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Saulle E, Spinello I, Quaranta MT, Labbaye C. Advances in Understanding the Links between Metabolism and Autophagy in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: From Biology to Therapeutic Targeting. Cells 2023; 12:1553. [PMID: 37296673 PMCID: PMC10252746 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved cellular degradation process that regulates cellular metabolism and homeostasis under normal and pathophysiological conditions. Autophagy and metabolism are linked in the hematopoietic system, playing a fundamental role in the self-renewal, survival, and differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, and in cell death, particularly affecting the cellular fate of the hematopoietic stem cell pool. In leukemia, autophagy sustains leukemic cell growth, contributes to survival of leukemic stem cells and chemotherapy resistance. The high frequency of disease relapse caused by relapse-initiating leukemic cells resistant to therapy occurs in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and depends on the AML subtypes and treatments used. Targeting autophagy may represent a promising strategy to overcome therapeutic resistance in AML, for which prognosis remains poor. In this review, we illustrate the role of autophagy and the impact of its deregulation on the metabolism of normal and leukemic hematopoietic cells. We report updates on the contribution of autophagy to AML development and relapse, and the latest evidence indicating autophagy-related genes as potential prognostic predictors and drivers of AML. We review the recent advances in autophagy manipulation, combined with various anti-leukemia therapies, for an effective autophagy-targeted therapy for AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernestina Saulle
- Correspondence: (E.S.); (C.L.); Tel.: +39-0649902422 (E.S.); +39-0649902418 (C.L.)
| | | | | | - Catherine Labbaye
- Correspondence: (E.S.); (C.L.); Tel.: +39-0649902422 (E.S.); +39-0649902418 (C.L.)
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2
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Wu L, Huang J, Trivedi P, Sun X, Yu H, He Z, Zhang X. Zinc finger myeloid Nervy DEAF-1 type (ZMYND) domain containing proteins exert molecular interactions to implicate in carcinogenesis. Discov Oncol 2022; 13:139. [PMID: 36520265 PMCID: PMC9755447 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-022-00597-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogenesis and organogenesis in the low organisms have been found to be modulated by a number of proteins, and one of such factor, deformed epidermal auto-regulatory factor-1 (DEAF-1) has been initially identified in Drosophila. The mammalian homologue of DEAF-1 and structurally related proteins have been identified, and they formed a family with over 20 members. The factors regulate gene expression through association with co-repressors, recognition of genomic marker, to exert histone modification by catalyze addition of some chemical groups to certain amino acid residues on histone and non-histone proteins, and degradation host proteins, so as to regulate cell cycle progression and execution of cell death. The formation of fused genes during chromosomal translocation, exemplified with myeloid transforming gene on chromosome 8 (MTG8)/eight-to-twenty one translocation (ETO) /ZMYND2, MTG receptor 1 (MTGR1)/ZMYND3, MTG on chromosome 16/MTGR2/ZMYND4 and BS69/ZMYND11 contributes to malignant transformation. Other anomaly like copy number variation (CNV) of BS69/ZMYND11 and promoter hyper methylation of BLU/ZMYND10 has been noted in malignancies. It has been reported that when fusing with Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1), the binding of MTG8/ZMYND2 with co-repressors is disturbed, and silencing of BLU/ZMYND10 abrogates its ability to inhibition of cell cycle and promotion of apoptotic death. Further characterization of the implication of ZMYND proteins in carcinogenesis would enhance understanding of the mechanisms of occurrence and early diagnosis of tumors, and effective antitumor efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longji Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Songshan Lake Scientific and Industrial Park, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Chinese-American Tumor Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Modern Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Songshan Lake Scientific and Industrial Park, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Chinese-American Tumor Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Pankaj Trivedi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Xuerong Sun
- Institute of Aging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbing Yu
- Chinese-American Tumor Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei He
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Songshan Lake Scientific and Industrial Park, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Chinese-American Tumor Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangning Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Songshan Lake Scientific and Industrial Park, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
- Chinese-American Tumor Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Seo W, Silwal P, Song IC, Jo EK. The dual role of autophagy in acute myeloid leukemia. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:51. [PMID: 35526025 PMCID: PMC9077970 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01262-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a severe hematologic malignancy prevalent in older patients, and the identification of potential therapeutic targets for AML is problematic. Autophagy is a lysosome-dependent catabolic pathway involved in the tumorigenesis and/or treatment of various cancers. Mounting evidence has suggested that autophagy plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of AML and anticancer responses. In this review, we describe recent updates on the multifaceted functions of autophagy linking to genetic alterations of AML. We also summarize the latest evidence for autophagy-related genes as potential prognostic predictors and drivers of AML tumorigenesis. We then discuss the crosstalk between autophagy and tumor cell metabolism into the impact on both AML progression and anti-leukemic treatment. Moreover, a series of autophagy regulators, i.e., the inhibitors and activators, are described as potential therapeutics for AML. Finally, we describe the translation of autophagy-modulating therapeutics into clinical practice. Autophagy in AML is a double-edged sword, necessitating a deeper understanding of how autophagy influences dual functions in AML tumorigenesis and anti-leukemic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonhyoung Seo
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.,Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - Prashanta Silwal
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.,Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - Ik-Chan Song
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Korea. .,Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Korea. .,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.
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4
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Mouse Models of Frequently Mutated Genes in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246192. [PMID: 34944812 PMCID: PMC8699817 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia is a clinically and biologically heterogeneous blood cancer with variable prognosis and response to conventional therapies. Comprehensive sequencing enabled the discovery of recurrent mutations and chromosomal aberrations in AML. Mouse models are essential to study the biological function of these genes and to identify relevant drug targets. This comprehensive review describes the evidence currently available from mouse models for the leukemogenic function of mutations in seven functional gene groups: cell signaling genes, epigenetic modifier genes, nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1), transcription factors, tumor suppressors, spliceosome genes, and cohesin complex genes. Additionally, we provide a synergy map of frequently cooperating mutations in AML development and correlate prognosis of these mutations with leukemogenicity in mouse models to better understand the co-dependence of mutations in AML.
