1
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Schmidt U, Uluca B, Vokic I, Malik B, Kolbe T, Lassnig C, Holcmann M, Moreno-Viedma V, Robl B, Mühlberger C, Gotthardt D, Sibilia M, Rülicke T, Müller M, Csiszar A. Inducible overexpression of a FAM3C/ILEI transgene has pleiotropic effects with shortened life span, liver fibrosis and anemia in mice. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286256. [PMID: 37713409 PMCID: PMC10503705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
FAM3C/ILEI is an important factor in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induction, tumor progression and metastasis. Overexpressed in many cancers, elevated ILEI levels and secretion correlate with poor patient survival. Although ILEI's causative role in invasive tumor growth and metastasis has been demonstrated in several cellular tumor models, there are no available transgenic mice to study these effects in the context of a complex organism. Here, we describe the generation and initial characterization of a Tet-ON inducible Fam3c/ILEI transgenic mouse strain. We find that ubiquitous induction of ILEI overexpression (R26-ILEIind) at weaning age leads to a shortened lifespan, reduced body weight and microcytic hypochromic anemia. The anemia was reversible at a young age within a week upon withdrawal of ILEI induction. Vav1-driven overexpression of the ILEIind transgene in all hematopoietic cells (Vav-ILEIind) did not render mice anemic or lower overall fitness, demonstrating that no intrinsic mechanisms of erythroid development were dysregulated by ILEI and that hematopoietic ILEI hyperfunction did not contribute to death. Reduced serum iron levels of R26-ILEIind mice were indicative for a malfunction in iron uptake or homeostasis. Accordingly, the liver, the main organ of iron metabolism, was severely affected in moribund ILEI overexpressing mice: increased alanine transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase levels indicated liver dysfunction, the liver was reduced in size, showed increased apoptosis, reduced cellular iron content, and had a fibrotic phenotype. These data indicate that high ILEI expression in the liver might reduce hepatoprotection and induce liver fibrosis, which leads to liver dysfunction, disturbed iron metabolism and eventually to death. Overall, we show here that the novel Tet-ON inducible Fam3c/ILEI transgenic mouse strain allows tissue specific timely controlled overexpression of ILEI and thus, will serve as a versatile tool to model the effect of elevated ILEI expression in diverse tissue entities and disease conditions, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Schmidt
- IMP—Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Betül Uluca
- IMP—Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iva Vokic
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barizah Malik
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Kolbe
- Biomodels Austria, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Caroline Lassnig
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Holcmann
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Bernhard Robl
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carina Mühlberger
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dagmar Gotthardt
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Sibilia
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Rülicke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathias Müller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Agnes Csiszar
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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2
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González MA, Barrera-Chacón R, Peña FJ, Belinchón-Lorenzo S, Robles NR, Pérez-Merino EM, Martín-Cano FE, Duque FJ. Proteomic research on new urinary biomarkers of renal disease in canine leishmaniosis: Survival and monitoring response to treatment. Res Vet Sci 2023; 161:180-190. [PMID: 37419051 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The objective of our study was to search for survival biomarkers (SB) and treatment response monitoring biomarkers (TRMB) in the urinary proteome of dogs with renal disease secondary to canine leishmaniosis (CanL), using UHPLC-MS/MS. The proteomic data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD042578. Initially, a group of 12 dogs was evaluated and divided into survivors (SG; n = 6) and nonsurvivors (NSG; n = 6). A total of 972 proteins were obtained from the evaluated samples. Then, bioinformatic analysis reduced them to 6 proteins like potential SB increased in the NSG, specifically, Haemoglobin subunit Alpha 1, Complement Factor I, Complement C5, Fibrinogen beta chain (fragment), Peptidase S1 domain-containing protein, and Fibrinogen gamma chain. Afterwards, SG was used to search for TRMB, studying their urine at 0, 30, and 90 days, and 9 proteins that decreased after treatment were obtained: Apolipoprotein E, Cathepsin B, Cystatin B, Cystatin-C-like, Lysozyme, Monocyte differentiation CD14, Pancreatitis-associated precursor protein, Profilin, and Protein FAM3C. Finally, enrichment analysis provided information about the biological mechanisms in which these proteins are involved. In conclusion, this study provides 15 new candidate urinary biomarkers and an improved understanding of the pathogenesis of kidney disease in CanL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario A González
- Animal Medicine Department, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
| | | | - Fernando J Peña
- Animal Medicine Department, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; Laboratory of Equine Reproduction and Equine Spermatology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Silvia Belinchón-Lorenzo
- LeishmanCeres Laboratory (GLP Compliance Certified), Parasitology Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Nicolás R Robles
- Nephrology Service, Badajoz University Hospital, University of Extremadura, 06080 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Eva M Pérez-Merino
- Animal Medicine Department, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Francisco E Martín-Cano
- Laboratory of Equine Reproduction and Equine Spermatology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Francisco J Duque
- Animal Medicine Department, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
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3
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Gómez AE, Addish S, Alvarado K, Boatemaa P, Onyali AC, Ramirez EG, Rojas MF, Rai J, Reynolds KA, Tang WJ, Kwon RY. Multiple Mechanisms Explain Genetic Effects at the CPED1-WNT16 Bone Mineral Density Locus. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2023; 21:173-183. [PMID: 36943599 PMCID: PMC10202127 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-023-00783-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chromosome region 7q31.31, also known as the CPED1-WNT16 locus, is robustly associated with BMD and fracture risk. The aim of the review is to highlight experimental studies examining the function of genes at the CPED1-WNT16 locus. RECENT FINDINGS Genes that reside at the CPED1-WNT16 locus include WNT16, FAM3C, ING3, CPED1, and TSPAN12. Experimental studies in mice strongly support the notion that Wnt16 is necessary for bone mass and strength. In addition, roles for Fam3c and Ing3 in regulating bone morphology in vivo and/or osteoblast differentiation in vitro have been identified. Finally, a role for wnt16 in dually influencing bone and muscle morphogenesis in zebrafish has recently been discovered, which has brought forth new questions related to whether the influence of WNT16 in muscle may conspire with its influence in bone to alter BMD and fracture risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Ericka Gómez
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sumaya Addish
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kurtis Alvarado
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Priscilla Boatemaa
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anne C Onyali
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Emily G Ramirez
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Maria F Rojas
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jyoti Rai
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kiana A Reynolds
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - W Joyce Tang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ronald Young Kwon
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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4
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Nakano M, Imamura R, Sugi T, Nishimura M. Human FAM3C restores memory-based thermotaxis of Caenorhabditis elegans famp-1/m70.4 loss-of-function mutants. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac242. [PMID: 36712359 PMCID: PMC9802357 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The family with sequence similarity 3 (FAM3) superfamily represents a distinct class of signaling molecules that share a characteristic structural feature. Mammalian FAM3 member C (FAM3C) is abundantly expressed in neuronal cells and released from the synaptic vesicle to the extracellular milieu in an activity-dependent manner. However, the neural function of FAM3C has yet to be fully clarified. We found that the protein sequence of human FAM3C is similar to that of the N-terminal tandem domains of Caenorhabditis elegans FAMP-1 (formerly named M70.4), which has been recognized as a tentative ortholog of mammalian FAM3 members or protein-O-mannose β-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 1 (POMGnT1). Missense mutations in the N-terminal domain, named Fam3L2, caused defects in memory-based thermotaxis but not in chemotaxis behaviors; these defects could be restored by AFD neuron-specific exogenous expression of a polypeptide corresponding to the Fam3L2 domain but not that corresponding to the Fam3L1. Moreover, human FAM3C could also rescue defective thermotaxis behavior in famp-1 mutant worms. An in vitro assay revealed that the Fam3L2 and FAM3C can bind with carbohydrates, similar to the stem domain of POMGnT1. The athermotactic mutations in the Fam3L2 domain caused a partial loss-of-function of FAMP-1, whereas the C-terminal truncation mutations led to more severe neural dysfunction that reduced locomotor activity. Overall, we show that the Fam3L2 domain-dependent function of FAMP-1 in AFD neurons is required for the thermotaxis migration of C. elegans and that human FAM3C can act as a substitute for the Fam3L2 domain in thermotaxis behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Nakano
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Ryuki Imamura
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 3-10-23 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
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Zhu Y, Pu Z, Wang G, Li Y, Wang Y, Li N, Peng F. FAM3C: an emerging biomarker and potential therapeutic target for cancer. Biomark Med 2021; 15:373-384. [PMID: 33666514 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2020-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
FAM3C is a member of the FAM3 family. Recently, overexpression of FAM3C has been reported in numerous types of cancer, including breast and colon cancer. Increasing evidence suggests that elevated FAM3C and its altered subcellular localization are closely associated with tumor formation, invasion, metastasis and poor survival. Moreover, FAM3C has been found to be the regulator of various proteins that associate with cancer, including Ras, STAT3, TGF-β and LIFR. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding FAM3C, including its structure, expression patterns, regulation, physiological roles and regulatory functions in various malignancies. These findings highlight the importance of FAM3C in cancer development and provide evidence that FAM3C is a novel biomarker and potential therapeutic target for various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410008, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410008, China
| | - Zhangya Pu
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410008, China
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410008, China
| | - Yubin Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410008, China
| | - Yinmiao Wang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410008, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410008, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410008, China
| | - Fang Peng
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410008, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410008, China
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6
