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Oliva HNP, Prudente TP, Nunes EJ, Cosgrove KP, Radhakrishnan R, Potenza MN, Angarita GA. Substance use and spine density: a systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02519-3. [PMID: 38561468 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02519-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The elucidation of synaptic density changes provides valuable insights into the underlying brain mechanisms of substance use. In preclinical studies, synaptic density markers, like spine density, are altered by substances of abuse (e.g., alcohol, amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine, opioids, nicotine). These changes could be linked to phenomena including behavioral sensitization and drug self-administration in rodents. However, studies have produced heterogeneous results for spine density across substances and brain regions. Identifying patterns will inform translational studies given tools that now exist to measure in vivo synaptic density in humans. We performed a meta-analysis of preclinical studies to identify consistent findings across studies. PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and EBSCO were searched between September 2022 and September 2023, based on a protocol (PROSPERO: CRD42022354006). We screened 6083 publications and included 70 for meta-analysis. The meta-analysis revealed drug-specific patterns in spine density changes. Hippocampal spine density increased after amphetamine. Amphetamine, cocaine, and nicotine increased spine density in the nucleus accumbens. Alcohol and amphetamine increased, and cannabis reduced, spine density in the prefrontal cortex. There was no convergence of findings for morphine's effects. The effects of cocaine on the prefrontal cortex presented contrasting results compared to human studies, warranting further investigation. Publication bias was small for alcohol or morphine and substantial for the other substances. Heterogeneity was moderate-to-high across all substances. Nonetheless, these findings inform current translational efforts examining spine density in humans with substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Nunes Pereira Oliva
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tiago Paiva Prudente
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Eric J Nunes
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kelly P Cosgrove
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rajiv Radhakrishnan
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, USA
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gustavo A Angarita
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA.
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2
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Sanchez-Roige S, Jennings MV, Thorpe HHA, Mallari JE, van der Werf LC, Bianchi SB, Huang Y, Lee C, Mallard TT, Barnes SA, Wu JY, Barkley-Levenson AM, Boussaty EC, Snethlage CE, Schafer D, Babic Z, Winters BD, Watters KE, Biederer T, Mackillop J, Stephens DN, Elson SL, Fontanillas P, Khokhar JY, Young JW, Palmer AA. CADM2 is implicated in impulsive personality and numerous other traits by genome- and phenome-wide association studies in humans and mice. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:167. [PMID: 37173343 PMCID: PMC10182097 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02453-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Impulsivity is a multidimensional heritable phenotype that broadly refers to the tendency to act prematurely and is associated with multiple forms of psychopathology, including substance use disorders. We performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of eight impulsive personality traits from the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale and the short UPPS-P Impulsive Personality Scale (N = 123,509-133,517 23andMe research participants of European ancestry), and a measure of Drug Experimentation (N = 130,684). Because these GWAS implicated the gene CADM2, we next performed single-SNP phenome-wide studies (PheWAS) of several of the implicated variants in CADM2 in a multi-ancestral 23andMe cohort (N = 3,229,317, European; N = 579,623, Latin American; N = 199,663, African American). Finally, we produced Cadm2 mutant mice and used them to perform a Mouse-PheWAS ("MouseWAS") by testing them with a battery of relevant behavioral tasks. In humans, impulsive personality traits showed modest chip-heritability (~6-11%), and moderate genetic correlations (rg = 0.20-0.50) with other personality traits, and various psychiatric and medical traits. We identified significant associations proximal to genes such as TCF4 and PTPRF, and also identified nominal associations proximal to DRD2 and CRHR1. PheWAS for CADM2 variants identified associations with 378 traits in European participants, and 47 traits in Latin American participants, replicating associations with risky behaviors, cognition and BMI, and revealing novel associations including allergies, anxiety, irritable bowel syndrome, and migraine. Our MouseWAS recapitulated some of the associations found in humans, including impulsivity, cognition, and BMI. Our results further delineate the role of CADM2 in impulsivity and numerous other psychiatric and somatic traits across ancestries and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Sanchez-Roige
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Mariela V Jennings
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hayley H A Thorpe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jazlene E Mallari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Sevim B Bianchi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yuye Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Calvin Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Travis T Mallard
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samuel A Barnes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jin Yi Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Ely C Boussaty
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cedric E Snethlage
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Danielle Schafer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zeljana Babic
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Boyer D Winters
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Katherine E Watters
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Thomas Biederer
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James Mackillop
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada and Homewood Research Institute, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - David N Stephens
- Laboratory of Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | | | | | - Jibran Y Khokhar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jared W Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Abraham A Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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3
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Fu J, Liu X, Yin B, Shu P, Peng X. NECL2 regulates blood-testis barrier dynamics in mouse testes. Cell Tissue Res 2023:10.1007/s00441-023-03759-5. [PMID: 36872374 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03759-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
The adhesion protein nectin-like molecule 2 (NECL2) is involved in spermatogenesis and participates in the connections between Sertoli cells and germ cells. Necl2 deficiency leads to infertility in male mice. We found that NECL2 is relatively highly expressed on the cell membranes of preleptotene spermatocytes. It is known that preleptotene spermatocytes pass through the blood-testis barrier (BTB) from the base of the seminiferous tubules to the lumen to complete meiosis. We hypothesized that the NECL2 protein on the surfaces of preleptotene spermatocytes has an effect on the BTB when crossing the barrier. Our results showed that Necl2 deficiency caused the levels of proteins in the BTB to be abnormal, such as those of Claudin 3, claudin 11, and Connexin43. NECL2 interacted and colocalized with adhesion proteins forming the BTB, such as Connexin43, Occludin, and N-cadherin. NECL2 regulated BTB dynamics when preleptotene spermatocytes passed through the barrier, and Necl2 deficiency caused BTB damage. Necl2 deletion significantly affected the testicular transcriptome, especially the expression of spermatogenesis-related genes. These results suggest that before meiosis and spermatid development occur, BTB dynamics regulated by NECL2 are necessary for spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Education, and State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, No. 5, Dongdan Santiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Bin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, No. 5, Dongdan Santiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Pengcheng Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, No. 5, Dongdan Santiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Xiaozhong Peng
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Education, and State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, No. 5, Dongdan Santiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China.
