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Das PK, Sahoo A, Veeranki VD. Recombinant monoclonal antibody production in yeasts: Challenges and considerations. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131379. [PMID: 38580014 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are laboratory-based engineered protein molecules with a monovalent affinity or multivalent avidity towards a specific target or antigen, which can mimic natural antibodies that are produced in the human immune systems to fight against detrimental pathogens. The recombinant mAb is one of the most effective classes of biopharmaceuticals produced in vitro by cloning and expressing synthetic antibody genes in a suitable host. Yeast is one of the potential hosts among others for the successful production of recombinant mAbs. However, there are very few yeast-derived mAbs that got the approval of the regulatory agencies for direct use for treatment purposes. Certain challenges encountered by yeasts for recombinant antibody productions need to be overcome and a few considerations related to antibody structure, host engineering, and culturing strategies should be followed for the improved production of mAbs in yeasts. In this review, the drawbacks related to the metabolic burden of the host, culturing conditions including induction mechanism and secretion efficiency, solubility and stability, downstream processing, and the pharmacokinetic behavior of the antibody are discussed, which will help in developing the yeast hosts for the efficient production of recombinant mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabir Kumar Das
- Biochemical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Ansuman Sahoo
- Biochemical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Venkata Dasu Veeranki
- Biochemical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
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Raheja Y, Singh V, Sharma G, Tsang A, Chadha BS. A thermostable and inhibitor resistant β-glucosidase from Rasamsonia emersonii for efficient hydrolysis of lignocellulosics biomass. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2024; 47:567-582. [PMID: 38470501 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-024-02988-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The present study reports a highly thermostable β-glucosidase (GH3) from Rasamsonia emersonii that was heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris. Extracellular β-glucosidase was purified to homogeneity using single step affinity chromatography with molecular weight of ~ 110 kDa. Intriguingly, the purified enzyme displayed high tolerance to inhibitors mainly acetic acid, formic acid, ferulic acid, vanillin and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural at concentrations exceeding those present in acid steam pretreated rice straw slurry used for hydrolysis and subsequent fermentation in 2G ethanol plants. Characteristics of purified β-glucosidase revealed the optimal activity at 80 °C, pH 5.0 and displayed high thermostability over broad range of temperature 50-70 °C with maximum half-life of ~ 60 h at 50 °C, pH 5.0. The putative transglycosylation activity of β-glucosidase was appreciably enhanced in the presence of methanol as an acceptor. Using the transglycosylation ability of β-glucosidase, the generated low cost mixed glucose disaccharides resulted in the increased induction of R. emersonii cellulase under submerged fermentation. Scaling up the recombinant protein production at fermenter level using temporal feeding approach resulted in maximal β-glucosidase titres of 134,660 units/L. Furthermore, a developed custom made enzyme cocktail consisting of cellulase from R. emersonii mutant M36 supplemented with recombinant β-glucosidase resulted in significantly enhanced hydrolysis of pretreated rice straw slurry from IOCL industries (India). Our results suggest multi-faceted β-glucosidase from R. emersonii can overcome obstacles mainly high cost associated enzyme production, inhibitors that impair the sugar yields and thermal inactivation of enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashika Raheja
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Varinder Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Adrian Tsang
- Center for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
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3
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Steimann T, Wollborn D, Röck F, Horstmann R, Schmitt E, Christ JJ, Blank LM, Büchs J. Investigation into struvite precipitation: A commonly encountered problem during fermentations on chemically defined media. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:1076-1089. [PMID: 38151908 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Chemically defined mineral media are widely used in bioprocesses, as these show less batch to batch variation compared with complex media. Nonetheless, the recommended media formulations often lead to the formation of precipitants at elevated pH values. These precipitates are insoluble and reduce the availability of macronutrients to the cells, which can result in limiting growth rates and lower productivity. They can also damage equipment by clogging pipes, hoses, and spargers in stirred tank fermenters. In this study, the observed precipitate was analyzed via X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and identified as the magnesium ammonium phosphate salt struvite (MgNH4 PO4 × 6H2 O). The solubility of struvite crystals is known to be extremely low, causing the macronutrients magnesium, phosphate, and ammonium to be bound in the struvite crystals. Here, it was shown that struvite precipitates can be redissolved under common fermentation conditions. Furthermore, it was found that the struvite particle size distribution has a significant effect on the dissolution kinetics, which directly affects macronutrient availability. At a certain particle size, struvite crystals rapidly dissolved and provided unlimiting growth conditions. Therefore, struvite formation should be considered during media and bioprocess development, to ensure that the dissolution kinetics of struvite are faster than the growth kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Steimann
- AVT-Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - David Wollborn
- AVT-Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Florian Röck
- AVT-Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rebekka Horstmann
- AVT-Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Elina Schmitt
- AVT-Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Lars Mathias Blank
- iAMB-Institute of Applied Microbiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jochen Büchs
- AVT-Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Tzertzinis G, Ganatra MB, Ruse C, Taron CH, Causey B, Wang L, Schildkraut I. The AMP deaminase of the mollusk Helix pomatia is an unexpected member of the adenosine deaminase-related growth factor (ADGF) family. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286435. [PMID: 37471401 PMCID: PMC10358891 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We report here the first occurrence of an adenosine deaminase-related growth factor (ADGF) that deaminates adenosine 5' monophosphate (AMP) in preference to adenosine. The ADGFs are a group of secreted deaminases found throughout the animal kingdom that affect the extracellular concentration of adenosine by converting it to inosine. The AMP deaminase studied here was first isolated and biochemically characterized from the roman snail Helix pomatia in 1983. Determination of the amino acid sequence of the AMP deaminase enabled sequence comparisons to protein databases and revealed it as a member of the ADGF family. Cloning and expression of its cDNA in Pichia pastoris allowed the comparison of the biochemical characteristics of the native and recombinant forms of the enzyme and confirmed they correspond to the previously reported activity. Uncharacteristically, the H. pomatia AMP deaminase was determined to be dissimilar to the AMP deaminase family by sequence comparison while demonstrating similarity to the ADGFs despite having AMP as its preferred substrate rather than adenosine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cristian Ruse
- New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Bryce Causey
- New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA, United States of America
| | - Liang Wang
- New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA, United States of America
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De Brabander P, Uitterhaegen E, Delmulle T, De Winter K, Soetaert W. Challenges and progress towards industrial recombinant protein production in yeasts: A review. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 64:108121. [PMID: 36775001 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant proteins (RP) are widely used as biopharmaceuticals, industrial enzymes, or sustainable food source. Yeasts, with their ability to produce complex proteins through a broad variety of cheap carbon sources, have emerged as promising eukaryotic production hosts. As such, the prevalence of yeasts as favourable production organisms in commercial RP production is expected to increase. Yet, with the selection of a robust production host on the one hand, successful scale-up is dependent on a thorough understanding of the challenging environment and limitations of large-scale bioreactors on the other hand. In the present work, several prominent yeast species, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris, Yarrowia lipolytica, Kluyveromyces lactis and Kluyveromyces marxianus are reviewed for their current state and performance in commercial RP production. Thereafter, the impact of principal process control parameters, including dissolved oxygen, pH, substrate concentration, and temperature, on large-scale RP production are discussed. Finally, technical challenges of process scale-up are identified. To that end, process intensification strategies to enhance industrial feasibility are summarized, specifically highlighting fermentation strategies to ensure sufficient cooling capacity, overcome oxygen limitation, and increase protein quality and productivity. As such, this review aims to contribute to the pursuit of sustainable yeast-based RP production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter De Brabander
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis (InBio.be), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP), Rodenhuizekaai 1, 9042 Ghent (Desteldonk), Belgium
| | - Evelien Uitterhaegen
- Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP), Rodenhuizekaai 1, 9042 Ghent (Desteldonk), Belgium
| | - Tom Delmulle
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis (InBio.be), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karel De Winter
- Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP), Rodenhuizekaai 1, 9042 Ghent (Desteldonk), Belgium.