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Wang H, Wang P, Xu M, Song X, Wu H, Evert M, Calvisi DF, Zeng Y, Chen X. Distinct functions of transforming growth factor-β signaling in c-MYC driven hepatocellular carcinoma initiation and progression. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:200. [PMID: 33608500 PMCID: PMC7895828 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03488-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) signaling has been implicated in liver carcinogenesis with both tumor promoting and inhibiting activities. Activation of the c-MYC protooncogene is another critical genetic event in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the precise functional crosstalk between c-MYC and TGFβ signaling pathways remains unclear. In the present investigation, we investigated the expression of TGFβ signaling in c-MYC amplified human HCC samples as well as the mechanisms whereby TGFβ modulates c-Myc driven hepatocarcinogenesis during initiation and progression. We found that several TGFβ target genes are overexpressed in human HCCs with c-MYC amplification. In vivo, activation of TGFβ1 impaired c-Myc murine HCC initiation, whereas inhibition of TGFβ pathway accelerated this process. In contrast, overexpression of TGFβ1 enhanced c-Myc HCC progression by promoting tumor cell metastasis. Mechanistically, activation of TGFβ promoted tumor microenvironment reprogramming rather than inducing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition during HCC progression. Moreover, we identified PMEPA1 as a potential TGFβ1 target. Altogether, our data underline the divergent roles of TGFβ signaling during c-MYC induced HCC initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichuan Wang
- Liver Transplantation Division, Department of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Laboratory of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Wang
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Meng Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhua Song
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hong Wu
- Liver Transplantation Division, Department of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Matthias Evert
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Diego F Calvisi
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Yong Zeng
- Liver Transplantation Division, Department of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
- Laboratory of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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7
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Schmidt U, Heller G, Timelthaler G, Heffeter P, Somodi Z, Schweifer N, Sibilia M, Berger W, Csiszar A. The FAM3C locus that encodes interleukin-like EMT inducer (ILEI) is frequently co-amplified in MET-amplified cancers and contributes to invasiveness. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:69. [PMID: 33596971 PMCID: PMC7890988 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-01862-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene amplification of MET, which encodes for the receptor tyrosine kinase c-MET, occurs in a variety of human cancers. High c-MET levels often correlate with poor cancer prognosis. Interleukin-like EMT inducer (ILEI) is also overexpressed in many cancers and is associated with metastasis and poor survival. The gene for ILEI, FAM3C, is located close to MET on chromosome 7q31 in an amplification "hotspot", but it is unclear whether FAMC3 amplification contributes to elevated ILEI expression in cancer. In this study we have investigated FAMC3 copy number gain in different cancers and its potential connection to MET amplifications. METHODS FAMC3 and MET copy numbers were investigated in various cancer samples and 200 cancer cell lines. Copy numbers of the two genes were correlated with mRNA levels, with relapse-free survival in lung cancer patient samples as well as with clinicopathological parameters in primary samples from 49 advanced stage colorectal cancer patients. ILEI knock-down and c-MET inhibition effects on proliferation and invasiveness of five cancer cell lines and growth of xenograft tumors in mice were then investigated. RESULTS FAMC3 was amplified in strict association with MET amplification in several human cancers and cancer cell lines. Increased FAM3C and MET copy numbers were tightly linked and correlated with increased gene expression and poor survival in human lung cancer and with extramural invasion in colorectal carcinoma. Stable ILEI shRNA knock-down did not influence proliferation or sensitivity towards c-MET-inhibitor induced proliferation arrest in cancer cells, but impaired both c-MET-independent and -dependent cancer cell invasion. c-MET inhibition reduced ILEI secretion, and shRNA mediated ILEI knock-down prevented c-MET-signaling induced elevated expression and secretion of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9. Combination of ILEI knock-down and c-MET-inhibition significantly reduced the invasive outgrowth of NCI-H441 and NCI-H1993 lung tumor xenografts by inhibiting proliferation, MMP expression and E-cadherin membrane localization. CONCLUSIONS These novel findings suggest MET amplifications are often in reality MET-FAM3C co-amplifications with tight functional cooperation. Therefore, the clinical relevance of this frequent cancer amplification hotspot, so far dedicated purely to c-MET function, should be re-evaluated to include ILEI as a target in the therapy of c-MET-amplified human carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Schmidt
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerwin Heller
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Timelthaler
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Zsolt Somodi
- Department of Oncology, Bacs-Kiskun County Teaching Hospital, Kecskemet, Hungary
- Present Address: Parexel International, 2 Federal St, Billerica, MA USA
| | | | - Maria Sibilia
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Berger
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Agnes Csiszar
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Nakano M, Mitsuishi Y, Liu L, Watanabe N, Hibino E, Hata S, Saito T, Saido TC, Murayama S, Kasuga K, Ikeuchi T, Suzuki T, Nishimura M. Extracellular Release of ILEI/FAM3C and Amyloid-β Is Associated with the Activation of Distinct Synapse Subpopulations. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 80:159-174. [PMID: 33492290 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide is released into the interstitial fluid (ISF) in a neuronal activity-dependent manner, and Aβ deposition in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is linked to baseline neuronal activity. Although the intrinsic mechanism for Aβ generation remains to be elucidated, interleukin-like epithelial-mesenchymal transition inducer (ILEI) is a candidate for an endogenous Aβ suppressor. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to access the mechanism underlying ILEI secretion and its effect on Aβ production in the brain. METHODS ILEI and Aβ levels in the cerebral cortex were monitored using a newly developed ILEI-specific ELISA and in vivo microdialysis in mutant human Aβ precursor protein-knockin mice. ILEI levels in autopsied brains and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured using ELISA. RESULTS Extracellular release of ILEI and Aβ was dependent on neuronal activation and specifically on tetanus toxin-sensitive exocytosis of synaptic vesicles. However, simultaneous monitoring of extracellular ILEI and Aβ revealed that a spontaneous fluctuation of ILEI levels appeared to inversely mirror that of Aβ levels. Selective activation and inhibition of synaptic receptors differentially altered these levels. The evoked activation of AMPA-type receptors resulted in opposing changes to ILEI and Aβ levels. Brain ILEI levels were selectively decreased in AD. CSF ILEI concentration correlated with that of Aβ and were reduced in AD and mild cognitive impairment. CONCLUSION ILEI and Aβ are released from distinct subpopulations of synaptic terminals in an activity-dependent manner, and ILEI negatively regulates Aβ production in specific synapse types. CSF ILEI might represent a surrogate marker for the accumulation of brain Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Nakano
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yachiyo Mitsuishi
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Lei Liu
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Naoki Watanabe
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Emi Hibino
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Saori Hata
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan.,Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- Department of Neurology and Neuropathology (the Brain Bank for Aging Research), Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensaku Kasuga
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ikeuchi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Suzuki
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masaki Nishimura
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
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9
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Fogg KC, Miller AE, Li Y, Flanigan W, Walker A, O'Shea A, Kendziorski C, Kreeger PK. Ovarian cancer cells direct monocyte differentiation through a non-canonical pathway. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:1008. [PMID: 33069212 PMCID: PMC7568422 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07513-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alternatively-activated macrophages (AAMs), an anti-inflammatory macrophage subpopulation, have been implicated in the progression of high grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC). Increased levels of AAMs are correlated with poor HGSOC survival rates, and AAMs increase the attachment and spread of HGSOC cells in vitro. However, the mechanism by which monocytes in the HGSOC tumor microenvironment are differentiated and polarized to AAMs remains unknown. METHODS Using an in vitro co-culture device, we cultured naïve, primary human monocytes with a panel of five HGSOC cell lines over the course of 7 days. An empirical Bayesian statistical method, EBSeq, was used to couple RNA-seq with observed monocyte-derived cell phenotype to explore which HGSOC-derived soluble factors supported differentiation to CD68+ macrophages and subsequent polarization towards CD163+ AAMs. Pathways of interest were interrogated using small molecule inhibitors, neutralizing antibodies, and CRISPR knockout cell lines. RESULTS HGSOC cell lines displayed a wide range of abilities to generate AAMs from naïve monocytes. Much of this variation appeared to result from differential ability to generate CD68+ macrophages, as most CD68+ cells were also CD163+. Differences in tumor cell potential to generate macrophages was not due to a MCSF-dependent mechanism, nor variance in established pro-AAM factors. TGFα was implicated as a potential signaling molecule produced by tumor cells that could induce macrophage differentiation, which was validated using a CRISPR knockout of TGFA in the OVCAR5 cell line. CONCLUSIONS HGSOC production of TGFα drives monocytes to differentiate into macrophages, representing a central arm of the mechanism by which AAMs are generated in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin C Fogg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, WIMR 4553, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Andrew E Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, WIMR 4553, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Will Flanigan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, WIMR 4553, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Alyssa Walker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, WIMR 4553, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Andrea O'Shea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Christina Kendziorski
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Pamela K Kreeger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, WIMR 4553, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
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10
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Role of JAK/STAT3 Signaling in the Regulation of Metastasis, the Transition of Cancer Stem Cells, and Chemoresistance of Cancer by Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010217. [PMID: 31952344 PMCID: PMC7017057 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway plays an essential role in various types of cancers. Activation of this pathway leads to increased tumorigenic and metastatic ability, the transition of cancer stem cells (CSCs), and chemoresistance in cancer via enhancing the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT acts as a critical regulator in the progression of cancer and is involved in regulating invasion, spread, and survival. Furthermore, accumulating evidence indicates the failure of conventional therapies due to the acquisition of CSC properties. In this review, we summarize the effects of JAK/STAT3 activation on EMT and the generation of CSCs. Moreover, we discuss cutting-edge data on the link between EMT and CSCs in the tumor microenvironment that involves a previously unknown function of miRNAs, and also discuss new regulators of the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway.
