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Sevilla A, Grichnik J. Therapeutic modulation of KIT ligand in melanocytic disorders with implications for mast cell diseases. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e15091. [PMID: 38711220 DOI: 10.1111/exd.15091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
KIT ligand and its associated receptor KIT serve as a master regulatory system for both melanocytes and mast cells controlling survival, migration, proliferation and activation. Blockade of this pathway results in cell depletion, while overactivation leads to mastocytosis or melanoma. Expression defects are associated with pigmentary and mast cell disorders. KIT ligand regulation is complex but efficient targeting of this system would be of significant benefit to those suffering from melanocytic or mast cell disorders. Herein, we review the known associations of this pathway with cutaneous diseases and the regulators of this system both in skin and in the more well-studied germ cell system. Exogenous agents modulating this pathway will also be presented. Ultimately, we will review potential therapeutic opportunities to help our patients with melanocytic and mast cell disease processes potentially including vitiligo, hair greying, melasma, urticaria, mastocytosis and melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec Sevilla
- Department of Dermatology, New York Medical College, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lakeland Regional Health, Lakeland, Florida, USA
| | - James Grichnik
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
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2
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Fatma K, Thumpati P, Panda D, Velayutham R, Dash J. Selective Recognition of c-KIT 1 G-Quadruplex by Structural Tuning of Heteroaromatic Scaffolds and Side Chains. ACS Med Chem Lett 2024; 15:388-395. [PMID: 38505840 PMCID: PMC10945540 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, carbazole (MC) and dibenzofuran (MD) derivatives were synthesized to examine their effect on the biomolecular recognition of G-quadruplex (G4) targets. Biophysical studies revealed that MC-4, a carbazole derivative, exhibits a specific affinity and effectively stabilizes the c-KIT 1 G4. Molecular modeling suggests a stable interaction of MC-4 with the terminal G-tetrad of c-KIT 1 G4. Biological studies demonstrate that MC-4 efficiently enters cells, reduces c-KIT gene expression, and induces cell cycle arrest, DNA damage, and apoptosis in cancer cells. These findings demonstrate MC-4 as a selective c-KIT G4 ligand with therapeutic potential, providing insight into the structural basis of its anticancer mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushnood Fatma
- Indian
Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B, Raja Subodh Chandra
Mallick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
| | - Prasanth Thumpati
- Indian
Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B, Raja Subodh Chandra
Mallick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
- National
Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Chunilal Bhawan, Maniktala, Kolkata-700054, India
| | - Deepanjan Panda
- Indian
Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B, Raja Subodh Chandra
Mallick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
| | - Ravichandiran Velayutham
- National
Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Chunilal Bhawan, Maniktala, Kolkata-700054, India
| | - Jyotirmayee Dash
- Indian
Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B, Raja Subodh Chandra
Mallick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
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3
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Singh R, Ha SE, Park HS, Debnath S, Cho H, Baek G, Yu TY, Ro S. Sustained Effectiveness and Safety of Therapeutic miR-10a/b in Alleviating Diabetes and Gastrointestinal Dysmotility without Inducing Cancer or Inflammation in Murine Liver and Colon. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2266. [PMID: 38396943 PMCID: PMC10888952 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of both physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms in diabetes and gastrointestinal (GI) dysmotility. Our previous studies have demonstrated the therapeutic potential of miR-10a-5p mimic and miR-10b-5p mimic (miR-10a/b mimics) in rescuing diabetes and GI dysmotility in murine models of diabetes. In this study, we elucidated the safety profile of a long-term treatment with miR-10a/b mimics in diabetic mice. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat, high-sucrose diet (HFHSD) to induce diabetes and treated by five subcutaneous injections of miR-10a/b mimics for a 5 month period. We examined the long-term effects of the miRNA mimics on diabetes and GI dysmotility, including an assessment of potential risks for cancer and inflammation in the liver and colon using biomarkers. HFHSD-induced diabetic mice subcutaneously injected with miR-10a/b mimics on a monthly basis for 5 consecutive months exhibited a marked reduction in fasting blood glucose levels with restoration of insulin and significant weight loss, improved glucose and insulin intolerance, and restored GI transit time. In addition, the miR-10a/b mimic-treated diabetic mice showed no indication of risk for cancer development or inflammation induction in the liver, colon, and blood for 5 months post-injections. This longitudinal study demonstrates that miR-10a/b mimics, when subcutaneously administered in diabetic mice, effectively alleviate diabetes and GI dysmotility for 5 months with no discernible risk for cancer or inflammation in the liver and colon. The sustained efficacy and favorable safety profiles position miR-10a/b mimics as promising candidates in miRNA-based therapeutics for diabetes and GI dysmotility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Singh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (R.S.); (S.E.H.); (H.S.P.); (S.D.); (H.C.); (G.B.); (T.Y.Y.)
| | - Se Eun Ha
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (R.S.); (S.E.H.); (H.S.P.); (S.D.); (H.C.); (G.B.); (T.Y.Y.)
| | - Han Sung Park
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (R.S.); (S.E.H.); (H.S.P.); (S.D.); (H.C.); (G.B.); (T.Y.Y.)
| | - Sushmita Debnath
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (R.S.); (S.E.H.); (H.S.P.); (S.D.); (H.C.); (G.B.); (T.Y.Y.)
| | - Hayeong Cho
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (R.S.); (S.E.H.); (H.S.P.); (S.D.); (H.C.); (G.B.); (T.Y.Y.)
| | - Gain Baek
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (R.S.); (S.E.H.); (H.S.P.); (S.D.); (H.C.); (G.B.); (T.Y.Y.)
| | - Tae Yang Yu
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (R.S.); (S.E.H.); (H.S.P.); (S.D.); (H.C.); (G.B.); (T.Y.Y.)
| | - Seungil Ro
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (R.S.); (S.E.H.); (H.S.P.); (S.D.); (H.C.); (G.B.); (T.Y.Y.)