| | - Wim Soetaert
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis (InBio.be), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP), Rodenhuizekaai 1, 9042 Ghent (Desteldonk), Belgium
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6
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Van La T, Sung BH, Kim S. Biocatalytic characterization of Hericium erinaceus laccase isoenzymes for the oxidation of lignin derivative substrates. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 241:124658. [PMID: 37119916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Mushroom laccases are biocatalysts that oxidize various substrates. To identify a novel enzyme involved in lignin valorization, we isolated and characterized laccase isoenzymes from the mushroom Hericium erinaceus. The laccase cDNAs (Lac1a and Lac1b) cloned from the mushroom mycelia consisted of 1536 bp and each encoded a protein with 511 amino acids, containing a 21-amino-acid signal peptide. Comparative phylogenetic analysis revealed high homology between the deduced amino acid sequences of Lac1a and Lac1b and those from basidiomycetous fungi. In the Pichia pastoris expression system, high extracellular production of Lac1a, a glycoprotein, was achieved, whereas Lac1b was not expressed as a secreted protein because of hyper-glycosylation. Biochemical characterization of the purified recombinant Lac1a (rLac1a) protein revealed its oxidizing efficacy toward 14 aromatic substrates. The highly substrate-specific rLac1a showed catalytic efficiencies of 877 s-1 mM-1, 829 s-1 mM-1, 520 s-1 mM-1, and 467 s-1 mM-1 toward 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), hydroquinone, guaiacol, and 2,6-dimethylphenol, respectively. Moreover, rLac1a showed approximately 10 % higher activity in non-ionic detergents and >50 % higher residual activity in various organic solvents. These results indicate that rLac1a is a novel oxidase biocatalyst for the bioconversion of lignin into value-added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuat Van La
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea; Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Huyn Sung
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghun Kim
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea; Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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Pan Y, Yang J, Wu J, Yang L, Fang H. Current advances of Pichia pastoris as cell factories for production of recombinant proteins. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1059777. [PMID: 36504810 PMCID: PMC9730254 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1059777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pichia pastoris (syn. Komagataella spp.) has attracted extensive attention as an efficient platform for recombinant protein (RP) production. For obtaining a higher protein titer, many researchers have put lots of effort into different areas and made some progress. Here, we summarized the most recent advances of the last 5 years to get a better understanding of its future direction of development. The appearance of innovative genetic tools and methodologies like the CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing system eases the manipulation of gene expression systems and greatly improves the efficiency of exploring gene functions. The integration of novel pathways in microorganisms has raised more ideas of metabolic engineering for enhancing RP production. In addition, some new opportunities for the manufacture of proteins have been created by the application of novel mathematical models coupled with high-throughput screening to have a better overview of bottlenecks in the biosynthetic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Pan
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiao Yang
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianping Wu
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lirong Yang
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hao Fang
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China,*Correspondence: Hao Fang,
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Stutz H. Advances and applications of electromigration methods in the analysis of therapeutic and diagnostic recombinant proteins – A Review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 222:115089. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wollborn D, Munkler LP, Horstmann R, Germer A, Blank LM, Büchs J. Predicting high recombinant protein producer strains of Pichia pastoris Mut S using the oxygen transfer rate as an indicator of metabolic burden. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11225. [PMID: 35780248 PMCID: PMC9250517 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15086-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris (Komagataella phaffii) is a widely used host for recombinant protein production. In this study, a clonal library of P. pastoris MutS strains (S indicates slow methanol utilization) was screened for high green fluorescent protein (GFP) production. The expression cassette was under the control of the methanol inducible AOX promoter. The growth behavior was online-monitored in 48-well and 96-well microtiter plates by measuring the oxygen transfer rate (OTR). By comparing the different GFP producing strains, a correlation was established between the slope of the cumulative oxygen transfer during the methanol metabolization phase and the strain’s production performance. The correlation corresponds to metabolic burden during methanol induction. The findings were validated using a pre-selected strain library (7 strains) of high, medium, and low GFP producers. For those strains, the gene copy number was determined via Whole Genome Sequencing. The results were consistent with the described OTR correlation. Additionally, a larger clone library (45 strains) was tested to validate the applicability of the proposed method. The results from this study suggest that the cumulative oxygen transfer can be used as a screening criterion for protein production performance that allows for a simple primary screening process, facilitating the pre-selection of high producing strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wollborn
- Chair of Biochemical Engineering (AVT.BioVT), RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lara Pauline Munkler
- Chair of Biochemical Engineering (AVT.BioVT), RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rebekka Horstmann
- Chair of Biochemical Engineering (AVT.BioVT), RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrea Germer
- iAMB - Institute of Applied Microbiology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lars Mathias Blank
- iAMB - Institute of Applied Microbiology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jochen Büchs
- Chair of Biochemical Engineering (AVT.BioVT), RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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Liu Z, Cao L, Fu X, Liang Q, Sun H, Mou H. A multi-functional genetic manipulation system and its use in high-level expression of a β-mannanase mutant with high specific activity in Pichia pastoris. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 14:1525-1538. [PMID: 33942496 PMCID: PMC8313266 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To further extend the practical application of a thermostable and acidic resistance β-mannanase (ManAK) in animal feed additives, an effective strategy that combined directed evolution and metabolic engineering was developed. Four positive mutants (P191M, P194E, S199G and S268Q) with enhanced specific activity (25.5%-60.9%) were obtained. The S199G mutant exhibited 56.7% enhancement of specific activity at 37°C and good thermostability, and this was selected for high-level expression in P. pastoris X33. A multi-functional and scarless genetic manipulation system was proposed and functionally verified (gene deletion, substitution/insertion and point mutation). This was then subjected to Rox1p (an oxygen related transcription regulator) deletion and Vitreoscilla haemoglobin (VHb) co-expression for high enzyme productivity in P. pastoris X33VIIManAKS199G . An excellent strain, named X33VIIManAKS199G ∆rox1::VHb, was achieved by combining these two factors, and then the maximum enzymatic activity was further increased to 3753 U ml-1 , which was nearly twice as much as the maximum production of ManAK in P. pastoris. This work provides a systematic and effective method to improve the enzymatic yield of β-mannanase, promotes the application of ManAK in feed additives, and also demonstrated that a scarless genetic manipulation tool is useful in P. pastoris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhemin Liu
- College of Food Science and EngineeringOcean University of ChinaQingdao266003China
| | - Linyuan Cao
- College of Food Science and EngineeringOcean University of ChinaQingdao266003China
| | - Xiaodan Fu
- College of Food Science and EngineeringOcean University of ChinaQingdao266003China
| | - Qingping Liang
- College of Food Science and EngineeringOcean University of ChinaQingdao266003China
| | - Han Sun
- College of Food Science and EngineeringOcean University of ChinaQingdao266003China
| | - Haijin Mou
- College of Food Science and EngineeringOcean University of ChinaQingdao266003China
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Yeast-based bioproduction of disulfide-rich peptides and their cyclization via asparaginyl endopeptidases. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:1740-1760. [PMID: 33597770 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-00483-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic disulfide-rich peptides have attracted significant interest in drug development and biotechnology. Here, we describe a protocol for producing cyclic peptide precursors in Pichia pastoris that undergo in vitro enzymatic maturation into cyclic peptides using recombinant asparaginyl endopeptidases (AEPs). Peptide precursors are expressed with a C-terminal His tag and secreted into the media, enabling facile purification by immobilized metal affinity chromatography. After AEP-mediated cyclization, cyclic peptides are purified by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and characterized by mass spectrometry, peptide mass fingerprinting, NMR spectroscopy, and activity assays. We demonstrate the broad applicability of this protocol by generating cyclic peptides from three distinct classes that are either naturally occurring or synthetically backbone cyclized, and range in size from 14 amino acids with one disulfide bond, to 34 amino acids with a cystine knot comprising three disulfide bonds. The protocol requires 14 d to identify and optimize a high-expressing Pichia clone in small-scale cultures (24 well plates or 50 mL tubes), after which large-scale production in a bioreactor and peptide purification can be completed in 10 d. We use the cyclotide Momordica cochinchinensis trypsin inhibitor II as an example. We also include a protocol for recombinant AEP production in Escherichia coli as AEPs are emerging tools for orthogonal peptide and protein ligation. We focus on two AEPs that preferentially cyclize different peptide precursors, namely an engineered AEP with improved catalytic efficiency [C247A]OaAEP1b and the plant-derived MCoAEP2. Rudimentary proficiency and equipment in molecular biology, protein biochemistry and analytical chemistry are needed.
