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Zhu H, Chen Y, Zhong Y, Xie X, Zeng X, Deng W. Knockdown of long non-coding RNA SBF2-AS1 inhibits calcium oxalate-induced HK-2 cell injury by regulating the miR-302e/NLRP3 pathway. Urolithiasis 2024; 52:113. [PMID: 39105900 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-024-01606-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Long non-coding ribose nucleic acids (lncRNAs) have been implicated in the development of nephrolithiasis. The study aims to investigate the interplay of lncRNA SBF2-AS1 (SETbinding factor 2 antisense RNA 1) and NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) in regulating the calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM)-induced human kidney HK-2 cell injury. HK-2 cells were treated with COM (100 µg/mL) to create a cellular model of kidney injury. Gene and protein expression was assessed by quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot. Proliferation and apoptosis rates, as well as levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 were measured. Additionally, potential miRNAs interacting with SBF2-AS1 and NLRP3 were predicted utilizing the starBase and TargetScan databases. The interference of SBF2-AS1 resulted in increased cell proliferation and SOD levels in HK-2 cells after COM induction. SBF2-AS1 silencing also reduced COM-induced cell death and inflammatory cytokine production by down-regulating NLRP3 protein expression. Conversely, forced upregulation of NLRP3 abrogated the effect of SBF2-AS1 interference. Notably, SBF2-AS1 interference on COM-induced oxidative stress and COM-induced cellular damage was rescued by antioxidant, indicating the involvement of oxidative burden in COM-induced damage. miR-302e acted as a mediator miRNA linking the functional association of SBF2-AS1 and NLRP3. Silencing SBF2-AS1 promoted miR-302e level and miR-302e reduced NLRP3 expression in HK-2 cells to protect against COM-induced damage. In summary, these findings suggest that downregulation of lncRNA SBF2-AS1 can potentially protect HK-2 cells from COM-induced injury by modulating the miR-302e/NLRP3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanliang Zhu
- Urology, Longgang District Central Hospital of Shenzhen, 6082 Longgang Avenue, Longgang District, Shenzhen City, 518116, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yiwen Chen
- Urology, Longgang District Central Hospital of Shenzhen, 6082 Longgang Avenue, Longgang District, Shenzhen City, 518116, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yuantang Zhong
- Urology, Longgang District Central Hospital of Shenzhen, 6082 Longgang Avenue, Longgang District, Shenzhen City, 518116, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiangwei Xie
- Urology, Longgang District Central Hospital of Shenzhen, 6082 Longgang Avenue, Longgang District, Shenzhen City, 518116, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiangjian Zeng
- Urology, Longgang District Central Hospital of Shenzhen, 6082 Longgang Avenue, Longgang District, Shenzhen City, 518116, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wangdong Deng
- Urology, Longgang District Central Hospital of Shenzhen, 6082 Longgang Avenue, Longgang District, Shenzhen City, 518116, Guangdong Province, China.
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Wang R, Zhang J, Ren H, Qi S, Xie L, Xie H, Shang Z, Liu C. Dysregulated palmitic acid metabolism promotes the formation of renal calcium-oxalate stones through ferroptosis induced by polyunsaturated fatty acids/phosphatidic acid. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:85. [PMID: 38345762 PMCID: PMC10861707 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05145-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of renal calcium-oxalate (CaOx) stones is complex and influenced by various metabolic factors. In parallel, palmitic acid (PA) has been identified as an upregulated lipid metabolite in the urine and serum of patients with renal CaOx stones via untargeted metabolomics. Thus, this study aimed to mechanistically assess whether PA is involved in stone formation. Lipidomics analysis of PA-treated renal tubular epithelial cells compared with the control samples revealed that α-linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid were desaturated and elongated, resulting in the formation of downstream polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). In correlation, the levels of fatty acid desaturase 1 and 2 (FADS1 and FADS2) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) in these cells treated with PA were increased relative to the control levels, suggesting that PA-induced upregulation of PPARα, which in turn upregulated these two enzymes, forming the observed PUFAs. Lipid peroxidation occurred in these downstream PUFAs under oxidative stress and Fenton Reaction. Furthermore, transcriptomics analysis revealed significant changes in the expression levels of ferroptosis-related genes in PA-treated renal tubular epithelial cells, induced by PUFA peroxides. In addition, phosphatidyl ethanolamine binding protein 1 (PEBP1) formed a complex with 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) to exacerbate PUFA peroxidation under protein kinase C ζ (PKC ζ) phosphorylation, and PKC ζ was activated by phosphatidic acid derived from PA. In conclusion, this study found that the formation of renal CaOx stones is promoted by ferroptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells resulting from PA-induced dysregulation of PUFA and phosphatidic acid metabolism, and PA can promote the renal adhesion and deposition of CaOx crystals by injuring renal tubular epithelial cells, consequently upregulating adhesion molecules. Accordingly, this study provides a new theoretical basis for understanding the correlation between fatty acid metabolism and the formation of renal CaOx stones, offering potential targets for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingdong Zhang
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Haotian Ren
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiyong Qi
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Linguo Xie
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Haijie Xie
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiqun Shang
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