- RosVivo Therapeutics, Applied Research Facility, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, USA
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Rydz A, Lange M, Ługowska-Umer H, Sikorska M, Nowicki RJ, Morales-Cabeza C, Alvarez-Twose I. Diffuse Cutaneous Mastocytosis: A Current Understanding of a Rare Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1401. [PMID: 38338679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Mastocytosis is a heterogeneous disease characterized by the expansion and accumulation of neoplastic mast cells in various tissues. Diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis (DCM) is a rare and most severe form of cutaneous mastocytosis, which typically occurs in childhood. There have been reports of a familial DCM with specific gene mutations, indicating both sporadic and hereditary factors involved in its pathogenesis. DCM is associated with severe MC mediator-related symptoms and an increased risk of anaphylaxis. The diagnosis is based on the appearance of skin lesions, which typically show generalized thickening, erythroderma, blistering dermographism, and a positive Darier's sign. Recognition, particularly in infants, is challenging due to DCMs resemblance to other bullous skin disorders. Therefore, in unclear cases, a skin biopsy is crucial. Treatment focuses on symptom management, mainly including antihistamines and mast cell stabilizers. In extremely severe cases, systemic steroids, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, phototherapy, or omalizumab may be considered. Patients should be equipped with an adrenaline autoinjector. Herein, we conducted a comprehensive review of literature data on DCM since 1962, which could help to better understand both the management and prognosis of DCM, which depends on the severity of skin lesions, intensity of mediator-related symptoms, presence of anaphylaxis, and treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Rydz
- Student's Scientific Circle Practical and Experimental Dermatology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Lange
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Hanna Ługowska-Umer
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Monika Sikorska
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Roman J Nowicki
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Cristina Morales-Cabeza
- Instituto de Estudios de Mastocitosis de Castilla-La Mancha (CLMast)-Spanish Reference Center for Mastocytosis, Hospital Virgen del Valle-Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Toledo, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Iván Alvarez-Twose
- Instituto de Estudios de Mastocitosis de Castilla-La Mancha (CLMast)-Spanish Reference Center for Mastocytosis, Hospital Virgen del Valle-Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Toledo, 45071 Toledo, Spain
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Jiang Z, Guo Y, Shi J, Zhang S, Zhang L, Wang Y, Li G, Bai R, Zhao H, Sun J. Cell-permeable PI3 kinase competitive peptide inhibits KIT mutant mediated tumorigenesis of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:98. [PMID: 38206538 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09120-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the receptor tyrosine kinase KIT are the main cause of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), and the KIT mutants mediated PI3 kinase activation plays a key role in the tumorigenesis of GIST. In this study, we aimed to block PI3 kinase activation by cell-permeable peptide and investigate its possible application in the treatment of GIST. METHODS AND RESULTS We designed cell-permeable peptides based on the binding domain of PI3 kinase subunit p85 to KIT or PI3 kinase subunit p110, respectively, in order to compete for the binding between p85 and KIT or p110 and therefore inhibit the activation of PI3 kinases mediated by KIT. The results showed that the peptide can penetrate the cells, and inhibit the activation of PI3 kinases, leading to reduced cell survival and cell proliferation mediated by KIT mutants in vitro. Treatment of mice carrying germline KIT/V558A mutation, which can develop GIST, with the peptide that can compete for the binding between p85 and p110, led to reduced tumorigenesis of GIST. The peptide can further enhance the inhibition of the tumor growth by imatinib which is used as the first line targeted therapy of GIST. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that cell-permeable PI3 kinase competitive peptide can inhibit KIT-mediated PI3 kinase activation and tumorigenesis of GIST, providing a rationale to further test the peptide in the treatment of GIST and even other tumors with over-activation of PI3 kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongying Jiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Science and Technology Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yue Guo
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jun Shi
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Shaoting Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Science and Technology Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Liangying Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Science and Technology Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yapeng Wang
- School of Nursing, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Guofu Li
- Department of Pathology, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Ru Bai
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Science and Technology Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Jianmin Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Science and Technology Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
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Incorvaia L, De Biase D, Nannini M, Fumagalli E, Vincenzi B, De Luca I, Brando C, Perez A, Pantaleo MA, Gasperoni S, D’Ambrosio L, Grignani G, Maloberti T, Pedone E, Bazan Russo TD, Mazzocca A, Algeri L, Dimino A, Barraco N, Serino R, Gristina V, Galvano A, Bazan V, Russo A, Badalamenti G. KIT/PDGFRA Variant Allele Frequency as Prognostic Factor in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs): Results From a Multi-Institutional Cohort Study. Oncologist 2024; 29:e141-e151. [PMID: 37463014 PMCID: PMC10769785 DOI: 10.1093/oncolo/oyad206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The patient selection for optimal adjuvant therapy in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) is provided by nomogram based on tumor size, mitotic index, tumor location, and tumor rupture. Although mutational status is not currently used to risk assessment, tumor genotype showed a prognostic influence on natural history and tumor relapse. Innovative measures, such as KIT/PDGFRA-mutant-specific variant allele frequency (VAF) levels detection from next-generation sequencing (NGS), may act as a surrogate of tumor burden and correlate with prognosis and overall survival of patients with GIST, helping the choice for adjuvant treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a multicenter, hospital-based, retrospective/prospective cohort study to investigate the prognostic role of KIT or PDGFRA-VAF of GIST in patients with radically resected localized disease. In the current manuscript, we present the results from the retrospective phase of the study. RESULTS Two-hundred (200) patients with GIST between 2015 and 2022 afferent to 6 Italian Oncologic Centers in the EURACAN Network were included in the study. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves analysis was used to classify "low" vs. "high" VAF values, further normalized on neoplastic cellularity (nVAF). When RFS between the low and high nVAF groups were compared, patients with GIST with KIT/PDGFRA nVAF > 50% showed less favorable RFS than patients in the group of nVAF ≤ 50% (2-year RFS, 72.6% vs. 93%, respectively; P = .003). The multivariable Cox regression model confirmed these results. In the homogeneous sub-population of intermediate-risk, patients with KIT-mutated GIST, the presence of nVAF >50% was statistically associated with higher disease recurrence. CONCLUSION In our study, we demonstrated that higher nVAF levels were independent predictors of GIST prognosis and survival in localized GIST patients with tumors harboring KIT or PDGFRA mutations. In the cohort of intermediate-risk patients, nVAF could be helpful to improve prognostication and the use of adjuvant imatinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Incorvaia
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Dario De Biase
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Solid Tumor Molecular Pathology Laboratory, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Margherita Nannini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialized Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Fumagalli
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Bruno Vincenzi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Campus Biomedico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ida De Luca
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Chiara Brando
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Perez
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria A Pantaleo
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialized Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Gasperoni
- Department of Oncology and Robotic Surgery, Translational Oncology Unit, University Hospital Careggi, Firenze, Italy
| | - Lorenzo D’Ambrosio
- Division of Medical Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO - IRCCS, Candiolo, TO, Italy
| | - Giovanni Grignani
- Division of Medical Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO - IRCCS, Candiolo, TO, Italy
| | - Thais Maloberti
- Solid Tumor Molecular Pathology Laboratory, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Erika Pedone