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12
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Yang P, Jiang S, Wu Y, Hou Z, Zheng Z, Cao L, Du M, Jiang S. Recombinant Expression of Serratia marcescens Outer Membrane Phospholipase A (A1) in Pichia pastoris and Immobilization With Graphene Oxide-Based Fe 3O 4 Nanoparticles for Rapeseed Oil Degumming. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:334. [PMID: 30846983 PMCID: PMC6393389 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic degumming is an effective approach to produce nutritional, safe, and healthy refined oil. However, the high cost and low efficiency of phospholipase limit the application of enzymatic degumming. In this study, an 879 bp outer membrane phospholipase A (A1) (OM-PLA1) gene encoding 292 amino acid residues was isolated from the genome of Serratia marcescens. The recombinant OM-PLA1 profile of appropriately 33 KDa was expressed by the engineered Pichia pastoris GS115. The OM-PLA1 activity was 21.2 U/mL with the induction of 1 mM methanol for 72 h. The expression efficiencies of OM-PLA1 were 0.29 U/mL/h and 1.06 U/mL/OD600. A complex of magnetic graphene oxide (MGO) and OM-PLA1 (MGO-OM-PLA1) was prepared by immobilizing OM-PLA1 with graphene oxide-based Fe3O4 nanoparticles by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde. The content of phosphorus decreased to 5.1 mg/kg rapeseed oil from 55.6 mg/kg rapeseed oil with 0.02% MGO-OM-PLA1 (w/w) at 50°C for 4 h. MGO-OM-PLA1 retained 51.7% of the initial activity after 13 times of continuous recycling for the enzymatic degumming of rapeseed oil. This study provided an effective approach for the enzymatic degumming of crude vegetable oil by developing a novel phospholipase and improving the degumming technology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shaotong Jiang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
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Blas P, Tolner B, Ward J, Chester K, Hoare M. The use of a surface active agent in the protection of a fusion protein during bioprocessing. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:2760-2770. [PMID: 30102764 PMCID: PMC6334174 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The bioprocessing of a fusion protein is characterised by low yields and at a series of recovery and purification stages that leads to an overall 90% loss. Much of this apparent loss is due to the denaturation of a protein, missing a vital affinity ligand. However, there is evidence of the protection of degradation products which occurs in the presence of shear plus air/liquid interfaces. This study seeks out to characterise the loss and use ultra‐scale‐down studies to predict its occurrence and hence shows these may be diminished by the use of protective reagents such as Pluronic F68.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Blas
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, ACBE, University College London, London, UK
| | - Berend Tolner
- Department of Oncology, The Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - John Ward
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, ACBE, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kerry Chester
- Department of Oncology, The Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Mike Hoare
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, ACBE, University College London, London, UK
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14
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Elucidation of structure-function relationship of THCA and CBDA synthase from Cannabis sativaL. J Biotechnol 2018; 284:17-26. [PMID: 30053500 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoids are secondary natural products from the plant Cannabis sativaL. Therapeutic indications of cannabinoids currently comprise a significant area of medicinal research. We have expressed the Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase (THCAS) and cannabidiolic acid synthase (CBDAS) recombinantly in Komagataella phaffii and could detect eight different products with a cannabinoid scaffold after conversion of the precursor cannabigerolic acid (CBGA). Besides five products remaining to be identified, both enzymes were forming three major cannabinoids of C. sativa - Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) and cannabichromenic acid (CBCA). In pursuit of improved enzyme properties for a biotechnological cannabinoid production, we performed site-directed mutagenesis to investigate the glycosylation pattern, the C-terminal berberine-bridge-enzyme (BBE) domain, the active site and the product specificity of both enzymes. The THCAS variant T_N89Q+N499Q (lacking two glycosylation sites) exerted about two-fold increased activity compared to wild-type enzyme. Variant T_H494C+R532C (additional disulfide bridge) exerted about 1.7-fold increased activity compared to wild-type enzyme and a shifted temperature optimum from 52 °C to 57 °C. We generated two CBDAS variants, C_S116A and C_A414V, with 2.8 and 3.3-fold increased catalytic activities for CBDA production. C_A414V additionally showed a broadened pH spectrum and a 19-fold increased catalytic activity for THCA production. These studies lay the groundwork for further research as well as biotechnological cannabinoid production.
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15
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Gidijala L, Uthoff S, van Kampen SJ, Steinbüchel A, Verhaert RMD. Presence of protein production enhancers results in significantly higher methanol-induced protein production in Pichia pastoris. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:112. [PMID: 30005638 PMCID: PMC6045890 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0961-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The yeast Komagataella phaffii, better known as Pichia pastoris, is a commonly used host for recombinant protein production. Here expression vectors are reported that address the different steps of the transcription–translation–secretion pathway of heterologous protein production. Results Transcription and translation enhancing elements were introduced in an expression cassette for the production of recombinant Aspergillus niger feruloyl esterase A. The yield was increased by threefold as compared to the yield without these elements. Multiple copy strains were selected using a zeocin resistance marker in the expression cassette and showed another sixfold higher yield. Modification of the C-terminal amino acid sequence of the secretion signal did not significantly improve the production yield. Similar data were obtained for the production of another protein, recombinant human interleukin 8. Upscaling to fed-batch fermentation conditions resulted in a twofold increase for reference strains, while for strains with enhancing elements a tenfold improvement was observed. Conclusions Pichia pastoris is used for recombinant protein production in industrial fermentations. By addressing the transcription and translation of mRNA coding for recombinant protein, significant yield improvement was obtained. The yield improvement obtained under microscale conditions was maintained under fed-batch fermentation conditions. These data demonstrate the potential of these expression vectors for large scale application as improved production of proteins has major implications on the economics and sustainability of biocatalyst dependent production processes e.g. for the production of pharmaceuticals and for the bioconversions of complex molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loknath Gidijala
- ProteoNic BV, J.H. Oortweg 19-21, 2333 CH, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Uthoff
- Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 3, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastiaan J van Kampen
- ProteoNic BV, J.H. Oortweg 19-21, 2333 CH, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Steinbüchel
- Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 3, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Environmental Sciences Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Zirpel B, Degenhardt F, Zammarelli C, Wibberg D, Kalinowski J, Stehle F, Kayser O. Optimization of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase production in Komagataella phaffii via post-translational bottleneck identification. J Biotechnol 2018; 272-273:40-47. [PMID: 29549004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) is a secondary natural product from the plant Cannabis sativa L. with therapeutic indications like analgesics for cancer pain or reducing spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis. Here, we investigated the influence of the co-expression of 12 helper protein genes from Komagataella phaffii (formerly Pichia pastoris) on the functional expression of the Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase (THCAS) heterologously expressed in K. phaffii by screening 21 clones of each transformation. Our findings substantiate the necessity of a suitable screening system when interfering with the secretory network of K. phaffii. We found that co-production of the chaperones CNE1p and Kar2p, the foldase PDI1p, the UPR-activator Hac1p as well as the FAD synthetase FAD1p enhanced THCAS activity levels within the K. phaffii cells. The strongest influence showed co-expression of Hac1s - increasing the volumetric THCAS activities 4.1-fold on average. We also combined co-production of Hac1p with the other beneficial helper proteins to further enhance THCAS activity levels. An optimized strain overexpressing Hac1s, FAD1 and CNE1 was isolated that showed 20-fold increased volumetric, intracellular THCAS activity compared to the starting strain. We used this strain for a whole cell bioconversion of cannabigerolic acid (CBGA) to THCA. After 8 h of incubation at 37 °C, the cells produced 3.05 g L-1 THCA corresponding to 12.5% gTHCA gCDW-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Zirpel
- Department of Technical Biochemistry, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge Str. 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Friederike Degenhardt
- Department of Technical Biochemistry, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge Str. 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Chantale Zammarelli
- Department of Technical Biochemistry, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge Str. 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Daniel Wibberg
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Felix Stehle
- Department of Technical Biochemistry, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge Str. 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Oliver Kayser
- Department of Technical Biochemistry, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge Str. 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
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17
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Giesselmann E, Becker B, Schmitt MJ. Production of fluorescent and cytotoxic K28 killer toxin variants through high cell density fermentation of recombinant Pichia pastoris. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:228. [PMID: 29258515 PMCID: PMC5735513 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0844-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Virus infected killer strains of the baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae secrete protein toxins such as K28, K1, K2 and Klus which are lethal to sensitive yeast strains of the same or related species. K28 is somewhat unique as it represents an α/β heterodimeric protein of the A/B toxin family which, after having bound to the surface of sensitive target cells, is taken up by receptor-mediated endocytosis and transported through the secretory pathway in a retrograde manner. While the current knowledge on yeast killer toxins is largely based on genetic screens for yeast mutants with altered toxin sensitivity, in vivo imaging of cell surface binding and intracellular toxin transport is still largely hampered by a lack of fluorescently labelled and biologically active killer toxin variants. Results In this study, we succeeded for the first time in the heterologous K28 preprotoxin expression and production of fluorescent K28 variants in Pichia pastoris. Recombinant P. pastoris GS115 cells were shown to successfully process and secrete K28 variants fused to mCherry or mTFP by high cell density fermentation. The fluorescent K28 derivatives were obtained in high yield and possessed in vivo toxicity and specificity against sensitive yeast cells. In cell binding studies the resulting K28 variants caused strong fluorescence signals at the cell periphery due to toxin binding to primary K28 receptors within the yeast cell wall. Thereby, the β-subunit of K28 was confirmed to be the sole component required and sufficient for K28 cell wall binding. Conclusion Successful production of fluorescent killer toxin variants of S. cerevisiae by high cell density fermentation of recombinant, K28 expressing strains of P. pastoris now opens the possibility to study and monitor killer toxin cell surface binding, in particular in toxin resistant yeast mutants in which toxin resistance is caused by defects in toxin binding due to alterations in cell wall structure and composition. This novel approach might be easily transferable to other killer toxins from different yeast species and genera. Furthermore, the fluorescent toxin variants described here might likewise represent a powerful tool in future studies to visualize intracellular A/B toxin trafficking with the help of high resolution single molecule imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Giesselmann