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Wigner-Jeziorska P, Grębowski R, Saluk J, Bijak M, Szemraj J. Polymorphic variations and mRNA expression of the genes encoding interleukins as well as enzymes of oxidative and nitrative stresses as a potential risk of nephrolithiasis development. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293280. [PMID: 37878647 PMCID: PMC10599546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Urolithiasis is one of the most common urological diseases worldwide with an unclear aetiology. However, a growing body of evidence suggests the potential role of molecular disturbances of the inflammation as well as oxidative and nitrative stresses, in the pathogenesis of urolithiasis. Therefore, we aimed to detect the potential association between six selected single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the development of nephrolithiasis. Moreover, we verified the association of urolithiasis development and mRNA expression of IL-6, IL-8, SOD2, and NOS2 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Total genomic DNA and mRNA were isolated from the peripheral blood of 112 patients with urolithiasis and 114 healthy subjects. Using Taq-Man® probes, we genotyped the following SNPs: rs1800797 and rs2069845 in IL-6, rs2227307 in IL-8, rs4880 in SOD2, rs2297518 and rs2779249 in NOS2. In turn, the evaluation of mRNA expression was performed using real-time PCR and 2-ΔCt methods. We found that the C/T genotype of the c.47 T>C-SOD2 SNP increased the frequency of urolithiasis occurrence whereas the T/T homozygote of the same polymorphism decreased the risk of urolithiasis development in the Polish population. Moreover, our study confirmed that patients with urolithiasis were characterised by decreased IL-6, IL-8, and SOD2 mRNA expression levels compared to the controls. In conclusion, our results suggest that polymorphic variants and changes in mRNA expression of IL-6, IL8, SOD2, and NOS2 may be involved in the pathophysiology of urolithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Wigner-Jeziorska
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Radosław Grębowski
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Department of Urology, Provincial Integrated Hospital in Płock, Plock, Poland
| | - Joanna Saluk
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Michał Bijak
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Janusz Szemraj
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Li J, Huang S, Liu S, Liao X, Yan S, Liu Q. SLC26 family: a new insight for kidney stone disease. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1118342. [PMID: 37304821 PMCID: PMC10247987 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1118342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The solute-linked carrier 26 (SLC26) protein family is comprised of multifunctional transporters of substrates that include oxalate, sulphate, and chloride. Disorders of oxalate homeostasis cause hyperoxalemia and hyperoxaluria, leading to urinary calcium oxalate precipitation and urolithogenesis. SLC26 proteins are aberrantly expressed during kidney stone formation, and consequently may present therapeutic targets. SLC26 protein inhibitors are in preclinical development. In this review, we integrate the findings of recent reports with clinical data to highlight the role of SLC26 proteins in oxalate metabolism during urolithogenesis, and discuss limitations of current studies and potential directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Li
- The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Sigen Huang
- The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Shengyin Liu
- The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xinzhi Liao
- The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Sheng Yan
- The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Quanliang Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
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Detection and size measurements of kidney stones on virtual non-contrast reconstructions derived from dual-layer computed tomography in an ex vivo phantom setup. Eur Radiol 2023; 33:2995-3003. [PMID: 36422646 PMCID: PMC10017605 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-022-09261-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To systematically investigate the usability of virtual non-contrast reconstructions (VNC) derived from dual-layer CT (DLCT) for detection and size measurements of kidney stones with regards to different degrees of surrounding iodine-induced attenuation and radiation dose. METHODS Ninety-two kidney stones of varying size (3-14 mm) and composition were placed in a phantom filled with different contrast media/water mixtures exhibiting specific iodine-induced attenuation (0-1500 HU). DLCT-scans were acquired using CTDIvol of 2 mGy and 10 mGy. Conventional images (CI) and VNC0H-1500HU were reconstructed. Reference stone size was determined using a digital caliper (Man-M). Visibility and stone size were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using the McNemar test, Wilcoxon test, and the coefficient of determination. RESULTS All stones were visible on CI0HU and VNC200HU. Starting at VNC400 HU, the detection rate decreased with increasing HU and was significantly lower as compared to CI0HU on VNC≥ 600HU (100.0 vs. 94.0%, p < 0.05). The overall detection rate was higher using 10 mGy as compared to 2 mGy protocol (87.9 vs. 81.8%; p < 0.001). Stone size was significantly overestimated on all VNC compared to Man-M (7.0 ± 3.5 vs. 6.6 ± 2.8 mm, p < 0.001). Again, the 10 mGy protocol tended to show a better correlation with Man-M as compared to 2 mGy protocol (R2 = 0.39-0.68 vs. R2 = 0.31-0.57). CONCLUSIONS Detection and size measurements of kidney stones surrounded by contrast media on VNC are feasible. The detection rate of kidney stones decreases with increasing iodine-induced attenuation and with decreasing radiation dose as well as stone size, while remaining comparable to CI0HU on VNC ≤ 400 HU. KEY POINTS • The detection rate of kidney stones on VNC depends on the surrounding iodine-induced attenuation, the used radiation dose, and the stone size. • The detection rate of kidney stones on VNC decreases with greater iodine-induced attenuation and with lower radiation dose, particularly in small stones. • The visibility of kidney stones on VNC ≤ 400 HU remains comparable to true-non-contrast scans even when using a low-dose technique.