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11
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Wu CC, Xiao Y, Li H, Mao L, Deng WW, Yu GT, Zhang WF, Sun ZJ. Overexpression of FAM3C is associated with poor prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:772-778. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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12
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Yang W, Feng B, Meng Y, Wang J, Geng B, Cui Q, Zhang H, Yang Y, Yang J. FAM3C-YY1 axis is essential for TGFβ-promoted proliferation and migration of human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells via the activation of HSF1. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:3464-3475. [PMID: 30887707 PMCID: PMC6484506 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Family with sequence similarity three member C (FAM3C) (interleukin‐like EMT inducer [ILEI]), heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) and Ying‐Yang 1 (YY1) have been independently reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of various cancers. However, whether they are coordinated to trigger the development of cancer remains unknown. This study determined the role and mechanism of YY1 and HSF1 in FAM3C‐induced proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells. In human MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cell line, transforming growth factor‐β (TGFβ) up‐regulated FAM3C, HSF1 and YY1 expressions. FAM3C overexpression promoted the proliferation and migration of MDA‐MB‐231 cells with YY1 and HSF1 up‐regulation, whereas FAM3C silencing exerted the opposite effects. FAM3C inhibition repressed TGFβ‐induced HSF1 activation, and proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells. YY1 was shown to directly activate HSF1 transcription to promote the proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells. YY1 silencing blunted FAM3C‐ and TGFβ‐triggered activation of HSF1‐Akt‐Cyclin D1 pathway, and proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells. Inhibition of HSF1 blocked TGFβ‐, FAM3C‐ and YY1‐induced proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells. YY1 and HSF1 had little effect on FAM3C expression. Similarly, inhibition of HSF1 also blunted FAM3C‐ and TGFβ‐promoted proliferation and migration of human breast cancer BT‐549 cells. In human breast cancer tissues, FAM3C, YY1 and HSF1 protein expressions were increased. In conclusion, FAM3C activated YY1‐HSF1 signalling axis to promote the proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells. Furthermore, novel FAM3C‐YY1‐HSF1 pathway plays an important role in TGFβ‐triggered proliferation and migration of human breast cancer MDA‐MB‐231 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Non-coding RNA Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Non-coding RNA Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Biaoqi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Non-coding RNA Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhong Meng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Non-coding RNA Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Junpei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Non-coding RNA Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Non-coding RNA Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Hypertension Center, Fuwai Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghua Cui
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Non-coding RNA Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hongquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jichun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Non-coding RNA Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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13
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Asghar S, Parvaiz F, Manzoor S. Multifaceted role of cancer educated platelets in survival of cancer cells. Thromb Res 2019; 177:42-50. [PMID: 30849514 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2019.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Platelets, the derivatives of megakaryocytes, pose dynamic biological functions such as homeostasis and wound healing. The mechanisms involved in these processes are utilized by cancerous cells for proliferation and metastasis. Platelets through their activation establish an aggregate termed as Tumor cell induced platelet aggregation (TCIPA) that aids in establishing a niche for the primary tumor at secondary site while recruiting granulocytes and monocytes. The study of these close interactions between the tumor and the platelets can be exploited as biomarkers in liquid biopsy for early cancer detection, thereby increasing the life expectancy of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Asghar
- Atta-ur -Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan
| | - Fahed Parvaiz
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Manzoor
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, H12, 44000 Islamabad, Pakistan.
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14
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Woosley AN, Dalton AC, Hussey GS, Howley BV, Mohanty BK, Grelet S, Dincman T, Bloos S, Olsen SK, Howe PH. TGFβ promotes breast cancer stem cell self-renewal through an ILEI/LIFR signaling axis. Oncogene 2019; 38:3794-3811. [PMID: 30692635 PMCID: PMC6525020 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0703-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
FAM3C/Interleukin-like EMT Inducer (ILEI) is an oncogenic member of the FAM3 cytokine family and serves essential roles in both epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and breast cancer metastasis. ILEI expression levels are regulated through a non-canonical TGFβ signaling pathway by 3’-UTR-mediated translational silencing at the mRNA level by hnRNP E1. TGFβ stimulation or silencing of hnRNP E1 increases ILEI translation and induces an EMT program that correlates to enhanced invasion and migration. Recently, EMT has been linked to the formation of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) that confer both tumor cell heterogeneity as well as chemoresistant properties. Herein, we demonstrate that hnRNP E1 knockdown significantly shifts normal mammary epithelial cells to mesenchymal BCSCs in vitro and in vivo. We further validate that modulating ILEI protein levels results in the abrogation of these phenotypes, promoting further investigation into the unknown mechanism of ILEI signaling that drives tumor progression. We identify LIFR as the receptor for ILEI, which mediates signaling through STAT3 to drive both EMT and BCSC formation. Reduction of either ILEI or LIFR protein levels results in reduced tumor growth, fewer tumor initiating cells and reduced metastasis within the hnRNP E1 knock-down cell populations in vivo. These results reveal a novel ligand-receptor complex that drives the formation of BCSCs and represents a unique target for the development of metastatic breast cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec N Woosley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Annamarie C Dalton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - George S Hussey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Breege V Howley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Bidyut K Mohanty
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Simon Grelet
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Toros Dincman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Sean Bloos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Shaun K Olsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Philip H Howe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
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15
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Tsubakihara Y, Moustakas A. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Metastasis under the Control of Transforming Growth Factor β. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113672. [PMID: 30463358 PMCID: PMC6274739 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis of tumor cells from primary sites of malignancy to neighboring stromal tissue or distant localities entails in several instances, but not in every case, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT weakens the strong adhesion forces between differentiated epithelial cells so that carcinoma cells can achieve solitary or collective motility, which makes the EMT an intuitive mechanism for the initiation of tumor metastasis. EMT initiates after primary oncogenic events lead to secondary secretion of cytokines. The interaction between tumor-secreted cytokines and oncogenic stimuli facilitates EMT progression. A classic case of this mechanism is the cooperation between oncogenic Ras and the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ). The power of TGFβ to mediate EMT during metastasis depends on versatile signaling crosstalk and on the regulation of successive waves of expression of many other cytokines and the progressive remodeling of the extracellular matrix that facilitates motility through basement membranes. Since metastasis involves many organs in the body, whereas EMT affects carcinoma cell differentiation locally, it has frequently been debated whether EMT truly contributes to metastasis. Despite controversies, studies of circulating tumor cells, studies of acquired chemoresistance by metastatic cells, and several (but not all) metastatic animal models, support a link between EMT and metastasis, with TGFβ, often being a common denominator in this link. This article aims at discussing mechanistic cases where TGFβ signaling and EMT facilitate tumor cell dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Tsubakihara
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 595, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Aristidis Moustakas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 595, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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16
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Yin S, Chen F, Ye P, Yang G. Overexpression of FAM3C protein as a novel biomarker for epithelial-mesenchymal transition and poor outcome in gastric cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2018; 11:4247-4256. [PMID: 31949820 PMCID: PMC6962811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In recent years, overexpression of FAM3C protein has been proved to contribute to epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and correlate with poor prognosis in several malignant tumors. However, the role of FAM3C in gastric cancer (GC) is still not clear. Thus, we detected the expression of FAM3C by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and determined the association of FAM3C expression with EMT, clinicopathologic characteristics, and prognosis in GC. METHODS We detected the expression of FAM3C, PDGFR-β, E-cadherin, and vimentin in 150 patients with GC by tissue chip technology and IHC methods. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 22.0 software. RESULTS FAM3C expression in gastric carcinoma tissues was significantly higher than in matched adjacent normal tissues (P = 0.037). The expression of FAM3C positively correlated with vimentin expression and negatively correlated with E-cadherin expression (P = 0.045 and 0.029, respectively). However, there was no correlation between expression of FAM3C and PDGFR-β (P = 0.095). FAM3C overexpression was significantly associated with depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis and TNM stage (P = 0.004, 0.016 and 0.022, respectively). Multivariate analysis revealed that high expression of FAM3C is an independent prognostic factor for poor prognosis in GC patients (P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of FAM3C is a potential marker for EMT and predicts poor outcome in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yin
- Department of Pathology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fangfang Chen
- Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Peng Ye
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guifang Yang
- Department of Pathology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan, Hubei, China
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17
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Noguchi K, Dincman TA, Dalton AC, Howley BV, McCall BJ, Mohanty BK, Howe PH. Interleukin-like EMT inducer (ILEI) promotes melanoma invasiveness and is transcriptionally up-regulated by upstream stimulatory factor-1 (USF-1). J Biol Chem 2018; 293:11401-11414. [PMID: 29871931 PMCID: PMC6065179 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-like EMT inducer (ILEI, FAM3C) is a secreted factor that contributes to the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a cell-biological process that confers metastatic properties to a tumor cell. However, very little is known about how ILEI is regulated. Here we demonstrate that ILEI is an in vivo regulator of melanoma invasiveness and is transcriptionally up-regulated by the upstream stimulatory factor-1 (USF-1), an E-box-binding, basic-helix-loop-helix family transcription factor. shRNA-mediated knockdown of ILEI in melanoma cell lines attenuated lung colonization but not primary tumor formation. We also identified the mechanism underlying ILEI transcriptional regulation, which was through a direct interaction of USF-1 with the ILEI promoter. Of note, stimulation of endogenous USF-1 by UV-mediated activation increased ILEI expression, whereas shRNA-mediated USF-1 knockdown decreased ILEI gene transcription. Finally, we report that knocking down USF-1 decreases tumor cell migration. In summary, our work reveals that ILEI contributes to melanoma cell invasiveness in vivo without affecting primary tumor growth and is transcriptionally up-regulated by USF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Noguchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Toros A Dincman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Charleston, South Carolina 29425; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Annamarie C Dalton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Breege V Howley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Buckley J McCall
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Bidyut K Mohanty
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Philip H Howe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Charleston, South Carolina 29425; Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, South Carolina 29425.