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Tancredi Didier Bazan Russo
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mazzocca
- Department of Medical Oncology, Campus Biomedico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Algeri
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Dimino
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Nadia Barraco
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberta Serino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Valerio Gristina
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Galvano
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Viviana Bazan
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Russo
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Badalamenti
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Li S, Zhao S, Liang N, Zhang S, Zhang L, Zhou L, Liu A, Cao X, Tian J, Yu Y, Fan Z, Xiao K, Wang M, Zhao H, Bai R, Sun J. SPRY4 inhibits and sensitizes the primary KIT mutants in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) to imatinib. Gastric Cancer 2023; 26:677-690. [PMID: 37222910 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-023-01402-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND KIT is frequently mutated in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), and the treatment of GISTs largely relies on targeting KIT currently. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of sprouty RTK signaling antagonist 4 (SPRY4) in GISTs and related mechanisms. METHODS Ba/F3 cells and GIST-T1 cell were used as cell models, and mice carrying germline KIT/V558A mutation were used as animal model. Gene expression was examined by qRT-PCR and western blot. Protein association was examined by immunoprecipitation. RESULTS Our study revealed that KIT increased the expression of SPRY4 in GISTs. SPRY4 was found to bind to both wild-type KIT and primary KIT mutants in GISTs, and inhibited KIT expression and activation, leading to decreased cell survival and proliferation mediated by KIT. We also observed that inhibition of SPRY4 expression in KITV558A/WT mice led to increased tumorigenesis of GISTs in vivo. Moreover, our results demonstrated that SPRY4 enhanced the inhibitory effect of imatinib on the activation of primary KIT mutants, as well as on cell proliferation and survival mediated by the primary KIT mutants. However, in contrast to this, SPRY4 did not affect the expression and activation of drug-resistant secondary KIT mutants, nor did it affect the sensitivity of secondary KIT mutants to imatinib. These findings suggested that secondary KIT mutants regulate a different downstream signaling cascade than primary KIT mutants. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that SPRY4 acts as negative feedback of primary KIT mutants in GISTs by inhibiting KIT expression and activation. It can increase the sensitivity of primary KIT mutants to imatinib. In contrast, secondary KIT mutants are resistant to the inhibition of SPRY4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujing Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Science and Technology Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Department of Pediatrics, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Sien Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Science and Technology Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Nianhai Liang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Science and Technology Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Shaoting Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Science and Technology Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Liangying Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Science and Technology Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Liangji Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Anbu Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Science and Technology Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xu Cao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Science and Technology Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jinhai Tian
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Science and Technology Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- Department of Emergency, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Zhaoyang Fan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Science and Technology Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Kun Xiao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Science and Technology Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Ming Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Science and Technology Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ru Bai
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Science and Technology Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jianmin Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Science and Technology Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
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Valent P, Akin C, Sperr WR, Horny HP, Arock M, Metcalfe DD, Galli SJ. New Insights into the Pathogenesis of Mastocytosis: Emerging Concepts in Diagnosis and Therapy. Annu Rev Pathol 2023; 18:361-386. [PMID: 36270293 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-031521-042618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Mastocytosis is a heterogeneous group of neoplasms defined by a numerical increase and accumulation of clonal mast cells (MCs) in various organ systems. The disease may present as cutaneous mastocytosis or systemic mastocytosis (SM). On the basis of histopathological and molecular features, clinical variables, and organ involvement, SM is divided into indolent SM, smoldering SM, SM with an associated hematologic neoplasm, aggressive SM, and MC leukemia. Each variant is defined by unique diagnostic criteria and a unique spectrum of clinical presentations. A key driver of MC expansion and disease evolution is the oncogenic machinery triggered by mutant forms of KIT. The genetic background, additional somatic mutations, and comorbidities also contribute to the course and prognosis. Patients with SM may also suffer from mediator-related symptoms or even an MC activation syndrome. This article provides an update of concepts on the genetics, etiology, and pathology of mastocytosis, with emphasis on diagnostic criteria and new treatment concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; .,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cem Akin
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Wolfgang R Sperr
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; .,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans-Peter Horny
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Michel Arock
- Department of Hematological Biology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles-Foix Hospital, AP-HP Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Dean D Metcalfe
- Mast Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen J Galli
- Department of Pathology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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9
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Ge Q, Liu Y, Yang F, Sun G, Guo J, Sun S. Chinese Pedigree with Hereditary Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: A Case Report and Literature Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010830. [PMID: 36614290 PMCID: PMC9820900 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Familial gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder with only a few affected families reported to date. Here, we report a case of familial GISTs harboring a novel germline mutation within exon 18 of KIT. A 58-year-old male patient presented with gastric subepithelial lesions accompanied by cutaneous hyperpigmentation, which were subsequently diagnosed as multinodular GISTs. Endoscopic surgery was initially conducted to remove the larger lesions, and pathological examinations were then conducted for the diagnosis of GISTs. Family history revealed that some other family members had similar cutaneous pigmentations. Whole-exome sequencing was used to search for potential driver mutations, and Sanger sequencing was used for mutation validation. A novel primary driver mutation of KIT (c.G2485C, p.A829P) was detected in these hereditary GISTs, which has been reported in some targeted chemotherapy-resistant GISTs. Cell models were subsequently established for the rapid screening of candidate drugs and exploring potential mechanisms. This mutation could lead to cell proliferation and imatinib resistance by ligand-independent activation of KIT; however, ripretinib administration was identified as an applicable targeted therapy for this mutation. The mutation activated the JAK/STAT3 and MAPK/ERK pathways, which could be inhibited by ripretinib administration. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the KIT-A829P mutation in familial GISTs, complementing the pathogenesis of familial GISTs and providing valuable information for the precision treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichao Ge
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang 110004, China
- Innovative Research Center for Integrated Cancer Omics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang 110004, China
- Innovative Research Center for Integrated Cancer Omics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Guangwei Sun
- Innovative Engineering Technology Research Center for Cell Therapy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, China
| | - Jintao Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang 110004, China
- Correspondence: (J.G.); (S.S.); Tel.: +86-189-4025-6654 (J.G.); Fax: +86-24-23892617 (J.G.)