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Geddes RF, Davison LJ, Elliott J, Syme HM, O'Neill DG. Risk factors for upper urinary tract uroliths and ureteral obstruction in cats under referral veterinary care in the United Kingdom. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:567-577. [PMID: 36860138 PMCID: PMC10061198 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cats presenting with upper urinary tract uroliths (UUTUs) and ureteral obstruction ("obstructive UUTU") are typically younger than cats with idiopathic CKD that often have incidental nephroliths. HYPOTHESIS Cats with upper urinary tract urolith have 2 clinical phenotypes; a more aggressive phenotype at risk of obstructive UUTU at a young age and a more benign phenotype in older cats, with reduced risk of obstructive UUTU. OBJECTIVES Identify risk factors for UUTU and for obstructive UUTU. ANIMALS Eleven thousand four hundred thirty-one cats were referred for care over 10 years; 521 (4.6%) with UUTU. METHODS Retrospective VetCompass observational cross-sectional study. Multivariable logistic regression models were performed to identify risk factors for a diagnosis of UUTU vs no UUTU and additionally, obstructive UUTU vs nonobstructive UUTU. RESULTS Risk factors for UUTU included female sex (odds ratio [OR] 1.6, confidence interval [CI] 1.3-1.9; P < .001), British shorthair, Burmese, Persian, Ragdoll or Tonkinese (vs non-purebred ORs 1.92-3.31; P < .001) breed and being ≥4 years (ORs 2.1-3.9; P < .001). Risk factors for obstructive UUTU were female sex (OR 1.8, CI 1.2-2.6; P = .002), having bilateral uroliths (OR 2.0, CI 1.4-2.9; P = .002) and age, with the odds of obstructive UUTU increasing as age at diagnosis of UUTU decreased (≥12 years, reference category; 8-11.9 years, OR 2.7, CI 1.6-4.5; 4-7.9 years, OR 4.1, CI 2.5-7.0; 0-3.9 years, OR 4.3, CI 2.2-8.6; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Cats diagnosed with UUTU at a younger age have a more aggressive phenotype with higher risk of obstructive UUTU compared to cats over 12 years of age diagnosed with UUTU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca F Geddes
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy J Davison
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Elliott
- Comparative Biological Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, Camden, London NW1 0TU, United Kingdom
| | - Harriet M Syme
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Dan G O'Neill
- Pathobiology and Population Science, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
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Bonny O, Fuster D, Seeger H, Ernandez T, Buchkremer F, Wuerzner G, Dhayat N, Ritter A, Stoermann C, Segerer S, Häusermann T, Pasch A, Kim M, Mayr M, Krapf R, Roth B, Bochud M, Mohebbi N, Wagner CA. The Swiss Kidney Stone Cohort: A Longitudinal, Multicentric, Observational Cohort to Study Course and Causes of Kidney Stone Disease in Switzerland. Kidney Blood Press Res 2023; 48:194-201. [PMID: 36780886 DOI: 10.1159/000529094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney stone disease has a high prevalence worldwide of approximately 10% of the population and is characterized by a high recurrence rate. Kidney stone disease results from a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle risk factors, and the dissection of these factors is complex. METHODS The Swiss Kidney Stone Cohort (SKSC) is an investigator-initiated prospective, multicentric longitudinal, observational study in patients with kidney stones followed with regular visits over a period of 3 years after inclusion. Ongoing follow-ups by biannual telephone interviews will provide long-term outcome data. SKSC comprises 782 adult patients (age >18 years) with either recurrent stones or a single stone event with at least one risk factor for recurrence. In addition, a control cohort of 207 individuals without kidney stone history and absence of kidney stones on a low-dose CT scan at enrolment has also been recruited. SKSC includes extensive collections of clinical data, biochemical data in blood and 24-h urine samples, and genetic data. Biosamples are stored at a dedicated biobank. Information on diet and dietary habits was collected through food frequency questionnaires and standardized recall interviews by trained dieticians with the Globodiet software. CONCLUSION SKSC provides a unique opportunity and resource to further study cause and course of kidney disease in a large population with data and samples collected of a homogeneous collective of patients throughout the whole Swiss population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Bonny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Nephrology and Hypertension, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Nephrology, Fribourg State Hospital, Fribourg, Switzerland
- National Center of Competence in Research NCCR Kidney.CH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Fuster
- National Center of Competence in Research NCCR Kidney.CH, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Bern and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Harald Seeger
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Ernandez
- Service of Nephrology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Gregoire Wuerzner
- Service of Nephrology and Hypertension, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nasser Dhayat
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Bern and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Nephrology & Renal Care Center, B. Braun Medical Care AG, Hochfelden, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Ritter
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Stephan Segerer
- Division of Nephrology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Häusermann
- National Center of Competence in Research NCCR Kidney.CH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Pasch
- National Center of Competence in Research NCCR Kidney.CH, Zurich, Switzerland
- Calciscon AG, Biel, Switzerland
| | - Minjeong Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
- Medical Outpatient Clinic, Basel University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Mayr
- Medical Outpatient Clinic, Basel University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Reto Krapf
- National Center of Competence in Research NCCR Kidney.CH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Roth
- Department of Urology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Murielle Bochud
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nilufar Mohebbi
- National Center of Competence in Research NCCR Kidney.CH, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Bern and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carsten A Wagner
