1
|
Pan R, Qi L, Xu Z, Zhang D, Nie Q, Zhang X, Luo W. Weighted single-step GWAS identified candidate genes associated with carcass traits in a Chinese yellow-feathered chicken population. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103341. [PMID: 38134459 PMCID: PMC10776626 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Carcass traits in broiler chickens are complex traits that are influenced by multiple genes. To gain deeper insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying carcass traits, here we conducted a weighted single-step genome-wide association study (wssGWAS) in a population of Chinese yellow-feathered chicken. The objective was to identify genomic regions and candidate genes associated with carcass weight (CW), eviscerated weight with giblets (EWG), eviscerated weight (EW), breast muscle weight (BMW), drumstick weight (DW), abdominal fat weight (AFW), abdominal fat percentage (AFP), gizzard weight (GW), and intestine length (IL). A total of 1,338 broiler chickens with phenotypic and pedigree information were included in this study. Of these, 435 chickens were genotyped using a 600K single nucleotide polymorphism chip for association analysis. The results indicate that the most significant regions for 9 traits explained 2.38% to 5.09% of the phenotypic variation, from which the region of 194.53 to 194.63Mb on chromosome 1 with the gene RELT and FAM168A identified on it was significantly associated with CW, EWG, EW, BMW, and DW. Meanwhile, the 5 traits have a strong genetic correlation, indicating that the region and the genes can be used for further research. In addition, some candidate genes associated with skeletal muscle development, fat deposition regulation, intestinal repair, and protection were identified. Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses suggested that the genes are involved in processes such as vascular development (CD34, FGF7, FGFR3, ITGB1BP1, SEMA5A, LOXL2), bone formation (FGFR3, MATN1, MEF2D, DHRS3, SKI, STC1, HOXB1, HOXB3, TIPARP), and anatomical size regulation (ADD2, AKT1, CFTR, EDN3, FLII, HCLS1, ITGB1BP1, SEMA5A, SHC1, ULK1, DSTN, GSK3B, BORCS8, GRIP2). In conclusion, the integration of phenotype, genotype, and pedigree information without creating pseudo-phenotype will facilitate the genetic improvement of carcass traits in chickens, providing valuable insights into the genetic architecture and potential candidate genes underlying carcass traits, enriching our understanding and contributing to the breeding of high-quality broiler chickens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongyang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, & Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Xugang Yellow Poultry Seed Industry Group Co., Ltd, Jiangmen City, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lin Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, & Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhenqiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, & Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Dexiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, & Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qinghua Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, & Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiquan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, & Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, & Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tijjani A, Salim B, da Silva MVB, Eltahir HA, Musa TH, Marshall K, Hanotte O, Musa HH. Genomic signatures for drylands adaptation at gene-rich regions in African zebu cattle. Genomics 2022; 114:110423. [PMID: 35803449 PMCID: PMC9388378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Indigenous Sudanese cattle are mainly indicine/zebu (humped) type. They thrive in the harshest dryland environments characterised by high temperatures, long seasonal dry periods, nutritional shortages, and vector disease challenges. Here, we sequenced 60 indigenous Sudanese cattle from six indigenous breeds and analysed the data using three genomic scan approaches to unravel cattle adaptation to the African dryland region. Results We identified a set of gene-rich selective sweep regions, detected mostly on chromosomes 5, 7 and 19, shared across African and Gir zebu. These include genes involved in immune response, body size and conformation, and heat stress response. We also identified selective sweep regions unique to Sudanese zebu. Of these, a 250 kb selective sweep on chromosome 16 spans seven genes, including PLCH2, PEX10, PRKCZ, and SKI, which are involved in alternative adaptive metabolic strategies of insulin signalling, glucose homeostasis, and fat metabolism. Conclusions Our results suggest that environmental adaptation may involve recent and ancient selection at gene-rich regions, which might be under a common regulatory genetic control, in zebu cattle. Sudanese cattle thrive in the harshest environments of the African drylands. Bos indicus shared selected genes are involved in immune response, conformation, and heat stress response. Sudanese zebu-specific sweep includes genes involved in alternative adaptive metabolic strategies of insulin signalling, glucose homeostasis, and fat metabolism. Environmental adaptation in zebu cattle may involve recent and ancient selection at gene-rich regions, which might be under a common regulatory genetic control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulfatai Tijjani
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), ILRI Ethiopia, PO Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Cells, Organisms and Molecular Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom.