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4
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de Arce KP, Ribic A, Chowdhury D, Watters K, Thompson GJ, Sanganahalli BG, Lippard ETC, Rohlmann A, Strittmatter SM, Missler M, Hyder F, Biederer T. Concerted roles of LRRTM1 and SynCAM 1 in organizing prefrontal cortex synapses and cognitive functions. Nat Commun 2023; 14:459. [PMID: 36709330 PMCID: PMC9884278 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36042-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple trans-synaptic complexes organize synapse development, yet their roles in the mature brain and cooperation remain unclear. We analyzed the postsynaptic adhesion protein LRRTM1 in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a region relevant to cognition and disorders. LRRTM1 knockout (KO) mice had fewer synapses, and we asked whether other synapse organizers counteract further loss. This determined that the immunoglobulin family member SynCAM 1 controls synapse number in PFC and was upregulated upon LRRTM1 loss. Combined LRRTM1 and SynCAM 1 deletion substantially lowered dendritic spine number in PFC, but not hippocampus, more than the sum of single KO impairments. Their cooperation extended presynaptically, and puncta of Neurexins, LRRTM1 partners, were less abundant in double KO (DKO) PFC. Electrophysiology and fMRI demonstrated aberrant neuronal activity in DKO mice. Further, DKO mice were impaired in social interactions and cognitive tasks. Our results reveal concerted roles of LRRTM1 and SynCAM 1 across synaptic, network, and behavioral domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Perez de Arce
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Neuroscience Department, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Adema Ribic
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Katherine Watters
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Garth J Thompson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Elizabeth T C Lippard
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Astrid Rohlmann
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Münster, Germany
| | - Stephen M Strittmatter
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Markus Missler
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Münster, Germany
| | - Fahmeed Hyder
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Thomas Biederer
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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5
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Gupta SC, Ghobbeh A, Taugher-Hebl RJ, Fan R, Hardie JB, LaLumiere RT, Wemmie JA. Carbonic anhydrase 4 disruption decreases synaptic and behavioral adaptations induced by cocaine withdrawal. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq5058. [PMID: 36383659 PMCID: PMC9668291 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq5058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine use followed by withdrawal induces synaptic changes in nucleus accumbens (NAc), which are thought to underlie subsequent drug-seeking behaviors and relapse. Previous studies suggest that cocaine-induced synaptic changes depend on acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs). Here, we investigated potential involvement of carbonic anhydrase 4 (CA4), an extracellular pH-buffering enzyme. We examined effects of CA4 in mice on ASIC-mediated synaptic transmission in medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in NAc, as well as on cocaine-induced synaptic changes and behavior. We found that CA4 is expressed in the NAc and present in synaptosomes. Disrupting CA4 either globally, or locally, increased ASIC-mediated synaptic currents in NAc MSNs and protected against cocaine withdrawal-induced changes in synapses and cocaine-seeking behavior. These findings raise the possibility that CA4 might be a previously unidentified therapeutic target for addiction and relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash C. Gupta
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ali Ghobbeh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Rebecca J. Taugher-Hebl
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jason B. Hardie
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ryan T. LaLumiere
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - John A. Wemmie
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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6
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Paget-Blanc V, Pfeffer ME, Pronot M, Lapios P, Angelo MF, Walle R, Cordelières FP, Levet F, Claverol S, Lacomme S, Petrel M, Martin C, Pitard V, De Smedt Peyrusse V, Biederer T, Perrais D, Trifilieff P, Herzog E. A synaptomic analysis reveals dopamine hub synapses in the mouse striatum. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3102. [PMID: 35660742 PMCID: PMC9166739 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30776-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine transmission is involved in reward processing and motor control, and its impairment plays a central role in numerous neurological disorders. Despite its strong pathophysiological relevance, the molecular and structural organization of the dopaminergic synapse remains to be established. Here, we used targeted labelling and fluorescence activated sorting to purify striatal dopaminergic synaptosomes. We provide the proteome of dopaminergic synapses with 57 proteins specifically enriched. Beyond canonical markers of dopamine neurotransmission such as dopamine biosynthetic enzymes and cognate receptors, we validated 6 proteins not previously described as enriched. Moreover, our data reveal the adhesion of dopaminergic synapses to glutamatergic, GABAergic or cholinergic synapses in structures we named “dopamine hub synapses”. At glutamatergic synapses, pre- and postsynaptic markers are significantly increased upon association with dopamine synapses. Dopamine hub synapses may thus support local dopaminergic signalling, complementing volume transmission thought to be the major mechanism by which monoamines modulate network activity. The neurotransmitter dopamine is an important regulator of brain function. Here the authors describe “dopamine hub synapses”, where dopamine transmission may act in synergy with other neurotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Paget-Blanc
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marlene E Pfeffer
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie Pronot
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Paul Lapios
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Maria-Florencia Angelo
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Roman Walle
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Fabrice P Cordelières
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, Bordeaux Imaging Center, BIC, UAR 3420, US 4, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Florian Levet
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, Bordeaux Imaging Center, BIC, UAR 3420, US 4, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Sabrina Lacomme