- National Center of Competence in Research NCCR Kidney.CH, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Jia Q, Huang Z, Wang G, Sun X, Wu Y, Yang B, Yang T, Liu J, Li P, Li J. Osteopontin: An important protein in the formation of kidney stones. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1036423. [PMID: 36452224 PMCID: PMC9703462 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1036423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The incidence of kidney stones averages 10%, and the recurrence rate of kidney stones is approximately 10% at 1 year, 35% at 5 years, 50% at 10 years, and 75% at 20 years. However, there is currently a lack of good medicines for the prevention and treatment of kidney stones. Osteopontin (OPN) is an important protein in kidney stone formation, but its role is controversial, with some studies suggesting that it inhibits stone formation, while other studies suggest that it can promote stone formation. OPN is a highly phosphorylated protein, and with the deepening of research, there is growing evidence that it promotes stone formation, and the phosphorylated protein is believed to have adhesion effect, promote stone aggregation and nucleation. In addition, OPN is closely related to immune cell infiltration, such as OPN as a pro-inflammatory factor, which can activate mast cells (degranulate to release various inflammatory factors), macrophages (differentiated into M1 macrophages), and T cells (differentiated into T1 cells) etc., and these inflammatory cells play a role in kidney damage and stone formation. In short, OPN mainly exists in the phosphorylated form in kidney stones, plays an important role in the formation of stones, and may be an important target for drug therapy of kidney stones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxia Jia
- The Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ziye Huang
- The Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Guang Wang
- The Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xia Sun
- The Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yuyun Wu
- The Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Bowei Yang
- The Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Tongxin Yang
- The Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jianhe Liu
- The Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Pei Li
- The Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jiongming Li
- The Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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9
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Zhou D, Wu Y, Yan H, Shen T, Li S, Gong J, Li G, Mai H, Wang D, Tan X. Gallic acid ameliorates calcium oxalate crystal-induced renal injury via upregulation of Nrf2/HO-1 in the mouse model of stone formation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 106:154429. [PMID: 36099652 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High prevalence and reoccurrence rate of nephrolithiasis bring about serious socioeconomic and healthcare burden, necessitating the need of effective therapeutic agents. Previous study revealed that gallic acid (GAL) alters the nucleation pathway of calcium oxalate (CaOx). On the other hand, it appears protective role against oxidative injury. Whether GAL could protect against crystal-induced lesion in vivo, and its underlying mechanism is yet unsolved. PURPOSE This study aims to investigate the protective effects of GAL on the crystal-induced renal injury and its underlying mechanism in the mouse model of stone formation induced by glyoxylic acid. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The mouse model of stone formation was established via successive intraperitoneal injection of glyoxylate. Proximal tubular epithelial cell line HK-2 treated with calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) was used as in vitro model. The protective role of GAL on nephrolithiasis was tested by determination of tubular injury, crystal deposition and adhesion, levels of inflammatory cytokines, macrophage infiltration and the redox status of kidney. In vitro, effect of GAL on the ROS level and oxidative tubular injury induced by COM were detected, as well as major antioxidant pathway Nrf2/HO-1. RESULTS Administration of GAL alleviates the renal deposition and adhesion of CaOx stone. Meanwhile, GAL ameliorates the inflammation and renal tubular injury. Level of intracellular ROS, osteopontin and CD44 are reduced, either in the mouse model of stone formation or in the COM-treated HK-2 cells after treatment of GAL. Mechanistically, GAL activates Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in HK-2 cells. Silencing Nrf2 abrogates the protective effect of GAL on the oxidative injury and adhesion of COM in HK-2 cells. CONCLUSION Taken together, our study demonstrates the protective effect of GAL on the deposition of kidney stone and consequent tubular injury. Induction of the antioxidant pathway Nrf2/HO-1 was found to decrease the level of ROS and oxidative injury, thus implying that GAL could be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of nephrolithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Zhou
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yan Wu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Heng Yan
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Tianyu Shen
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Si Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Junbo Gong
- School of Chemical Engineering and technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Gang Li
- Nephrology Division, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Haixing Mai
- Department of Urology, the Third Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dekun Wang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Xiaoyue Tan