| | - Bashir Salim
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | | | - Taha H Musa
- Biomedical Research Institute, Darfur College, Sudan
| | - Karen Marshall
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), ILRI Kenya, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Olivier Hanotte
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), ILRI Ethiopia, PO Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Cells, Organisms and Molecular Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom.
| | - Hassan H Musa
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Nyala, Sudan; Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Sudan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wen Y, Dungan CM, Mobley CB, Valentino T, von Walden F, Murach KA. Nucleus Type-Specific DNA Methylomics Reveals Epigenetic "Memory" of Prior Adaptation in Skeletal Muscle. FUNCTION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2021; 2:zqab038. [PMID: 34870208 PMCID: PMC8636928 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqab038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Using a mouse model of conditional and inducible in vivo fluorescent myonuclear labeling (HSA-GFP), sorting purification of nuclei, low-input reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS), and a translatable and reversible model of exercise (progressive weighted wheel running, PoWeR), we provide the first nucleus type-specific epigenetic information on skeletal muscle adaptation and detraining. Adult (>4 mo) HSA-GFP mice performed PoWeR for 8 wk then detrained for 12 wk; age-matched untrained mice were used to control for the long duration of the study. Myonuclei and interstitial nuclei from plantaris muscles were isolated for RRBS. Relative to untrained, PoWeR caused similar myonuclear CpG hypo- and hyper-methylation of promoter regions and substantial hypomethylation in interstitial nuclear promoters. Over-representation analysis of promoters revealed a larger number of hyper- versus hypo-methylated pathways in both nuclear populations after training and evidence for reciprocal regulation of methylation between nucleus types, with hypomethylation of promoter regions in Wnt signaling-related genes in myonuclei and hypermethylation in interstitial nuclei. After 12 wk of detraining, promoter CpGs in documented muscle remodeling-associated genes and pathways that were differentially methylated immediately after PoWeR were persistently differentially methylated in myonuclei, along with long-term promoter hypomethylation in interstitial nuclei. No enduring gene expression changes in muscle tissue were observed using RNA-sequencing. Upon 4 wk of retraining, mice that trained previously grew more at the whole muscle and fiber type-specific cellular level than training naïve mice, with no difference in myonuclear number. Muscle nuclei have a methylation epi-memory of prior training that may augment muscle adaptability to retraining.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wen
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA,The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Cory M Dungan
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA,College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - C Brooks Mobley
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA,The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Taylor Valentino
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA,The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Ferdinand von Walden
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Eilers W, Chambers D, Cleasby M, Foster K. Local myostatin inhibition improves skeletal muscle glucose uptake in insulin-resistant high-fat diet-fed mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 319:E163-E174. [PMID: 32459523 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00185.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Myostatin inhibition is thought to improve whole body insulin sensitivity and mitigate the development of insulin resistance in models of obesity. However, although myostatin is known to be a major regulator of skeletal muscle mass, the direct effects of myostatin inhibition in muscle on glucose uptake and the mechanisms that may underlie this are still unclear. We investigated the effect of local myostatin inhibition by adeno-associated virus-mediated overexpression of the myostatin propeptide on insulin-stimulated skeletal muscle glucose disposal in chow-fed or high fat diet-fed mice and evaluated the molecular pathways that might mediate this. We found that myostatin inhibition improved glucose disposal in obese high fat diet-fed mice alongside the induction of muscle hypertrophy but did not have an impact in chow-fed mice. This improvement was not associated with greater glucose transporter or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α expression or 5' AMP-activated protein kinase activation as previously suggested. Instead, transcriptomic analysis suggested that the improvement in glucose disposal was associated with significant enrichment in genes involved in fatty acid metabolism and translation of mitochondrial genes. Thus, myostatin inhibition improves muscle insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in obese high fat diet-fed mice independent of muscle hypertrophy, potentially involving previously unidentified pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Eilers