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, Bordeaux Imaging Center, BIC, UAR 3420, US 4, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mélina Petrel
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, Bordeaux Imaging Center, BIC, UAR 3420, US 4, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Christelle Martin
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Vincent Pitard
- UB'FACSility CNRS UMS 3427, INSERM US 005, Univ. Bordeaux, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Thomas Biederer
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - David Perrais
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pierre Trifilieff
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Etienne Herzog
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
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7
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Song BG, Kwon SY, Kyung JW, Roh EJ, Choi H, Lim CS, An SB, Sohn S, Han I. Synaptic Cell Adhesion Molecule 3 (SynCAM3) Deletion Promotes Recovery from Spinal Cord Injury by Limiting Glial Scar Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116218. [PMID: 35682897 PMCID: PMC9181792 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic cell adhesion molecules (SynCAMs) play an important role in the formation and maintenance of synapses and the regulation of synaptic plasticity. SynCAM3 is expressed in the synaptic cleft of the central nervous system (CNS) and is involved in the connection between axons and astrocytes. We hypothesized that SynCAM3 may be related to the astrocytic scar (glial scar, the most important factor of CNS injury treatment) through extracellular matrix (ECM) reconstitution. Thus, we investigated the influence of the selective removal of SynCAM3 on the outcomes of spinal cord injury (SCI). SynCAM3 knock-out (KO) mice were subjected to moderate compression injury of the lower thoracic spinal cord using wild-type (WT) (C57BL/6JJc1) mice as controls. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis over time, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) showed reduced scar formation in SynCAM3 KO mice compared to WT mice. SynCAM3 KO mice showed improved functional recovery from SCI by preventing the transformation of reactive astrocytes into scar-forming astrocytes, resulting in improved ECM reconstitution at four weeks after injury. Our findings suggest that SynCAM3 could be a novel therapeutic target for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong Gwan Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si 13496, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (B.G.S.); (S.Y.K.); (J.W.K.); (E.J.R.); (H.C.); (C.S.L.); (S.B.A.); (S.S.)
- Department of Life Science, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam-si 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Su Yeon Kwon
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si 13496, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (B.G.S.); (S.Y.K.); (J.W.K.); (E.J.R.); (H.C.); (C.S.L.); (S.B.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Jae Won Kyung
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si 13496, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (B.G.S.); (S.Y.K.); (J.W.K.); (E.J.R.); (H.C.); (C.S.L.); (S.B.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Eun Ji Roh
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si 13496, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (B.G.S.); (S.Y.K.); (J.W.K.); (E.J.R.); (H.C.); (C.S.L.); (S.B.A.); (S.S.)
- Department of Life Science, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam-si 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Hyemin Choi
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si 13496, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (B.G.S.); (S.Y.K.); (J.W.K.); (E.J.R.); (H.C.); (C.S.L.); (S.B.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Chang Su Lim
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si 13496, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (B.G.S.); (S.Y.K.); (J.W.K.); (E.J.R.); (H.C.); (C.S.L.); (S.B.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Seong Bae An
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si 13496, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (B.G.S.); (S.Y.K.); (J.W.K.); (E.J.R.); (H.C.); (C.S.L.); (S.B.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Seil Sohn
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si 13496, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (B.G.S.); (S.Y.K.); (J.W.K.); (E.J.R.); (H.C.); (C.S.L.); (S.B.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Inbo Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si 13496, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (B.G.S.); (S.Y.K.); (J.W.K.); (E.J.R.); (H.C.); (C.S.L.); (S.B.A.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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Allichon MC, Ortiz V, Pousinha P, Andrianarivelo A, Petitbon A, Heck N, Trifilieff P, Barik J, Vanhoutte P. Cell-Type-Specific Adaptions in Striatal Medium-Sized Spiny Neurons and Their Roles in Behavioral Responses to Drugs of Abuse. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2022; 13:799274. [PMID: 34970134 PMCID: PMC8712310 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2021.799274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug addiction is defined as a compulsive pattern of drug-seeking- and taking- behavior, with recurrent episodes of abstinence and relapse, and a loss of control despite negative consequences. Addictive drugs promote reinforcement by increasing dopamine in the mesocorticolimbic system, which alters excitatory glutamate transmission within the reward circuitry, thereby hijacking reward processing. Within the reward circuitry, the striatum is a key target structure of drugs of abuse since it is at the crossroad of converging glutamate inputs from limbic, thalamic and cortical regions, encoding components of drug-associated stimuli and environment, and dopamine that mediates reward prediction error and incentive values. These signals are integrated by medium-sized spiny neurons (MSN), which receive glutamate and dopamine axons converging onto their dendritic spines. MSN primarily form two mostly distinct populations based on the expression of either DA-D1 (D1R) or DA-D2 (D2R) receptors. While a classical view is that the two MSN populations act in parallel, playing antagonistic functional roles, the picture seems much more complex. Herein, we review recent studies, based on the use of cell-type-specific manipulations, demonstrating that dopamine differentially modulates dendritic spine density and synapse formation, as well as glutamate transmission, at specific inputs projecting onto D1R-MSN and D2R-MSN to shape persistent pathological behavioral in response to drugs of abuse. We also discuss the identification of distinct molecular events underlying the detrimental interplay between dopamine and glutamate signaling in D1R-MSN and D2R-MSN and highlight the relevance of such cell-type-specific molecular studies for the development of innovative strategies with potential therapeutic value for addiction. Because drug addiction is highly prevalent in patients with other psychiatric disorders when compared to the general population, we last discuss the hypothesis that shared cellular and molecular adaptations within common circuits could explain the co-occurrence of addiction and depression. We will therefore conclude this review by examining how the nucleus accumbens (NAc) could constitute a key interface between addiction and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Charlotte Allichon
