter E Larsen
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, Building 345C, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Line H Nielsen
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, Building 345C, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ole Hansen
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, Building 345C, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Silvan Schmid
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27-29, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anja Boisen
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, Building 345C, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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40
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Novičenko V, Ratas I. Optimal waveform for the entrainment of oscillators perturbed by an amplitude-modulated high-frequency force. Phys Rev E 2017; 94:062213. [PMID: 28085462 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.062213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We analyze limit cycle oscillators under perturbation constructed as a product of two signals, namely, an envelope with a period close to natural period of an oscillator and a high-frequency carrier signal. A theory for obtaining an envelope waveform that achieves the maximal frequency interval of entrained oscillators is presented. The optimization problem for fixed power and maximal allowed amplitude is solved by employing the phase reduction method and the Pontryagin's maximum principle. We have shown that the optimal envelope waveform is a bang-bang-type solution. Also, we have found "inversion" symmetry that relates two signals with different powers but the same interval of entrained frequencies. The theoretical results are confirmed numerically on FitzHugh-Nagumo oscillators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Novičenko
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astronomy, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Avenue 3, LT-10222 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Irmantas Ratas
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio Avenue 3, LT-10222 Vilnius, Lithuania
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41
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Tunable Resonators for Nonlinear Modal Interactions. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34717. [PMID: 27698455 PMCID: PMC5048135 DOI: 10.1038/srep34717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the various mechanisms of nonlinear mode coupling in micro and nano resonators has become an imminent necessity for their successful implementation in practical applications. However, consistent, repeatable, and flexible experimental procedures to produce nonlinear mode coupling are lacking, and hence research into well-controlled experimental conditions is crucial. Here, we demonstrate well-controlled and repeatable experiments to study nonlinear mode coupling among micro and nano beam resonators. Such experimental approach can be applied to other micro and nano structures to help study their nonlinear interactions and exploit them for higher sensitive and less noisy responses. Using electrothermal tuning and electrostatic excitation, we demonstrate three different kinds of nonlinear interactions among the first and third bending modes of vibrations of slightly curved beams (arches): two-one internal resonance, three-one internal resonance, and mode veering (near crossing). The experimental procedure is repeatable, highly flexible, do not require special or precise fabrication, and is conducted in air and at room temperature. This approach can be applied to other micro and nano structures, which come naturally curved due to fabrication imperfections, such as CNTs, and hence lays the foundation to deeply investigate the nonlinear mode coupling in these structures in a consistent way.
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42
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Risau-Gusman S. Effects of time-delayed feedback on the properties of self-sustained oscillators. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:042212. [PMID: 27841595 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.042212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Most self-sustained oscillations in biological systems and in technical applications are based on a feedback loop, and it is usually important to know how they will react when an external oscillatory force is applied. Here we investigate the effects that the introduction of a time delay in the feedback can have in the entrainment properties of self-sustained oscillators. To do this, we derive analytic expressions for the periodic trajectories and their asymptotic stability, for a generic external oscillatory force. This allows us to show that, for large quality factors, the resonance frequency does not depend on the feedback delay. When the external force is harmonic, it is shown that the largest entrainment range does not correspond to the time delay that gives the maximal response of the unforced oscillator. In fact, that delay gives the shortest entrainment range.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Risau-Gusman
- Centro Atómico Bariloche, 8400 S. C. de Bariloche, Argentina and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
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43
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Micromachined Resonators: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2016; 7:mi7090160. [PMID: 30404333 PMCID: PMC6190074 DOI: 10.3390/mi7090160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper is a review of the remarkable progress that has been made during the past few decades in design, modeling, and fabrication of micromachined resonators. Although micro-resonators have come a long way since their early days of development, they are yet to fulfill the rightful vision of their pervasive use across a wide variety of applications. This is partially due to the complexities associated with the physics that limit their performance, the intricacies involved in the processes that are used in their manufacturing, and the trade-offs in using different transduction mechanisms for their implementation. This work is intended to offer a brief introduction to all such details with references to the most influential contributions in the field for those interested in a deeper understanding of the material.