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences and Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Björn Becker
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences and Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Manfred J Schmitt
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences and Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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18
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Wei YC, Braun-Galleani S, Henríquez MJ, Bandara S, Nesbeth D. Biotransformation of β-hydroxypyruvate and glycolaldehyde to l-erythrulose by Pichia pastoris strain GS115 overexpressing native transketolase. Biotechnol Prog 2017; 34:99-106. [PMID: 29086489 PMCID: PMC5836872 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Transketolase is a proven biocatalytic tool for asymmetric carbon-carbon bond formation, both as a purified enzyme and within bacterial whole-cell biocatalysts. The performance of Pichia pastoris as a host for transketolase whole-cell biocatalysis was investigated using a transketolase-overexpressing strain to catalyze formation of l-erythrulose from β-hydroxypyruvic acid and glycolaldehyde substrates. Pichia pastoris transketolase coding sequence from the locus PAS_chr1-4_0150 was subcloned downstream of the methanol-inducible AOX1 promoter in a plasmid for transformation of strain GS115, generating strain TK150. Whole and disrupted TK150 cells from shake flasks achieved 62% and 65% conversion, respectively, under optimal pH and methanol induction conditions. In a 300 μL reaction, TK150 samples from a 1L fed-batch fermentation achieved a maximum l-erythrulose space time yield (STY) of 46.58 g L-1 h-1 , specific activity of 155 U gCDW-1, product yield on substrate (Yp/s ) of 0.52 mol mol-1 and product yield on catalyst (Yp/x ) of 2.23g gCDW-1. We have successfully exploited the rapid growth and high biomass characteristics of Pichia pastoris in whole cell biocatalysis. At high cell density, the engineered TK150 Pichia pastoris strain tolerated high concentrations of substrate and product to achieve high STY of the chiral sugar l-erythrulose. © 2017 The Authors Biotechnology Progress published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:99-106, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chia Wei
- Dept. of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | | | - Maria José Henríquez
- Dept. of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Sahan Bandara
- Dept. of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Darren Nesbeth
- Dept. of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K
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19
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Chen X, Li J, Sun H, Li S, Chen T, Liu G, Dyson P. High-level heterologous production and Functional Secretion by recombinant Pichia pastoris of the shortest proline-rich antibacterial honeybee peptide Apidaecin. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14543. [PMID: 29109421 PMCID: PMC5674047 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15149-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance is a major problem in antibacterial chemotherapy. Apidaecins, which refer to a series of small, proline-rich antimicrobial peptides, are predominantly active against many drug-resistant bacteria. The apidaecins have special antibacterial mechanisms, and are non-toxic for human cells, a prerequisite for using them as novel antibiotic drugs. However, no efficient non-tagged apidaecin expression system has been reported, which is the limiting factor for their application. Here we successfully generated a Pichia pastoris transformant expressing and secreting apidaecin. However, expression was unstable and poor. Analysis of this revealed that the integration plasmid was frequently lost and that apidaecin expression resulted in cell death. Using N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitroso-guanidine mutagenesis and selection, a mutant strain Apmu4 was derived, in which the rate of loss of the integration plasmid was much lower after induction, and which produced improved titres of apidaecin. Additionally, we discovered that using glucose as the sole carbon source to pre-culture the strain before induction could greatly enhance apidaecin production. A pilot-scale 10 L fermentation yielded 418 mg/L of recombinant apidaecin, which represents the highest reported yield of apidaecin. Consequently, this study reports the first super heterologous expression and secretion of apidaecin in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources and Engineering of Gansu Province, Jiayuguan, China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources and Engineering of Gansu Province, Jiayuguan, China
| | - Haili Sun
- School of Chemistry and Environment Science, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shiweng Li
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tuo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources and Engineering of Gansu Province, Jiayuguan, China
| | - Guangxiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources and Engineering of Gansu Province, Jiayuguan, China.
| | - Paul Dyson
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
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20
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Sharma SK, Bagshawe KD. Antibody Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy (ADEPT): Trials and tribulations. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 118:2-7. [PMID: 28916498 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antibody directed enzyme prodrug therapy has the potential to be an effective therapy for most common solid cancers. Clinical studies with CPG2 system have shown the feasibility of this approach. The key limitation has been immunogenicity of the enzyme. Technologies now exist to eliminate this problem. Non-immunogenic enzymes in combination with prodrugs that generate potent cytotoxic drugs can provide a powerful approach to cancer therapy. ADEPT has the potential to be non -toxic to normal tissue and can therefore be combined with other modalities including immunotherapy for greater clinical benefit.
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21
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Saitua F, Torres P, Pérez-Correa JR, Agosin E. Dynamic genome-scale metabolic modeling of the yeast Pichia pastoris. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2017; 11:27. [PMID: 28222737 PMCID: PMC5320773 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-017-0408-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pichia pastoris shows physiological advantages in producing recombinant proteins, compared to other commonly used cell factories. This yeast is mostly grown in dynamic cultivation systems, where the cell's environment is continuously changing and many variables influence process productivity. In this context, a model capable of explaining and predicting cell behavior for the rational design of bioprocesses is highly desirable. Currently, there are five genome-scale metabolic reconstructions of P. pastoris which have been used to predict extracellular cell behavior in stationary conditions. RESULTS In this work, we assembled a dynamic genome-scale metabolic model for glucose-limited, aerobic cultivations of Pichia pastoris. Starting from an initial model structure for batch and fed-batch cultures, we performed pre/post regression diagnostics to ensure that model parameters were identifiable, significant and sensitive. Once identified, the non-relevant ones were iteratively fixed until a priori robust modeling structures were found for each type of cultivation. Next, the robustness of these reduced structures was confirmed by calibrating the model with new datasets, where no sensitivity, identifiability or significance problems appeared in their parameters. Afterwards, the model was validated for the prediction of batch and fed-batch dynamics in the studied conditions. Lastly, the model was employed as a case study to analyze the metabolic flux distribution of a fed-batch culture and to unravel genetic and process engineering strategies to improve the production of recombinant Human Serum Albumin (HSA). Simulation of single knock-outs indicated that deviation of carbon towards cysteine and tryptophan formation improves HSA production. The deletion of methylene tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase could increase the HSA volumetric productivity by 630%. Moreover, given specific bioprocess limitations and strain characteristics, the model suggests that implementation of a decreasing specific growth rate during the feed phase of a fed-batch culture results in a 25% increase of the volumetric productivity of the protein. CONCLUSION In this work, we formulated a dynamic genome scale metabolic model of Pichia pastoris that yields realistic metabolic flux distributions throughout dynamic cultivations. The model can be calibrated with experimental data to rationally propose genetic and process engineering strategies to improve the performance of a P. pastoris strain of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Saitua
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulina Torres
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Ricardo Pérez-Correa
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo Agosin
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile
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22
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O’Dell WB, Swartz PD, Weiss KL, Meilleur F. Crystallization of a fungal lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase expressed from glycoengineered Pichia pastoris for X-ray and neutron diffraction. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2017; 73:70-78. [PMID: 28177316 PMCID: PMC5297926 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x16020318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are carbohydrate-disrupting enzymes secreted by bacteria and fungi that break glycosidic bonds via an oxidative mechanism. Fungal LPMOs typically act on cellulose and can enhance the efficiency of cellulose-hydrolyzing enzymes that release soluble sugars for bioethanol production or other industrial uses. The enzyme PMO-2 from Neurospora crassa (NcPMO-2) was heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris to facilitate crystallographic studies of the fungal LPMO mechanism. Diffraction resolution and crystal morphology were improved by expressing NcPMO-2 from a glycoengineered strain of P. pastoris and by the use of crystal seeding methods, respectively. These improvements resulted in high-resolution (1.20 Å) X-ray diffraction data collection at 100 K and the production of a large NcPMO-2 crystal suitable for room-temperature neutron diffraction data collection to 2.12 Å resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B. O’Dell
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7622, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Paul D. Swartz
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7622, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Kevin L. Weiss
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Flora Meilleur
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7622, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
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23
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Direct evidence for cancer-cell-autonomous extracellular protein catabolism in pancreatic tumors. Nat Med 2016; 23:235-241. [PMID: 28024083 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian tissues rely on a variety of nutrients to support their physiological functions. It is known that altered metabolism is involved in the pathogenesis of cancer, but which nutrients support the inappropriate growth of intact malignant tumors is incompletely understood. Amino acids are essential nutrients for many cancer cells that can be obtained through the scavenging and catabolism of extracellular protein via macropinocytosis. In particular, macropinocytosis can be a nutrient source for pancreatic cancer cells, but it is not fully understood how the tumor environment influences metabolic phenotypes and whether macropinocytosis supports the maintenance of amino acid levels within pancreatic tumors. Here we utilize miniaturized plasma exchange to deliver labeled albumin to tissues in live mice, and we demonstrate that breakdown of albumin contributes to the supply of free amino acids in pancreatic tumors. We also deliver albumin directly into tumors using an implantable microdevice, which was adapted and modified from ref. 9. Following implantation, we directly observe protein catabolism and macropinocytosis in situ by pancreatic cancer cells, but not by adjacent, non-cancerous pancreatic tissue. In addition, we find that intratumoral inhibition of macropinocytosis decreases amino acid levels. Taken together, these data suggest that pancreatic cancer cells consume extracellular protein, including albumin, and that this consumption serves as an important source of amino acids for pancreatic cancer cells in vivo.