- CNRS, UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR-S 1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris Seine, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, UPMC Université Paris 06, UM CR18, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Vanesa Ortiz
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7275, Valbonne, France
| | - Paula Pousinha
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7275, Valbonne, France
| | - Andry Andrianarivelo
- CNRS, UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR-S 1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris Seine, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, UPMC Université Paris 06, UM CR18, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Anna Petitbon
- Université Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicolas Heck
- CNRS, UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR-S 1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris Seine, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, UPMC Université Paris 06, UM CR18, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Trifilieff
- Université Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jacques Barik
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7275, Valbonne, France
| | - Peter Vanhoutte
- CNRS, UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR-S 1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris Seine, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, UPMC Université Paris 06, UM CR18, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Paris, France
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9
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Kähler B, Romswinkel EV, Jakovcevski M, Moses A, Schachner M, Morellini F. Hyperfunction of the stress response system and novelty-induced hyperactivity correlate with enhanced cocaine-induced conditioned place preference in NCAM-deficient mice. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12887. [PMID: 32124535 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Several studies in humans and rodents suggest an association between impulsivity and activity of the stress response on the one hand and addiction vulnerability on the other. The neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) has been related to several neuropsychiatric disorders in humans. Constitutively NCAM-deficient (-/-) mice display enhanced novelty-induced behavior and hyperfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Here we hypothesize that NCAM deficiency causes an altered response to cocaine. Cocaine-induced behaviors of NCAM-/- mice and wild-type (+/+) littermates were analyzed in the conditioned place preference (CPP) test. c-fos mRNA levels were investigated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to measure neural activation after exposure to the cocaine-associated context. NCAM-/- mice showed an elevated cocaine-induced sensitization, enhanced CPP, impaired extinction, and potentiated cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion and CPP after extinction. NCAM-/- showed no potentiated CPP as compared with NCAM+/+ littermates when a natural rewarding stimulus (ie, an unfamiliar female) was used, suggesting that the behavioral alterations of NCAM-/- mice observed in the CPP test are specific to the effects of cocaine. Activation of the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens induced by the cocaine-associated context was enhanced in NCAM-/- compared with NCAM+/+ mice. Finally, cocaine-induced behavior correlated positively with novelty-induced behavior and plasma corticosterone levels in NCAM-/- mice and negatively with NCAM mRNA levels in the hippocampus and nucleus accumbens in wild-type mice. Our findings indicate that NCAM deficiency affects cocaine-induced CPP in mice and support the view that hyperfunction of the stress response system and reactivity to novelty predict the behavioral responses to cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Kähler
- Institute for Biosynthesis of Neural Structures, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva Viktoria Romswinkel
- Behavioral Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mira Jakovcevski
- Institute for Biosynthesis of Neural Structures, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ashley Moses
- Behavioral Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Institute for Biosynthesis of Neural Structures, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08554, USA
| | - Fabio Morellini
- Institute for Biosynthesis of Neural Structures, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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10
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Giacometti LL, Huang F, Hamilton BS, Barker JM. Brain region-dependent alterations in polysialic acid immunoreactivity across the estrous cycle in mice. Horm Behav 2020; 126:104851. [PMID: 32941849 PMCID: PMC7725886 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
N-glycosylation is a posttranslational modification that plays significant roles in regulating protein function. One form of N-glycosylation, polysialylation, has been implicated in many processes including learning and memory, addiction, and neurodegenerative disease. Polysialylation appears to be modulated by the estrous cycle in the hypothalamus in rat, but this has not been assessed in other brain regions. To determine if polysialylation was similarly estrous phase-dependent in other neuroanatomical structures, the percent area of polysialic acid (PSA) immunoreactivity in subregions of the medial prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and nucleus accumbens was assessed in each of the four phases in adult female mice. In this study, we found that PSA immunoreactivity fluctuated across the estrous cycle in a subregion-specific manner. In the prefrontal cortex, PSA immunoreactivity was significantly lower in proestrus phase compared to estrus in the prelimbic cortex, but did not differ across the estrous cycle in the infralimbic cortex. In the hippocampus, PSA immunoreactivity was significantly increased in proestrus compared to metestrus in the CA1 and CA2 and compared to diestrus in CA3, but remain unchanged in the dentate gyrus. PSA immunoreactivity did not vary across the estrous cycle in the nucleus accumbens core or shell. These findings may have implications for estrous cycle-dependent alterations in behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Giacometti
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States of America
| | - Fangyi Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States of America
| | - Brianna S Hamilton
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline M Barker
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States of America.