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44
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Chen C, Zanette DH, Guest JR, Czaplewski DA, López D. Self-Sustained Micromechanical Oscillator with Linear Feedback. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:017203. [PMID: 27419587 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.017203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Autonomous oscillators, such as clocks and lasers, produce periodic signals without any external frequency reference. In order to sustain stable periodic motion, there needs to be an external energy supply as well as nonlinearity built into the oscillator to regulate the amplitude. Usually, nonlinearity is provided by the sustaining feedback mechanism, which also supplies energy, whereas the constituent resonator that determines the output frequency stays linear. Here, we propose a new self-sustaining scheme that relies on the nonlinearity originating from the resonator itself to limit the oscillation amplitude, while the feedback remains linear. We introduce a model for describing the working principle of the self-sustained oscillations and validate it with experiments performed on a nonlinear microelectromechanical oscillator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyao Chen
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Damián H Zanette
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 8400 San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Jeffrey R Guest
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - David A Czaplewski
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Daniel López
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
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45
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Sansa M, Sage E, Bullard EC, Gély M, Alava T, Colinet E, Naik AK, Villanueva LG, Duraffourg L, Roukes ML, Jourdan G, Hentz S. Frequency fluctuations in silicon nanoresonators. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 11:552-558. [PMID: 26925826 PMCID: PMC4892353 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2016.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Frequency stability is key to the performance of nanoresonators. This stability is thought to reach a limit with the resonator's ability to resolve thermally induced vibrations. Although measurements and predictions of resonator stability usually disregard fluctuations in the mechanical frequency response, these fluctuations have recently attracted considerable theoretical interest. However, their existence is very difficult to demonstrate experimentally. Here, through a literature review, we show that all studies of frequency stability report values several orders of magnitude larger than the limit imposed by thermomechanical noise. We studied a monocrystalline silicon nanoresonator at room temperature and found a similar discrepancy. We propose a new method to show that this was due to the presence of frequency fluctuations, of unexpected level. The fluctuations were not due to the instrumentation system, or to any other of the known sources investigated. These results challenge our current understanding of frequency fluctuations and call for a change in practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Sansa
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CEA, LETI, Minatec Campus, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Sage
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CEA, LETI, Minatec Campus, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Elizabeth C. Bullard
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute and Departments of Physics, Applied Physics, and Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, MC 149-33, Pasadena, California 91125 USA
| | - Marc Gély
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CEA, LETI, Minatec Campus, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Thomas Alava
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CEA, LETI, Minatec Campus, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Colinet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CEA, LETI, Minatec Campus, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Akshay K. Naik
- Centre for Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | | | - Laurent Duraffourg
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CEA, LETI, Minatec Campus, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Michael L. Roukes
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute and Departments of Physics, Applied Physics, and Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, MC 149-33, Pasadena, California 91125 USA
| | - Guillaume Jourdan
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CEA, LETI, Minatec Campus, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Sébastien Hentz
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CEA, LETI, Minatec Campus, F-38054 Grenoble, France
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46
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Metrology of electromagnetic static actuation of MEMS microbridge using atomic force microscopy. Micron 2016; 84:1-6. [PMID: 26914501 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to describe application of atomic force microscopy (AFM) for characterization and calibration of static deflection of electromagnetically and/or thermally actuated micro-electromechanical (MEMS) bridge. The investigated MEMS structure is formed by a silicon nitride bridge and a thin film metal path enabling electromagnetic and/or thermal deflection actuation. We present how static microbridge deflection can be measured using contact mode AFM technology with resolution of 0.05nm in the range of up to tens of nm. We also analyze, for very small structure deflections and under defined and controlled load force varied in the range up to ca. 32nN, properties of thermal and electromagnetical microbridge deflection actuation schemes.