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18
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Howley BV, Howe PH. TGF-beta signaling in cancer: post-transcriptional regulation of EMT via hnRNP E1. Cytokine 2018; 118:19-26. [PMID: 29396052 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The TGFβ signaling pathway is a critical regulator of cancer progression in part through induction of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). This process is aberrantly activated in cancer cells, facilitating invasion of the basement membrane, survival in the circulatory system, and dissemination to distant organs. The mechanisms through which epithelial cells transition to a mesenchymal state involve coordinated transcriptional and post-transcriptional control of gene expression. One such mechanism of control is through the RNA binding protein hnRNP E1, which regulates splicing and translation of a cohort of EMT and stemness-associated transcripts. A growing body of evidence indicates a major role for hnRNP E1 in the control of epithelial cell plasticity, especially in the context of carcinoma progression. Here, we review the multiple mechanisms through which hnRNP E1 functions to control EMT and metastatic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breege V Howley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Philip H Howe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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19
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Ethanol sensitizes hepatocytes for TGF-β-triggered apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:51. [PMID: 29352207 PMCID: PMC5833779 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0071-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol abuse is a global health problem causing a substantial fraction of chronic liver diseases. Abundant TGF-β—a potent pro-fibrogenic cytokine—leads to disease progression. Our aim was to elucidate the crosstalk of TGF-β and alcohol on hepatocytes. Primary murine hepatocytes were challenged with ethanol and TGF-β and cell fate was determined. Fluidigm RNA analyses revealed transcriptional effects that regulate survival and apoptosis. Mechanistic insights were derived from enzyme/pathway inhibition experiments and modulation of oxidative stress levels. To substantiate findings, animal model specimens and human liver tissue cultures were investigated. Results: On its own, ethanol had no effect on hepatocyte apoptosis, whereas TGF-β increased cell death. Combined treatment led to massive hepatocyte apoptosis, which could also be recapitulated in human HCC liver tissue treated ex vivo. Alcohol boosted the TGF-β pro-apoptotic gene signature. The underlying mechanism of pathway crosstalk involves SMAD and non-SMAD/AKT signaling. Blunting CYP2E1 and ADH activities did not prevent this effect, implying that it was not a consequence of alcohol metabolism. In line with this, the ethanol metabolite acetaldehyde did not mimic the effect and glutathione supplementation did not prevent the super-induction of cell death. In contrast, blocking GSK-3β activity, a downstream mediator of AKT signaling, rescued the strong apoptotic response triggered by ethanol and TGF-β. This study provides novel information on the crosstalk between ethanol and TGF-β. We give evidence that ethanol directly leads to a boost of TGF-β’s pro-apoptotic function in hepatocytes, which may have implications for patients with chronic alcoholic liver disease.
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20
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Zhao X, Luo G, Fan Y, Ma X, Zhou J, Jiang H. ILEI is an important intermediate participating in the formation of TGF-β1-induced renal tubular EMT. Cell Biochem Funct 2018; 36:46-55. [PMID: 29336056 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Renal interstitial fibrosis is the most common process by which chronic kidney diseases progress to end-stage renal failure. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) play a crucial role in the progression of renal interstitial fibrosis. A newly identified cytokine, interleukin-like EMT inducer (ILEI), has been linked to EMT in some diseases. However, the effects of ILEI on renal tubular EMT have not yet been well established. Here, we characterize the expression of ILEI in tubular EMT and describe the role and mechanism of ILEI in transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1)-induced renal tubular EMT. The results indicate that ILEI is involved in renal tubular EMT induced by TGF-β1, as overexpression of ILEI not only induces EMT of HK-2 cells independently but also profoundly enhances EMT in response to TGF-β1. Supporting this finding, ILEI small interfering RNA was found to block the EMT of HK-2 cells induced by TGF-β1. This work additionally suggests ILEI mediates TGF-β1-dependent EMT via the extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERKs) and protein kinase B (Akt) signalling pathways. In conclusion, ILEI appears to play a crucial role in mediating TGF-β1-induced EMT through the Akt and ERK pathways, which may provide a therapeutic target for the treatment of fibrotic kidney diseases. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY There is no study reporting the effect of ILEI in renal EMTs. In this research, we examined the role and mechanism of ILEI in EMT using tubular epithelial cell; we found that ILEI participated in renal tubular EMT, and overexpression of ILEI can not only induce EMT of HK-2 cells independently but also enhance EMT in response to TGF-β1. Meanwhile, we found ILEI small interfering RNA blocked the EMT induced by TGF-β1, and ILEI participates in the EMT caused by TGF-β1 via ERK and Akt signalling pathways. We hoped to provide new ideas in further study on the prevention and treatment of fibrotic kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, 110001, China
| | - Gang Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, 110001, China
| | - Yan Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, 110001, China
| | - Xiaoxue Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, 110001, China
| | - Jieqing Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, 110001, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, 110001, China
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21
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Kral M, Klimek C, Kutay B, Timelthaler G, Lendl T, Neuditschko B, Gerner C, Sibilia M, Csiszar A. Covalent dimerization of interleukin-like epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) inducer (ILEI) facilitates EMT, invasion, and late aspects of metastasis. FEBS J 2017; 284:3484-3505. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kral
- Institute of Cancer Research; Department of Medicine I; Medical University of Vienna; Austria
| | - Christoph Klimek
- Institute of Cancer Research; Department of Medicine I; Medical University of Vienna; Austria
| | - Betül Kutay
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology; Vienna Austria
| | - Gerald Timelthaler
- Institute of Cancer Research; Department of Medicine I; Medical University of Vienna; Austria
| | - Thomas Lendl
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology; Vienna Austria
| | - Benjamin Neuditschko
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; University of Vienna; Austria
| | - Christopher Gerner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; University of Vienna; Austria
| | - Maria Sibilia
- Institute of Cancer Research; Department of Medicine I; Medical University of Vienna; Austria
| | - Agnes Csiszar
- Institute of Cancer Research; Department of Medicine I; Medical University of Vienna; Austria
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22
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Jansson AM, Csiszar A, Maier J, Nyström AC, Ax E, Johansson P, Schiavone LH. The interleukin-like epithelial-mesenchymal transition inducer ILEI exhibits a non-interleukin-like fold and is active as a domain-swapped dimer. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:15501-15511. [PMID: 28751379 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.782904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Production and secretion of pro-metastatic proteins is a feature of many tumor cells. The FAM3C interleukin-like epithelial-to-mesenchymal-transition (EMT) inducer (ILEI) has been shown to be strongly up-regulated in several cancers and to be essential for tumor formation and metastasis in epithelial cells, correlating with a significant decrease in overall survival in colon and breast cancer patients. ILEI has been seen to interact with the γ-secretase presenilin 1 subunit (PS1). However, not much is known about the mechanism-of-action or the detailed ILEI structure. We present here the crystal structures of FAM3C ILEI and show that it exists as monomers but also as covalent dimers. The observed ILEI β-β-α fold confirmed previous indications that the FAM3C proteins do not form classical four-helix-bundle structures as was initially predicted. This provides the first experimental evidence that the interleukin-like EMT inducers are not evolutionarily related to the interleukins. However, more surprisingly, the ILEI dimer structure was found to feature a trans-linked domain swap, converting an intramolecular disulfide to intermolecular. Interestingly, dimeric but not monomeric ILEI was subsequently found to cause a dose-dependent increase in EpRas cell invasiveness comparable with TGF-β, indicating that the dimer might be the active ILEI species. This is in line with a parallel study showing that covalent oligomerization of ILEI is essential for EMT and tumor progression in vivo The structures and the activity data give some first insight into the relationship between dimerization and ILEI function as well as indicate an intriguing link between ILEI, the PS1-protease, TGF-β, and the TGF-β receptor 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Jansson
- From the Reagents and Assay Development Division, Discovery Sciences Department
| | - Agnes Csiszar
- the Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Joachim Maier
- From the Reagents and Assay Development Division, Discovery Sciences Department
| | - Ann-Christin Nyström
- Translational Sciences Division, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Department, and
| | - Elisabeth Ax
- From the Reagents and Assay Development Division, Discovery Sciences Department
| | - Patrik Johansson
- Structure and Biophysics Division, Discovery Sciences Department, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden and
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Noguchi K, Dalton AC, Howley BV, McCall BJ, Yoshida A, Diehl JA, Howe PH. Interleukin-like EMT inducer regulates partial phenotype switching in MITF-low melanoma cell lines. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177830. [PMID: 28545079 PMCID: PMC5435346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ILEI (FAM3C) is a secreted factor that contributes to the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a cell biological process that confers metastatic properties to a tumor cell. Initially, we found that ILEI mRNA is highly expressed in melanoma metastases but not in primary tumors, suggesting that ILEI contributes to the malignant properties of melanoma. While melanoma is not an epithelial cell-derived tumor and does not undergo a traditional EMT, melanoma undergoes a similar process known as phenotype switching in which high (micropthalmia-related transcription factor) MITF expressing (MITF-high) proliferative cells switch to a low expressing (MITF-low) invasive state. We observed that MITF-high proliferative cells express low levels of ILEI (ILEI-low) and MITF-low invasive cells express high levels of ILEI (ILEI-high). We found that inducing phenotype switching towards the MITF-low invasive state increases ILEI mRNA expression, whereas phenotype switching towards the MITF-high proliferative state decreases ILEI mRNA expression. Next, we used in vitro assays to show that knockdown of ILEI attenuates invasive potential but not MITF expression or chemoresistance. Finally, we used gene expression analysis to show that ILEI regulates several genes involved in the MITF-low invasive phenotype including JARID1B, HIF-2α, and BDNF. Gene set enrichment analysis suggested that ILEI-regulated genes are enriched for JUN signaling, a known regulator of the MITF-low invasive phenotype. In conclusion, we demonstrate that phenotype switching regulates ILEI expression, and that ILEI regulates partial phenotype switching in MITF-low melanoma cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Noguchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Annamarie C. Dalton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Breege V. Howley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Buckley J. McCall
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Akihiro Yoshida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - J. Alan Diehl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
- Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Philip H. Howe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
- Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, SC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Bendre A, Büki KG, Määttä JA. Fam3c modulates osteogenic differentiation by down-regulating Runx2. Differentiation 2016; 93:50-57. [PMID: 27914282 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fam3c, a cytokine-like protein, is a member of the Fam3 family (family with sequence similarity 3) and has been implicated to play a crucial role in Epithelial-to- mesenchymal transition (EMT) and subsequent metastasis during cancer progression. A few independent genome-wide association studies on different population cohorts predicted the gene locus of Fam3c to be associated with bone mineral density and fractures. In this study, we examined the role of Fam3c during osteoblast differentiation. Fam3c was found to be expressed during osteogenic differentiation of both primary bone marrow stromal cells and MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts. In differentiating osteoblasts, knockdown of Fam3c increased alkaline phosphatase expression and activity whereas overexpression of Fam3c reduced it. Furthermore, overexpression of Fam3c caused reduction of Runx2 expression at both mRNA and protein levels. Fam3c was localized in the cytoplasm and it was not secreted outside the cell during osteoblast differentiation and therefore, may function intracellularly. Furthermore, Fam3c and TGF-β1 were found to regulate each other reciprocally. Our findings therefore suggest a functional role of Fam3c in the regulation of osteoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameya Bendre
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kalman G Büki
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma A Määttä