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11
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Genome-Wide Association Studies of Impulsive Personality Traits (BIS-11 and UPPS-P) and Drug Experimentation in up to 22,861 Adult Research Participants Identify Loci in the CACNA1I and CADM2 genes. J Neurosci 2019; 39:2562-2572. [PMID: 30718321 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2662-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Impulsive personality traits are complex heritable traits that are governed by frontal-subcortical circuits and are associated with numerous neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly drug abuse and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In collaboration with the genetics company 23andMe, we performed 10 genome-wide association studies on measures of impulsive personality traits [the short version of the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale, and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11)] and drug experimentation (the number of drug classes an individual had tried in their lifetime) in up to 22,861 male and female adult human research participants of European ancestry. Impulsive personality traits and drug experimentation showed single nucleotide polymorphism heritabilities that ranged from 5 to 11%. Genetic variants in the CADM2 locus were significantly associated with UPPS-P Sensation Seeking (p = 8.3 × 10-9, rs139528938) and showed a suggestive association with Drug Experimentation (p = 3.0 × 10-7, rs2163971; r 2 = 0.68 with rs139528938). Furthermore, genetic variants in the CACNA1I locus were significantly associated with UPPS-P Negative Urgency (p = 3.8 × 10-8; rs199694726). The role of these genes was supported by single variant, gene- and transcriptome-based analyses. Multiple subscales from both UPPS-P and BIS showed strong genetic correlations (>0.5) with Drug Experimentation and other substance use traits measured in independent cohorts, including smoking initiation, and lifetime cannabis use. Several UPPS-P and BIS subscales were genetically correlated with ADHD (r g = 0.30-0.51), supporting their validity as endophenotypes. Our findings demonstrate a role for common genetic contributions to individual differences in impulsivity. Furthermore, our study is the first to provide a genetic dissection of the relationship between different types of impulsive personality traits and various psychiatric disorders.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Impulsive personality traits (IPTs) are heritable traits that are governed by frontal-subcortical circuits and are associated with neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly substance use disorders. We have performed genome-wide association studies of IPTs to identify regions and genes that account for this heritable variation. IPTs and drug experimentation were modestly heritable (5-11%). We identified an association between single nucleotide polymorphisms in CADM2 and both sensation seeking and drug experimentation; and between variants in CACNA1I and negative urgency. The role of these genes was supported by single variant, gene- and transcriptome-based analyses. This study provides evidence that impulsivity can be genetically separated into distinct components. We showed that IPT are genetically associated with substance use and ADHD, suggesting impulsivity is an endophenotype contributing to these psychiatric conditions.
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12
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Cijsouw T, Ramsey AM, Lam TT, Carbone BE, Blanpied TA, Biederer T. Mapping the Proteome of the Synaptic Cleft through Proximity Labeling Reveals New Cleft Proteins. Proteomes 2018; 6:proteomes6040048. [PMID: 30487426 PMCID: PMC6313906 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes6040048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapses are specialized neuronal cell-cell contacts that underlie network communication in the mammalian brain. Across neuronal populations and circuits, a diverse set of synapses is utilized, and they differ in their molecular composition to enable heterogenous connectivity patterns and functions. In addition to pre- and post-synaptic specializations, the synaptic cleft is now understood to be an integral compartment of synapses that contributes to their structural and functional organization. Aiming to map the cleft proteome, this study applied a peroxidase-mediated proximity labeling approach and used the excitatory synaptic cell adhesion protein SynCAM 1 fused to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a reporter in cultured cortical neurons. This reporter marked excitatory synapses as measured by confocal microcopy and was targeted to the edge zone of the synaptic cleft as determined using 3D dSTORM super-resolution imaging. Proximity labeling with a membrane-impermeant biotin-phenol compound restricted labeling to the cell surface, and Label-Free Quantitation (LFQ) mass spectrometry combined with ratiometric HRP tagging of membrane vs. synaptic surface proteins was used to identify the proteomic content of excitatory clefts. Novel cleft candidates were identified, and Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase zeta was selected and successfully validated. This study supports the robust applicability of peroxidase-mediated proximity labeling for synaptic cleft proteomics and its potential for understanding synapse heterogeneity in health and changes in diseases such as psychiatric disorders and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Cijsouw
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Austin M Ramsey
- Department of Physiology and Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - TuKiet T Lam
- Yale/NIDA Neuroproteomics Center, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
- W.M. Keck Biotechnology Resource Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Beatrice E Carbone
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Thomas A Blanpied
- Department of Physiology and Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Thomas Biederer
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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13
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Abstract
Synapse formation is mediated by a surprisingly large number and wide variety of genes encoding many different protein classes. One of the families increasingly implicated in synapse wiring is the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF). IgSF molecules are by definition any protein containing at least one Ig-like domain, making this family one of the most common protein classes encoded by the genome. Here, we review the emerging roles for IgSF molecules in synapse formation specifically in the vertebrate brain, focusing on examples from three classes of IgSF members: ( a) cell adhesion molecules, ( b) signaling molecules, and ( c) immune molecules expressed in the brain. The critical roles for IgSF members in regulating synapse formation may explain their extensive involvement in neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. Solving the IgSF code for synapse formation may reveal multiple new targets for rescuing IgSF-mediated deficits in synapse formation and, eventually, new treatments for psychiatric disorders caused by altered IgSF-induced synapse wiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Cameron
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, California 95618, USA; ,
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14
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The Role of Cell Adhesion Molecule Genes Regulating Neuroplasticity in Addiction. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:9803764. [PMID: 29675039 PMCID: PMC5838467 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9803764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of genetic approaches, including twin studies, linkage studies, and candidate gene studies, has established a firm genetic basis for addiction. However, there has been difficulty identifying the precise genes that underlie addiction liability using these approaches. This situation became especially clear in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of addiction. Moreover, the results of GWAS brought into clarity many of the shortcomings of those early genetic approaches. GWAS studies stripped away those preconceived notions, examining genes that would not previously have been considered in the study of addiction, consequently creating a shift in our understanding. Most importantly, those studies implicated a class of genes that had not previously been considered in the study of addiction genetics: cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). Considering the well-documented evidence supporting a role for various CAMs in synaptic plasticity, axonal growth, and regeneration, it is not surprising that allelic variation in CAM genes might also play a role in addiction liability. This review focuses on the role of various cell adhesion molecules in neuroplasticity that might contribute to addictive processes and emphasizes the importance of ongoing research on CAM genes that have been implicated in addiction by GWAS.