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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Onal EG, Tekgul H. Assessing kidney stone composition using smartphone microscopy and deep neural networks. BJUI COMPASS 2022; 3:310-315. [PMID: 35783589 PMCID: PMC9231678 DOI: 10.1002/bco2.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To propose a point-of-care image recognition system for kidney stone composition classification using smartphone microscopy and deep convolutional neural networks. Materials and methods A total of 37 surgically extracted human kidney stones consisting of calcium oxalate (CaOx), cystine, uric acid (UA) and struvite stones were included in the study. All of the stones were fragmented from percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). The stones were classified using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis before obtaining smartphone microscope images. The size of the stones ranged from 5 to 10 mm in diameter. Nurugo 400× smartphone microscope (Nurugo, Seoul, Republic of Korea) was functionalized to acquire microscopic images (magnification = 25×) of dry kidney stones using iPhone 6s+ (Apple, Cupertino, CA, USA). Each kidney stone was imaged in six different locations. In total, 222 images were captured from 37 stones. A novel convolutional neural network architecture was built for classification, and the model was assessed using accuracy, positive predictive value, sensitivity and F1 scores. Results We achieved an overall and weighted accuracy of 88% and 87%, respectively, with an average F1 score of 0.84. The positive predictive value, sensitivity and F1 score for each stone type were respectively reported as follows: CaOx (0.82, 0.83, 0.82), cystine (0.80, 0.88, 0.84), UA (0.92, 0.77, 0.85) and struvite (0.86, 0.84, 0.85). Conclusion We demonstrate a rapid and accurate point of care diagnostics method for classifying the four types of kidney stones. In the future, diagnostic tools that combine smartphone microscopy with artificial intelligence (AI) can provide accessible health care that can support physicians in their decision-making process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ege Gungor Onal
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignChampaignIllinoisUSA
| | - Hakan Tekgul
- Department of Computer EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
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11
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Singh P, Harris PC, Sas DJ, Lieske JC. The genetics of kidney stone disease and nephrocalcinosis. Nat Rev Nephrol 2022; 18:224-240. [PMID: 34907378 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-021-00513-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Kidney stones (also known as urinary stones or nephrolithiasis) are highly prevalent, affecting approximately 10% of adults worldwide, and the incidence of stone disease is increasing. Kidney stone formation results from an imbalance of inhibitors and promoters of crystallization, and calcium-containing calculi account for over 80% of stones. In most patients, the underlying aetiology is thought to be multifactorial, with environmental, dietary, hormonal and genetic components. The advent of high-throughput sequencing techniques has enabled a monogenic cause of kidney stones to be identified in up to 30% of children and 10% of adults who form stones, with ~35 different genes implicated. In addition, genome-wide association studies have implicated a series of genes involved in renal tubular handling of lithogenic substrates and of inhibitors of crystallization in stone disease in the general population. Such findings will likely lead to the identification of additional treatment targets involving underlying enzymatic or protein defects, including but not limited to those that alter urinary biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince Singh
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Peter C Harris
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - David J Sas
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Division of Pediatric Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - John C Lieske
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. .,Division of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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12
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Nain P, Sachdeva S, Kaur J, Mehta S, Saharan R. Formulation of ayurvedic medicines and extracts of medicinal plants as an alternative therapeutic treatment option for nephrolithiasis. WORLD JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/2311-8571.351512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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13
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Zhong J, Huang Z, Yang T, Wang G, Guo H, Li P, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Liu J. The current status of preventive measures for urinary calculi in children. Ther Adv Urol 2021; 13:17562872211039581. [PMID: 34422114 PMCID: PMC8371722 DOI: 10.1177/17562872211039581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Urological calculus is a common disease in urology. Urological calculi are
generally more common in adults but have become more common in children in
recent years. Most existing studies focus on the prevention of urinary calculi
in adults; there are relatively few articles on calculi in children. Reported
preventive measures are not comprehensive enough, while the latest research
progress has not been updated. The pathogenesis and preventive measures
associated with urinary calculi have been the focus of research, but many
preventive measures still need further clarification. This article reviews the
progress on preventive measures for urinary calculi in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Zhong
- The Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Ziye Huang
- The Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Tongxin Yang
- The Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Guang Wang
- The Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Haixiang Guo
- The Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Pei Li
- The Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Yafei Zhang
- The Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- The Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Jianhe Liu
- The Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 374 Dian-Mian Avenue, Kunming, Yunnan 650101, P.R. China
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14
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Allosteric inhibition of LRRK2, where are we now. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:2185-2194. [PMID: 33079169 PMCID: PMC7609032 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. In recent years, it has been shown that leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) has a crucial function in both familial and sporadic forms of PD. LRRK2 pathogenic mutations are thought to result in an increase in LRRK2 kinase activity. Thus, inhibiting LRRK2 kinase activity has become a main therapeutic target. Many compounds capable of inhibiting LRRK2 kinase activity with high selectivity and brain availability have been described. However, the safety of long-term use of these ATP-competitive LRRK2 kinase inhibitors has been challenged by several studies. Therefore, alternative ways of targeting LRRK2 activity will have a great benefit. In this review, we discuss the recent progress in the development of allosteric inhibitors of LRRK2, mainly via interfering with GTPase activity, and propose potential new intra and interprotein interactions targets that can lead to open doors toward new therapeutics.