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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Sun Y, Jia X, Gao Q, Liu X, Hou L. The ubiquitin ligase UBE4A inhibits prostate cancer progression by targeting interleukin-like EMT inducer (ILEI). IUBMB Life 2016; 69:16-21. [PMID: 27862841 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important prerequisite for metastasis to secondary organs. Interleukin-like EMT inducer (ILEI) protein has been shown to translationally upregulated during EMT and metastatic progression as a consequence of aberrant TGF-β signaling. Our initial evaluation of FAM3C (encoding ILEI) and ILEI expression in normal prostate (PCS-440-010) and prostate cancer cell lines (DU145, LNCaP, and PC3) revealed detectable protein expression in only LNCaP cell line even though all cell lines tested had comparable FAM3C expression. Given that PC3 and DU145 cell lines did not have detectable ILEI expression hinted at additional level of regulation of ILEI expression. Treatment with MG-132 resulted in robust detection of ILEI in the PCS-440-010, PC3 and DU145 cell lines, suggesting that at least in these cell lines, ILEI is actively degraded by the proteasome. Mass spectrometric analysis of FLAG immunoprecipitates of untreated and MG-132 treated FLAG-ILEI transfected cells indicated that UBE4A and UBE3C ubiquitin ligases were interacting with ILEI. Ectopic overexpression of UBE4A, but not UBE3C, resulted in destabilization of ILEI in LNCaP cells, whereas RNAi-mediated silencing of UBE4A in PCS-440-010, PC3 and DU145 cell lines resulted in robust accumulation of ILEI, indicating UBE4A as the cognate ubiquitin ligase for ILEI. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments established direct interaction of endogenous ILEI and UBE4A. Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitation of FLAG-tagged ILEI in cells co-transfected with either HA-UBE4A or HA-UBE3C revealed robust polyubiquitinated smear of ILEI in cells transfected with UBE4A, but not UBE3C, thus confirming UBE4A as the ubiquitin ligase for ILEI degradation. Ectopic overexpression of UBE4A, but not UBE3C, in cells was downregulated in vitro migration and invasion in these cells. Cumulatively, our data reveals a novel post-translational regulatory mechanism of regulating ILEI1 expression, a protein required for metastatic progression in prostate cancer cells. © 2016 IUBMB Life, 69(1):16-21, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bethune International Peace Hospital of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaopeng Jia
- Department of Urology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, The Third Hospital of Shijiazhuang City, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Lianguo Hou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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Moustakas A, Heldin CH. Mechanisms of TGFβ-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. J Clin Med 2016; 5:jcm5070063. [PMID: 27367735 PMCID: PMC4961994 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5070063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transitory phenotypic changes such as the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) help embryonic cells to generate migratory descendants that populate new sites and establish the distinct tissues in the developing embryo. The mesenchymal descendants of diverse epithelia also participate in the wound healing response of adult tissues, and facilitate the progression of cancer. EMT can be induced by several extracellular cues in the microenvironment of a given epithelial tissue. One such cue, transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), prominently induces EMT via a group of specific transcription factors. The potency of TGFβ is partly based on its ability to perform two parallel molecular functions, i.e. to induce the expression of growth factors, cytokines and chemokines, which sequentially and in a complementary manner help to establish and maintain the EMT, and to mediate signaling crosstalk with other developmental signaling pathways, thus promoting changes in cell differentiation. The molecules that are activated by TGFβ signaling or act as cooperating partners of this pathway are impossible to exhaust within a single coherent and contemporary report. Here, we present selected examples to illustrate the key principles of the circuits that control EMT under the influence of TGFβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristidis Moustakas
- Ludwig Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 595, SE 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 582, SE 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Carl-Henrik Heldin
- Ludwig Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 595, SE 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Liu L, Watanabe N, Akatsu H, Nishimura M. Neuronal expression of ILEI/FAM3C and its reduction in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience 2016; 330:236-46. [PMID: 27256505 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Decrease in brain amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation is a leading strategy for treating Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the intrinsic mechanism of the regulation of brain Aβ production is largely unknown. Previously, we reported that ILEI (also referred to as FAM3C) binds to the γ-secretase complex and suppresses Aβ production without inhibiting γ-secretase activity. In this study, we examined ILEI expression in mouse brain using immunohistochemistry and subcellular fractionation. Brain ILEI showed widespread expression in neurons and ependymal cells but not in glial and vascular endothelial cells. Neuronal ILEI resided in perinuclear vesicular structures, which were positive for a marker protein of the trans-Golgi network. Although ILEI immunostaining was negative at synaptic terminals, synaptosome fractionation analysis suggested that ILEI was enriched in presynaptic terminals, particularly in the active zone-docked synaptic vesicles. ILEI expression levels in brain peaked during the postnatal period and declined with age. In comparison with age-matched control brains, the number of ILEI-immunoreactive neurons decreased in AD brains, although the subcellular localization was unaltered. Our results suggest that a decline of ILEI expression may cause accumulation of Aβ in the brain and the eventual development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Naoki Watanabe
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Akatsu
- Choju Medical Institute, Fukushimura Hospital, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8124, Japan
| | - Masaki Nishimura
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
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28
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Fam3c modulates osteogenic cell differentiation and affects bone volume and cortical bone mineral density. BONEKEY REPORTS 2016; 5:787. [PMID: 27087939 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2016.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fam3c, a cytokine-like growth factor, has been suggested to have a role in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), tumor growth and metastasis. A single-nucleotide polymorphism affecting bone mineral density has been found in the first intron of the Fam3c gene in a study analyzing an Asian population cohort. Other independent studies on different population cohorts have found the fam3c locus to be associated with bone mineral density and fractures. In order to investigate the role of Fam3c in bone biology, we have generated a Fam3c knock-out (KO) mouse strain. The Fam3c KO mice were found to have normal appearance, behavior and fertility, but small changes in bone morphology and content were also observed. Micro-CT analysis of tibiae of the female mice revealed decreased number of trabeculae. In male mice the changes in the bone phenotype were smaller, but hematological changes were observed. Furthermore, there was a negative correlation between body weight and tibial trabecular and cortical bone volume in the male KO mice. There was a small increase in cortical bone mineral density, but in the lateral direction of tibiae the breaking strength was reduced. Fam3c KO bone marrow cells showed accelerated osteogenic differentiation and mineralization in vitro. The reduced number of bone trabeculae in Fam3c KO mice and the stimulated osteogenic differentiation indicate a role for Fam3c in osteoblast differentiation and bone homeostasis.
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29
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Qi J, Li T, Bian H, Li F, Ju Y, Gao S, Su J, Ren W, Qin C. SNAI1 promotes the development of HCC through the enhancement of proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis. FEBS Open Bio 2016; 6:326-37. [PMID: 27239445 PMCID: PMC4821356 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SNAI1, a zinc‐finger transcription factor, plays an important role in the induction of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in various cancers. However, the possible functions of SNAI1 in the proliferation and apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma have not been clearly identified. In this study, we investigated the effects and mechanisms of SNAI1 in the proliferation and apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma using clinical samples and cell lines. We found that SNAI1 is highly expressed in the tissues of liver cancer compared with adjacent nontumor tissues. SNAI1 is also highly expressed in the hepatoma cell lines HepG2, SMMC‐7721, and BEL‐7402 compared with the human normal liver cell line L02. We also observed that SNAI1 expression was correlated with distal metastasis, incomplete tumor capsule formation, and histological differentiation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Moreover, we demonstrated that knockdown of SNAI1 via lentiviral vectors of RNAi against SNAI inhibited cell proliferation by inducing G1 arrest, which was accompanied by the downregulation of cyclin D1 but not that of cyclin A. In addition, knockdown of SNAI1 promoted apoptosis by decreasing the expression of Bcl‐2. In conclusion, our findings revealed that SNAI1 is involved in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma via regulating the growth and apoptosis of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianni Qi
- Central Laboratory Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University Jinan Shandong China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Gastroenterology Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University Jinan Shandong China
| | - Hongjun Bian
- Department of Emergency Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University Jinan Shandong China
| | - Feifei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University Jinan Shandong China
| | - Ying Ju
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University Jinan Shandong China
| | - Shanshan Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University Jinan Shandong China
| | - Jingran Su
- Department of Gastroenterology Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University Jinan Shandong China
| | - Wanhua Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University Jinan Shandong China
| | - Chengyong Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University Jinan Shandong China
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Lou XL, Sun J, Gong SQ, Yu XF, Gong R, Deng H. Interaction between circulating cancer cells and platelets: clinical implication. Chin J Cancer Res 2015; 27:450-60. [PMID: 26543331 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.1000-9604.2015.04.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the main cause of cancer-associated mortality. During this complicated process, some cancer cells, also called circulating tumor cells (CTCs), detach from primary sites, enter bloodstream and extravasate at metastatic site. Thrombocytosis is frequently observed in patients with metastatic cancers suggesting the important role of platelets in metastasis. Therefore this review focuses on how platelets facilitate the generation of CTCs, protect them from various host attacks, such as immune assaults, apoptosis and shear stress, and regulate CTCs intravasation/extravasation. Platelet-derived cytokines and receptors are involved in this cascade. Identification the mechanisms underlie platelet-CTCs interactions could lead to the development of new platelet-targeted therapeutic strategy to reduce metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Liang Lou
- 1 Molecular Medicine and Genetics Center, 2 Department of Pathology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China ; 3 Renmin Institute of Forensic Medicine, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Jian Sun
- 1 Molecular Medicine and Genetics Center, 2 Department of Pathology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China ; 3 Renmin Institute of Forensic Medicine, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Shu-Qi Gong
- 1 Molecular Medicine and Genetics Center, 2 Department of Pathology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China ; 3 Renmin Institute of Forensic Medicine, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Xue-Feng Yu
- 1 Molecular Medicine and Genetics Center, 2 Department of Pathology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China ; 3 Renmin Institute of Forensic Medicine, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Rui Gong
- 1 Molecular Medicine and Genetics Center, 2 Department of Pathology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China ; 3 Renmin Institute of Forensic Medicine, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Huan Deng
- 1 Molecular Medicine and Genetics Center, 2 Department of Pathology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China ; 3 Renmin Institute of Forensic Medicine, Nanchang 330000, China
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Wang M, Zhang J, Tong L, Ma X, Qiu X. MiR-195 is a key negative regulator of hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis by targeting FGF2 and VEGFA. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:14110-14120. [PMID: 26823724 PMCID: PMC4713510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary tumor of liver and the fifth most common cancer in the world. Lung is the most frequent site for extra hepatic metastasis from hepatocellular carcinoma, while the cause and mechanism of it is still poor understood. Here, we identify that the expression of miR-195 is markedly impaired in the lung metastasis cell lines of HCC. The result of Real-time PCR reveals the expression of miR-195 is significantly downregulated in 92 HCC tissues. Low expression of miR-195 is associated with tumor size, portal vein thrombosis, TNM stage and patients survival. Luciferase reporter and ELISA assay prove that hematogenous metastasis related genes including FGF2 and VEGFA are the target genes of miR-195. Overexpression of miR-195 in HCC cell line BEL-7402 markedly inhibits the capability of migration and invasion. Taken together, our results suggest that miR-195, a tumor suppressor miRNA, contributes to the lung metastasis of HCC by negatively regulating FGF2 and VEGFA, providing key implications of miR-195 for the therapeutic intervention of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450052, China
- Department of General Surgery, People’s Hospital of ZhengzhouZhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, People’s Hospital of ZhengzhouZhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Linlong Tong
- Department of General Surgery, People’s Hospital of ZhengzhouZhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Xiaofei Ma
- Department of General Surgery, People’s Hospital of ZhengzhouZhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Xinguang Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450052, China
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Overexpression of OCT4 contributes to progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:4649-54. [PMID: 26508029 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4285-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The abnormal change of octamer transcription factor 4 (OCT4) is associated with tumor progression; however, its effect on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) behavior remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between HCC and OCT4. In the present study, IHC, western blot analysis, and QRT-PCR were performed to identify differentially expressed OCT4 in a series of HCC tissues and adjacent non-cancerous tissues. In addition, the functions of OCT4 on HCC progression were studied in vitro. Silencing of OCT4 with siRNA was performed in HCC cell lines, and the impact on proliferation, migration, and the EMT marker of HCC was analyzed. Our results found that OCT4 levels were significantly higher in HCC tissues compared with the adjacent non-cancerous tissues. Furthermore, OCT4 siRNA significantly reduced the proliferation rate of SMMC-7721 and HepG2 cells, inhibited the migration and inversion, and could reverse EMT in HCC cells, indicating that OCT4 plays a critical role in HCC progression. Our data suggest that the pathogenesis of human HCC may be mediated by OCT4, and thus, OCT4 could represent selective targets for the molecularly targeted treatments of HCC.