| | - Siyu Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang 110004, China
- Correspondence: (J.G.); (S.S.); Tel.: +86-189-4025-6654 (J.G.); Fax: +86-24-23892617 (J.G.)
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10
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Kraiger M, Klein-Rodewald T, Rathkolb B, Calzada-Wack J, Sanz-Moreno A, Fuchs H, Wolf E, Gailus-Durner V, de Angelis MH. Monitoring longitudinal disease progression in a novel murine Kit tumor model using high-field MRI. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14608. [PMID: 36028522 PMCID: PMC9418174 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17880-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models are an indispensable platform used in various research disciplines, enabling, for example, studies of basic biological mechanisms, pathological processes and new therapeutic interventions. In this study, we applied magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to characterize the clinical picture of a novel N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced Kit-mutant mouse in vivo. Seven C3H KitN824K/WT mutant animals each of both sexes and their littermates were monitored every other month for a period of twelve months. MRI relaxometry data of hematopoietic bone marrow and splenic tissue as well as high-resolution images of the gastrointestinal organs were acquired. Compared with controls, the mutants showed a dynamic change in the shape and volume of the cecum and enlarged Peyer´s patches were identified throughout the entire study. Mammary tumors were observed in the majority of mutant females and were first detected at eight months of age. Using relaxation measurements, a substantial decrease in longitudinal relaxation times in hematopoietic tissue was detected in mutants at one year of age. In contrast, transverse relaxation time of splenic tissue showed no differences between genotypes, except in two mutant mice, one of which had leukemia and the other hemangioma. In this study, in vivo MRI was used for the first time to thoroughly characterize the evolution of systemic manifestations of a novel Kit-induced tumor model and to document the observable organ-specific disease cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kraiger
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Tanja Klein-Rodewald
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Birgit Rathkolb
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Calzada-Wack
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Adrián Sanz-Moreno
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Helmut Fuchs
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Valérie Gailus-Durner
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabě de Angelis
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Experimental Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
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11
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Brodey A, Kounnis V, Hawkes L, Jones RL, McVeigh TP, Cojocaru E. KIT-Associated Familial GIST Syndrome: Response to Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Implications for Risk Management. Oncologist 2022; 27:615-620. [PMID: 35791894 PMCID: PMC9355806 DOI: 10.1093/oncolo/oyac120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporadic gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are rare tumors, with a median age at diagnosis of 60 years. Familial GISTs are very rare and typically associated with earlier onset, with an average age at diagnosis of 48 years. To date, just over 50 familial cases associated with a germline variant KIT or PDGFRa genes have been published. Therefore, there are many challenges in managing these patients, including the timing of starting systemic treatment, considering that most patients have been asymptomatic for a long period before being diagnosed, as well as the choice of tyrosine kinase inhibitor and the plan for surveillance. It is uncertain if early diagnosis through screening of asymptomatic individuals improves overall survival. Screening could start from the age of 18 years but may be considered at earlier ages depending on the underlying genotype and family history. The long-term benefit of early diagnosis or palliative/prophylactic treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors is unknown as there are no data available. Long-term side effects of treatment with imatinib are rare but well documented and could be damaging in patients who have no or minimal disease. We present the case of a 53-year-old Caucasian patient who was diagnosed with multifocal GIST and subsequently found to be a carrier of a pathogenic germline KIT variant in exon 11. We discuss the implication of treatment and genetic testing in this case and in familial KIT associated GISTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Brodey
- Department of Oncology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Valentinos Kounnis
- Department of Oncology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Lara Hawkes
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Robin L Jones
- Sarcoma Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Terri P McVeigh
- Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.,Cancer Genetics Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Elena Cojocaru
- Department of Oncology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.,Cancer Genetics Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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12
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Yang L, Liu Y, Wang T. Case Report: A Missense Mutation of KIT in Hyperpigmentation and Lentigines Unassociated With Systemic Disorders: Report of a Chinese Pedigree and a Literature Review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:847382. [PMID: 35692550 PMCID: PMC9174787 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.847382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background KIT is a proto-oncogene that is involved in the proliferation, survival, and regulation of melanocytes, mast cells, and the interstitial cells of Cajal. Mutations of KIT have been reported to be associated with hyperpigmentation and lentigines, mastocytosis, and gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). Some hotspot mutations of KIT have been reported to be associated with mastocytosis and GISTs, while the relationship between KIT mutations and hyperpigmentation and lentigines has not been fully elucidated. Methods In this study, we presented a three-generation Chinese pedigree with progressive hyperpigmentation and generalized lentigines inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. High-throughput sequencing was performed to capture genetic variations in peripheral blood samples of the proband. Also, Sanger sequencing was performed to further verify the result. We also reviewed previous literature on KIT mutations with hyperpigmentation and lentigines. Results A missense mutation of the KIT gene was identified: c. 2485G > C, which was co-segregated in the proband and his insulted father. Germline KIT mutations presenting as generalized hyperpigmentation and lentigines without systemic disorders are rare, with only two reports of c. 2485G > C mutation associated with this phenotype in previous literature. Conclusion Our pedigree, together with those two reports, indicates a possible phenotype-genotype correlation of this germline KIT mutation, which might be helpful for genetic counseling, further functional segregation of KIT, and design of targeted therapy in the future.