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5
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Neckles C, Sundara Rajan S, Caplen NJ. Fusion transcripts: Unexploited vulnerabilities in cancer? WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2019; 11:e1562. [PMID: 31407506 PMCID: PMC6916338 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gene fusions are an important class of mutations in several cancer types and include genomic rearrangements that fuse regulatory or coding elements from two different genes. Analysis of the genetics of cancers harboring fusion oncogenes and the proteins they encode have enhanced cancer diagnosis and in some cases patient treatment. However, the effect of the complex structure of fusion genes on the biogenesis of the resulting chimeric transcripts they express is not well studied. There are two potential RNA‐related vulnerabilities inherent to fusion‐driven cancers: (a) the processing of the fusion precursor messenger RNA (pre‐mRNA) to the mature mRNA and (b) the mature mRNA. In this study, we discuss the effects that the genetic organization of fusion oncogenes has on the generation of translatable mature RNAs and the diversity of fusion transcripts expressed in different cancer subtypes, which can fundamentally influence both tumorigenesis and treatment. We also discuss functional genomic approaches that can be utilized to identify proteins that mediate the processing of fusion pre‐mRNAs. Furthermore, we assert that an enhanced understanding of fusion transcript biogenesis and the diversity of the chimeric RNAs present in fusion‐driven cancers will increase the likelihood of successful application of RNA‐based therapies in this class of tumors. This article is categorized under:RNA Processing > RNA Editing and Modification RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Neckles
- Functional Genetics Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Soumya Sundara Rajan
- Functional Genetics Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Natasha J Caplen
- Functional Genetics Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland
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6
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The Role of Forkhead Box Proteins in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11060865. [PMID: 31234353 PMCID: PMC6627614 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box (FOX) proteins are a group of transcriptional factors implicated in different cellular functions such as differentiation, proliferation and senescence. A growing number of studies have focused on the relationship between FOX proteins and cancers, particularly hematological neoplasms such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML). FOX proteins are widely involved in AML biology, including leukemogenesis, relapse and drug sensitivity. Here we explore the role of FOX transcription factors in the major AML entities, according to "The 2016 revision to the World Health Organization classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia", and in the context of the most recurrent gene mutations identified in this heterogeneous disease. Moreover, we report the new evidences about the role of FOX proteins in drug sensitivity, mechanisms of chemoresistance, and possible targeting for personalized therapies.
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7
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van der Kouwe E, Staber PB. RUNX1-ETO: Attacking the Epigenome for Genomic Instable Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E350. [PMID: 30654457 PMCID: PMC6358732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic fusion protein RUNX1-ETO is the product of the t(8;21) translocation, responsible for the most common cytogenetic subtype of acute myeloid leukemia. RUNX1, a critical transcription factor in hematopoietic development, is fused with almost the entire ETO sequence with the ability to recruit a wide range of repressors. Past efforts in providing a comprehensive picture of the genome-wide localization and the target genes of RUNX1-ETO have been inconclusive in understanding the underlying mechanism by which it deregulates native RUNX1. In this review; we dissect the current data on the epigenetic impact of RUNX1 and RUNX1-ETO. Both share similarities however, in recent years, research focused on epigenetic factors to explain their differences. RUNX1-ETO impairs DNA repair mechanisms which compromises genomic stability and favors a mutator phenotype. Among an increasing pool of mutated factors, regulators of DNA methylation are frequently found in t(8;21) AML. Together with the alteration of both, histone markers and distal enhancer regulation, RUNX1-ETO might specifically disrupt normal chromatin structure. Epigenetic studies on the fusion protein uncovered new mechanisms contributing to leukemogenesis and hopefully will translate into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiel van der Kouwe
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Philipp Bernhard Staber
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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8
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Madan V, Han L, Hattori N, Teoh WW, Mayakonda A, Sun QY, Ding LW, Nordin HBM, Lim SL, Shyamsunder P, Dakle P, Sundaresan J, Doan NB, Sanada M, Sato-Otsubo A, Meggendorfer M, Yang H, Said JW, Ogawa S, Haferlach T, Liang DC, Shih LY, Nakamaki T, Wang QT, Koeffler HP. ASXL2 regulates hematopoiesis in mice and its deficiency promotes myeloid expansion. Haematologica 2018; 103:1980-1990. [PMID: 30093396 PMCID: PMC6269306 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.189928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal translocation t(8;21)(q22;q22) which leads to the generation of oncogenic RUNX1-RUNX1T1 (AML1-ETO) fusion is observed in approximately 10% of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). To identify somatic mutations that co-operate with t(8;21)-driven leukemia, we performed whole and targeted exome sequencing of an Asian cohort at diagnosis and relapse. We identified high frequency of truncating alterations in ASXL2 along with recurrent mutations of KIT, TET2, MGA, FLT3, and DHX15 in this subtype of AML. To investigate in depth the role of ASXL2 in normal hematopoiesis, we utilized a mouse model of ASXL2 deficiency. Loss of ASXL2 caused progressive hematopoietic defects characterized by myeloid hyperplasia, splenomegaly, extramedullary hematopoiesis, and poor reconstitution ability in transplantation models. Parallel analyses of young and >1-year old Asxl2-deficient mice revealed age-dependent perturbations affecting, not only myeloid and erythroid differentiation, but also maturation of lymphoid cells. Overall, these findings establish a critical role for ASXL2 in maintaining steady state hematopoiesis, and provide insights into how its loss primes the expansion of myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Madan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore
| | - Lin Han
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore.,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Norimichi Hattori
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore .,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Showa University, Shinagawa-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Weoi Woon Teoh
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore
| | - Anand Mayakonda
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore
| | - Qiao-Yang Sun
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore
| | - Ling-Wen Ding
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore
| | | | - Su Lin Lim
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore
| | | | - Pushkar Dakle
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore
| | - Janani Sundaresan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore
| | - Ngan B Doan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Santa Monica-University of California-Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Masashi Sanada
- Department of Advanced Diagnosis, Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Japan.,Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Aiko Sato-Otsubo
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | | | - Henry Yang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore
| | - Jonathan W Said
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Santa Monica-University of California-Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Seishi Ogawa
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | | | - Der-Cherng Liang
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Mackay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Yung Shih
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsuyoshi Nakamaki
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Showa University, Shinagawa-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Q Tian Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - H Phillip Koeffler
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore.,Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Division of Hematology/Oncology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute of Singapore (NCIS), National University Hospital, Singapore
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9
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Lin S, Wei J, Wunderlich M, Chou FS, Mulloy JC. Immortalization of human AE pre-leukemia cells by hTERT allows leukemic transformation. Oncotarget 2018; 7:55939-55950. [PMID: 27509060 PMCID: PMC5302887 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Human CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) expressing fusion protein AML1-ETO (AE), generated by the t(8;21)(q22;q22) rearrangement, manifest enhanced self-renewal and dysregulated differentiation without leukemic transformation, representing a pre-leukemia stage. Enabling replicative immortalization via telomerase reactivation is a crucial step in cancer development. However, AE expression alone is not sufficient to maintain high telomerase activity to immortalize human HSPC cells, which may hamper transformation. Here, we investigated the cooperativity of telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), the catalytic subunit of telomerase, and AE in disease progression. Enforced expression of hTERT immortalized human AE pre-leukemia cells in a telomere-lengthening independent manner, and improved the pre-leukemia stem cell function by enhancing cell proliferation and survival. AE-hTERT cells retained cytokine dependency and multi-lineage differentiation potential similar to parental AE clones. Over the short-term, AE-hTERT cells did not show features of stepwise transformation, with no leukemogenecity evident upon initial injection into immunodeficient mice. Strikingly, after extended culture, we observed full transformation of one AE-hTERT clone, which recapitulated the disease evolution process in patients and emphasizes the importance of acquiring cooperating mutations in t(8;21) AML leukemogenesis. In summary, achieving unlimited proliferative potential via hTERT activation, and thereby allowing for acquisition of additional mutations, is a critical link for transition from pre-leukemia to overt disease in human cells. AE-hTERT cells represent a tractable model to study cooperating genetic lesions important for t(8;21) AML disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Lin
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Junping Wei
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mark Wunderlich
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Fu-Sheng Chou
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - James C Mulloy
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Emerging Roles of MTG16 in Cell-Fate Control of Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Cancer. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:6301385. [PMID: 29358956 PMCID: PMC5735743 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6301385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MTG16 (myeloid translocation gene on chromosome 16) and its related proteins, MTG8 and MTGR1, define a small family of transcriptional corepressors. These corepressors share highly conserved domain structures yet have distinct biological functions and tissue specificity. In vivo studies have shown that, of the three MTG corepressors, MTG16 is uniquely important for the regulation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) proliferation and differentiation. Apart from this physiological function, MTG16 is also involved in carcinomas and leukemias, acting as the genetic target of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) aberrations in breast cancer and recurrent translocations in leukemia. The frequent involvement of MTG16 in these disease etiologies implies an important developmental role for this transcriptional corepressor. Furthermore, mounting evidence suggests that MTG16 indirectly alters the disease course of several leukemias via its regulatory interactions with a variety of pathologic fusion proteins. For example, a recent study has shown that MTG16 can repress not only wild-type E2A-mediated transcription, but also leukemia fusion protein E2A-Pbx1-mediated transcription, suggesting that MTG16 may serve as a potential therapeutic target in acute lymphoblastic leukemia expressing the E2A-Pbx1 fusion protein. Given that leukemia stem cells share similar regulatory pathways with normal HSPCs, studies to further understand how MTG16 regulates cell proliferation and differentiation could lead to novel therapeutic approaches for leukemia treatment.