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47
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Abazari AM, Safavi SM, Rezazadeh G, Villanueva LG. Modelling the Size Effects on the Mechanical Properties of Micro/Nano Structures. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 15:28543-62. [PMID: 26569256 PMCID: PMC4701295 DOI: 10.3390/s151128543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Experiments on micro- and nano-mechanical systems (M/NEMS) have shown that their behavior under bending loads departs in many cases from the classical predictions using Euler-Bernoulli theory and Hooke's law. This anomalous response has usually been seen as a dependence of the material properties on the size of the structure, in particular thickness. A theoretical model that allows for quantitative understanding and prediction of this size effect is important for the design of M/NEMS. In this paper, we summarize and analyze the five theories that can be found in the literature: Grain Boundary Theory (GBT), Surface Stress Theory (SST), Residual Stress Theory (RST), Couple Stress Theory (CST) and Surface Elasticity Theory (SET). By comparing these theories with experimental data we propose a simplified model combination of CST and SET that properly fits all considered cases, therefore delivering a simple (two parameters) model that can be used to predict the mechanical properties at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Musa Abazari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran.
- Advanced NEMS Group, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland.
| | - Seyed Mohsen Safavi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran.
| | - Ghader Rezazadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia 57561-51818, Iran.
| | - Luis Guillermo Villanueva
- Advanced NEMS Group, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland.
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48
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Tao X, Fan Z, Nelson BJ, Dharuman G, Zhang W, Dong L, Li X. Internal Electron Tunneling Enabled Ultrasensitive Position/Force Peapod Sensors. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:7281-7287. [PMID: 26457662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The electron quantum tunneling effect guarantees the ultrahigh spatial resolution of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM), but there have been no other significant applications of this effect after the invention of STM. Here we report the implementation of electron-tunneling-based high sensitivity transducers using a peapod B4C nanowire, where discrete Ni6Si2B nanorods are embedded in the nanowire in a peapod form. The deformation of the nanowire provides a higher order scaling effect between conductivity and deformation strain, thus allowing the potentials of position and force sensing at the picoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyong Tao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Carolina , 300 Main Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zheng Fan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1226, United States
| | - Bradley J Nelson
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich , CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gautham Dharuman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1226, United States
| | - Wenkui Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Lixin Dong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1226, United States
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Carolina , 300 Main Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4746, United States
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49
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Navarro-Urrios D, Capuj NE, Gomis-Bresco J, Alzina F, Pitanti A, Griol A, Martínez A, Sotomayor Torres CM. A self-stabilized coherent phonon source driven by optical forces. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15733. [PMID: 26503448 PMCID: PMC4621534 DOI: 10.1038/srep15733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a novel injection scheme that allows for “phonon lasing” in a one-dimensional opto-mechanical photonic crystal, in a sideband unresolved regime and with cooperativity values as low as 10−2. It extracts energy from a cw infrared laser source and is based on the triggering of a thermo-optical/free-carrier-dispersion self-pulsing limit-cycle, which anharmonically modulates the radiation pressure force. The large amplitude of the coherent mechanical motion acts as a feedback that stabilizes and entrains the self-pulsing oscillations to simple fractions of the mechanical frequency. A manifold of frequency-entrained regions with two different mechanical modes (at 54 and 122 MHz) are observed as a result of the wide tuneability of the natural frequency of the self-pulsing. The system operates at ambient conditions of pressure and temperature in a silicon platform, which enables its exploitation in sensing, intra-chip metrology or time-keeping applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Navarro-Urrios
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology ICN2, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain.,NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze - CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa, I-56127
| | - N E Capuj
- Depto. Física, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Materiales y Nanotecnología, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
| | - J Gomis-Bresco
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology ICN2, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - F Alzina
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology ICN2, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - A Pitanti
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze - CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa, I-56127
| | - A Griol
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain
| | - A Martínez
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain
| | - C M Sotomayor Torres
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology ICN2, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain.,Catalan Institute for Research and Advances Studies ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
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50
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Cai HL, Yang Y, Chen X, Mohammad MA, Ye TX, Guo CR, Yi LT, Zhou CJ, Liu J, Ren TL. A third-order mode high frequency biosensor with atomic resolution. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 71:261-268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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