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Prognostic significance of FAM3C in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Diagn Pathol 2015; 10:192. [PMID: 26498278 PMCID: PMC4619363 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-015-0424-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Family with sequence similarity 3, member C (FAM3C) has been identified as a novel regulator in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastatic progression. However, the role of FAM3C in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains unexplored. The purpose of present study is to illustrate the role of FAM3C in predicting outcomes of patients with ESCC. Methods FAM3C expression was measured in ESCC tissues and the matched adjacent nontumorous tissues by quantitative real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. The relationship between FAM3C expression and prognosis of ESCC patients was further evaluated by univariate and multivariate regression analyses. Univariate and multivariate analyses of the prognostic factors were performed using Cox proportional hazards model. Results The FAM3C mRNA expression was remarkably upregulated in ESCC compared with their nontumor counterparts (P < 0.001). In addition, high expression of FAM3C was significantly associated with pT stage (P = 0.014) , pN stage (P = 0.026) and TNM stage (P = 0.003). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the 7-year overall survival rate in the group with high expression of FAM3C was poorer than that in low expression group (32.0 versus 70.9 %; P < 0.001). Univariate and multivariate analyses demonstrated that FAM3C was an independent risk factor for overall survival. Moreover, Stratified analysis revealed that FAM3C expression could differentiate the prognosis of patients in early clinical stage (TNM stage I-II). Conclusions FAM3C expression was dramatically increased in ESCC and might serve as a valuable prognostic indicator for ESCC patients after surgery.
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Ding S, Chen G, Zhang W, Xing C, Xu X, Xie H, Lu A, Chen K, Guo H, Ren Z, Zheng S, Zhou L. MRC-5 fibroblast-conditioned medium influences multiple pathways regulating invasion, migration, proliferation, and apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Transl Med 2015. [PMID: 26198300 PMCID: PMC4508812 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0588-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Carcinoma associated fibroblasts (CAFs), an important component of tumor microenvironment, are capable of enhancing tumor cells invasion and migration through initiation of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). MRC-5 fibroblasts are one of the CAFs expressing alpha-smooth muscle actin. It is ascertained that medium conditioned by MRC-5 fibroblasts stimulate motility and invasion of breast cancer cells. However, its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is less clear. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of MRC-5-CM on HCC and explore the underlying mechanisms. Methods and results Using a combination of techniques, the role of MRC-5-CM in HCC was evaluated. We determined that MRC-5-CM induced the non-classical EMT in Bel-7402 and MHCC-LM3 cell lines. Initiation of the non-classical EMT was mainly via quintessential redistribution of α-, β- and γ-catenin, P120 catenin, E-cadherin, and N-cadherin, rather than up-regulation of typical EMT-related transcription factors (i.e., Snail, Twist1, ZEB-1 and ZEB2). We also found that MRC-5-CM potentiated both the migration and invasion of Bel-7402 and MHCC-LM3 cells in mesenchymal movement mode through activation of the α6, β3, β4, β7 integrin/FAK pathway and upregulation of MMP2. The flow cytometric analysis showed that MRC-5-CM induced G1 phase arrest in Bel-7402 cells with a concomitant reduction of S phase cells. In contrast, MRC-5-CM induced S phase arrest in MHCC-LM3 cells with a concomitant reduction of cells in the G2/M phase. MRC-5-CM also inhibited apoptosis in Bel-7402 cells while inducing apoptosis in MHCC-LM3 cells. Conclusion Collectively, MRC-5-CM promoted HCC cell motility and invasiveness through initiation of the non-classical EMT, including redistribution of α-, β- and γ-catenin, P120 catenin, E-cadherin, and N-cadherin, activation of the integrin/FAK pathway, and upregulation of MMP2. Hence, MRC-5-CM exerted distinct roles in Bel-7402 and MHCC-LM3 cell viability by regulating cyclins, cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs), CDK inhibitors (CKIs), Bcl-2 family proteins and other unknown mechanosensors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-015-0588-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songming Ding
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Organ Trans-Plantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Guoliang Chen
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Organ Trans-Plantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Wu Zhang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Organ Trans-Plantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Chunyang Xing
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Organ Trans-Plantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiao Xu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Organ Trans-Plantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Haiyang Xie
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Organ Trans-Plantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Aili Lu
- Division of Oncology Department, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kangjie Chen
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Organ Trans-Plantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Haijun Guo
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Organ Trans-Plantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zhigang Ren
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Organ Trans-Plantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Organ Trans-Plantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Lin Zhou
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Organ Trans-Plantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Kraya AA, Piao S, Xu X, Zhang G, Herlyn M, Gimotty P, Levine B, Amaravadi RK, Speicher DW. Identification of secreted proteins that reflect autophagy dynamics within tumor cells. Autophagy 2015; 11:60-74. [PMID: 25484078 PMCID: PMC4502670 DOI: 10.4161/15548627.2014.984273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy, a catabolic process of cellular self-digestion, is an important tumor cell survival mechanism and a potential target in antineoplastic therapies. Recent discoveries have implicated autophagy in the cellular secretory process, but potential roles of autophagy-mediated secretion in modifying the tumor microenvironment are poorly understood. Furthermore, efforts to inhibit autophagy in clinical trials have been hampered by suboptimal methods to quantitatively measure tumor autophagy levels. Here, we leveraged the autophagy-based involvement in cellular secretion to identify shed proteins associated with autophagy levels in melanoma. The secretome of low-autophagy WM793 melanoma cells was compared to its highly autophagic metastatic derivative, 1205Lu in physiological 3-dimensional cell culture using quantitative proteomics. These comparisons identified candidate autophagy biomarkers IL1B (interleukin 1, β), CXCL8 (chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8), LIF (leukemia inhibitory factor), FAM3C (family with sequence similarity 3, member C), and DKK3 (dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor 3) with known roles in inflammation and tumorigenesis, and these proteins were subsequently shown to be elevated in supernatants of an independent panel of high-autophagy melanoma cell lines. Secretion levels of these proteins increased when low-autophagy melanoma cells were treated with the autophagy-inducing tat-BECN1 (Beclin 1) peptide and decreased when ATG7 (autophagy-related 7) was silenced in high-autophagy cells, thereby supporting a mechanistic link between these secreted proteins and autophagy. In addition, serum from metastatic melanoma patients with high tumor autophagy levels exhibited higher levels of these proteins than serum from patients with low-autophagy tumors. These results suggest that autophagy-related secretion affects the tumor microenvironment and measurement of autophagy-associated secreted proteins in plasma and possibly in tumors can serve as surrogates for intracellular autophagy dynamics in tumor cells.