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11
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A FOXO1-induced oncogenic network defines the AML1-ETO preleukemic program. Blood 2017; 130:1213-1222. [PMID: 28710059 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-11-750976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding and blocking the self-renewal pathway of preleukemia stem cells could prevent acute myeloid leukemia (AML) relapse. In this study, we show that increased FOXO1 represents a critical mechanism driving aberrant self-renewal in preleukemic cells expressing the t(8;21)-associated oncogene AML1-ETO (AE). Although generally considered as a tumor suppressor, FOXO1 is consistently upregulated in t(8;21) AML. Expression of FOXO1 in human CD34+ cells promotes a preleukemic state with enhanced self-renewal and dysregulated differentiation. The DNA binding domain of FOXO1 is essential for these functions. FOXO1 activates a stem cell molecular signature that is also present in AE preleukemia cells and preserved in t(8;21) patient samples. Genome-wide binding studies show that AE and FOXO1 share the majority of their binding sites, whereby FOXO1 binds to multiple crucial self-renewal genes and is required for their activation. In agreement with this observation, genetic and pharmacological ablation of FOXO1 inhibited the long-term proliferation and clonogenicity of AE cells and t(8;21) AML cell lines. Targeting of FOXO1 therefore provides a potential therapeutic strategy for elimination of stem cells at both preleukemic and leukemic stages.
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12
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Peptide microarray profiling identifies phospholipase C gamma 1 (PLC-γ1) as a potential target for t(8;21) AML. Oncotarget 2017; 8:67344-67354. [PMID: 28978037 PMCID: PMC5620177 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The t(8;21) (q22;q22) chromosomal translocation is one of the most frequent genetic alterations in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) which has a need for improved therapeutic strategies. We found PLC-γ1 as one of the highest phosphorylated peptides in t(8;21) AML samples compared to NBM or CN-AML in our previous peptide microarray. PLC-γ1 is known to play a role in cancer progression, however, the impact of PLC-γ1 in AML is currently unknown. Therefore, we aimed to study the functional role of PLC-γ1 by investigating the cellular growth, survival and its underlying mechanism in t(8;21) AML. In this study, PLC-γ1 expression was significantly higher in t(8;21) AML compared to other karyotypes. The PLC-γ1 protein expression was suppressed in AML1-ETO knock down cells indicating that it might induce kasumi-1 cell death. ShRNA-mediated PLC-γ1 knockdown in kasumi-1 cells significantly blocked cell growth, induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest which was explained by the increased activation of apoptotic related and cell cycle regulatory protein expressions. Gene expression array analysis showed the up-regulation of apoptotic and DNA damage response genes together with the downregulation of cell growth, proliferation and differentiation genes in the PLC-γ1 suppressed kasumi-1 cells, consistent with the observed phenotypic effects. Importantly, PLC-γ1 suppressed kasumi-1 cells showed higher chemosensitivity to the chemotherapeutic drug treatments and lower cell proliferation upon hypoxic stress. Taken together, these in vitro finding strongly support an important role for PLC-γ1 in the survival of t(8;21) AML mimicking kasumi-1 cells and identify PLC-γ1 as a potential therapeutic target for t(8;21) AML treatment.
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13
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Histone-binding of DPF2 mediates its repressive role in myeloid differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:6016-6021. [PMID: 28533407 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700328114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Double plant homeodomain finger 2 (DPF2) is a highly evolutionarily conserved member of the d4 protein family that is ubiquitously expressed in human tissues and was recently shown to inhibit the myeloid differentiation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor and acute myelogenous leukemia cells. Here, we present the crystal structure of the tandem plant homeodomain finger domain of human DPF2 at 1.6-Å resolution. We show that DPF2 interacts with the acetylated tails of both histones 3 and 4 via bipartite binding pockets on the DPF2 surface. Blocking these interactions through targeted mutagenesis of DPF2 abolishes its recruitment to target chromatin regions as well as its ability to prevent myeloid differentiation in vivo. Our findings suggest that the histone binding of DPF2 plays an important regulatory role in the transcriptional program that drives myeloid differentiation.
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14
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Caspase-3 controls AML1-ETO-driven leukemogenesis via autophagy modulation in a ULK1-dependent manner. Blood 2017; 129:2782-2792. [PMID: 28381396 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-10-745034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AML1-ETO (AE), a fusion oncoprotein generated by t(8;21), can trigger acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in collaboration with mutations including c-Kit, ASXL1/2, FLT3, N-RAS, and K-RAS. Caspase-3, a key executor among its family, plays multiple roles in cellular processes, including hematopoietic development and leukemia progression. Caspase-3 was revealed to directly cleave AE in vitro, suggesting that AE may accumulate in a Caspase-3-compromised background and thereby accelerate leukemogenesis. Therefore, we developed a Caspase-3 knockout genetic mouse model of AML and found that loss of Caspase-3 actually delayed AML1-ETO9a (AE9a)-driven leukemogenesis, indicating that Caspase-3 may play distinct roles in the initiation and/or progression of AML. We report here that loss of Caspase-3 triggers a conserved, adaptive mechanism, namely autophagy (or macroautophagy), which acts to limit AE9a-driven leukemia. Furthermore, we identify ULK1 as a novel substrate of Caspase-3 and show that upregulation of ULK1 drives autophagy initiation in leukemia cells and that inhibition of ULK1 can rescue the phenotype induced by Caspase-3 deletion in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, these data highlight Caspase-3 as an important regulator of autophagy in AML and demonstrate that the balance and selectivity between its substrates can dictate the pace of disease.