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24
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Sharma SK, Bagshawe KD. Translating antibody directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) and prospects for combination. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2016; 17:1-13. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2017.1247802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Surinder K. Sharma
- Research Department of Oncology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
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25
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Zhang B, Li B, Chen D, Zong J, Sun F, Qu H, Liang C. Transcriptional Regulation of Aerobic Metabolism in Pichia pastoris Fermentation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161502. [PMID: 27537181 PMCID: PMC4990298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the classical fermentation process in Pichia pastoris based on transcriptomics. We utilized methanol in pichia yeast cell as the focus of our study, based on two key steps: limiting carbon source replacement (from glycerol to methonal) and fermentative production of exogenous proteins. In the former, the core differential genes in co-expression net point to initiation of aerobic metabolism and generation of peroxisome. The transmission electron microscope (TEM) results showed that yeast gradually adapted methanol induction to increased cell volume, and decreased density, via large number of peroxisomes. In the fermentative production of exogenous proteins, the Gene Ontology (GO) mapping results show that PAS_chr2-1_0582 played a vital role in regulating aerobic metabolic drift. In order to confirm the above results, we disrupted PAS_chr2-1_0582 by homologous recombination. Alcohol consumption was equivalent to one fifth of the normal control, and fewer peroxisomes were observed in Δ0582 strain following methanol induction. In this study we determined the important core genes and GO terms regulating aerobic metabolic drift in Pichia, as well as developing new perspectives for the continued development within this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Zhang
- Institute of Frontier Medical Science of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P.R. China
| | - Baizhi Li
- Institute of Frontier Medical Science of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P.R. China
| | - Dai Chen
- NovelBio Bio-Pharm Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai 200000, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zong
- NovelBio Bio-Pharm Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai 200000, P.R. China
| | - Fei Sun
- Institute of Frontier Medical Science of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P.R. China
| | - Huixin Qu
- Institute of Frontier Medical Science of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P.R. China
| | - Chongyang Liang
- Institute of Frontier Medical Science of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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26
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Cabrera-Muñoz A, Rojas L, Gil DF, González-González Y, Mansur M, Camejo A, Pires JR, Alonso-Del-Rivero Antigua M. Heterologous expression of Cenchritis muricatus protease inhibitor II (CmPI-II) in Pichia pastoris system: Purification, isotopic labeling and preliminary characterization. Protein Expr Purif 2016; 126:127-136. [PMID: 27353494 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cenchritis muricatus protease inhibitor II (CmPI-II) is a tight-binding serine protease inhibitor of the Kazal family with an atypical broad specificity, being active against several proteases such as bovine pancreatic trypsin, human neutrophil elastase and subtilisin A. CmPI-II 3D structures are necessary for understanding the molecular basis of its activity. In the present work, we describe an efficient and straightforward recombinant expression strategy, as well as a cost-effective procedure for isotope labeling for NMR structure determination purposes. The vector pCM101 containing the CmPI-II gene, under the control of Pichia pastoris AOX1 promoter was constructed. Methylotrophic Pichia pastoris strain KM71H was then transformed with the plasmid and the recombinant protein (rCmPI-II) was expressed in benchtop fermenter in unlabeled or (15)N-labeled forms using ammonium chloride ((15)N, 99%) as the sole nitrogen source. Protein purification was accomplished by sequential cation exchange chromatography in STREAMLINE DirectHST, anion exchange chromatography on Hitrap Q-Sepharose FF and gel filtration on Superdex 75 10/30, yielding high quantities of pure rCmPI-II and (15)N rCmPI-II. Recombinant proteins displayed similar functional features as compared to the natural inhibitor and NMR spectra indicated folded and homogeneously labeled samples, suitable for further studies of structure and protease-inhibitor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymara Cabrera-Muñoz
- Centro de Estudios de Proteínas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana, Ciudad de La Habana-Cuba, Calle 25 No 455, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba.
| | - Laritza Rojas
- Centro de Estudios de Proteínas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana, Ciudad de La Habana-Cuba, Calle 25 No 455, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba.
| | - Dayrom F Gil
- Centro de Estudios de Proteínas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana, Ciudad de La Habana-Cuba, Calle 25 No 455, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba.
| | - Yamile González-González
- Centro de Estudios de Proteínas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana, Ciudad de La Habana-Cuba, Calle 25 No 455, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba.
| | - Manuel Mansur
- Institut de Biotecnología i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus Universitari, 08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ayamey Camejo
- Centro de Estudios de Proteínas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana, Ciudad de La Habana-Cuba, Calle 25 No 455, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba.
| | - José R Pires
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373 - Bloco E, Sala 10, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Maday Alonso-Del-Rivero Antigua
- Centro de Estudios de Proteínas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana, Ciudad de La Habana-Cuba, Calle 25 No 455, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba.