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15
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Wigner P, Grębowski R, Bijak M, Szemraj J, Saluk-Bijak J. The Molecular Aspect of Nephrolithiasis Development. Cells 2021; 10:1926. [PMID: 34440695 PMCID: PMC8393760 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Urolithiasis is the third most common urological disease after urinary tract infections and prostate diseases, and it is characterised by an occurrence rate of about 15%, which continues to rise. The increase in the incidence of kidney stones observed in recent decades, is most likely caused by modifications in dietary habits (high content of protein, sodium and sugar diet) and lifestyle (reduced physical activity) in all industrialised countries. Moreover, men are more likely than women to be diagnosed with kidney stones. A growing body of evidence suggests that inflammation, oxidant-antioxidant imbalance, angiogenesis, purine metabolism and urea cycle disorders may play a crucial role in nephrolithiasis development. Patients with urolithiasis were characterised by an increased level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the products of lipid peroxidation, proinflammatory cytokines as well as proangiogenic factors, compared to controls. Furthermore, it has been shown that deficiency and disorders of enzymes involved in purine metabolism and the urea cycle might be causes of deposit formation. ROS generation suggests that the course of kidney stones might be additionally potentiated by inflammation, purine metabolism and the urea cycle. On the other hand, ROS overproduction may induce activation of angiogenesis, and thus, allows deposit aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Wigner
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Radosław Grębowski
- Department of Urology, Provincial Integrated Hospital in Plock, Medyczna 19, 09-400 Plock, Poland;
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 90-001 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Michal Bijak
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Janusz Szemraj
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 90-001 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Joanna Saluk-Bijak
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland;
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Adelman A, Shilo Y, Modai J, Leibovici D, Dror I, Berkowitz B. Do organic substances act as a degradable binding matrix in calcium oxalate kidney stones? BMC Urol 2021; 21:46. [PMID: 33765979 PMCID: PMC7995742 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-021-00818-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcium oxalate (CaOx) stones are considered to be highly resistant to chemolysis. While significant organic matter has been identified within these stones, which is presumed to bind (inorganic) CaOx particles and aggregates, most chemolysis efforts have focused on methods to attack the CaOx components of a stone. We examine the feasibility of inducing chemolysis of CaOx kidney stones, within hours, by specifically attacking the organic matrix present in these stones. METHODS In contrast to previous studies, we focused on the possible "brick and mortar" stone configuration. We systematically tested, via in vitro experiments, the ability of an extensive range of 26 potential chemolysis agents to induce relatively fast disintegration (and/or dissolution) of a large set of natural CaOx stone fragments, extracted during endourological procedures, without regard to immediate clinical application. Each stone fragment was monitored for reduction in weight and other changes over 72 h. RESULTS We find that agents known to attack organic material have little, if any, effect on stone chemolysis. Similarly, protein and enzymatic agents, and oral additive medical treatments, have little immediate effect. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the organic and inorganic constituents present in CaOx stones are not structured as "brick and mortar" configurations in terms of inorganic and organic components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Adelman
- Department of Urology, Kaplan Medical Center, 7661041, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yaniv Shilo
- Department of Urology, Kaplan Medical Center, 7661041, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jonathan Modai
- Department of Urology, Kaplan Medical Center, 7661041, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dan Leibovici
- Department of Urology, Kaplan Medical Center, 7661041, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ishai Dror
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Brian Berkowitz
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel.
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17
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Ye T, Yang X, Liu H, Lv P, Lu H, Jiang K, Peng E, Ye Z, Chen Z, Tang K. Theaflavin protects against oxalate calcium-induced kidney oxidative stress injury via upregulation of SIRT1. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:1050-1060. [PMID: 33867828 PMCID: PMC8040307 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.57160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal tubular cell injury induced by calcium oxalate (CaOx) is a critical initial stage of kidney stone formation. Theaflavin (TF) has been known for its strong antioxidative capacity; however, the effect and molecular mechanism of TF against oxidative stress and injury caused by CaOx crystal exposure in kidneys remains unknown. To explore the potential function of TF on renal crystal deposition and its underlying mechanisms, experiments were conducted using a CaOx nephrocalcinosis mouse model established by glyoxylate intraperitoneal injection, and HK-2 cells were subjected to calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals, with or without the treatment of TF. We discovered that TF treatment remarkably protected against CaOx-induced kidney oxidative stress injury and reduced crystal deposition. Additionally, miR-128-3p expression was decreased and negatively correlated with SIRT1 level in mouse CaOx nephrocalcinosis model following TF treatment. Moreover, TF suppressed miR-128-3p expression and further abolished its inhibition on SIRT1 to attenuate oxidative stress in vitro. Mechanistically, TF interacted with miR-128-3p and suppressed its expression. In addition, miR-128-3p inhibited SIRT1 expression by directly binding its 3'-untranslated region (UTR). Furthermore, miR-128-3p activation partially reversed the acceerative effect of TF on SIRT1 expression. Taken together, TF exhibits a strong nephroprotective ability to suppress CaOx-induced kidney damage through the recovery of the antioxidant defense system regulated by miR-128-3p/SIRT1 axis. These findings provide novel insights for the prevention and treatment of renal calculus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ye
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoqi Yang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Haoran Liu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Peng Lv
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongyan Lu
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kehua Jiang
- Department of Urology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Ejun Peng
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhangqun Ye
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Tang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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18
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Pathogenese und Risikofaktoren. Urolithiasis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-62454-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Patel PM, Kandabarow AM, Aiwerioghene E, Blanco-Martinez E, Hart S, Leehey DJ, Farooq A, Baldea KG, Turk TMT. Proton-pump inhibitors associated with decreased urinary citrate excretion. Int Urol Nephrol 2020; 53:679-683. [PMID: 33206338 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-020-02719-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) may increase the risk of kidney stone formation, but the mechanism has not been elucidated. There is a paucity of literature evaluating the effects of PPIs on urinary metabolites and urine pH. METHODS We performed a retrospective review of nephrolithiasis patients treated at our institution and compared patients who were taking PPIs to those who were not at the time of their 24-h urine collections. Hierarchical multivariate linear regression was used to evaluate the independent relationship between PPI use and urinary mineral composition. RESULTS We identified 301 consecutive patients, 88 (29%) of whom were taking PPIs at the time of their 24-h urine collections. Patients taking PPIs were older and more likely to have medical comorbidities associated with metabolic syndrome such as hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia (p < 0.01). Controlling for these factors, patients taking PPIs were found to have 12% lower 24-h urine citrate excretion (β = - 0.12, ΔF = 4.24, p = 0.04). There were no other differences in urinary mineral composition between the groups. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that patients who take PPIs regularly may be at risk for decreased urinary citrate excretion. The consequent decrease in urinary citrate may become clinically significant for patients with other predisposing factors for hypocitraturia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parth M Patel
- Department of Urology, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 S. 1st Ave., Fahey Building, 2nd Floor, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.