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15
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Ke H, Kazi JU, Zhao H, Sun J. Germline mutations of KIT in gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) and mastocytosis. Cell Biosci 2016; 6:55. [PMID: 27777718 PMCID: PMC5070372 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-016-0120-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatic mutations of KIT are frequently found in mastocytosis and gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), while germline mutations of KIT are rare, and only found in few cases of familial GIST and mastocytosis. Although ligand-independent activation is the common feature of KIT mutations, the phenotypes mediated by various germline KIT mutations are different. Germline KIT mutations affect different tissues such as interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), mast cells or melanocytes, and thereby lead to GIST, mastocytosis, or abnormal pigmentation. In this review, we summarize germline KIT mutations in familial mastocytosis and GIST and discuss the possible cellular context dependent transforming activity of KIT mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengning Ke
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004 People's Republic of China ; Translational Cancer Lab, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Julhash U Kazi
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hui Zhao
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianmin Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004 People's Republic of China ; Division of Translational Cancer Research, Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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16
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Supraphysiologic levels of the AML1-ETO isoform AE9a are essential for transformation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:9075-80. [PMID: 27457952 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1524225113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal translocation 8;21 is found in 40% of the FAB M2 subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The resultant in-frame fusion protein AML1-ETO (AE) acts as an initiating oncogene for leukemia development. AE immortalizes human CD34(+) cord blood cells in long-term culture. We assessed the transforming properties of the alternatively spliced AE isoform AE9a (or alternative splicing at exon 9), which is fully transforming in a murine retroviral model, in human cord blood cells. Full activity was realized only upon increased fusion protein expression. This effect was recapitulated in the AE9a murine AML model. Cotransduction of AE and AE9a resulted in a strong selective pressure for AE-expressing cells. In the context of AE, AE9a did not show selection for increased expression, affirming observations of human t(8;21) patient samples where full-length AE is the dominant protein detected. Mechanistically, AE9a showed defective transcriptional regulation of AE target genes that was partially corrected at high expression. Together, these results bring an additional perspective to our understanding of AE function and highlight the contribution of oncogene expression level in t(8;21) experimental models.
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17
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Hatlen MA, Arora K, Vacic V, Grabowska EA, Liao W, Riley-Gillis B, Oschwald DM, Wang L, Joergens JE, Shih AH, Rapaport F, Gu S, Voza F, Asai T, Neel BG, Kharas MG, Gonen M, Levine RL, Nimer SD. Integrative genetic analysis of mouse and human AML identifies cooperating disease alleles. J Exp Med 2015; 213:25-34. [PMID: 26666262 PMCID: PMC4710200 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hatlen et al. provide an integrative analysis of the mutational landscape of mouse and human AML and identify functionally relevant cooperation between AML1-ETO and PTPN11 D61Y. Based on these findings, they generate a novel mouse model of t(8;21)+ AML. t(8;21) is one of the most frequent chromosomal abnormalities observed in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, expression of AML1-ETO is not sufficient to induce transformation in vivo. Consistent with this observation, patients with this translocation harbor additional genetic abnormalities, suggesting a requirement for cooperating mutations. To better define the genetic landscape in AML and distinguish driver from passenger mutations, we compared the mutational profiles of AML1-ETO–driven mouse models of leukemia with the mutational profiles of human AML patients. We identified TET2 and PTPN11 mutations in both mouse and human AML and then demonstrated the ability of Tet2 loss and PTPN11 D61Y to initiate leukemogenesis in concert with expression of AML1-ETO in vivo. This integrative genetic profiling approach allowed us to accurately predict cooperating events in t(8;21)+ AML in a robust and unbiased manner, while also revealing functional convergence in mouse and human AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Hatlen
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065 Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065 Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065 Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136 Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Jacob E Joergens
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065 Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Alan H Shih
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065 Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Franck Rapaport
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065 Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Shengqing Gu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Francesca Voza
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065 Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Takashi Asai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136 Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Benjamin G Neel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016
| | - Michael G Kharas
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065 Center for Cellular Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065 Center for Stem Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Mithat Gonen
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Ross L Levine
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065 Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065 Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Stephen D Nimer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136 Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136 Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
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18
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Brettingham-Moore KH, Taberlay PC, Holloway AF. Interplay between Transcription Factors and the Epigenome: Insight from the Role of RUNX1 in Leukemia. Front Immunol 2015; 6:499. [PMID: 26483790 PMCID: PMC4586508 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The genome has the ability to respond in a precise and co-ordinated manner to cellular signals. It achieves this through the concerted actions of transcription factors and the chromatin platform, which are targets of the signaling pathways. Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms through which transcription factors and the chromatin landscape each control gene activity has expanded dramatically over recent years, and attention has now turned to understanding the complex, multifaceted interplay between these regulatory layers in normal and disease states. It has become apparent that transcription factors as well as the components and modifiers of the epigenetic machinery are frequent targets of genomic alterations in cancer cells. Through the study of these factors, we can gain unique insight into the dynamic interplay between transcription factors and the epigenome, and how their dysregulation leads to aberrant gene expression programs in cancer. Here, we will highlight how these factors normally co-operate to establish and maintain the transcriptional and epigenetic landscape of cells, and how this is reprogramed in cancer, focusing on the RUNX1 transcription factor and oncogenic derivative RUNX1–ETO in leukemia as paradigms of transcriptional and epigenetic reprograming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phillippa C Taberlay
- Genomics and Epigenetics Program, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Adele F Holloway
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania , Hobart, TAS , Australia
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19
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Grinev VV, Migas AA, Kirsanava AD, Mishkova OA, Siomava N, Ramanouskaya TV, Vaitsiankova AV, Ilyushonak IM, Nazarov PV, Vallar L, Aleinikova OV. Decoding of exon splicing patterns in the human RUNX1-RUNX1T1 fusion gene. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 68:48-58. [PMID: 26320575 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The t(8;21) translocation is the most widespread genetic defect found in human acute myeloid leukemia. This translocation results in the RUNX1-RUNX1T1 fusion gene that produces a wide variety of alternative transcripts and influences the course of the disease. The rules of combinatorics and splicing of exons in the RUNX1-RUNX1T1 transcripts are not known. To address this issue, we developed an exon graph model of the fusion gene organization and evaluated its local exon combinatorics by the exon combinatorial index (ECI). Here we show that the local exon combinatorics of the RUNX1-RUNX1T1 gene follows a power-law behavior and (i) the vast majority of exons has a low ECI, (ii) only a small part is represented by "exons-hubs" of splicing with very high ECI values, and (iii) it is scale-free and very sensitive to targeted skipping of "exons-hubs". Stochasticity of the splicing machinery and preferred usage of exons in alternative splicing can explain such behavior of the system. Stochasticity may explain up to 12% of the ECI variance and results in a number of non-coding and unproductive transcripts that can be considered as a noise. Half-life of these transcripts is increased due to the deregulation of some key genes of the nonsense-mediated decay system in leukemia cells. On the other hand, preferred usage of exons may explain up to 75% of the ECI variability. Our analysis revealed a set of splicing-related cis-regulatory motifs that can explain "attractiveness" of exons in alternative splicing but only when they are considered together. Cis-regulatory motifs are guides for splicing trans-factors and we observed a leukemia-specific profile of expression of the splicing genes in t(8;21)-positive blasts. Altogether, our results show that alternative splicing of the RUNX1-RUNX1T1 transcripts follows strict rules and that the power-law component of the fusion gene organization confers a high flexibility to this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily V Grinev
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus.