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Maitan-Alfenas GP, Oliveira MB, Nagem RAP, de Vries RP, Guimarães VM. Characterization and biotechnological application of recombinant xylanases from Aspergillus nidulans. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 91:60-7. [PMID: 27235731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Two xylanases from Aspergillus nidulans, XlnB and XlnC, were expressed in Pichia pastoris, purified and characterized. XlnB and XlnC achieved maximal activities at 60°C and pH 7.5 and at 50°C and pH 6.0, respectively. XlnB showed to be very thermostable by maintaining 50% of its original activity after 49h incubated at 50°C. XlnB had its highest activity against wheat arabinoxylan while XlnC had the best activity against beechwood xylan. Both enzymes were completely inhibited by SDS and HgCl2. Xylotriose at 1mg/ml also totally inibited XlnB activity. TLC analysis showed that the main product of beechwood xylan hydrolysis by XlnB and XlnC was xylotetraose. An additive effect was shown between XlnB and XlnC and the xylanases of two tested commercial cocktails. Sugarcane bagasse saccharification results showed that these two commercial enzymatic cocktails were able to release more glucose and xylose after supplementation with XlnB and XlnC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela P Maitan-Alfenas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, MG, Brazil; Fungal Physiology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Mariana B Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, MG, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo A P Nagem
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ronald P de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Valéria M Guimarães
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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28
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Templar A, Woodhouse S, Keshavarz-Moore E, Nesbeth DN. Influence of Pichia pastoris cellular material on polymerase chain reaction performance as a synthetic biology standard for genome monitoring. J Microbiol Methods 2016; 127:111-122. [PMID: 27211507 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Advances in synthetic genomics are now well underway in yeasts due to the low cost of synthetic DNA. These new capabilities also bring greater need for quantitating the presence, loss and rearrangement of loci within synthetic yeast genomes. Methods for achieving this will ideally; i) be robust to industrial settings, ii) adhere to a global standard and iii) be sufficiently rapid to enable at-line monitoring during cell growth. The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) is increasingly used for industrial production of biotherapeutic proteins so we sought to answer the following questions for this particular yeast species. Is time-consuming DNA purification necessary to obtain accurate end-point polymerase chain reaction (e-pPCR) and quantitative PCR (qPCR) data? Can the novel linear regression of efficiency qPCR method (LRE qPCR), which has properties desirable in a synthetic biology standard, match the accuracy of conventional qPCR? Does cell cultivation scale influence PCR performance? To answer these questions we performed e-pPCR and qPCR in the presence and absence of cellular material disrupted by a mild 30s sonication procedure. The e-pPCR limit of detection (LOD) for a genomic target locus was 50pg (4.91×10(3) copies) of purified genomic DNA (gDNA) but the presence of cellular material reduced this sensitivity sixfold to 300pg gDNA (2.95×10(4) copies). LRE qPCR matched the accuracy of a conventional standard curve qPCR method. The presence of material from bioreactor cultivation of up to OD600=80 did not significantly compromise the accuracy of LRE qPCR. We conclude that a simple and rapid cell disruption step is sufficient to render P. pastoris samples of up to OD600=80 amenable to analysis using LRE qPCR which we propose as a synthetic biology standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Templar
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Woodhouse
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Eli Keshavarz-Moore
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Darren N Nesbeth
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
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29
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Tramontina R, Robl D, Maitan-Alfenas GP, de Vries RP. Cooperation ofAspergillus nidulansenzymes increases plant polysaccharide saccharification. Biotechnol J 2016; 11:988-92. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Diogo Robl
- Fungal Physiology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | | | - Ronald P. de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre; Utrecht The Netherlands
- Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
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Enhanced truncated-t-PA (CT-b) expression in high-cell-density fed-batch cultures of Pichia pastoris through optimization of a mixed feeding strategy by response surface methodology. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2016; 39:565-73. [PMID: 26758714 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-016-1538-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recently, Pichia pastoris has been the focal point of interest as an expression system for production of many recombinant proteins. The study and optimization of feeding strategy are of major importance to achieve maximum volumetric productivity in fed-batch cultivations. Among different feeding strategies used in P. pastoris fed-batch cultures, those trying to maintain a constant specific growth rate have usually resulted in superior productivities. The objective of the present study was to investigate and optimize the co-feeding of glycerol and methanol to attain maximum expression of t-PA in P. pastoris fed-batch cultures with constant specific growth rate. The experiments were designed by response surface methodology, considering the specific feeding rates of methanol and glycerol as independent variables. In each experiment, glycerol and methanol were fed according to a predetermined equation to maintain a constant specific growth rate. It was found that with glycerol feeding for higher specific growth rates, the inhibitory properties of glycerol are more pronounced, while the best expression level was achieved when the ratio of µ set glycerol to that of methanol was around 1.67. In all specific growth rates tested, almost a similar ratio of the specific glycerol feeding rate to that of methanol led to the maximum protein production and activity. The statistical model predicted the optimal operating conditions for µ set glycerol and that of methanol to be 0.05 and 0.03 h(-1), respectively. Applying the optimum strategy, maximum of 52 g/L biomass, 300 mg/L t-PA and 340,000 IU/mL enzyme activity were obtained.
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Choengpanya K, Arthornthurasuk S, Wattana-amorn P, Huang WT, Plengmuankhae W, Li YK, Kongsaeree PT. Cloning, expression and characterization of β-xylosidase from Aspergillus niger ASKU28. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 115:132-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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32
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Looser V, Bruhlmann B, Bumbak F, Stenger C, Costa M, Camattari A, Fotiadis D, Kovar K. Cultivation strategies to enhance productivity of Pichia pastoris: A review. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1177-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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33
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Čiplys E, Žitkus E, Gold LI, Daubriac J, Pavlides SC, Højrup P, Houen G, Wang WA, Michalak M, Slibinskas R. High-level secretion of native recombinant human calreticulin in yeast. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:165. [PMID: 26471510 PMCID: PMC4608220 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0356-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Calreticulin (CRT) resides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and functions to chaperone proteins, ensuring proper folding, and intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. Emerging evidence shows that CRT is a multifunctional protein with significant roles in physiological and pathological processes with presence both inside and outside of the ER, including the cell surface and extracellular space. These recent findings suggest the possible use of this ER chaperone in development of new therapeutic pharmaceuticals. Our study was focused on human CRT production in two yeast species, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris. Results Expression of a full-length human CRT precursor including its native signal sequence resulted in high-level secretion of mature recombinant protein into the culture medium by both S. cerevisiae and P. pastoris. To ensure the structural and functional quality of the yeast-derived CRTs, we compared yeast-secreted human recombinant CRT with native CRT isolated from human placenta. In ESI–MS (electrospray ionization mass spectrometry), both native and recombinant full-length CRT showed an identical molecular weight (mass) of 46,466 Da and were monomeric by non-denaturing PAGE. Moreover, limited trypsin digestion yielded identical fragment patterns of calcium-binding recombinant and native CRT suggesting that the yeast-derived CRT was correctly folded. Furthermore, both native and recombinant CRT induced cellular proliferation (MTS assay) and migration of human dermal fibroblasts (in vitro wound healing assay) with the same specific activities (peak responses at 1–10 ng/ml) indicating that the functional integrity of yeast-derived CRT was completely preserved. Simple one-step purification of CRT from shake-flask cultures resulted in highly pure recombinant CRT protein with yields reaching 75 % of total secreted protein and with production levels of 60 and 200 mg/l from S. cerevisiae and P. pastoris, respectively. Finally, cultivation of P. pastoris in a bioreactor yielded CRT secretion titer to exceed 1.5 g/l of culture medium. Conclusions Yeasts are able to correctly process and secrete large amounts of mature recombinant human CRT equally and fully biologically active as native human CRT. This allows efficient production of high-quality CRT protein in grams per liter scale. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-015-0356-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evaldas Čiplys
- Department of Eukaryote Gene Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, V.A. Graičiūno 8, 02241, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Eimantas Žitkus
- Department of Eukaryote Gene Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, V.A. Graičiūno 8, 02241, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Leslie I Gold
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, NB17E4, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Julien Daubriac