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - David Chambers
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Cleasby
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Foster
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Broholm C, Ribel-Madsen R, Hjort L, Olsson AH, Ahlers JMD, Hansen NS, Schrölkamp M, Gillberg L, Perfilyev A, Volkov P, Ling C, Jørgensen SW, Mortensen B, Hingst J, Wojtaszewski J, Scheele C, Brøns C, Pedersen BK, Vaag A. Epigenome- and Transcriptome-wide Changes in Muscle Stem Cells from Low Birth Weight Men. Endocr Res 2020; 45:58-71. [PMID: 31566019 DOI: 10.1080/07435800.2019.1669160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background: Being born with low birth weight (LBW) is a risk factor for muscle insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D), which may be mediated by epigenetic mechanisms programmed by the intrauterine environment. Epigenetic mechanisms exert their prime effects in developing cells. We hypothesized that muscle insulin resistance in LBW subjects may be due to early differential epigenomic and transcriptomic alterations in their immature muscle progenitor cells.Results: Muscle progenitor cells were obtained from 23 healthy young adult men born at term with LBW, and 15 BMI-matched normal birth weight (NBW) controls. The cells were subsequently cultured and differentiated into myotubes. DNA and RNA were harvested before and after differentiation for genome-wide DNA methylation and RNA expression measurements.After correcting for multiple comparisons (q ≤ 0.05), 56 CpG sites were found to be significantly, differentially methylated in myoblasts from LBW compared with NBW men, of which the top five gene-annotated CpG sites (SKI, ARMCX3, NR5A2, NEUROG, ESRRG) previously have been associated to regulation of cholesterol, fatty acid and glucose metabolism and muscle development or hypertrophy. LBW men displayed markedly decreased myotube gene expression levels of the AMPK-repressing tyrosine kinase gene FYN and the histone deacetylase gene HDAC7. Silencing of FYN and HDAC7 was associated with impaired myotube formation, which for HDAC7 reduced muscle glucose uptake.Conclusions: The data provides evidence of impaired muscle development predisposing LBW individuals to T2D is linked to and potentially caused by distinct DNA methylation and transcriptional changes including down regulation of HDAC7 and FYN in their immature myoblast stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christa Broholm
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone-metabolic Research Unit, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Ribel-Madsen
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone-metabolic Research Unit, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
| | - Line Hjort
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone-metabolic Research Unit, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Henrik Olsson
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone-metabolic Research Unit, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Ninna Schiøler Hansen
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone-metabolic Research Unit, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Danish PhD School of Molecular Metabolism, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maren Schrölkamp
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone-metabolic Research Unit, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Linn Gillberg
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone-metabolic Research Unit, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexander Perfilyev
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Epigenetics and Diabetes Unit, Lund University Diabetes Centre, CRC, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Petr Volkov
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Epigenetics and Diabetes Unit, Lund University Diabetes Centre, CRC, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Ling
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Epigenetics and Diabetes Unit, Lund University Diabetes Centre, CRC, Malmo, Sweden
| | | | | | - Janne Hingst
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sport, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Wojtaszewski
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sport, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Scheele
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Brøns
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone-metabolic Research Unit, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Klarlund Pedersen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Allan Vaag