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15
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Hillen AEJ, Burbach JPH, Hol EM. Cell adhesion and matricellular support by astrocytes of the tripartite synapse. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 165-167:66-86. [PMID: 29444459 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes contribute to the formation, function, and plasticity of synapses. Their processes enwrap the neuronal components of the tripartite synapse, and due to this close interaction they are perfectly positioned to modulate neuronal communication. The interaction between astrocytes and synapses is facilitated by cell adhesion molecules and matricellular proteins, which have been implicated in the formation and functioning of tripartite synapses. The importance of such neuron-astrocyte integration at the synapse is underscored by the emerging role of astrocyte dysfunction in synaptic pathologies such as autism and schizophrenia. Here we review astrocyte-expressed cell adhesion molecules and matricellular molecules that play a role in integration of neurons and astrocytes within the tripartite synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E J Hillen
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Peter H Burbach
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elly M Hol
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neuroimmunology, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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16
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Fowler DK, Peters JH, Williams C, Washbourne P. Redundant Postsynaptic Functions of SynCAMs 1-3 during Synapse Formation. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:24. [PMID: 28197078 PMCID: PMC5281628 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigating the roles of synaptogenic adhesion molecules during synapse formation has proven challenging, often due to compensatory functions between additional family members. The synaptic cell adhesion molecules 1–3 (SynCAM1–3) are expressed both pre- and postsynaptically, share highly homologous domains and are synaptogenic when ectopically presented to neurons; yet their endogenous functions during synaptogenesis are unclear. Here we report that SynCAM1–3 are functionally redundant and collectively necessary for synapse formation in cultured hippocampal neurons. Only triple knockdown (KD) of SynCAM1–3 using highly efficient, chained artificial microRNAs (amiRNAs) reduced synapse density and increased synapse area. Electrophysiological recordings of quantal release events supported an increase in synapse size caused by SynCAM1–3 depletion. Furthermore, a combinatorial, mosaic lentiviral approach comparing wild type (WT) and SynCAM1–3 KD neurons in the same culture demonstrate that SynCAM1–3 set synapse number and size through postsynaptic mechanisms. The results demonstrate that the redundancy between SynCAM1–3 has concealed their synaptogenic function at the postsynaptic terminal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Fowler
- Department of Biology, Institute of Neuroscience, University of OregonEugene, OR, USA; Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State UniversityPullman, WA, USA
| | - James H Peters
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Carly Williams
- Department of Biology, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Philip Washbourne
- Department of Biology, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon Eugene, OR, USA
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17
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Anderson EM, Self DW. It's only a matter of time: longevity of cocaine-induced changes in dendritic spine density in the nucleus accumbens. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2016; 13:117-123. [PMID: 28607946 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many reports show that repeated cocaine administration increases dendritic spine density in medium spiny neurons of the nucleus accumbens, but there is less agreement regarding the persistence of these changes. In this review we examine these discrepancies by systematically categorizing papers that measured cocaine-induced changes in accumbal spine density. We compare published reports based on withdrawal time, short versus long duration of cocaine administration, environmental pairing with cocaine, and core/shell subregion specificity. Together, these studies suggest that cocaine exposure induces rapid and dose-dependent increases in spine density in accumbens neurons that may play a role in the maintenance of cocaine use and vulnerability to early relapse, but are not a factor in behavioral changes associated with longer abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan M Anderson
- Department of Psychiatry, The Seay Center for Basic and Applied Research in Psychiatric Illness, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, USA 75390-9070
| | - David W Self
- Department of Psychiatry, The Seay Center for Basic and Applied Research in Psychiatric Illness, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, USA 75390-9070
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18
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Park KA, Ribic A, Laage Gaupp FM, Coman D, Huang Y, Dulla CG, Hyder F, Biederer T. Excitatory Synaptic Drive and Feedforward Inhibition in the Hippocampal CA3 Circuit Are Regulated by SynCAM 1. J Neurosci 2016; 36:7464-75. [PMID: 27413156 PMCID: PMC4945666 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0189-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Select adhesion proteins control the development of synapses and modulate their structural and functional properties. Despite these important roles, the extent to which different synapse-organizing mechanisms act across brain regions to establish connectivity and regulate network properties is incompletely understood. Further, their functional roles in different neuronal populations remain to be defined. Here, we applied diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), a modality of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), to map connectivity changes in knock-out (KO) mice lacking the synaptogenic cell adhesion protein SynCAM 1. This identified reduced fractional anisotropy in the hippocampal CA3 area in absence of SynCAM 1. In agreement, mossy fiber refinement in CA3 was impaired in SynCAM 1 KO mice. Mossy fibers make excitatory inputs onto postsynaptic specializations of CA3 pyramidal neurons termed thorny excrescences and these structures were smaller in the absence of SynCAM 1. However, the most prevalent targets of mossy fibers are GABAergic interneurons and SynCAM 1 loss unexpectedly reduced the number of excitatory terminals onto parvalbumin (PV)-positive interneurons in CA3. SynCAM 1 KO mice additionally exhibited lower postsynaptic GluA1 expression in these PV-positive interneurons. These synaptic imbalances in SynCAM 1 KO mice resulted in CA3 disinhibition, in agreement with reduced feedforward inhibition in this network in the absence of SynCAM 1-dependent excitatory drive onto interneurons. In turn, mice lacking SynCAM 1 were impaired in memory tasks involving CA3. Our results support that SynCAM 1 modulates excitatory mossy fiber inputs onto both interneurons and principal neurons in the hippocampal CA3 area to balance network excitability. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study advances our understanding of synapse-organizing mechanisms on two levels. First, the data support that synaptogenic proteins guide connectivity and can function in distinct brain regions even if they are expressed broadly. Second, the results demonstrate that a synaptogenic process that controls excitatory inputs to both pyramidal neurons and interneurons can balance excitation and inhibition. Specifically, the study reveals that hippocampal CA3 connectivity is modulated by the synapse-organizing adhesion protein SynCAM 1 and identifies a novel, SynCAM 1-dependent mechanism that controls excitatory inputs onto parvalbumin-positive interneurons. This enables SynCAM 1 to regulate feedforward inhibition and set network excitability. Further, we show that diffusion tensor imaging is sensitive to these cellular refinements affecting neuronal connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie A Park