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, NB17E4, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Savvas C Pavlides
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, NB17E4, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Peter Højrup
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Gunnar Houen
- Department of Autoimmunology and Biomarkers, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Wen-An Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | - Marek Michalak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | - Rimantas Slibinskas
- Department of Eukaryote Gene Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, V.A. Graičiūno 8, 02241, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Kempf H, Kropp C, Olmer R, Martin U, Zweigerdt R. Cardiac differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells in scalable suspension culture. Nat Protoc 2015; 10:1345-61. [PMID: 26270394 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2015.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes (CMs) generated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are a potential cell source for regenerative therapies, drug discovery and disease modeling. All these applications require a routine supply of relatively large quantities of in vitro-generated CMs. This protocol describes a suspension culture-based strategy for the generation of hPSC-CMs as cell-only aggregates, which facilitates process development and scale-up. Aggregates are formed for 4 d in hPSC culture medium followed by 10 d of directed differentiation by applying chemical Wnt pathway modulators. The protocol is applicable to static multiwell formats supporting fast adaptation to specific hPSC line requirements. We also demonstrate how to apply the protocol using stirred tank bioreactors at a 100-ml scale, providing a well-controlled upscaling platform for CM production. In bioreactors, the generation of 40-50 million CMs per differentiation batch at >80% purity without further lineage enrichment can been achieved within 24 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Kempf
- 1] Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. [2] REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christina Kropp
- 1] Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. [2] REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ruth Olmer
- 1] Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. [2] REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. [3] Member of Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Martin
- 1] Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. [2] REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. [3] Member of Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert Zweigerdt
- 1] Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. [2] REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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35
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Boonstra MC, Tolner B, Schaafsma BE, Boogerd LSF, Prevoo HAJM, Bhavsar G, Kuppen PJK, Sier CFM, Bonsing BA, Frangioni JV, van de Velde CJH, Chester KA, Vahrmeijer AL. Preclinical evaluation of a novel CEA-targeting near-infrared fluorescent tracer delineating colorectal and pancreatic tumors. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:1910-20. [PMID: 25895046 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Surgery is the cornerstone of oncologic therapy with curative intent. However, identification of tumor cells in the resection margins is difficult, resulting in nonradical resections, increased cancer recurrence and subsequent decreased patient survival. Novel imaging techniques that aid in demarcating tumor margins during surgery are needed. Overexpression of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is found in the majority of gastrointestinal carcinomas, including colorectal and pancreas. We developed ssSM3E/800CW, a novel CEA-targeted near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) tracer, based on a disulfide-stabilized single-chain antibody fragment (ssScFv), to visualize colorectal and pancreatic tumors in a clinically translatable setting. The applicability of the tracer was tested for cell and tissue binding characteristics and dosing using immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, cell-based plate assays and orthotopic colorectal (HT-29, well differentiated) and pancreatic (BXPC-3, poorly differentiated) xenogeneic human-mouse models. NIRF signals were visualized using the clinically compatible FLARE™ imaging system. Calculated clinically relevant doses of ssSM3E/800CW selectively accumulated in colorectal and pancreatic tumors/cells, with highest tumor-to-background ratios of 5.1 ± 0.6 at 72 hr postinjection, which proved suitable for intraoperative detection and delineation of tumor boarders and small (residual) tumor nodules in mice, between 8 and 96 hr postinjection. Ex vivo fluorescence imaging and pathologic examination confirmed tumor specificity and the distribution of the tracer. Our results indicate that ssSM3E/800CW shows promise as a diagnostic tool to recognize colorectal and pancreatic cancers for fluorescent-guided surgery applications. If successfully translated clinically, this tracer could help improve the completeness of surgery and thus survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Boonstra
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Berend Tolner
- Department of Oncology, Royal Free & University College Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Leonora S F Boogerd
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Guarav Bhavsar
- Department of Oncology, Royal Free & University College Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J K Kuppen
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis F M Sier
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bert A Bonsing
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - John V Frangioni
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA.,Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA.,Curadel, LLC, Worcester, MA
| | | | - Kerry A Chester
- Department of Oncology, Royal Free & University College Medical School, London, United Kingdom
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Zirpel B, Stehle F, Kayser O. Production of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid from cannabigerolic acid by whole cells of Pichia (Komagataella) pastoris expressing Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase from Cannabis sativa L. Biotechnol Lett 2015; 37:1869-75. [PMID: 25994576 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-015-1853-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase (THCAS) from Cannabis sativa was expressed intracellularly in different organisms to investigate the potential of a biotechnological production of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) using whole cells. RESULTS Functional expression of THCAS was obtained in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia (Komagataella) pastoris using a signal peptide from the vacuolar protease, proteinase A. No functional expression was achieved in Escherichia coli. The highest volumetric activities obtained were 98 pkat ml(-1) (intracellular) and 44 pkat ml(-1) (extracellular) after 192 h of cultivation at 15 °C using P. pastoris cells. Low solubility of CBGA prevents the THCAS application in aqueous cell-free systems, thus whole cells were used for a bioconversion of cannabigerolic acid (CBGA) to THCA. Finally, 1 mM (0.36 g THCA l(-1)) THCA could be produced by 10.5 gCDW l(-1) before enzyme activity was lost. CONCLUSION Whole cells of P. pastoris offer the capability of synthesizing pharmaceutical THCA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Zirpel
- Laboratory of Technical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemical & Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Str. 66, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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Mao R, Teng D, Wang X, Zhang Y, Jiao J, Cao X, Wang J. Optimization of expression conditions for a novel NZ2114-derived antimicrobial peptide-MP1102 under the control of the GAP promoter in Pichia pastoris X-33. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:57. [PMID: 25887810 PMCID: PMC4373065 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0389-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The infections caused by antibiotic multidrug-resistant bacteria seriously threaten human health. To prevent and cure the infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria, new antimicrobial agents are required. Antimicrobial peptides are ideal therapy candidates for antibiotic-resistant pathogens. However, due to high production costs, novel methods of large-scale production are urgently needed. Results The novel plectasin-derived antimicrobial peptide-MP1102 gene was constitutively expressed under the control of the GAP promoter. The optimum carbon source and concentration were determined, and 4% glucose (w/v) was initially selected as the best carbon source. Six media were assayed for the improved yield of recombinant MP1102 (rMP1102). The total protein and rMP1102 yield was 100.06 mg/l and 42.83 mg/l, which was accomplished via the use of medium number 1. The peptone and yeast extract from Hongrun Baoshun (HRBS, crude industrial grade, Beijing, China) more effectively improved the total protein and the yield of rMP1102 to 280.41 mg/l and 120.57 mg/l compared to 190.26 mg/l and 78.01 mg/l that resulted from Oxoid (used in the research). Furthermore, we observed that the total protein, antimicrobial activity and rMP1102 yield from the fermentation supernatant increased from 807.42 mg/l, 384,000 AU/ml, and 367.59 mg/l, respectively, in pH5.0 to 1213.64 mg/l, 153,600 AU/ml and 538.17 mg/ml, respectively in pH 6.5 in a 5-l fermenter. Accordingly, the productivity increased from 104464 AU/mg rMP1102 in pH 5.0 to a maximum of 285412 AU/mg rMP1102 in pH 6.5. Finally, the recombinant MP1102 was purified with a cation-exchange column with a yield of 376.89 mg/l, 96.8% purity, and a molecular weight of 4382.9 Da, which was consistent with its theoretical value of 4383 Da. Conclusions It’s the highest level of antimicrobial peptides expressed in Pichia pastoris using GAP promoter so far. These results provide an economical method for the high-level production of rMP1102 under the control of the GAP promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Mao
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China. .,Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Da Teng
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China. .,Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Xiumin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China. .,Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China. .,Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Jian Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China. .,Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Xintao Cao
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China. .,Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China. .,Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China.