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Key Words
- ATG5, autophagy-related 5
- ATG7, autophagy-related 7
- AV, autophagic vacuole
- BECN1, Beclin 1, autophagy-related
- CXCL8, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8
- DKK3, dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor 3
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- IF, interstitial fluid
- IL1B, interleukin 1, β
- LC3/MAP1LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3
- LIF, leukemia inhibitory factor
- M, media
- PtdIns3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- SAM, significance analysis of microarrays
- autophagy
- biomarker
- cancer
- melanoma
- secretome
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A. Kraya
- Center for Systems and Computational Biology; The Wistar Institute; Philadelphia, PA USA
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program; The Wistar Institute; Philadelphia, PA USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics; University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Shengfu Piao
- Department of Medicine and Abramson Cancer Center; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Gao Zhang
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program; The Wistar Institute; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Meenhard Herlyn
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program; The Wistar Institute; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Phyllis Gimotty
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Beth Levine
- Department of Internal Medicine and Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA
| | - Ravi K Amaravadi
- Department of Medicine and Abramson Cancer Center; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - David W Speicher
- Center for Systems and Computational Biology; The Wistar Institute; Philadelphia, PA USA
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program; The Wistar Institute; Philadelphia, PA USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics; University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA USA
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Moak SL, Dougan GC, MarElia CB, Danse WA, Fernandez AM, Kuehl MN, Athanason MG, Burkhardt BR. Enhanced glucose tolerance in pancreatic-derived factor (PANDER) knockout C57BL/6 mice. Dis Model Mech 2014; 7:1307-15. [PMID: 25217499 PMCID: PMC4213734 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.016402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic-derived factor (PANDER; also known as FAM3B) is a uniquely structured protein strongly expressed within and secreted from the endocrine pancreas. PANDER has been hypothesized to regulate fasting and fed glucose homeostasis, hepatic lipogenesis and insulin signaling, and to serve a potential role in the onset or progression of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Despite having potentially pivotal pleiotropic roles in glycemic regulation and T2D, there has been limited generation of stable animal models for the investigation of PANDER function, and there are no models on well-established genetic murine backgrounds for T2D. Our aim was to generate an enhanced murine model to further elucidate the biological function of PANDER. Therefore, a pure-bred PANDER knockout C57BL/6 (PANKO-C57) model was created and phenotypically characterized with respect to glycemic regulation and hepatic insulin signaling. The PANKO-C57 model exhibited an enhanced metabolic phenotype, particularly with regard to enhanced glucose tolerance. Male PANKO-C57 mice displayed decreased fasting plasma insulin and C-peptide levels, whereas leptin levels were increased as compared with matched C57BL/6J wild-type mice. Despite similar peripheral insulin sensitivity between both groups, hepatic insulin signaling was significantly increased during fasting conditions, as demonstrated by increased phosphorylation of hepatic PKB/Akt and AMPK, along with mature SREBP-1 expression. Insulin stimulation of PANKO-C57 mice resulted in increased hepatic triglyceride and glycogen content as compared with wild-type C57BL/6 mice. In summary, the PANKO-C57 mouse represents a suitable model for the investigation of PANDER in multiple metabolic states and provides an additional tool to elucidate the biological function and potential role in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shari L Moak
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Grace C Dougan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard MDC 62, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Catherine B MarElia
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Whitney A Danse
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Amanda M Fernandez
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Melanie N Kuehl
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Mark G Athanason
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Brant R Burkhardt
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
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Csiszar A, Kutay B, Wirth S, Schmidt U, Macho-Maschler S, Schreiber M, Alacakaptan M, Vogel GF, Aumayr K, Huber LA, Beug H. Interleukin-like epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition inducer activity is controlled by proteolytic processing and plasminogen-urokinase plasminogen activator receptor system-regulated secretion during breast cancer progression. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:433. [PMID: 25212966 PMCID: PMC4303039 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-014-0433-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Interleukin-like epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition inducer (ILEI) is an essential cytokine in tumor progression that is upregulated in several cancers, and its altered subcellular localization is a predictor of poor survival in human breast cancer. However, the regulation of ILEI activity and the molecular meaning of its altered localization remain elusive. Methods The influence of serum withdrawal, broad-specificity protease inhibitors, different serine proteases and plasminogen depletion on the size and amount of the secreted ILEI protein was investigated by Western blot analysis of EpRas cells. Proteases with ILEI-processing capacity were identified by carrying out an in vitro cleavage assay. Murine mammary tumor and metastasis models of EpC40 and 4T1 cells overexpressing different mutant forms of ILEI were used—extended with in vivo aprotinin treatment for the inhibition of ILEI-processing proteases—to test the in vivo relevance of proteolytic cleavage. Stable knockdown of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) in EpRas cells was performed to investigate the involvement of uPAR in ILEI secretion. The subcellular localization of the ILEI protein in tumor cell lines was analyzed by immunofluorescence. Immunohistochemistry for ILEI localization and uPAR expression was performed on two human breast cancer arrays, and ILEI and uPAR scores were correlated with the metastasis-free survival of patients. Results We demonstrate that secreted ILEI requires site-specific proteolytic maturation into its short form for its tumor-promoting function, which is executed by serine proteases, most efficiently by plasmin. Noncleaved ILEI is tethered to fibronectin-containing fibers of the extracellular matrix through a propeptide-dependent interaction. In addition to ILEI processing, plasmin rapidly increases ILEI secretion by mobilizing its intracellular protein pool in a uPAR-dependent manner. Elevated ILEI secretion correlates with an altered subcellular localization of the protein, most likely representing a shift into secretory vesicles. Moreover, altered subcellular ILEI localization strongly correlates with high tumor cell–associated uPAR protein expression, as well as with poor survival, in human breast cancer. Conclusions Our findings point out extracellular serine proteases, in particular plasmin, and uPAR as valuable therapeutic targets against ILEI-driven tumor progression and emphasize the prognostic relevance of ILEI localization and a combined ILEI-uPAR marker analysis in human breast cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-014-0433-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Gao ZH, Lu C, Wang ZN, Song YX, Zhu JL, Gao P, Sun JX, Chen XW, Wang MX, Dong YL, Xu HM. ILEI: a novel marker for epithelial-mesenchymal transition and poor prognosis in colorectal cancer. Histopathology 2014; 65:527-38. [PMID: 24738665 DOI: 10.1111/his.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Hua Gao
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery; First Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Chong Lu
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery; First Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Zhen-Ning Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery; First Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Yong-Xi Song
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery; First Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Jin-Liang Zhu
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery; First Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery; First Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Jing-Xu Sun
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery; First Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Xiao-Wan Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery; First Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Mei-Xian Wang
- Department of Tumour Pathology and Surgical Oncology; First Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Yu-Lan Dong
- Department of Tumour Pathology and Surgical Oncology; First Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Hui-Mian Xu
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery; First Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyang China
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The FAM3 superfamily member ILEI ameliorates Alzheimer's disease-like pathology by destabilizing the penultimate amyloid-β precursor. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3917. [PMID: 24894631 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) in the brain underlies the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ is produced by β- and γ-secretase-mediated sequential proteolysis of amyloid-β precursor protein (APP). Here we identify a secretory protein named interleukin-like epithelial-mesenchymal transition inducer (ILEI, also known as FAM3 superfamily member C) as a negative regulator of Aβ production. ILEI destabilizes the β-secretase-cleaved APP carboxy-terminal fragment, the penultimate precursor of Aβ, by binding to the γ-secretase complex and interfering with its chaperone properties. Notch signalling and γ-secretase activity are not affected by ILEI. We also show neuronal expression of ILEI and its induction by transforming growth factor-β signalling. The level of secreted ILEI is markedly decreased in the brains of AD patients. Transgenic (Tg) overexpression of ILEI significantly reduces the brain Aβ burden and ameliorates the memory deficit in AD model mice. ILEI may be a plausible target for the development of disease-modifying therapies.