| | - Alexander M Kandabarow
- Department of Urology, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 S. 1st Ave., Fahey Building, 2nd Floor, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | | | | | - Spencer Hart
- Department of Urology, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 S. 1st Ave., Fahey Building, 2nd Floor, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - David J Leehey
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Ahmer Farooq
- Department of Urology, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 S. 1st Ave., Fahey Building, 2nd Floor, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Kristin G Baldea
- Department of Urology, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 S. 1st Ave., Fahey Building, 2nd Floor, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Thomas M T Turk
- Department of Urology, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 S. 1st Ave., Fahey Building, 2nd Floor, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
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Lazar M, Ringl H, Baltzer P, Toth D, Seitz C, Krauss B, Unger E, Polanec S, Tamandl D, Herold CJ, Toepker M. Protocol analysis of dual-energy CT for optimization of kidney stone detection in virtual non-contrast reconstructions. Eur Radiol 2020; 30:4295-4305. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-020-06806-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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Metabolomic profiling of oxalate-degrading probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus gasseri. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222393. [PMID: 31545840 PMCID: PMC6756784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxalate, a ubiquitous compound in many plant-based foods, is absorbed through the intestine and precipitates with calcium in the kidneys to form stones. Over 80% of diagnosed kidney stones are found to be calcium oxalate. People who form these stones often experience a high rate of recurrence and treatment options remain limited despite decades of dedicated research. Recently, the intestinal microbiome has become a new focus for novel therapies. Studies have shown that select species of Lactobacillus, the most commonly included genus in modern probiotic supplements, can degrade oxalate in vitro and even decrease urinary oxalate in animal models of Primary Hyperoxaluria. Although the purported health benefits of Lactobacillus probiotics vary significantly between species, there is supporting evidence for their potential use as probiotics for oxalate diseases. Defining the unique metabolic properties of Lactobacillus is essential to define how these bacteria interact with the host intestine and influence overall health. We addressed this need by characterizing and comparing the metabolome and lipidome of the oxalate-degrading Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus gasseri using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. We report many species-specific differences in the metabolic profiles of these Lactobacillus species and discuss potential probiotic relevance and function resulting from their differential expression. Also described is our validation of the oxalate-degrading ability of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus gasseri, even in the presence of other preferred carbon sources, measuring in vitro 14C-oxalate consumption via liquid scintillation counting.
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Liu Q, Liu Y, Guan X, Wu J, He Z, Kang J, Tao Z, Deng Y. Effect of M2 Macrophages on Injury and Apoptosis of Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells Induced by Calcium Oxalate Crystals. Kidney Blood Press Res 2019; 44:777-791. [DOI: 10.1159/000501558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: M2 macrophages have important roles in diseases such as tumours, cardiovascular diseases and renal diseases. This study aimed to determine the effects and protective mechanism of M2 macrophages against oxidative stress injury and apoptosis induced by calcium oxalate crystals (CaOx) in renal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2) under coculture conditions. Methods: THP-1 cells were induced to differentiate into M2 macrophages by using phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate, IL-4 and IL-13. Morphological features were observed by microscopy. Phenotypic markers were identified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). HK-2 cells were treated with 0.5 mg/mL CaOx crystals and co-cultured with M2 macrophages or apocynin. The viability of HK-2 cells was detected by CCK-8 assay. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity of HK-2 cells was analysed using a microplate reader. The apoptosis of HK-2 cells was examined by flow cytometry and Hoechst 33258 staining. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) expression and mitochondrial membrane potential in HK-2 cells were detected by a fluorescence microplate reader. Western blot analysis was conducted to detect the expression of p47phox, Bcl-2, cleaved caspase-3, cytochrome c, p38 MAPK, phospho-p38 MAPK, Akt and phospho-Akt. Results: The results of morphology, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western blot and ELISA showed that THP-1 cells were successfully polarised to M2 macrophages. The results of co-culture suggested that M2 macrophages or apocynin significantly increased the cell viability and decreased the LDH activity and apoptosis rate after HK-2 cells were challenged with CaOx crystals. The expression of the p47phox protein and the concentration of ROS were reduced, the release of mitochondrial membrane potential and the expression of the Bcl-2 protein were upregulated and the protein expression of cleaved caspase-3 and cytochrome c was downregulated. The expression of the phosphorylated form of p38 MAPK increased. Under coculture conditions with M2 macrophages, the Akt protein of HK-2 cells treated with CaOx crystals was dephosphorylated, but the phosphorylated form of Akt was not reduced by apocynin. Conclusions: M2 macrophages reduced the oxidative stress injury and apoptosis of HK-2 cells by downregulating the activation of NADPH oxidase, reducing the production of ROS, inhibiting the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and enhancing the phosphorylation of Akt. We have revealed one of the possible mechanisms by which M2 macrophages reduce the formation of kidney stones.