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13
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Pharm.D. MA, Hoermann G, Sotlar K, Hermine O, Sperr WR, Hartmann K, Brockow K, Akin C, Triggiani M, Broesby-Olsen S, Reiter A, Gotlib J, Horny HP, Orfao A, Metcalfe DD, Valent P. Clinical Impact and Proposed Application of Molecular Markers, Genetic Variants and Cytogenetic Analysis in Mast Cell Neoplasms: Status 2022. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 149:1855-1865. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Toss A, Quarello P, Mascarin M, Banna GL, Zecca M, Cinieri S, Peccatori FA, Ferrari A. Cancer Predisposition Genes in Adolescents and Young Adults (AYAs): a Review Paper from the Italian AYA Working Group. Curr Oncol Rep 2022; 24:843-860. [PMID: 35320498 PMCID: PMC9170630 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-022-01213-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present narrative systematic review summarizes current knowledge on germline gene mutations predisposing to solid tumors in adolescents and young adults (AYAs). RECENT FINDINGS AYAs with cancer represent a particular group of patients with specific challenging characteristics and yet unmet needs. A significant percentage of AYA patients carry pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants (PV/LPVs) in cancer predisposition genes. Nevertheless, knowledge on spectrum, frequency, and clinical implications of germline variants in AYAs with solid tumors is limited. The identification of PV/LPV in AYA is especially critical given the need for appropriate communicative strategies, risk of second primary cancers, need for personalized long-term surveillance, potential reproductive implications, and cascade testing of at-risk family members. Moreover, these gene alterations may potentially provide novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets that are lacking in AYA patients. Among young adults with early-onset phenotypes of malignancies typically presenting at later ages, the increased prevalence of germline PV/LPVs supports a role for genetic counseling and testing irrespective of tumor type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Toss
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Paola Quarello
- Paediatric Onco-Haematology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Division, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Turin, Italy
- Department of Public Health and Paediatric Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Maurizio Mascarin
- AYA Oncology and Pediatric Radiotherapy Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Luigi Banna
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, SP142, km 3.95, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy.
| | - Marco Zecca
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Saverio Cinieri
- Medical Oncology Unit and Breast Unit Ospedale Perrino ASL, Brindisi, Italy
| | - Fedro Alessandro Peccatori
- Fertility and Procreation Unit, Gynecologic Oncology Program, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Ferrari
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
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15
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Harris KS, Shi L, Foster BM, Mobley ME, Elliott PL, Song CJ, Watabe K, Langefeld CD, Kerr BA. CD117/c-kit defines a prostate CSC-like subpopulation driving progression and TKI resistance. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1465. [PMID: 33446896 PMCID: PMC7809150 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) are associated with cancer progression, metastasis, and recurrence, and may also represent a subset of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). In our prior study, CTCs in advanced prostate cancer patients were found to express CD117/c-kit in a liquid biopsy. Whether CD117 expression played an active or passive role in the aggressiveness and migration of these CTCs remained an open question. In this study, we show that CD117 expression in prostate cancer patients is associated with decreased overall and progression-free survival and that activation and phosphorylation of CD117 increases in prostate cancer patients with higher Gleason grades. To determine how CD117 expression and activation by its ligand stem cell factor (SCF, kit ligand, steel factor) alter prostate cancer aggressiveness, we used C4-2 and PC3-mm human prostate cancer cells, which contain a CD117+ subpopulation. We demonstrate that CD117+ cells display increased proliferation and migration. In prostaspheres, CD117 expression enhances sphere formation. In both 2D and 3D cultures, stemness marker gene expression is higher in CD117+ cells. Using xenograft limiting dilution assays and serial tumor initiation assays, we show that CD117+ cells represent a CSC population. Combined, these data indicate that CD117 expression potentially promotes tumor initiation and metastasis. Further, in cell lines, CD117 activation by SCF promotes faster proliferation and invasiveness, while blocking CD117 activation with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) decreased progression in a context-dependent manner. We demonstrate that CD117 expression and activation drives prostate cancer aggressiveness through the CSC phenotype and TKI resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koran S Harris
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Lihong Shi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Brittni M Foster
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Mary E Mobley
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Phyllis L Elliott
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Conner J Song
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Kounosuke Watabe
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.,Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Carl D Langefeld
- Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Bethany A Kerr
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA. .,Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA. .,Department of Urology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
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16
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Peters F, Fiebig B, Lundberg P, Jaspers NI, Holzapfel B, Ghadimi MPH, Drebber U, Tuchscherer A, Ullrich R, Hartmann K, Tantcheva-Poór I. Detection of the germline KIT S476I mutation in a kindred with familial mastocytosis associated with gastrointestinal stromal tumors. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2021; 9:2123-2125.e1. [PMID: 33422680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Karthikeyan SK, Gimbrone NT, Percy TR, Cress WD. Loss of cellular identity in common pre-clinical models of serine‑threonine kinase 11 (Liver kinase B1) loss. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2021; 26:100286. [PMID: 33338855 PMCID: PMC10022640 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2020.100286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nearly 1/3 of lung adenocarcinomas have loss of STK11 (LKB1) function. Herein, a bioinformatics approach was used to determine how accurately preclinical model systems reflect the in vivo biology of STK11 loss in human patients. Hierarchical and K-mean clustering, principle component, and gene set enrichment analyses were employed to model gene expression due to STK11 loss in patient cohorts representing nearly 1000 lung adenocarcinoma patients. K-means clustering classified STK11 loss patient tumors into three distinct sub-groups; positive (54%), neuroendocrine (NE) (35%) and negative (11%). The positive and NE groups are both defined by the expression of NKX2-1. In addition to NKX2-1, NE patients express neuroendocrine markers such as ASCL1 and CALCA. In contrast, the negative group does not express NKX2-1 (or neuroendocrine markers) and is characterized by significantly reduced survival relative to the two other groups. Two gene expression signatures were derived to explain both neuroendocrine features and differentiation (NKX2-1 loss) and were validated through two public datasets involving chemical differentiation (DCI) and NKX2-1 reconstitution. Patients results were then compared with established cell lines, transgenic mice, and patient-derived xenograft models of STK11 loss. Interestingly, all cell line and PDX models cluster and show expression patterns similar with the NKX2-1 negative subset of STK11-loss human tumors. Surprisingly, even mouse models of STK11 loss do not resemble patient tumors based on gene expression patterns. Results suggest pre-clinical models of STK11 loss are pronounced by marked elimination of type II pneumocyte identity, opposite of most in vivo human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas T Gimbrone