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Shen G, Lin Y, Yang X, Zhang J, Xu Z, Jia H. MicroRNA-26b inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting USP9X. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:393. [PMID: 24890815 PMCID: PMC4062892 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastasis is responsible for the rapid recurrence and poor survival of malignancies. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has a critical role in metastasis. Increasing evidence indicates that EMT can be regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs). The aim of this study was to investigate the role of miR-26b in modulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), as well as to identify its underlying mechanism of action. METHODS The expression level of miR-26b was assessed in multiple HCC cell lines (HepG2, MHCC97H, Hep3B, MHCC97L, HCCC9810, BEL-7402, Huh7 and QGY-7703), as well as in liver tissue from patients with HCC. Follow-up studies examined the effects of a miR-26b mimic (increased expression) and a miR-26b inhibitor (decreased expression) on markers of EMT, wound healing and cell migration. The molecular target of miR-26b was also identified using a computer algorithm and confirmed experimentally. RESULTS MiR-26b expression was decreased in HCC cell lines and was inversely correlated with the grade of HCC. Increased expression of miR-26b inhibited the migration and invasiveness of HCC cell lines, which was accompanied by decreased expression of the epithelial marker E-cadherin and increased expression of the mesenchymal marker vimentin, at both the mRNA and protein expression levels. A binding site for miR-26b was theoretically identified in the 3'UTR of USP9X. Further studies revealed that overexpression of miR-26b repressed the endogenous level of USP9X protein expression. Overexpression of miR-26b also repressed Smad4 expression, whereas its inhibition elevated Smad4 expression. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results indicate that miR-26b were inhibited in HCC. In HCC cell lines, miR-26b targeted the 3'UTR of USP9X, which in turn affects EMT through Smad4 and the TGF-β signaling pathway. Our analysis of clinical HCC samples verifies that miR-26b also targets USP9X expression to inhibit the EMT of hepatocytes. Thus, miR-26b may have some effects on the EMT of HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hongyun Jia
- Department of clinical examination, the second affiliated hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Lou XL, Deng J, Deng H, Ting Y, Zhou L, Liu YH, Hu JP, Huang XF, Qi XQ. Aspirin inhibit platelet-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of circulating tumor cells (Review). Biomed Rep 2014; 2:331-334. [PMID: 24748969 PMCID: PMC3990215 DOI: 10.3892/br.2014.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis, a cascade of events beginning with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), is the main cause of cancer-related mortality. EMT endows circulating cancer cells (CTCs) with invasive and anti-apoptotic properties. These transitioning cells leave the primary tumor site and travel through the circulation to populate remote organs, even prior to the onset of clinical symptoms. During this journey, CTCs activate platelets, which in turn secrete α-granules. These α-granules contain high levels of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), both considered to be powerful activators of EMT. Recently, regular aspirin use was associated with a reduced risk of cancer metastasis. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the chemotherapeutic effects of aspirin on metastasis has not been fully elucidated. As platelets lack a nucleus, regular aspirin use may exert long-lasting effects on irreversible inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and, subsequently, the secretion of α-granules, which contributes to the maintenance of the EMT state of CTCs. Thus, we hypothesized that the inhibition of platelet-induced EMT of CTCs through the COX-1 signaling pathway may contribute to the intriguing antimetastatic potential of aspirin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Liang Lou
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330003, P.R. China
| | - Jun Deng
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Huan Deng
- Department of Pathology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330003, P.R. China ; Renmin Institute of Forensic Medicine in Jiangxi, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330003, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Ting
- Department of Pathology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330003, P.R. China
| | - Lv Zhou
- Department of Pathology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330003, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Hua Liu
- Department of Pathology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330003, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Ping Hu
- Department of Pathology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330003, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Feng Huang
- Department of Pathology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330003, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Qing Qi
- Department of Pathology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330003, P.R. China
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Slany A, Haudek-Prinz V, Meshcheryakova A, Bileck A, Lamm W, Zielinski C, Gerner C, Drach J. Extracellular matrix remodeling by bone marrow fibroblast-like cells correlates with disease progression in multiple myeloma. J Proteome Res 2013; 13:844-54. [PMID: 24256566 DOI: 10.1021/pr400881p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of multiple myeloma (MM) is regarded as a multistep process, in which an asymptomatic stage of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) precedes virtually all cases of MM. Molecular events characteristic for the transition from MGUS to MM are still poorly defined. We hypothesized that fibroblast-like cells in the tumor microenvironment are critically involved in the pathogenesis of MM. Therefore, we performed a comparative proteome profiling study, analyzing primary human fibroblast-like cells isolated from the bone marrow of MM, of MGUS, as well as of non-neoplastic control patients. Thereby, a group of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, ECM receptors, and ECM-modulating enzymes turned out to be progressively up-regulated in MGUS and MM. These proteins include laminin α4, lysyl-hydroxylase 2, prolyl 4-hydroxylase 1, nidogen-2, integrin α5β5, c-type mannose receptor 2, PAI-1, basigin, and MMP-2, in addition to PDGF-receptor β and the growth factor periostin, which are likewise involved in ECM activities. Our results indicate that ECM remodeling by fibroblast-like cells may take place already at the level of MGUS and may become even more pronounced in MM. The identified proteins which indicate the stepwise progression from MGUS to MM may offer new tools for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Slany
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna , Währingerstraße 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Wu CL, Tsai HC, Chen ZW, Wu CM, Li TM, Fong YC, Tang CH. Ras activation mediates WISP-1-induced increases in cell motility and matrix metalloproteinase expression in human osteosarcoma. Cell Signal 2013; 25:2812-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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PDGFRB promotes liver metastasis formation of mesenchymal-like colorectal tumor cells. Neoplasia 2013; 15:204-17. [PMID: 23441134 DOI: 10.1593/neo.121726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In epithelial tumors, the platelet-derived growth factor receptor B (PDGFRB) is mainly expressed by stromal cells of mesenchymal origin. Tumor cells may also acquire PDGFRB expression following epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which occurs during metastasis formation. Little is known about PDGFRB signaling in colorectal tumor cells. We studied the relationship between PDGFRB expression, EMT, and metastasis in human colorectal cancer (CRC) cohorts by analysis of gene expression profiles. PDGFRB expression in primary CRC was correlated with short disease-free and overall survival. PDGFRB was co-expressed with genes involved in platelet activation, transforming growth factor beta (TGFB) signaling, and EMT in three CRC cohorts. PDGFRB was expressed in mesenchymal-like tumor cell lines in vitro and stimulated invasion and liver metastasis formation in mice. Platelets, a major source of PDGF, preferentially bound to tumor cells in a non-activated state. Platelet activation caused robust PDGFRB tyrosine phosphorylation on tumor cells in vitro and in liver sinusoids in vivo. Platelets also release TGFB, which is a potent inducer of EMT. Inhibition of TGFB signaling in tumor cells caused partial reversion of the mesenchymal phenotype and strongly reduced PDGFRB expression and PDGF-stimulated tumor cell invasion. These results suggest that PDGFRB may contribute to the aggressive phenotype of colorectal tumors with mesenchymal properties, most likely downstream of platelet activation and TGFB signaling.
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Kim SJ, Sohn I, Do IG, Jung SH, Ko YH, Yoo HY, Paik S, Kim WS. Gene expression profiles for the prediction of progression-free survival in diffuse large B cell lymphoma: results of a DASL assay. Ann Hematol 2013; 93:437-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s00277-013-1884-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Multifarious functions of PDGFs and PDGFRs in tumor growth and metastasis. Trends Mol Med 2013; 19:460-73. [PMID: 23773831 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) and their receptors (PDGFRs) are frequently expressed in various tumors and their expression levels correlate with tumor growth, invasiveness, drug resistance, and poor clinical outcomes. Emerging experimental evidence demonstrates that PDGFs exhibit multiple functions in modulation of tumor growth, metastasis, and the tumor microenvironment by targeting malignant cells, vascular cells, and stromal cells. Understanding PDGF-PDGFR-mediated molecular signaling may provide new mechanistic rationales for optimizing current cancer therapies and the development of future novel therapeutic modalities.
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Johansson P, Bernström J, Gorman T, Oster L, Bäckström S, Schweikart F, Xu B, Xue Y, Schiavone LH. FAM3B PANDER and FAM3C ILEI represent a distinct class of signaling molecules with a non-cytokine-like fold. Structure 2013; 21:306-13. [PMID: 23333428 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The FAM3 superfamily is predicted to contain classical four-helix bundle cytokines, featuring a typical up-up-down-down fold. Two members of FAM3 have been extensively studied. FAM3B PANDER has been shown to regulate glucose homeostasis and β cell function, whereas the homologous FAM3C ILEI has been shown to be involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer. Here, we present a three-dimensional structure of a FAM3 protein, murine PANDER. Contrary to previous suggestions, PANDER exhibits a globular β-β-α fold. The structure is composed of two antiparallel β sheets lined by three short helices packing to form a highly conserved water-filled cavity. The fold shares no relation to the predicted four-helix cytokines but is conserved throughout the FAM3 superfamily. The available biological data and the unexpected new fold indicate that FAM3 PANDER and ILEI could represent a new structural class of signaling molecules, with a different mode of action compared to the traditional four-helix bundle cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Johansson
- Structure and Biophysics, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mölndal 431-83, Sweden
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Zheng X, Rumie Vittar NB, Gai X, Fernandez-Barrena MG, Moser CD, Hu C, Almada LL, McCleary-Wheeler AL, Elsawa SF, Vrabel AM, Shire AM, Comba A, Thorgeirsson SS, Kim Y, Liu Q, Fernandez-Zapico ME, Roberts LR. The transcription factor GLI1 mediates TGFβ1 driven EMT in hepatocellular carcinoma via a SNAI1-dependent mechanism. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23185371 PMCID: PMC3501480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) during hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression is well established, however the regulatory mechanisms modulating this phenomenon remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that transcription factor glioma-associated oncogene 1 (GLI1) modulates EMT through direct up-regulation of SNAI1 and serves as a downstream effector of the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1) pathway, a well-known regulator of EMT in cancer cells. Overexpression of GLI1 increased proliferation, viability, migration, invasion, and colony formation by HCC cells. Conversely, GLI1 knockdown led to a decrease in all the above-mentioned cancer-associated phenotypes in HCC cells. Further analysis of GLI1 regulated cellular functions showed that this transcription factor is able to induce EMT and identified SNAI1 as a transcriptional target of GLI1 mediating this cellular effect in HCC cells. Moreover, we demonstrated that an intact GLI1-SNAI1 axis is required by TGFβ1 to induce EMT in these cells. Together, these findings define a novel cellular mechanism regulated by GLI1, which controls the growth and EMT phenotype in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Natalia B. Rumie Vittar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Xiaohong Gai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Maite G. Fernandez-Barrena
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Catherine D. Moser
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Chunling Hu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Luciana L. Almada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Angela L. McCleary-Wheeler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Sherine F. Elsawa
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Anne M. Vrabel
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Abdirashid M. Shire
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Andrea Comba
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Snorri S. Thorgeirsson
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Youngsoo Kim
- Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Carlsbad, California, United States of America
| | - Qingguang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Martin E. Fernandez-Zapico
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Lewis R. Roberts
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Meindl-Beinker NM, Matsuzaki K, Dooley S. TGF-β signaling in onset and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Dis 2012; 30:514-23. [PMID: 23108308 DOI: 10.1159/000341704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a central regulator in chronic liver disease, contributing to all stages of disease progression from initial liver injury through inflammation and fibrosis to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver damage-induced levels of active TGF-β enhance hepatocyte destruction and mediate hepatic stellate cell and fibroblast activation resulting in a wound-healing response, including myofibroblast generation and extracellular matrix deposition. Further evidence points to a decisive role of cytostatic and apoptotic functions mediated on hepatocytes, which is critical for the control of liver mass, with loss of TGF-β activities resulting in hyperproliferative disorders and cancer. This concept is based on studies that describe a bipartite role of TGF-β with tumor suppressor functions at early stages of liver damage and regeneration, whereas during cancer progression TGF-β may turn from a tumor suppressor into a tumor promoter that exacerbates invasive and metastatic behavior. We have delineated this molecular switch of the pathway from cytostatic to tumor promoting in further detail and identify activation of survival signaling pathways in hepatocytes as a most critical requirement. Targeting the TGF-β signaling pathway has been explored to inhibit liver disease progression. While interfering with TGF-β signaling in various short-term animal models has demonstrated promising results, liver disease progression in humans is a process of decades with different phases in which TGF-β or its targeting may have both beneficial and adverse outcomes. We emphasize that, in order to achieve therapeutic effects, targeting TGF-β signaling in the right cell type at the right time is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja M Meindl-Beinker
- Molecular Hepatology - Alcohol-Associated Diseases, Medical Clinic, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Germany
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Moustakas A, Heldin CH. Induction of epithelial–mesenchymal transition by transforming growth factor β. Semin Cancer Biol 2012; 22:446-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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