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Chamberlain CA, Hatch M, Garrett TJ. Metabolomic and lipidomic characterization of Oxalobacter formigenes strains HC1 and OxWR by UHPLC-HRMS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:4807-4818. [PMID: 30740635 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01639-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Diseases of oxalate, such as nephrolithiasis and primary hyperoxaluria, affect a significant portion of the US population and have limited treatment options. Oxalobacter formigenes, an obligate oxalotrophic bacterium in the mammalian intestine, has generated great interest as a potential probiotic or therapeutic treatment for oxalate-related conditions due to its ability to degrade both exogenous (dietary) and endogenous (metabolic) oxalate, lowering the risk of hyperoxaluria/hyperoxalemia. Although all oxalotrophs degrade dietary oxalate, Oxalobacter formigenes is the only species shown to initiate intestinal oxalate secretion to draw upon endogenous, circulating oxalate for consumption. Evidence suggests that Oxalobacter regulates oxalate transport proteins in the intestinal epithelium using an unidentified secreted bioactive compound, but the mechanism of this function remains elusive. It is essential to gain an understanding of the biochemical relationship between Oxalobacter and the host intestinal epithelium for this microbe to progress as a potential remedy for oxalate diseases. This investigation includes the first profiling of the metabolome and lipidome of Oxalobacter formigenes, specifically the human strain HC1 and rat strain OxWR, the only two strains shown thus far to initiate net intestinal oxalate secretion across native gut epithelia. This study was performed using untargeted and targeted metabolomics and lipidomics methodologies utilizing ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. We report our findings that the metabolic profiles of these strains, although largely conserved, show significant differences in their expression of many compounds. Several strain-specific features were also detected. Discussed are trends in the whole metabolic profile as well as in individual features, both identified and unidentified. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey A Chamberlain
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Marguerite Hatch
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Timothy J Garrett
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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Mitchell T. Stay in the Loop: New Insights about Randall's Plaques and Stone Disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F1444-F1445. [PMID: 30230369 PMCID: PMC6293290 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00409.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The pathophysiological mechanisms in kidney stone formation are insufficiently understood. In order to achieve a better understanding of the complexity of stone formation, studies evaluating anatomical variations in the renal papillae have been performed. This review intends to illuminate recent findings. Moreover, new techniques to improve the understanding and interpretation of crystallization mechanisms are reviewed. RECENT FINDINGS Due to improvements of digital ureteroscopes, detailed endoscopic mapping of renal papillae is now possible. Connections between papillary morphology and histopathological changes in different subsets of stone formers have been documented. The formation of kidney stones seems to take place in relation to Randall's plaques, Ducts of Bellini or by free formation. Additionally, theories of kidney stone formation because of vascular injury or inflammatory events in the papillae have been suggested. SUMMARY Novel techniques including improved digital endoscopic visualization, microcomputed tomography (CT), electron microscopy and energy dispersive compositional analyses of kidney stones seem essential in the search for effective and reliable methods to understand stone forming processes, which ultimately should result in effective measures for more personalized stone prevention strategies in the future.
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Abd El-Salam M, Bastos JK, Han JJ, Previdi D, Coelho EB, Donate PM, Romero MF, Lieske J. The Synthesized Plant Metabolite 3,4,5-Tri-O-Galloylquinic Acid Methyl Ester Inhibits Calcium Oxalate Crystal Growth in a Drosophila Model, Downregulates Renal Cell Surface Annexin A1 Expression, and Decreases Crystal Adhesion to Cells. J Med Chem 2018; 61:1609-1621. [PMID: 29406740 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abd El-Salam
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
- Department
of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
- Department
of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Jairo Kenupp Bastos
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Jing Jing Han
- Department
of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Daniel Previdi
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Philosophy, Arts and Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São
Paulo 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Eduardo B. Coelho
- Department
of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São
Paulo 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo M. Donate
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Philosophy, Arts and Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São
Paulo 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Michael F. Romero
- Department
of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - John Lieske
- Department
of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
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