- Program in Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Trent R Percy
- Program in Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - W Douglas Cress
- Program in Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
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18
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Steele L, Hill K, Cross NCP, Cooper HL. Possible transmission of Laugier-Hunziker syndrome by allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Clin Exp Dermatol 2020; 46:400-402. [PMID: 33217072 DOI: 10.1111/ced.14418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Steele
- Department of Dermatology, Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth, Hampshire, UK.,Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - K Hill
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| | - N C P Cross
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - H L Cooper
- Department of Dermatology, Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth, Hampshire, UK
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19
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Jasek K, Grendar M, Stanclova A, Malicherova B, Kasubova I, Burjanivova T, Szepe P, Ciccocioppo R, Rodrigo L, Prosecky R, Kruzliak P, Plank L, Lasabova Z. Prevalence and significance of M541L single nucleotide polymorphism in the central European cohort of gastrointestinal stromal tumor patients. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 147:1203-1215. [PMID: 33044628 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03410-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single nucleotide polymorphisms can create a genetic microenvironment in some tumors that affects the course of treatment, resistance, etc. Whether single nucleotide polymorphisms have an impact on gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) development and disease progression is not yet accurately verified. KIT SNPM541L in exon 10 correlates with a worse prognosis of many cancers. The impact of KIT SNPM541L in GISTs is relatively unknown and, therefore, its analyses could have potential in patient therapy and could provide more detailed information on tumor character, clinical presentation, or tumor behavior in treatment. AIM The aim of the study was the analysis of the biological and clinical significance of the KIT SNPM541L polymorphism in exon 10. MATERIALS AND METHODS Paraffin sample tissues were obtained from the National GIST Register in Martin. Retrospective samples from 177 GIST patients were divided into several groups. Detection of SNPM541L was performed by Sanger sequencing. Statisitical analyses were performed to determine the prevalence of KIT SNPM541L in the Slovak GIST cohort, to search for correlation between c-KIT status and clinicopathological, molecular and biological data. RESULTS Overall, 29 samples out of 177 showed KIT SNPM541L polymorphism. CONCLUSION Our results do not support the association between KIT SNPM541L and increased risk of relapse in localized primary GISTs. Additionally, we found a positive correlation between KIT SNPM541L occurrence and earlier onset of relapse in PDGFRa and WT subgroup of GISTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Jasek
- Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Marian Grendar
- Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Andrea Stanclova
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Bibiana Malicherova
- Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Ivana Kasubova
- Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Tatiana Burjanivova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Peter Szepe
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Rachele Ciccocioppo
- Department of Medicine, A.O.U.I. Policlinico G.B. Rossi and University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Luis Rodrigo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Central University Hospital of Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Robert Prosecky
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and St. Anne'S University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Kruzliak
- Research and Development Services, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Lukas Plank
- Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia.,Department of Pathological Anatomy, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Zora Lasabova
- Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia. .,Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia.
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Hasegawa M, Shimizu A, Ieta K, Shibusawa K, Ishikawa O, Ishida-Yamamoto A, Tamura A. Generalized lentigines associated with familial gastrointestinal stromal tumors dramatically improved by imatinib treatment. J Dermatol 2020; 47:e241-e242. [PMID: 32220019 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.15321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Hasegawa
- Department of Dermatology, Isesaki Municipal Hospital, Isesaki, Japan
| | - Akira Shimizu
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ieta
- Departments of, Department of, Surgery, Isesaki Municipal Hospital, Isesaki, Japan
| | - Kyoko Shibusawa
- Department of, Internal Medicine, Isesaki Municipal Hospital, Isesaki, Japan
| | - Osamu Ishikawa
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | | | - Atsushi Tamura
- Department of Dermatology, Isesaki Municipal Hospital, Isesaki, Japan
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21
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Rinelli M, Agolini E, Milano GM, Russo I, Crocoli A, De Vito R, Di Giannatale A, Di Paolo PL, Novelli A. Pediatric gastrointestinal stromal tumor: Report of two novel patients harboring germline variants in SDHB and SDHC genes. Cancer Genet 2019; 241:61-65. [PMID: 31883676 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and rarely occur in pediatric patients. 85% of pediatric GISTs and 15% of adult GISTs lack of KIT or PDGFRA mutations. 40% of these "wild-type" GISTs present loss of function mutations in genes encoding for the subunits of the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex. Germline mutations in SDH complex genes have been described in patients with the Carney-Stratakis syndrome (CSS), a rare inherited condition that predisposes to GIST and paraganglioma. We report two pediatric patients with multifocal GIST, harboring respectively a novel and a previously reported loss-of-function germline variant, in SDHC and SDHB genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Rinelli
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Emanuele Agolini
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maria Milano
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ida Russo
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Rita De Vito
- Pathology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Di Giannatale
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Di Paolo
- Department of Radiology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Novelli
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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22
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Hemming ML, Heinrich MC, Bauer S, George S. Translational insights into gastrointestinal stromal tumor and current clinical advances. Ann Oncol 2019; 29:2037-2045. [PMID: 30101284 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdy309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract and, in the vast majority of cases, is characterized by activating mutations in KIT or, less commonly, PDGFRA. Mutations in these type III receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) account for over 85% of GIST cases, and the majority of KIT primary mutations respond to treatment with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) imatinib. However, drug resistance develops over time, most commonly due to secondary kinase mutations. Sunitinib and regorafenib are approved for the treatment of imatinib-resistant GIST in the second and third lines, respectively. However, resistance to these agents also develops and new therapeutic options are needed. In addition, a small number of GISTs harbor primary activating mutations that are resistant to currently available TKIs, highlighting an additional unmet medical need. Several novel and selective TKIs that overcome known mechanisms of resistance in GIST have been developed and show promise in early clinical trials. Additional emerging targeted therapies in GIST include modulation of cellular signaling pathways downstream of KIT, antibodies targeting KIT and PDGFRA and immune checkpoint inhibitors. These advancements highlight the rapid evolution in the understanding of this malignancy and provide perspective on the encouraging horizon of current and forthcoming therapeutic strategies for GIST.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Hemming
- Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Sarcoma and Bone Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - M C Heinrich
- VA Health Care System and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Oregon, USA
| | - S Bauer
- Sarcoma Center, Western German Cancer Center and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Essen, Germany
| | - S George
- Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Sarcoma and Bone Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
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23
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Yi L, Luo P, Zhang J. Identification of aberrantly methylated differentially expressed genes in breast cancer by integrated bioinformatics analysis. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:16229-16243. [PMID: 31081184 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal DNA methylation has been demonstrated to drive breast cancer tumorigenesis. Thus, this study aimed to explore differentially expressed biomarkers driven by aberrant methylation in breast cancer and explore potential pathological mechanisms using comprehensive bioinformatics analysis. METHODS Gene microarray datasets of expression (GSE45827) and methylation (GSE32393) were extracted from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Abnormally methylated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained by overlapping datasets. Functional enrichment analysis of screened genes and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were executed with the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes database. PPI networks were visualized, and hub genes were screened using Cytoscape software. The results were further verified using Oncomine and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases. Finally, the genetic alterations and prognostic roles of hub genes were analyzed. RESULTS In total, we found 18 hypomethylated upregulated oncogenes and 21 hypermethylated downregulated tumor suppressor genes (TSGs). These genes were mainly linked to the biological process categories of cellular component movement and cellular metabolism as well as nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) signaling pathways. Six hub genes were identified: three hypomethylated upregulated oncogenes (BCL2, KIT, and RARA) and three hypermethylated downregulated TSGs (ATM, DICER1, and DNMT1). The expression and methylation status of hub genes validated in Oncomine and TCGA databases were significantly altered and were consistent with our findings. Downregulation of BCL2, KIT, ATM, and DICER1 was closely associated with shorter overall survival in breast cancer patients. In addition, the expression levels of ATM and DICER1 were significantly distinct among different subgroups of clinical stages, molecular subtypes, and histological types. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals possible methylation-based DEGs and involved pathways in breast cancer, which could provide novel insights into underlying pathogenesis mechanisms. Abnormally methylated oncogenes and TSGs, especially ATM and DICER1, may emerge as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for breast cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilan Yi
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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24
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Halpern AL, Torphy RJ, McCarter MD, Sciotto CG, Glode LM, Robinson WA. A familial germline mutation in KIT associated with achalasia, mastocytosis and gastrointestinal stromal tumors shows response to kinase inhibitors. Cancer Genet 2019; 233-234:1-6. [PMID: 31109590 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activating mutations of the tyrosine kinase receptor KIT have been described in both mastocytosis and gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), but are usually found in separate domains and often respond differently to signal transduction inhibitors. We describe here a large family with both GIST, mastocytosis, and achalasia. Affected family members have a unique activating mutation in exon 9 of KIT which show promise to a novel signal transduction inhibitor. METHODS Clinical data was collected from 15 family members, 7 of whom were variably affected with GIST, achalasia and mastocytosis. DNA was prepared from WBC of 12 subjects (6 affected and 6 unaffected) and exons 9, 11, 13 and 17 of KIT were amplified by PCR and directly sequenced. RESULTS A unique activating single base pair mutation in the extracellular domain of KIT was found in all 6 affected subjects resulting in a K>I amino acid change at codon 509. CONCLUSIONS In the family reported here, a unique mutation in the extracellular domain leads to receptor activation resulting in GIST and mastocytosis as well as achalasia. Initial data suggests that this activation can be suppressed by signal transduction inhibitors and these patients may benefit from such therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L Halpern
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado, 12801 E.17th Ave. Mail Stop 310, PO Box 6511, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.
| | - Robert J Torphy
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado, 12801 E.17th Ave. Mail Stop 310, PO Box 6511, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Martin D McCarter
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado, 12801 E.17th Ave. Mail Stop 310, PO Box 6511, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Cosimo G Sciotto
- Department of Pathology, Penrose Hospital, Colorado Springs CO, United States
| | - L Michael Glode
- Departments of Medicine and Dermatology, University of Colorado Aurora CO, United States
| | - William A Robinson
- Departments of Medicine and Dermatology, University of Colorado Aurora CO, United States
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25
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Valent P, Kern W, Hoermann G, Milosevic Feenstra JD, Sotlar K, Pfeilstöcker M, Germing U, Sperr WR, Reiter A, Wolf D, Arock M, Haferlach T, Horny HP. Clonal Hematopoiesis with Oncogenic Potential (CHOP): Separation from CHIP and Roads to AML. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E789. [PMID: 30759825 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of leukemia is a step-wise process that is associated with molecular diversification and clonal selection of neoplastic stem cells. Depending on the number and combinations of lesions, one or more sub-clones expand/s after a variable latency period. Initial stages may develop early in life or later in adulthood and include premalignant (indolent) stages and the malignant phase, defined by an acute leukemia. We recently proposed a cancer model in which the earliest somatic lesions are often age-related early mutations detectable in apparently healthy individuals and where additional oncogenic mutations will lead to the development of an overt neoplasm that is usually a preleukemic condition such as a myelodysplastic syndrome. These neoplasms may or may not transform to overt acute leukemia over time. Thus, depending on the type and number of somatic mutations, clonal hematopoiesis (CH) can be divided into CH with indeterminate potential (CHIP) and CH with oncogenic potential (CHOP). Whereas CHIP mutations per se usually create the molecular background of a neoplastic process, CHOP mutations are disease-related or even disease-specific lesions that trigger differentiation and/or proliferation of neoplastic cells. Over time, the acquisition of additional oncogenic events converts preleukemic neoplasms into secondary acute myeloid leukemia (sAML). In the present article, recent developments in the field are discussed with a focus on CHOP mutations that lead to distinct myeloid neoplasms, their role in disease evolution, and the impact of additional lesions that can drive a preleukemic neoplasm into sAML.