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone-metabolic Research Unit, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease (CVMD) Translational Medicine Unit, Early Clinical Development, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tecalco-Cruz AC, Ríos-López DG, Vázquez-Victorio G, Rosales-Alvarez RE, Macías-Silva M. Transcriptional cofactors Ski and SnoN are major regulators of the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway in health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2018; 3:15. [PMID: 29892481 PMCID: PMC5992185 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-018-0015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family plays major pleiotropic roles by regulating many physiological processes in development and tissue homeostasis. The TGF-β signaling pathway outcome relies on the control of the spatial and temporal expression of >500 genes, which depend on the functions of the Smad protein along with those of diverse modulators of this signaling pathway, such as transcriptional factors and cofactors. Ski (Sloan-Kettering Institute) and SnoN (Ski novel) are Smad-interacting proteins that negatively regulate the TGF-β signaling pathway by disrupting the formation of R-Smad/Smad4 complexes, as well as by inhibiting Smad association with the p300/CBP coactivators. The Ski and SnoN transcriptional cofactors recruit diverse corepressors and histone deacetylases to repress gene transcription. The TGF-β/Smad pathway and coregulators Ski and SnoN clearly regulate each other through several positive and negative feedback mechanisms. Thus, these cross-regulatory processes finely modify the TGF-β signaling outcome as they control the magnitude and duration of the TGF-β signals. As a result, any alteration in these regulatory mechanisms may lead to disease development. Therefore, the design of targeted therapies to exert tight control of the levels of negative modulators of the TGF-β pathway, such as Ski and SnoN, is critical to restore cell homeostasis under the specific pathological conditions in which these cofactors are deregulated, such as fibrosis and cancer. Proteins that repress molecular signaling through the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) pathway offer promising targets for treating cancer and fibrosis. Marina Macías-Silva and colleagues from the National Autonomous University of Mexico in Mexico City review the ways in which a pair of proteins, called Ski and SnoN, interact with downstream mediators of TGF-β to inhibit the effects of this master growth factor. Aberrant levels of Ski and SnoN have been linked to diverse range of diseases involving cell proliferation run amok, and therapies that regulate the expression of these proteins could help normalize TGF-β signaling to healthier physiological levels. For decades, drug companies have tried to target the TGF-β pathway, with limited success. Altering the activity of these repressors instead could provide a roundabout way of remedying pathogenic TGF-β activity in fibrosis and oncology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angeles C Tecalco-Cruz
- 1Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico city, 04510 Mexico
| | - Diana G Ríos-López
- 2Instituto de Fisiología Celular at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico city, 04510 Mexico
| | | | - Reyna E Rosales-Alvarez
- 2Instituto de Fisiología Celular at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico city, 04510 Mexico
| | - Marina Macías-Silva
- 2Instituto de Fisiología Celular at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico city, 04510 Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhao X, Zhou K, Li Z, Nan W, Wang J, Xia Y, Zhang H. Knockdown of Ski decreased the reactive astrocytes proliferation in vitro induced by oxygen‐glucose deprivation/reoxygenation. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:4548-4558. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouPR China
- Orthopaedics Key laboratory of Gansu ProvinceLanzhouPR China
| | - Kai‐Sheng Zhou
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouPR China
- Orthopaedics Key laboratory of Gansu ProvinceLanzhouPR China
| | - Zhong‐Hao Li
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouPR China
- Orthopaedics Key laboratory of Gansu ProvinceLanzhouPR China
| | - Wei Nan
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouPR China
- Orthopaedics Key laboratory of Gansu ProvinceLanzhouPR China
| | - Jing Wang
- Orthopaedics Key laboratory of Gansu ProvinceLanzhouPR China
| | - Ya‐Yi Xia
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouPR China
| | - Hai‐Hong Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouPR China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yadav DK, Shrestha S, Lillycrop KA, Joglekar CV, Pan H, Holbrook JD, Fall CH, Yajnik CS, Chandak GR. Vitamin B 12 supplementation influences methylation of genes associated with Type 2 diabetes and its intermediate traits. Epigenomics 2017; 10:71-90. [PMID: 29135286 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2017-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of B12 and/or folic acid supplementation on genome-wide DNA methylation. METHODS We performed Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip (Zymo Research, CA, USA) assay in children supplemented with B12 and/or folic acid (n = 12 in each group) and investigated the functional mechanism of selected differentially methylated loci. RESULTS We noted significant methylation changes postsupplementation in B12 (589 differentially methylated CpGs and 2892 regions) and B12 + folic acid (169 differentially methylated CpGs and 3241 regions) groups. Type 2 diabetes-associated genes TCF7L2 and FTO; and a miRNA, miR21 were further investigated in another B12-supplementation cohort. We also demonstrate that methylation influences miR21 expression and FTO, TCF7L2, CREBBP/CBP and SIRT1 are direct targets of miR21-3p. CONCLUSION B12 supplementation influences regulation of several metabolically important Type 2 diabetes-associated genes through methylation of miR21. Hence, our study provides novel epigenetic explanation for the association between disordered one carbon metabolism and risk of adiposity, insulin resistance and diabetes and has translational potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dilip K Yadav