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Adema Ribic
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - Fabian M Laage Gaupp
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Coman
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, and
| | - Yuegao Huang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, and
| | - Chris G Dulla
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - Fahmeed Hyder
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Thomas Biederer
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111,
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19
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DePoy LM, Gourley SL. Synaptic Cytoskeletal Plasticity in the Prefrontal Cortex Following Psychostimulant Exposure. Traffic 2015; 16:919-40. [PMID: 25951902 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Addiction is characterized by maladaptive decision-making, a loss of control over drug consumption and habit-like drug seeking despite adverse consequences. These cognitive changes may reflect the effects of drugs of abuse on prefrontal cortical neurobiology. Here, we review evidence that amphetamine and cocaine fundamentally remodel the structure of excitatory neurons in the prefrontal cortex. We summarize evidence in particular that these psychostimulants have opposing effects in the medial and orbital prefrontal cortices ('mPFC' and 'oPFC', respectively). For example, amphetamine and cocaine increase dendrite length and spine density in the mPFC, while dendrites are impoverished and dendritic spines are eliminated in the oPFC. We will discuss evidence that certain cytoskeletal regulatory proteins expressed in the oPFC and implicated in postnatal (adolescent) neural development also regulate behavioral sensitivity to cocaine. These findings potentially open a window of opportunity for the identification of novel pharmacotherapeutic targets in the treatment of drug abuse disorders in adults, as well as in drug-vulnerable adolescent populations. Finally, we will discuss the behavioral implications of drug-related dendritic spine elimination in the oPFC, with regard to reversal learning tasks and tasks that assess the development of reward-seeking habits, both used to model aspects of addiction in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M DePoy
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shannon L Gourley
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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20
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DePoy LM, Perszyk RE, Zimmermann KS, Koleske AJ, Gourley SL. Adolescent cocaine exposure simplifies orbitofrontal cortical dendritic arbors. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:228. [PMID: 25452728 PMCID: PMC4233985 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine and amphetamine remodel dendritic spines within discrete cortico-limbic brain structures including the orbitofrontal cortex (oPFC). Whether dendrite structure is similarly affected, and whether pre-existing cellular characteristics influence behavioral vulnerabilities to drugs of abuse, remain unclear. Animal models provide an ideal venue to address these issues because neurobehavioral phenotypes can be defined both before, and following, drug exposure. We exposed mice to cocaine from postnatal days 31–35, corresponding to early adolescence, using a dosing protocol that causes impairments in an instrumental reversal task in adulthood. We then imaged and reconstructed excitatory neurons in deep-layer oPFC. Prior cocaine exposure shortened and simplified arbors, particularly in the basal region. Next, we imaged and reconstructed orbital neurons in a developmental-genetic model of cocaine vulnerability—the p190rhogap+/– mouse. p190RhoGAP is an actin cytoskeleton regulatory protein that stabilizes dendrites and dendritic spines, and p190rhogap+/– mice develop rapid and robust locomotor activation in response to cocaine. Despite this, oPFC dendritic arbors were intact in drug-naïve p190rhogap+/– mice. Together, these findings provide evidence that adolescent cocaine exposure has long-term effects on dendrite structure in the oPFC, and they suggest that cocaine-induced modifications in dendrite structure may contribute to the behavioral effects of cocaine more so than pre-existing structural abnormalities in this cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M DePoy
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA, USA ; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University , Atlanta, GA, USA ; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Emory University , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Riley E Perszyk
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Systems Pharmacology, Emory University , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kelsey S Zimmermann
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA, USA ; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University , Atlanta, GA, USA ; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Emory University , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anthony J Koleske
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University , New Haven, CT, USA ; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University , New Haven, CT, USA ; Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shannon L Gourley
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA, USA ; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University , Atlanta, GA, USA ; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Emory University , Atlanta, GA, USA
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21