| | - Alexandr A Migas
- Laboratory of the Genetic Biotechnology, Department of Research, Belarusian Research Center for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Aksana D Kirsanava
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Olga A Mishkova
- Laboratory of the Genetic Biotechnology, Department of Research, Belarusian Research Center for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Natalia Siomava
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Alina V Vaitsiankova
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Ilia M Ilyushonak
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Petr V Nazarov
- Genomics Research Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg
| | - Laurent Vallar
- Genomics Research Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg
| | - Olga V Aleinikova
- Laboratory of the Genetic Biotechnology, Department of Research, Belarusian Research Center for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Minsk, Belarus
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20
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Esculetin Downregulates the Expression of AML1-ETO and C-Kit in Kasumi-1 Cell Line by Decreasing Half-Life of mRNA. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2015; 2015:781473. [PMID: 25861270 PMCID: PMC4377501 DOI: 10.1155/2015/781473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
One of the most frequent genetic aberrations in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is chromosomal translocation between AML1/RUNX1 on chromosome 21 and ETO gene on chromosome 8 resulting in the expression of chimeric oncogene AML1-ETO. Although patients with t(8;21) translocation have good prognosis, 5-year survival is observed only in 50% of the cases. AML1-ETO translocation is usually accompanied by overexpression of mutant C-Kit, a tyrosine kinase, which contributes to uncontrolled proliferation of premature blood cells leading to relapse and poor prognosis. We illustrate the potential use of esculetin on leukemic cell line, Kasumi-1, bearing t(8;21) translocation and mutated C-Kit gene. Esculetin decreases the expression of AML1-ETO at both protein and transcript level within 24 hours of treatment. Half-life of AML1-ETO mRNA was reduced from 7 hours to 1.5 hours. Similarly half-life of C-Kit mRNA was reduced to 2 hours from 5 hours in esculetin treated cells. Esculetin also perturbed the expression of ectopically expressed AML1-ETO in U937 cells. The decreased expression of AML1-ETO chimeric gene was associated with increased expression of LAT1 and RUNX3 genes, targets of AML1. We envisage that discovery of a drug candidate which could target both these mutated genes would be a considerable breakthrough for future application.
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21
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Schönheit J, Leutz A, Rosenbauer F. Chromatin Dynamics during Differentiation of Myeloid Cells. J Mol Biol 2015; 427:670-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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22
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Mehdipour P, Santoro F, Minucci S. Epigenetic alterations in acute myeloid leukemias. FEBS J 2014; 282:1786-800. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Parinaz Mehdipour
- Department of Experimental Oncology at the IFOM-IEO Campus; European Institute of Oncology; Milan Italy
| | - Fabio Santoro
- Department of Experimental Oncology at the IFOM-IEO Campus; European Institute of Oncology; Milan Italy
| | - Saverio Minucci
- Department of Experimental Oncology at the IFOM-IEO Campus; European Institute of Oncology; Milan Italy
- Department of Biosciences; University of Milan; Milan Italy
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23
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Migas AA, Mishkova OA, Ramanouskaya TV, Ilyushonak IM, Aleinikova OV, Grinev VV. RUNX1T1/MTG8/ETO gene expression status in human t(8;21)(q22;q22)-positive acute myeloid leukemia cells. Leuk Res 2014; 38:1102-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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24
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NrasG12D oncoprotein inhibits apoptosis of preleukemic cells expressing Cbfβ-SMMHC via activation of MEK/ERK axis. Blood 2014; 124:426-36. [PMID: 24894773 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-12-541730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) results from the activity of driver mutations that deregulate proliferation and survival of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The fusion protein CBFβ-SMMHC impairs differentiation in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and induces AML in cooperation with other mutations. However, the combined function of CBFβ-SMMHC and cooperating mutations in preleukemic expansion is not known. Here, we used Nras(LSL-G12D); Cbfb(56M) knock-in mice to show that allelic expression of oncogenic Nras(G12D) and Cbfβ-SMMHC increases survival of preleukemic short-term HSCs and myeloid progenitor cells and maintains the differentiation block induced by the fusion protein. Nras(G12D) and Cbfβ-SMMHC synergize to induce leukemia in mice in a cell-autonomous manner, with a shorter median latency and higher leukemia-initiating cell activity than that of mice expressing Cbfβ-SMMHC. Furthermore, Nras(LSL-G12D); Cbfb(56M) leukemic cells were sensitive to pharmacologic inhibition of the MEK/ERK signaling pathway, increasing apoptosis and Bim protein levels. These studies demonstrate that Cbfβ-SMMHC and Nras(G12D) promote the survival of preleukemic myeloid progenitors primed for leukemia by activation of the MEK/ERK/Bim axis, and define Nras(LSL-G12D); Cbfb(56M) mice as a valuable genetic model for the study of inversion(16) AML-targeted therapies.
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25
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Spirin PV, Lebedev TD, Orlova NN, Gornostaeva AS, Prokofjeva MM, Nikitenko NA, Dmitriev SE, Buzdin AA, Borisov NM, Aliper AM, Garazha AV, Rubtsov PM, Stocking C, Prassolov VS. Silencing AML1-ETO gene expression leads to simultaneous activation of both pro-apoptotic and proliferation signaling. Leukemia 2014; 28:2222-8. [PMID: 24727677 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The t(8;21)(q22;q22) rearrangement represents the most common chromosomal translocation in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It results in a transcript encoding for the fusion protein AML1-ETO (AE) with transcription factor activity. AE is considered to be an attractive target for treating t(8;21) leukemia. However, AE expression alone is insufficient to cause transformation, and thus the potential of such therapy remains unclear. Several genes are deregulated in AML cells, including KIT that encodes a tyrosine kinase receptor. Here, we show that AML cells transduced with short hairpin RNA vector targeting AE mRNAs have a dramatic decrease in growth rate that is caused by induction of apoptosis and deregulation of the cell cycle. A reduction in KIT mRNA levels was also observed in AE-silenced cells, but silencing KIT expression reduced cell growth but did not induce apoptosis. Transcription profiling of cells that escape cell death revealed activation of a number of signaling pathways involved in cell survival and proliferation. In particular, we find that the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2; also known as mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1)) protein could mediate activation of 23 out of 29 (79%) of these upregulated pathways and thus may be regarded as the key player in establishing the t(8;21)-positive leukemic cells resistant to AE suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Spirin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - T D Lebedev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - N N Orlova
- 1] Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia [2] Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - A S Gornostaeva
- 1] Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia [2] Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - M M Prokofjeva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - N A Nikitenko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - S E Dmitriev
- 1] Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia [2] Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Buzdin
- 1] Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia [2] D Rogachyov Federal Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia [3] Pathway Pharmaceuticals Limited, Wan Chai, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - N M Borisov
- 1] D Rogachyov Federal Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia [2] Pathway Pharmaceuticals Limited, Wan Chai, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - A M Aliper
- 1] Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia [2] D Rogachyov Federal Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Garazha
- 1] D Rogachyov Federal Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia [2] Pathway Pharmaceuticals Limited, Wan Chai, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - P M Rubtsov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - C Stocking