- Genomic Research on Complex Diseases (GRC Group), CSIR-Centre for Cellular & Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 007, India
| | - Smeeta Shrestha
- Genomic Research on Complex Diseases (GRC Group), CSIR-Centre for Cellular & Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 007, India.,Building No 7, School of Basic & Applied Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Shavige Malleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bangalore 560 078, Karnataka, India
| | - Karen A Lillycrop
- Research Centre for Biological Sciences, Institute of Developmental Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6 YD, UK
| | - Charu V Joglekar
- Diabetes Unit, King Edward Memorial Hospital & Research Centre, Rasta Peth, Pune, Maharashtra, 411 011, India
| | - Hong Pan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, 30 Medical Drive, 119521, Singapore
| | - Joanna D Holbrook
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, 30 Medical Drive, 119521, Singapore.,Human Development & Health Academic Unit, University of Southampton & National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton & University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6 YD, UK
| | - Caroline Hd Fall
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6 YD, UK
| | - Chittaranjan S Yajnik
- Diabetes Unit, King Edward Memorial Hospital & Research Centre, Rasta Peth, Pune, Maharashtra, 411 011, India
| | - Giriraj R Chandak
- Genomic Research on Complex Diseases (GRC Group), CSIR-Centre for Cellular & Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 007, India.,Adjunct Faculty, Human Genetics Unit, Genome Institute of Singapore, Biopolis, 138672, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kuo CH, Harris MB. Abdominal fat reducing outcome of exercise training: fat burning or hydrocarbon source redistribution? Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 94:695-698. [PMID: 27152424 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2015-0425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2023]
Abstract
Fat burning, defined by fatty acid oxidation into carbon dioxide, is the most described hypothesis to explain the actual abdominal fat reducing outcome of exercise training. This hypothesis is strengthened by evidence of increased whole-body lipolysis during exercise. As a result, aerobic training is widely recommended for obesity management. This intuition raises several paradoxes: first, both aerobic and resistance exercise training do not actually elevate 24 h fat oxidation, according to data from chamber-based indirect calorimetry. Second, anaerobic high-intensity intermittent training produces greater abdominal fat reduction than continuous aerobic training at similar amounts of energy expenditure. Third, significant body fat reduction in athletes occurs when oxygen supply decreases to inhibit fat burning during altitude-induced hypoxia exposure at the same training volume. Lack of oxygen increases post-meal blood distribution to human skeletal muscle, suggesting that shifting the postprandial hydrocarbons towards skeletal muscle away from adipose tissue might be more important than fat burning in decreasing abdominal fat. Creating a negative energy balance in fat cells due to competition of skeletal muscle for circulating hydrocarbon sources may be a better model to explain the abdominal fat reducing outcome of exercise than the fat-burning model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hua Kuo
- a Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Sports Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
- b Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - M Brennan Harris
- c Department of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kriebel J, Herder C, Rathmann W, Wahl S, Kunze S, Molnos S, Volkova N, Schramm K, Carstensen-Kirberg M, Waldenberger M, Gieger C, Peters A, Illig T, Prokisch H, Roden M, Grallert H. Association between DNA Methylation in Whole Blood and Measures of Glucose Metabolism: KORA F4 Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152314. [PMID: 27019061 PMCID: PMC4809492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation has been postulated to affect glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity and the risk of type 2 diabetes. Therefore, we performed an epigenome-wide association study for measures of glucose metabolism in whole blood samples of the population-based Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg F4 study using the Illumina HumanMethylation 450 BeadChip. We identified a total of 31 CpG sites where methylation level was associated with measures of glucose metabolism after adjustment for age, sex, smoking, and estimated white blood cell proportions and correction for multiple testing using the Benjamini-Hochberg (B-H) method (four for fasting glucose, seven for fasting insulin, 25 for homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance [HOMA-IR]; B-H-adjusted p-values between 9.2x10(-5) and 0.047). In addition, DNA methylation at cg06500161 (annotated to ABCG1) was associated with all the aforementioned phenotypes and 2-hour glucose (B-H-adjusted p-values between 9.2x10(-5) and 3.0x10(-3)). Methylation status of additional three CpG sites showed an association with fasting insulin only after additional adjustment for body mass index (BMI) (B-H-adjusted p-values = 0.047). Overall, effect strengths were reduced by around 30% after additional adjustment for BMI, suggesting that this variable has an influence on the investigated phenotypes. Furthermore, we found significant associations between methylation status of 21 of the aforementioned CpG sites and 2-hour insulin in a subset of samples with seven significant associations persisting after additional adjustment for BMI. In a subset of 533 participants, methylation of the CpG site cg06500161 (ABCG1) was inversely associated with ABCG1 gene expression (B-H-adjusted p-value = 1.5x10(-9)). Additionally, we observed an enrichment of the top 1,000 CpG sites for diabetes-related canonical pathways using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. In conclusion, our study indicates that DNA methylation and diabetes-related traits are associated and that these associations are partially BMI-dependent. Furthermore, the interaction of ABCG1 with glucose metabolism is modulated by epigenetic processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Kriebel
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Muenchen-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Herder
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Muenchen-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Rathmann
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Simone Wahl
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Muenchen-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sonja Kunze
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sophie Molnos
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Muenchen-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nadezda Volkova
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Schramm
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Maren Carstensen-Kirberg
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Muenchen-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Muenchen-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Illig
- Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Holger Prokisch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Muenchen-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Harald Grallert
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Muenchen-Neuherberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Haynes KR, Tseng HW, Kneissel M, Glant TT, Brown MA, Thomas GP. Treatment of a mouse model of ankylosing spondylitis with exogenous sclerostin has no effect on disease progression. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2015; 16:368. [PMID: 26612313 PMCID: PMC4662039 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-015-0823-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background No treatment to date is available which specifically targets bone formation in ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Several recent studies have shown that sclerostin (SOST), a Wnt inhibitor specific to osteocytes and chondrocytes, is down-regulated in AS patients. This suggests Wnt signalling may be upregulated, and application of exogenous recombinant SOST (rSOST) may inhibit Wnt signalling and slow pathological bone formation. Methods The proteoglycan-induced spondylitis (PGISp) mouse model in which we have previously demonstrated downregulated SOST expression, was used for this study. Mice were injected with 2.5ug rSOST/day for a period of 8 weeks following induction of disease. Axial skeleton disease development was assessed by histology and skeletal changes examined using DEXA. Results rSOST treatment had no effect on peripheral or axial disease development, bone density or disease severity. Injected rSOST was stable over 8 h and residual levels were evident 24 h after injection, resulting in a cumulative increase in SOST serum levels over the treatment time course. Immunohistochemical examination of SOST levels within the joints in non-rSOST treated PGISp mice showed a significant decrease in the percentage of positive osteocytes in the unaffected joints compared to the affected joints, while no difference was seen in rSOST treated mice. This suggests that rSOST treatment increases the number of SOST-positive osteocytes in unaffected joints but not affected joints, despite having no impact on the number of joints affected by disease. Conclusions Although not disease-modifying, rSOST treatment did appear to regulate SOST levels in the joints suggesting biological activity. Further dose response studies are required and SOST may require modifications to improve its bone targeting ability in order to affect tissue formation to a meaningful level in this model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katelin R Haynes
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Hsu-Wen Tseng
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Michaela Kneissel
- Musculoskeletal Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Tibor T Glant
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
| | - Matthew A Brown
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Gethin P Thomas