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Kogelberg H, Miranda E, Burnet J, Ellison D, Tolner B, Foster J, Picón C, Thomas GJ, Meyer T, Marshall JF, Mather SJ, Chester K. Generation and characterization of a diabody targeting the αvβ6 integrin. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73260. [PMID: 24023846 PMCID: PMC3762766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The αvβ6 integrin is up-regulated in cancer and wound healing but it is not generally expressed in healthy adult tissue. There is increasing evidence that it has a role in cancer progression and will be a useful target for antibody-directed cancer therapies. We report a novel recombinant diabody antibody fragment that targets specifically αvβ6 and blocks its function. The diabody was engineered with a C-terminal hexahistidine tag (His tag), expressed in Pichia pastoris and purified by IMAC. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis of the purified diabody showed affinity in the nanomolar range. Pre-treatment of αvβ6-expressing cells with the diabody resulted in a reduction of cell migration and adhesion to LAP, demonstrating biological function-blocking activity. After radio-labeling, using the His-tag for site-specific attachment of (99m)Tc, the diabody retained affinity and targeted specifically to αvβ6-expressing tumors in mice bearing isogenic αvβ6 +/- xenografts. Furthermore, the diabody was specifically internalized into αvβ6-expressing cells, indicating warhead targeting potential. Our results indicate that the new αvβ6 diabody has a range of potential applications in imaging, function blocking or targeted delivery/internalization of therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heide Kogelberg
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Enrique Miranda
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jerome Burnet
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Ellison
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Berend Tolner
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Foster
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carmen Picón
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth J. Thomas
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Meyer
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John F. Marshall
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Mather
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kerry Chester
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Schumacher FF, Sanchania VA, Tolner B, Wright ZVF, Ryan CP, Smith MEB, Ward JM, Caddick S, Kay CWM, Aeppli G, Chester KA, Baker JR. Homogeneous antibody fragment conjugation by disulfide bridging introduces 'spinostics'. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1525. [PMID: 23519366 PMCID: PMC3605607 DOI: 10.1038/srep01525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A major obstacle to the efficient production of antibody conjugates for therapy and diagnosis is the non-ideal performance of commonly used chemical methods for the attachment of effector-molecules to the antibody of interest. Here we demonstrate that this limitation can be simply addressed using 3,4-substituted maleimides to bridge and thus functionalize disulfide bonds to generate homogeneous antibody conjugates. This one-step conjugation reaction is fast, site-specific, quantitative and generates products with full binding activity, good plasma stability and the desired functional properties. Furthermore, the rigid nature of this modification by disulfide bridging enables the successful detection of antigen with a spin labeled antibody fragment by continuous-wave electron paramagnetic resonance (cw-EPR), which we report here for the first time. Antigen detection is concentration dependent, observable in human blood and allows the discrimination of fragments with different binding affinity. We envisage broad potential for antibody based in-solution diagnostic methods by EPR or ‘spinostics'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix F Schumacher
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H OAJ, UK
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40
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Hao J, Xu L, He H, Du X, Jia L. High-level expression of Staphylococcal Protein A in Pichia pastoris and purification and characterization of the recombinant protein. Protein Expr Purif 2013; 90:178-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Fields C, O'Connell D, Xiao S, Lee GU, Billiald P, Muzard J. Creation of recombinant antigen-binding molecules derived from hybridomas secreting specific antibodies. Nat Protoc 2013; 8:1125-48. [DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2013.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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42
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Mellitzer A, Weis R, Glieder A, Flicker K. Expression of lignocellulolytic enzymes in Pichia pastoris. Microb Cell Fact 2012; 11:61. [PMID: 22583625 PMCID: PMC3503753 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-11-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sustainable utilization of plant biomass as renewable source for fuels and chemical building blocks requires a complex mixture of diverse enzymes, including hydrolases which comprise the largest class of lignocellulolytic enzymes. These enzymes need to be available in large amounts at a low price to allow sustainable and economic biotechnological processes.Over the past years Pichia pastoris has become an attractive host for the cost-efficient production and engineering of heterologous (eukaryotic) proteins due to several advantages. RESULTS In this paper codon optimized genes and synthetic alcohol oxidase 1 promoter variants were used to generate Pichia pastoris strains which individually expressed cellobiohydrolase 1, cellobiohydrolase 2 and beta-mannanase from Trichoderma reesei and xylanase A from Thermomyces lanuginosus. For three of these enzymes we could develop strains capable of secreting gram quantities of enzyme per liter in fed-batch cultivations. Additionally, we compared our achieved yields of secreted enzymes and the corresponding activities to literature data. CONCLUSION In our experiments we could clearly show the importance of gene optimization and strain characterization for successfully improving secretion levels. We also present a basic guideline how to correctly interpret the interplay of promoter strength and gene dosage for a successful improvement of the secretory production of lignocellulolytic enzymes in Pichia pastoris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mellitzer
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Anton Glieder
- ACIB GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria
| | - Karlheinz Flicker
- ACIB GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria
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Miller J, Doss M, McQuillen R, Shaller CC, Tolner B, Yu JQ, Chester K, Robinson MK. Impact of expression system on the function of the C6.5 diabody PET radiotracer. Tumour Biol 2012; 33:617-27. [PMID: 22383295 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-012-0361-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of engineered antibodies to rapidly and selectively target tumors that express their target antigen makes them well suited for use as radioimaging tracers. The combination of molecular size and bivalent nature makes diabody molecules a particularly promising structure for use as radiotracers for diagnostic imaging. Previous data have demonstrated that the anti-HER2 C6.5 diabody (C6.5db) is an effective radiotracer in preclinical models of HER2-positive cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact on radiotracer performance, associated with expressing the C6.5db in the Pichia pastoris (P-C6.5db) system as compared to Escherichia coli (E. C6.5db). Glycosylation of P-C6.5db led to faster blood clearance and lower overall tumor uptake than seen with E. coli-produced C6.5db. However, P-C6.5db achieved high tumor/background ratios that are critical for effective imaging. Dosimetry measurements determined in this study for both (124)I-P-C6.5db and (124)I-E-C6.5db suggest that they are equivalent to other radiotracers currently being administered to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Miller
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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Liu ZQ, Zheng XB, Zhang SP, Zheng YG. Cloning, expression and characterization of a lipase gene from the Candida antarctica ZJB09193 and its application in biosynthesis of vitamin A esters. Microbiol Res 2012; 167:452-60. [PMID: 22281522 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Revised: 12/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Lipase is one of the most important industrial enzymes, which has been widely used in the preparation of food additives, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals industries. In order to obtain a large amount of lipase, the lipase gene from Candida antarctica ZJB09193 was cloned, and expressed in Pichia pastoris with the vector pPICZαA. Under the optimal conditions, the yield of recombinant lipase in the culture broth reached 3.0 g/L. After purification, the properties of recombinant lipase were studied: the optimum pH and temperature were pH 8.0 and 52°C, Ca(2+) activated the activity of lipase, and the apparent K(m) and V(max) values for p-nitrophenyl acetate were 0.34 mM and 7.36 μmol min(-1) mg(-1), respectively. Furthermore, the recombinant lipase was immobilized on pretreated textile for biosynthesis of vitamin A esters. In a system of n-hexane, 0.3 g immobilized recombinant lipase was used in the presence of 0.06 g vitamin A acetate and 0.55 mmol fatty acid (nine different fatty acids were tested). The yield of all vitamin A esters exceeded 78% in 7h at 30°C except using lactic acid and hexanoic acid as substrates. After optimization, the yield of vitamin A palmitate reached 87%. This study has the potential to be developed into industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiang Liu
- Institute of Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, People's Republic of China
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45
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Use of a mixture of glucose and methanol as substrates for the production of recombinant trypsinogen in continuous cultures with Pichia pastoris Mut+. J Biotechnol 2012; 157:180-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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46
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Huy ND, Kim SW, Park SM. Heterologous expression of endo-1,4-beta-xylanaseC from Phanerochaete chrysosporium in Pichia pastoris. J Biosci Bioeng 2011; 111:654-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2011.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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47
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Andrady C, Sharma SK, Chester KA. Antibody-enzyme fusion proteins for cancer therapy. Immunotherapy 2011; 3:193-211. [PMID: 21322759 DOI: 10.2217/imt.10.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in biomolecular technology have allowed the development of genetically fused antibody-enzymes. Antibody-enzyme fusion proteins have been used to target tumors for cancer therapy in two ways. In one system, an antibody-enzyme is pretargeted to the tumor followed by administration of an inactive prodrug that is converted to its active form by the pretargeted enzyme. This system has been described as antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy. The other system uses antibody-enzyme fusion proteins as direct therapeutics, where the enzyme is toxic in its own right. The key feature in this approach is that the antibody is used to internalize the toxic enzyme into the tumor cell, which activates cell-death processes. This antibody-enzyme system has been largely applied to deliver ribonucleases. This article addresses these two antibody-enzyme targeting strategies for cancer therapy from concept to (pre)clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carima Andrady
- Cancer Research UK Targeting & Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E6BT, UK.
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48
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Huy ND, Thiyagarajan S, Son YL, Park SM. Heterologous Expression of Endo-1,4-beta-xylanaseA from Phanerochaete chrysosporium in Pichia pastoris. MYCOBIOLOGY 2011; 39:121-124. [PMID: 22783089 PMCID: PMC3385102 DOI: 10.4489/myco.2011.39.2.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The cDNA of endo-1,4-β-xylanaseA, isolated from Phaenerocheate chrysosporium was expressed in Pichia pastoris. Using either the intrinsic leader peptide of XynA or the α-factor signal peptide of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, xylanaseA is efficiently secreted into the medium at maximum concentrations of 1,946 U/L and 2,496 U/L, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Duc Huy
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 570-752, Korea
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49
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A proteomic analysis of the Pichia pastoris secretome in methanol-induced cultures. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 90:235-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3118-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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50
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O'Shaughnessy L, Doyle S. Purification of proteins from baculovirus-infected insect cells. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 681:295-309. [PMID: 20978972 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-913-0_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Expression of recombinant proteins in the baculovirus/insect cell expression system is employed because it enables post-translational protein modification and high yields of recombinant protein. The system is capable of facilitating the functional expression of many proteins - either secreted or intracellularly located within infected insect cells. Strategies for the isolation and extraction of soluble proteins are presented in this chapter and involve selective cell lysis, precipitation and chromatography. Protein insolubility, following recombinant expression in insect cells, can occur. However, using the methods described herein, it is possible to extract and purify insoluble protein using affinity, ion-exchange and gel filtration chromatography. Indeed, protein insolubility often aids protein purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke O'Shaughnessy
- Department of Biology, National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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