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - V S Prassolov
- 1] Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia [2] Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
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26
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DeKelver RC, Lewin B, Weng S, Yan M, Biggs J, Zhang DE. RUNX1-ETO induces a type I interferon response which negatively effects t(8;21)-induced increased self-renewal and leukemia development. Leuk Lymphoma 2014; 55:884-91. [PMID: 23772668 PMCID: PMC3987666 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2013.815351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The 8;21 translocation is the most common chromosomal aberration occurring in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). This translocation causes expression of the RUNX1-ETO (AML1-ETO) fusion protein, which cooperates with additional mutations in leukemia development. We report here that interferons (IFNs) and IFN-stimulated genes are a group of genes consistently up-regulated by RUNX1-ETO in both human and murine models. RUNX1-ETO-induced up-regulation of IFN-stimulated genes occurs primarily via type I IFN signaling with a requirement for the IFNAR complex. Addition of exogenous IFN in vitro significantly reduces the increase in self-renewal potential induced by both RUNX1-ETO and its leukemogenic splicing isoform RUNX1-ETO9a. Finally, loss of type I IFN signaling via knockout of Ifnar1 significantly accelerates leukemogenesis in a t(8;21) murine model. This demonstrates the role of increased IFN signaling as an important factor inhibiting t(8;21) fusion protein function and leukemia development and supports the use of type I IFNs in the treatment of AML.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/drug effects
- Humans
- Interferon Type I/pharmacology
- Leukemia/genetics
- Leukemia/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- RUNX1 Translocation Partner 1 Protein
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
- U937 Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell C. DeKelver
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Lewin
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Weng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ming Yan
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Biggs
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dong-Er Zhang
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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27
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Herrmann MD, Lennerz JK, Bullinger L, Bartholomae S, Holzmann K, Westhoff MA, Corbacioglu S, Debatin KM. Transitory dasatinib-resistant states in KITmut t(8;21) acute myeloid leukemia cells correlate with altered KIT expression. Exp Hematol 2014; 42:90-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Differentiation therapy for the treatment of t(8;21) acute myeloid leukemia using histone deacetylase inhibitors. Blood 2014; 123:1341-52. [PMID: 24415537 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-03-488114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifying enzymes such as histone deacetylases (HDACs), p300, and PRMT1 are recruited by AML1/ETO, the pathogenic protein for t(8;21) acute myeloid leukemia (AML), providing a strong molecular rationale for targeting these enzymes to treat this disease. Although early phase clinical assessment indicated that treatment with HDAC inhibitors (HDACis) may be effective in t(8;21) AML patients, rigorous preclinical studies to identify the molecular and biological events that may determine therapeutic responses have not been performed. Using an AML mouse model driven by expression of AML1/ETO9a (A/E9a), we demonstrated that treatment of mice bearing t(8;21) AML with the HDACi panobinostat caused a robust antileukemic response that did not require functional p53 nor activation of conventional apoptotic pathways. Panobinostat triggered terminal myeloid differentiation via proteasomal degradation of A/E9a. Importantly, conditional A/E9a deletion phenocopied the effects of panobinostat and other HDACis, indicating that destabilization of A/E9a is critical for the antileukemic activity of these agents.
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Core-binding factor acute myeloid leukemia in pediatric patients enrolled in the AIEOP AML 2002/01 trial: screening and prognostic impact of c-KIT mutations. Leukemia 2013; 28:1132-4. [PMID: 24226631 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2013.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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30
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DeKelver RC, Lewin B, Lam K, Komeno Y, Yan M, Rundle C, Lo MC, Zhang DE. Cooperation between RUNX1-ETO9a and novel transcriptional partner KLF6 in upregulation of Alox5 in acute myeloid leukemia. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003765. [PMID: 24130502 PMCID: PMC3794898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusion protein RUNX1-ETO (AML1-ETO, RUNX1-RUNX1T1) is expressed as the result of the 8q22;21q22 translocation [t(8;21)], which is one of the most common chromosomal abnormalities found in acute myeloid leukemia. RUNX1-ETO is thought to promote leukemia development through the aberrant regulation of RUNX1 (AML1) target genes. Repression of these genes occurs via the recruitment of the corepressors N-COR and SMRT due to their interaction with ETO. Mechanisms of RUNX1-ETO target gene upregulation remain less well understood. Here we show that RUNX1-ETO9a, the leukemogenic alternatively spliced transcript expressed from t(8;21), upregulates target gene Alox5, which is a gene critically required for the promotion of chronic myeloid leukemia development by BCR-ABL. Loss of Alox5 expression reduces activity of RUNX1-ETO9a, MLL-AF9 and PML-RARα in vitro. However, Alox5 is not essential for the induction of leukemia by RUNX1-ETO9a in vivo. Finally, we demonstrate that the upregulation of Alox5 by RUNX1-ETO9a occurs via the C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor KLF6, a protein required for early hematopoiesis and yolk sac development. Furthermore, KLF6 is specifically upregulated by RUNX1-ETO in human leukemia cells. This identifies KLF6 as a novel mediator of t(8;21) target gene regulation, providing a new mechanism for RUNX1-ETO transcriptional control. The 8;21 translocation is one of the most common genetic abnormalities present in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). This translocation causes expression of the fusion gene RUNX1-ETO and its splicing isoforms. RUNX1-ETO proteins then reprogram the transcriptional landscape of the cell and cooperate with further mutations to induce leukemia development. In this study, we examine the transcriptional control of the RUNX1-ETO target gene Alox5. Although Alox5 appears to be dispensable for AML development in a mouse model, it is required for some RUNX1-ETO functions. In studying the regulation of Alox5 expression, we have discovered a novel RUNX1-ETO partner protein, KLF6, which is both upregulated by RUNX1-ETO and participates in RUNX1-ETO gene regulation. This provides new insight into the under-studied mechanisms of RUNX1-ETO target gene upregulation and identifies KLF6 as a potentially important protein for further study in t(8;21) AML development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell C. DeKelver
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Lewin
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kentson Lam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Yukiko Komeno
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ming Yan
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Chandler Rundle
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Miao-Chia Lo
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Dong-Er Zhang
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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CD72 regulates the growth of KIT-mutated leukemia cell line Kasumi-1. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2861. [PMID: 24713856 PMCID: PMC3980566 DOI: 10.1038/srep02861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations in KIT, a member of the receptor type tyrosine kinases, are observed in certain neoplasms, including mast cell tumors (MCTs) and acute myelogenous leukemias (AMLs). A MCT line HMC1.2 harboring the KIT mutation was reported to express CD72, which could suppress the cell proliferation. Here, we examined the ability of CD72 to modify the growth of AMLs harboring gain-of-function KIT mutations. CD72 was expressed on the surface of the AML cell line, Kasumi-1. CD72 ligation by an agonistic antibody BU40 or by a natural ligand CD100, suppressed the proliferation of the Kasumi-1 cells and enhanced cell death, as monitored by caspase-3 cleavage. These responses were associated with the phosphorylation of CD72, the formation of the CD72 - SHP-1 complex and dephosphorylation of src family kinases and JNK. Thus, these results seemed to suggest that CD72 was the therapeutic potential for AML, as is the case of MCTs.