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhu R, Wen C, Li J, Harris MB, Liu YY, Kuo CH. Lipid storage changes in human skeletal muscle during detraining. Front Physiol 2015; 6:309. [PMID: 26578981 PMCID: PMC4630294 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise training is known to increase intramuscular triglyceride content in both trained and untrained legs. The purpose of the study was to determine the changes of intramyocellular lipids (IMCL) and extramyocellular lipids (EMCL) of both trained and untrained legs during detraining. We measured both IMCL and EMCL levels in previously trained vs. untrained legs during 4-weeks of detraining after 6-weeks of strength training. Eight young men (aged 21.4 ± 1.4 years) trained their vastus lateralis muscle in one leg using a dynamometer, whereas the contralateral leg served as untrained control. Muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), IMCL, EMCL, total creatine (creatine + phophocreatine) of extensor (vastus lateralis) muscles were assessed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and proton magnetic resonance spectra (1H-MRS) before training, 3 days after and 28 days after the last bout of training. CSA was increased in both legs by Day 3 after training, and was still high at Day 28 post-training; IMCL increased in both legs by Day 3 after training, then decreased at Day 28 post-training only in the untrained leg; EMCL shows no significant change by Day 3 after training, but at Day 28 post-training has increased in the trained leg and decreased in the untrained leg; total creatine did not change significantly. Conclusion: Decreases of IMCL and EMCL storages in previously untrained leg during detraining indicates an ectopic influence on tissue lipid storage by different metabolic demand among tissues in the same human body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhu
- School of Sports Science, Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Caiyun Wen
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiance Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - M Brennan Harris
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, College of William and Mary Williamsburg, USA
| | - Yung-Yang Liu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University Taipei, Taiwan ; The Chest Department, Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hua Kuo
- School of Sports Science, Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China ; Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Sports Sciences, University of Taipei Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lau P, Tuong ZK, Wang SC, Fitzsimmons RL, Goode JM, Thomas GP, Cowin GJ, Pearen MA, Mardon K, Stow JL, Muscat GEO. Rorα deficiency and decreased adiposity are associated with induction of thermogenic gene expression in subcutaneous white adipose and brown adipose tissue. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 308:E159-71. [PMID: 25424999 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00056.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Rar-related orphan receptor-α (Rorα) is a nuclear receptor that regulates adiposity and is a potential regulator of energy homeostasis. We have demonstrated that the Rorα-deficient staggerer (sg/sg) mice display a lean and obesity-resistant phenotype. Adaptive Ucp1-dependent thermogenesis in beige/brite and brown adipose tissue serves as a mechanism to increase energy expenditure and resist obesity. DEXA and MRI analysis demonstrated significantly decreased total fat mass and fat/lean mass tissue ratio in male chow-fed sg/sg mice relative to wt mice. In addition, we observed increased Ucp1 expression in brown adipose and subcutaneous white adipose tissue but not in visceral adipose tissue from Rorα-deficient mice. Moreover, this was associated with significant increases in the expression of the mRNAs encoding the thermogenic genes (i.e., markers of brown and beige adipose) Pparα, Errα, Dio2, Acot11/Bfit, Cpt1β, and Cidea in the subcutaneous adipose in the sg/sg relative to WT mice. These changes in thermogenic gene expression involved the significantly increased expression of the (cell-fate controlling) histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 1 (Ehmt1), which stabilizes the Prdm16 transcriptional complex. Moreover, primary brown adipocytes from sg/sg mice displayed a higher metabolic rate, and further analysis was consistent with increased uncoupling. Finally, core body temperature analysis and infrared thermography demonstrated that the sg/sg mice maintained greater thermal control and cold tolerance relative to the WT littermates. We suggest that enhanced Ucp1 and thermogenic gene expression/activity may be an important contributor to the lean, obesity-resistant phenotype in Rorα-deficient mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Lau
- Obesity Research Centre, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zewen K Tuong
- Obesity Research Centre, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shu-Ching Wang
- Obesity Research Centre, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rebecca L Fitzsimmons
- Obesity Research Centre, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joel M Goode
- Obesity Research Centre, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gethin P Thomas
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia; and
| | - Gary J Cowin
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael A Pearen
- Obesity Research Centre, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Karine Mardon
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Stow
- Obesity Research Centre, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - George E O Muscat
- Obesity Research Centre, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia;
| |
Collapse
|