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26
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Takeichi T, Sugiura K, Tanahashi K, Noda K, Kono M, Akiyama M. Autosomal dominant progressive hyperpigmentation and lentigines in a Japanese pedigree due to a missense mutation near the C-terminus of KIT. Br J Dermatol 2018; 179:1210-1211. [PMID: 29923175 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Takeichi
- Department of Dermatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - K Sugiura
- Department of Dermatology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
| | - K Tanahashi
- Department of Dermatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - K Noda
- Department of Dermatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - M Kono
- Department of Dermatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - M Akiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Abstract
Important insights from monogenic disorders into the immunopathogenesis of allergic diseases and reactions are discussed. Monogenic disorders have provided fundamental insights into human immunity and the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. The pathways identified as critical in the development of atopy range from focal defects in immune cells and epithelial barrier function to global changes in metabolism. A major goal of studying heritable single-gene disorders that lead to severe clinical allergic diseases is to identify fundamental pathways leading to hypersensitivity that can be targeted to provide novel therapeutic strategies for patients with allergic diseases, syndromic and nonsyndromic alike. Here, we review known single-gene disorders leading to severe allergic phenotypes in humans, discuss how the revealed pathways fit within our current understanding of the atopic diathesis, and propose how some pathways might be targeted for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Lyons
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Joshua D Milner
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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28
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Abstract
Metastasis is the primary cause of cancer patient morbidity and mortality, but due to persisting gaps in our knowledge, it remains untreatable. Metastases often occur as patient tumors progress or recur after initial therapy. Tumor recurrence at the primary site may be driven by a cancer stem-like cell or tumor progenitor cell, while recurrence at a secondary site is driven by metastatic cancer stem cells or metastasis-initiating cells. Ongoing efforts are aimed at identifying and characterizing these stem-like cells driving recurrence and metastasis. One potential marker for the cancer stem-like cell subpopulation is CD117/c-kit, a tyrosine kinase receptor associated with cancer progression and normal stem cell maintenance. Further, activation of CD117 by its ligand stem cell factor (SCF; kit ligand) in the progenitor cell niche stimulates several signaling pathways driving proliferation, survival, and migration. This review examines evidence that the SCF/CD117 signaling axis may contribute to the control of cancer progression through the regulation of stemness and resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittni M Foster
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Danish Zaidi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Tyler R Young
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Mary E Mobley
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Bethany A Kerr
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
- Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, we examine the current understanding of the pathogenesis, clinical presentations, diagnostic tools, and treatment options of pediatric mastocytosis as well as the natural history of the disease. RECENT FINDINGS We discuss the emerging concept of mast cell activation syndrome. Mastocytosis in children presents most commonly as isolated cutaneous lesions and is a relatively rare occurrence with excellent prognosis and spontaneous regression often occurring by adolescence. Systemic mastocytosis with organ system involvement is a more serious condition and is likely to persist into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Klaiber
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Health Systems, 1000 E Broad Street, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA
| | - Santhosh Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Health Systems, 1000 E Broad Street, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Irani
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Health Systems, 1000 E Broad Street, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA.
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mahameed
- Institute for Drug Research; The School of Pharmacy; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; POB 12065 Jerusalem, 9112002 Israel
| | - Boaz Tirosh
- Institute for Drug Research; The School of Pharmacy; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; POB 12065 Jerusalem, 9112002 Israel
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31
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Abstract
Mastocytosis refers to a heterogeneous group of disorders resulting from the clonal proliferation of abnormal mast cells and their accumulation in the skin (cutaneous mastocytosis when only in the skin, CM) or in various organs (systemic mastocytosis, SM). This leads to a wide variety of clinical manifestations resulting from excessive mediator release in CM and benign forms of SM (indolent SM, ISM) and from tissue mast cell infiltration causing multiorgan dysfunction and failure in more aggressive subtypes (aggressive SM, ASM, or mast cell leukemia). In addition, SM may be associated with hematological neoplasms (AHN). While treatment of ISM primarily aims at symptom management with anti-mediator therapies, cytoreductive and targeted therapies are needed to control the expansion of neoplastic mast cells in advanced forms of SM, in order to improve overall survival. Mast cell accumulation results from a gain-of-function mutation (mostly the D816V mutation) within the KIT tyrosine kinase domain expressed by mast cells and additional genetic and epigenetic mutations may further determine the features of the disease (ASM and AHN). Consequently, tyrosine kinase inhibitors and targeted therapies directed against the oncogenic signaling machinery downstream of KIT are attractive therapeutic approaches. A better understanding of the relative contribution of these genetic and epigenetic events to the molecular pathogenesis of mastocytosis is of particular interest for the development of targeted therapies and therefore to better choose patient subgroups that would best benefit from a given therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Vaes
- Department of Hematology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Hopital Erasme, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Hematology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CHU Tivoli, La Louvière, Belgium
| | | | - Olivier Hermine
- French Reference Center for Mastocytosis (CEREMAST), Department of Hematology, Necker Children's Hospital, APHP, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute for Genetic Diseases (INSERM U1163 CNRS ERL 8654), Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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