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Ben-Ami O, Friedman D, Leshkowitz D, Goldenberg D, Orlovsky K, Pencovich N, Lotem J, Tanay A, Groner Y. Addiction of t(8;21) and inv(16) acute myeloid leukemia to native RUNX1. Cell Rep 2013; 4:1131-43. [PMID: 24055056 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The t(8;21) and inv(16) chromosomal aberrations generate the oncoproteins AML1-ETO (A-E) and CBFβ-SMMHC (C-S). The role of these oncoproteins in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) etiology has been well studied. Conversely, the function of native RUNX1 in promoting A-E- and C-S-mediated leukemias has remained elusive. We show that wild-type RUNX1 is required for the survival of t(8;21)-Kasumi-1 and inv(16)-ME-1 leukemic cells. RUNX1 knockdown in Kasumi-1 cells (Kasumi-1(RX1-KD)) attenuates the cell-cycle mitotic checkpoint, leading to apoptosis, whereas knockdown of A-E in Kasumi-1(RX1-KD) rescues these cells. Mechanistically, a delicate RUNX1/A-E balance involving competition for common genomic sites that regulate RUNX1/A-E targets sustains the malignant cell phenotype. The broad medical significance of this leukemic cell addiction to native RUNX1 is underscored by clinical data showing that an active RUNX1 allele is usually preserved in both t(8;21) or inv(16) AML patients, whereas RUNX1 is frequently inactivated in other forms of leukemia. Thus, RUNX1 and its mitotic control targets are potential candidates for new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Ben-Ami
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
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33
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Attenuation of AML1-ETO cellular dysregulation correlates with increased leukemogenic potential. Blood 2013; 121:3714-7. [PMID: 23426948 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-11-465641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
AML1-ETO (RUNX1-ETO) fusion proteins are generated by the 8;21 translocation, commonly found in acute myeloid leukemia, which fuses the AML1 (RUNX1) and ETO (MTG8, RUNX1T1) genes. Previous studies have shown that AML1-ETO interferes with AML1 function but requires additional cooperating mutations to induce leukemia development. In mouse models, AML1-ETO forms lacking the C-terminus have been shown to have greatly enhanced leukemogenic potential. Here, we investigate the role of 2 AML1-ETO C-terminal-interacting proteins, N-CoR, a transcriptional corepressor, and SON, a splicing/transcription factor required for cell cycle progression, in AML1-ETO-induced leukemia development. AML1-ETO-W692A loses N-CoR binding at NHR4, displays attenuated transcriptional repression ability and decreased cellular dysregulation, and promotes leukemia in vivo. These results support the importance of the degree of dysregulation by AML1-ETO in cellular transformation and demonstrate that AML1-ETO-W692A can be used as an effective experimental model for determining which factors compromise the leukemogenic potential of AML1-ETO.
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34
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Kok CH, Brown AL, Perugini M, Iarossi DG, Lewis ID, D'Andrea RJ. The preferential occurrence of FLT3-TKD mutations in inv(16) AML and impact on survival outcome: a combined analysis of 1053 core-binding factor AML patients. Br J Haematol 2012. [PMID: 23190472 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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35
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Hatlen MA, Wang L, Nimer SD. AML1-ETO driven acute leukemia: insights into pathogenesis and potential therapeutic approaches. Front Med 2012; 6:248-62. [PMID: 22875638 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-012-0206-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The AML1-ETO fusion transcription factor is generated by the t(8;21) translocation, which is present in approximately 4%-12% of adult and 12%-30% of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. Both human and mouse models of AML have demonstrated that AML1-ETO is insufficient for leukemogenesis in the absence of secondary events. In this review, we discuss the pathogenetic insights that have been gained from identifying the various events that can cooperate with AML1-ETO to induce AML in vivo. We also discuss potential therapeutic strategies for t(8;21) positive AML that involve targeting the fusion protein itself, the proteins that bind to it, or the genes that it regulates. Recently published studies suggest that a targeted therapy for t(8;21) positive AML is feasible and may be coming sometime soon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Hatlen
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Abstract
Although the identification of cancer stem cells as therapeutic targets is now actively being pursued in many human malignancies, the leukemic stem cells in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are a paradigm of such a strategy. Heterogeneity of these cells was suggested by clonal analyses indicating the existence of both leukemias resulting from transformed multipotent CD33(-) stem cells as well others arising from, or predominantly involving, committed CD33(+) myeloid precursors. The latter leukemias, which may be associated with an intrinsically better prognosis, offer a particularly attractive target for stem cell-directed therapies. Targeting the CD33 differentiation antigen with gemtuzumab ozogamicin was the first attempt of such an approach. Emerging clinical data indicate that gemtuzumab ozogamicin is efficacious not only for acute promyelocytic leukemia but, in combination with conventional chemotherapy, also for other favorable- and intermediate-risk AMLs, providing the first proof-of-principle evidence for the validity of this strategy. Herein, we review studies on the nature of stem cells in AML, discuss clinical data on the effectiveness of CD33-directed therapy, and consider the mechanistic basis for success and failure in various AML subsets.
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Abstract
KIT mutations are the most common secondary mutations in inv(16) acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients and are associated with poor prognosis. It is therefore important to verify that KIT mutations cooperate with CBFB-MYH11, the fusion gene generated by inv(16), for leukemogenesis. Here, we transduced wild-type and conditional Cbfb-MYH11 knockin (KI) mouse bone marrow (BM) cells with KIT D816V/Y mutations. KIT transduction caused massive BM Lin(-) cell death and fewer colonies in culture that were less severe in the KI cells. D816Y KIT but not wild-type KIT enhanced proliferation in Lin(-) cells and led to more mixed lineage colonies from transduced KI BM cells. Importantly, 60% and 80% of mice transplanted with KI BM cells expressing D816V or D816Y KIT, respectively, died from leukemia within 9 months, whereas no control mice died. Results from limiting dilution transplantations indicate higher frequencies of leukemia-initiating cells in the leukemia expressing mutated KIT. Signaling pathway analysis revealed that p44/42 MAPK and Stat3, but not AKT and Stat5, were strongly phosphorylated in the leukemia cells. Finally, leukemia cells carrying KIT D816 mutations were sensitive to the kinase inhibitor PKC412. Our data provide clear evidence for cooperation between mutated KIT and CBFB-MYH11 during leukemogenesis.
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Distinct classes of c-Kit-activating mutations differ in their ability to promote RUNX1-ETO-associated acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 2011; 119:1522-31. [PMID: 21937700 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-02-338228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The t(8;21) RUNX1-ETO translocation is one of the most frequent cytogenetic abnormalities in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In RUNX1-ETO(+) patient samples, differing classes of activating c-KIT receptor tyrosine kinase mutations have been observed. The most common (12%-48%) involves mutations, such as D816V, which occur in the tyrosine kinase domain, whereas another involves mutations within exon 8 in a region mediating receptor dimerization (2%-13% of cases). To test whether distinct subtypes of activating c-KIT mutations differ in their leukemogenic potential in association with RUNX1-ETO, we used a retroviral transduction/transplantation model to coexpress RUNX1-ETO with either c-Kit(D814V) or c-Kit(T417IΔ418-419) in murine hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells used to reconstitute lethally irradiated mice. Analysis of reconstituted animals showed that RUNX1-ETO;c-Kit(D814V) coexpression resulted in 3 nonoverlapping phenotypes. In 45% of animals, a transplantable AML of relatively short latency and frequent granulocytic sarcoma was noted. Other mice exhibited a rapidly fatal myeloproliferative phenotype (35%) or a lethal, short-latency pre-B-cell leukemia (20%). In contrast, RUNX1-ETO;c-Kit(T417IΔ418-419) coexpression promoted exclusively AML in a fraction (51%) of reconstituted mice. These observations indicate that c-Kit(D814V) promotes a more varied and aggressive leukemic phenotype than c-Kit(T417IΔ418-419), which may be the result of differing potencies of the activating c-Kit alleles.