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Yang X, Hou D, Jiang W, Zhang C. Intercellular protein-protein interactions at synapses. Protein Cell 2014; 5:420-44. [PMID: 24756565 PMCID: PMC4026422 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-014-0054-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical synapses are asymmetric intercellular junctions through which neurons send nerve impulses to communicate with other neurons or excitable cells. The appropriate formation of synapses, both spatially and temporally, is essential for brain function and depends on the intercellular protein-protein interactions of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) at synaptic clefts. The CAM proteins link pre- and post-synaptic sites, and play essential roles in promoting synapse formation and maturation, maintaining synapse number and type, accumulating neurotransmitter receptors and ion channels, controlling neuronal differentiation, and even regulating synaptic plasticity directly. Alteration of the interactions of CAMs leads to structural and functional impairments, which results in many neurological disorders, such as autism, Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the functions of CAMs during development and in the mature neural system, as well as in the pathogenesis of some neurological disorders. Here, we review the function of the major classes of CAMs, and how dysfunction of CAMs relates to several neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science, Laboratory of Membrane Ion Channels and Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Dongmei Hou
- Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science, Laboratory of Membrane Ion Channels and Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074 China
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science, Laboratory of Membrane Ion Channels and Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074 China
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
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22
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Kiraly DD, Nemirovsky NE, LaRese TP, Tomek SE, Yahn SL, Olive MF, Eipper BA, Mains RE. Constitutive knockout of kalirin-7 leads to increased rates of cocaine self-administration. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 84:582-90. [PMID: 23894151 PMCID: PMC3781382 DOI: 10.1124/mol.113.087106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Kalirin-7 (Kal7) is a Rho-guanine nucleotide exchange factor that is localized in neuronal postsynaptic densities. Kal7 interacts with the NR2B subunit of the NMDA receptor and regulates aspects of dendritic spine dynamics both in vitro and in vivo. Chronic treatment with cocaine increases dendritic spine density in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) of rodents and primates. Kal7 mRNA and protein are upregulated in the NAc following cocaine treatment, and the presence of Kal7 is necessary for the normal proliferation of dendritic spines following cocaine use. Mice that constitutively lack Kal7 [Kalirin-7 knockout mice (Kal7(KO))] demonstrate increased locomotor sensitization to cocaine and a decreased place preference for cocaine. Here, using an intravenous cocaine self-administration paradigm, Kal7(KO) mice exhibit increased administration of cocaine at lower doses as compared with wild-type (Wt) mice. Analyses of mRNA transcript levels from the NAc of mice that self-administered saline or cocaine reveal that larger splice variants of the Kalrn gene are increased by cocaine more dramatically in Kal7(KO) mice than in Wt mice. Additionally, transcripts encoding the NR2B subunit of the NMDA receptor increased in Wt mice that self-administered cocaine but were unchanged in similarly experienced Kal7(KO) mice. These findings suggest that Kal7 participates in the reinforcing effects of cocaine, and that Kal7 and cocaine interact to alter the expression of genes related to critical glutamatergic signaling pathways in the NAc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew D Kiraly
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut (D.D.K., T.P.L., B.A.E., R.E.M.); and Department of Psychology, Program in Behavioral Neuroscience (N.E.N., S.E.T., S.L.Y., M.F.O.) and Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience (M.F.O.), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
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23
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Villalba RM, Smith Y. Differential striatal spine pathology in Parkinson's disease and cocaine addiction: a key role of dopamine? Neuroscience 2013; 251:2-20. [PMID: 23867772 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In the striatum, the dendritic tree of the two main populations of projection neurons, called "medium spiny neurons (MSNs)", are covered with spines that receive glutamatergic inputs from the cerebral cortex and thalamus. In Parkinson's disease (PD), striatal MSNs undergo an important loss of dendritic spines, whereas aberrant overgrowth of striatal spines occurs following chronic cocaine exposure. This review examines the possibility that opposite dopamine dysregulation is one of the key factors that underlies these structural changes. In PD, nigrostriatal dopamine degeneration results in a significant loss of dendritic spines in the dorsal striatum, while rodents chronically exposed to cocaine and other psychostimulants, display an increase in the density of "thin and immature" spines in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). In rodent models of PD, there is evidence that D2 dopamine receptor-containing MSNs are preferentially affected, while D1-positive cells are the main targets of increased spine density in models of addiction. However, such specificity remains to be established in primates. Although the link between the extent of striatal spine changes and the behavioral deficits associated with these disorders remains controversial, there is unequivocal evidence that glutamatergic synaptic transmission is significantly altered in both diseased conditions. Recent studies have suggested that opposite calcium-mediated regulation of the transcription factor myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) function induces these structural defects. In conclusion, there is strong evidence that dopamine is a major, but not the sole, regulator of striatal spine pathology in PD and addiction to psychostimulants. Further studies of the role of glutamate and other genes associated with spine plasticity in mediating these effects are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Villalba
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954, Gatewood Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; UDALL Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Emory University, 954, Gatewood Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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Rothenfluh A, Cowan CW. Emerging roles of actin cytoskeleton regulating enzymes in drug addiction: actin or reactin'? Curr Opin Neurobiol 2013; 23:507-12. [PMID: 23428655 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2013.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neurons rely on their cytoskeleton to give them shape and stability, and on cytoskeletal dynamics for growth and synaptic plasticity. Because drug addiction is increasingly seen as the inappropriate learning of strongly reinforcing stimuli, the role of the cytoskeleton in shaping drug memories has been of increasing interest in recent years. Does the cytoskeleton have an active role in shaping these memories, and to what extent do alterations in the cytoskeleton reflect the acute actions of drug exposure, or homeostatic reactions to the chronic exposure to drugs of abuse? Here we will review recent advances in understanding the role of the cytoskeleton in the development of drug addiction, with a focus on actin filaments, as they have been studied in greater detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Rothenfluh
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States.
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