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39
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Duque-Afonso J, Solari L, Essig A, Berg T, Pahl HL, Lübbert M. Regulation of the adaptor molecule LAT2, an in vivo target gene of AML1/ETO (RUNX1/RUNX1T1), during myeloid differentiation. Br J Haematol 2011; 153:612-22. [PMID: 21488857 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.08586.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The leukaemia-specific fusion oncoprotein RUNX1/RUNX1T1 (AML1/ETO), resulting from the chromosomal translocation (8;21) in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), imposes a striking genotype-phenotype relationship upon this distinct subtype of AML, which is mediated by multiple, co-ordinate downstream effects induced by this chimeric transcription factor. We previously identified the LAT2 gene, encoding the adaptor molecule LAT2 (NTAL, LAB), which is phosphorylated by KIT and has a role in mast cell and B-cell activation, as a target of the repressor activity of RUNX1/RUNX1T1. These results were confirmed and extended by demonstrating downregulation of the LAT2 protein in response to conditional RUNX1/RUNX1T1 expression, and its absence in primary AML with the t(8;21). In contrast, in a cohort of 43 AML patients, higher levels of LAT2 were associated with myelomonocytic features. Differentiation of HL-60 and NB4 cells towards granulocytes by all trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) resulted in downregulation of LAT2; conversely, it was upregulated during phorbol ester-induced monocytic differentiation of HL-60 cells. Forced expression of LAT2 in Kasumi-1 cells resulted in a striking block of ATRA- and phorbol ester-induced differentiation, implicating disturbances of the graded expression of this adaptor molecule in the maturation block of myeloid leukaemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Duque-Afonso
- Department of Haematology/Oncology, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, Freiburg, Germany
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40
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Chevalier N, Solari ML, Becker H, Pantic M, Gärtner F, Maul-Pavicic A, Hübner J, Wäsch R, Schmitt-Gräff A, Lübbert M. Robust in vivo differentiation of t(8;21)-positive acute myeloid leukemia blasts to neutrophilic granulocytes induced by treatment with dasatinib. Leukemia 2010; 24:1779-81. [PMID: 20811401 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2010.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Hackanson B, Abdelkarim M, Jansen JH, Lübbert M. NHR4 domain mutations of ETO are probably very infrequent in AML1-ETO positive myeloid leukemia cells. Leukemia 2010; 24:860-1. [PMID: 20090777 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2009.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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42
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A Drosophila model identifies calpains as modulators of the human leukemogenic fusion protein AML1-ETO. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:12043-8. [PMID: 19581587 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0902449106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The t(8:21)(q22;q22) translocation is 1 of the most common chromosomal abnormalities linked to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). AML1-ETO, the product of this translocation, fuses the N-terminal portion of the RUNX transcription factor AML1 (also known as RUNX1), including its DNA-binding domain, to the almost entire transcriptional corepressor ETO (also known as MTG8 or RUNX1T1). This fusion protein acts primarily by interfering with endogenous AML1 function during myeloid differentiation, although relatively few genes are known that participate with AML1-ETO during leukemia progression. Here, we assessed the consequences of expressing this chimera in Drosophila blood cells. Reminiscent of what is observed in AML, AML1-ETO specifically inhibited the differentiation of the blood cell lineage whose development depends on the RUNX factor Lozenge (LZ) and induced increased numbers of LZ(+) progenitors. Using an in vivo RNAi-based screen for suppressors of AML1-ETO, we identified calpainB as required for AML1-ETO-induced blood cell disorders in Drosophila. Remarkably, calpain inhibition triggered AML1-ETO degradation and impaired the clonogenic potential of the human t(8;21) leukemic blood cell line Kasumi-1. Therefore Drosophila provides a promising genetically tractable model to investigate the conserved basis of leukemogenesis and to open avenues in AML therapy.
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43
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Komeno Y, Kitaura J, Kitamura T. Molecular bases of myelodysplastic syndromes: lessons from animal models. J Cell Physiol 2009; 219:529-34. [PMID: 19259975 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a clonal disorder of hematopietic stem cells characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis, peripheral blood cytopenia, morphologic dysplasia, and susceptibility to acute myeloid leukemia. Several mechanisms have been suggested as causes of MDS: unbalanced chromosomal abnormalities reflecting a gain or loss of chromosomal material, point mutations of transcription factors, and inactivation of p53. However, appropriate animal models that mimic MDS have long been lacking. We recently reported a novel murine model of MDS that recapitulates trilineage dysplasia and transformation to AML. In this review, we summarize the animal models of MDS and discuss the molecular bases of MDS as well as those of leukemia and myeloproliferative disorders (MPD). J. Cell. Physiol. 219: 529-534, 2009. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Komeno
- Division of Cellular Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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44
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Mrózek K, Marcucci G, Paschka P, Bloomfield CD. Advances in molecular genetics and treatment of core-binding factor acute myeloid leukemia. Curr Opin Oncol 2008; 20:711-8. [PMID: 18841055 PMCID: PMC3677535 DOI: 10.1097/cco.0b013e32831369df] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Core-binding factor (CBF) acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is among the most common cytogenetic subtypes of AML, being detected in approximately 13% of adults with primary disease. Although CBF-AML is associated with a relatively favorable prognosis, only one-half of the patients are cured. Herein we review recent discoveries of genetic and epigenetic alterations in CBF-AML that may represent novel prognostic markers and therapeutic targets and lead to improvement of the still disappointing clinical outcome of these patients. RECENT FINDINGS Several acquired gene mutations and gene-expression and microRNA-expression changes that occur in addition to t(8;21)(q22;q22) and inv(16)(p13q22)/t(16;16)(p13;q22), the cytogenetic hallmarks of CBF-AML, have been recently reported. Alterations that may represent cooperative events in CBF-AML leukemogenesis include mutations in the KIT, FLT3, JAK2 and RAS genes, haploinsufficiency of the putative tumor suppressor genes TLE1 and TLE4 in t(8;21)-positive patients with del(9q), MN1 overexpression in inv(16) patients, and epigenetic and posttranscriptional silencing of CEBPA. Genome-wide gene-expression and microRNA-expression profiling identifying subgroups of CBF-AML patients with distinct molecular signatures, different clinical outcomes, or both, have also been reported. SUMMARY Progress has been made in delineating the genetic basis of CBF-AML that will likely result in improved prognostication and development of novel, risk-adapted therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Mrózek
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1228, USA.
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