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Feng Z, Yin J, Zhang Z, Chen Z, Huang L, Tang N, Wang K. O-GlcNAcylation of E3 ubiquitin ligase SKP2 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation. Oncogene 2024; 43:1149-1159. [PMID: 38396292 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-02977-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
O-linked-β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation) and ubiquitination are critical posttranslational modifications that regulate tumor development and progression. The continuous progression of the cell cycle is the fundamental cause of tumor proliferation. S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (SKP2), an important E3 ubiquitin ligase, assumes a pivotal function in the regulation of the cell cycle. However, it is still unclear whether SKP2 is an effector of O-GlcNAcylation that affects tumor progression. In this study, we found that SKP2 interacted with O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and was highly O-GlcNAcylated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Mechanistically, the O-GlcNAcylation at Ser34 stabilized SKP2 by reducing its ubiquitination and degradation mediated by APC-CDH1. Moreover, the O-GlcNAcylation of SKP2 enhanced its binding ability with SKP1, thereby enhancing its ubiquitin ligase function. Consequently, SKP2 facilitated the transition from the G1-S phase of the cell cycle by promoting the ubiquitin degradation of cell cycle-dependent kinase inhibitors p27 and p21. Additionally, targeting the O-GlcNAcylation of SKP2 significantly suppressed the proliferation of HCC. Altogether, our findings reveal that O-GlcNAcylation, a novel posttranslational modification of SKP2, plays a crucial role in promoting HCC proliferation, and targeting the O-GlcNAcylation of SKP2 may become a new therapeutic strategy to impede the progression of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jiaxin Yin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Luyi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Ni Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Wang J, Ferrena A, Zhang R, Singh S, Viscarret V, Al-Harden W, Aldahamsheh O, Borjihan H, Singla A, Yaguare S, Tingling J, Zi X, Lo Y, Gorlick R, Schwartz EL, Zhao H, Yang R, Geller DS, Zheng D, Hoang BH. Targeted inhibition of SCF SKP2 confers anti-tumor activities resulting in a survival benefit in osteosarcoma. Oncogene 2024; 43:962-975. [PMID: 38355807 PMCID: PMC10959747 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-02942-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma(OS) is a highly aggressive bone cancer for which treatment has remained essentially unchanged for decades. Although OS is characterized by extensive genomic heterogeneity and instability, RB1 and TP53 have been shown to be the most commonly inactivated tumor suppressors in OS. We previously generated a mouse model with a double knockout (DKO) of Rb1 and Trp53 within cells of the osteoblastic lineage, which largely recapitulates human OS with nearly complete penetrance. SKP2 is a repression target of pRb and serves as a substrate recruiting subunit of the SCFSKP2 complex. In addition, SKP2 plays a central role in regulating the cell cycle by ubiquitinating and promoting the degradation of p27. We previously reported the DKOAA transgenic model, which harbored a knock-in mutation in p27 that impaired its binding to SKP2. Here, we generated a novel p53-Rb1-SKP2 triple-knockout model (TKO) to examine SKP2 function and its potential as a therapeutic target in OS. First, we observed that OS tumorigenesis was significantly delayed in TKO mice and their overall survival was markedly improved. In addition, the loss of SKP2 also promoted an apoptotic microenvironment and reduced the stemness of DKO tumors. Furthermore, we found that small-molecule inhibitors of SKP2 exhibited anti-tumor activities in vivo and in OS organoids as well as synergistic effects when combined with a standard chemotherapeutic agent. Taken together, our results suggest that SKP2 inhibitors may reduce the stemness plasticity of OS and should be leveraged as next-generation adjuvants in this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichuan Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Musculoskleletal Tumor Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Musculoskeletal Tumors, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Alexander Ferrena
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ranxin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Swapnil Singh
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Valentina Viscarret
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Waleed Al-Harden
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Osama Aldahamsheh
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Orthopedic Department, Al-Balqa Applied University, As-Salt, Jordan
| | - Hasibagan Borjihan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Amit Singla
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Simon Yaguare
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Janet Tingling
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Xiaolin Zi
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Yungtai Lo
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Richard Gorlick
- Division of Pediatrics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Edward L Schwartz
- Departments of Oncology, Molecular Pharmacology, and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Hongling Zhao
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - David S Geller
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Deyou Zheng
- Departments of Genetics, Neurology and Neuroscience. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Bang H Hoang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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Zhang Y, Li Z, Huang Y, Zou B, Xu Y. Prognostic significance of cyclin-dependent kinase subunit 2 (CKS2) in malignant tumours: a meta-analysis and bioinformatic analysis. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e073887. [PMID: 38296306 PMCID: PMC10831450 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-073887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to systematically elucidate the prognostic significance of cyclin-dependent kinase subunit 2 (CKS2) expression in various cancers and its correlation with their clinicopathological characteristics. DESIGN In this meta-analysis and bioinformatic analysis, articles were identified through searches of multiple databases and meta-analysed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols. Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas were examined using UCSC Xena tools to further confirm the prognostic effect of CKS2. DATA SOURCES The PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases were searched for articles published from their inception to 1 January 2023, using a combination of subject terms and free words, including 'CKS2', 'cancer', 'tumor', 'neoplasm', 'carcinoma', 'malignancy' and 'prognosis'. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA The analysis included cohort or case-control studies, reported in English, with malignancy diagnoses confirmed by pathological methods, available HRs and 95% CIs for overall survival (OS) or extractable Kaplan-Meier curves, and a sample size of ≥20 patients. Reviews, commentaries, letters, conference reports, case reports, in vitro and animal studies, studies of CKS2 gene variants, studies with sample cases from public databases and studies with unavailable survival or duplicated data were excluded. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Two researchers independently screened the articles, extracted the data and evaluated the quality of included studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Meta-analysis and bioinformatic analyses were performed using the STATA and R software, respectively. RESULTS The analysis included 13 retrospective studies encompassing 1348 cases across 10 cancer types. Nine studies involving 1124 patients examined the correlation between CKS2 expression levels and OS. A fixed-effects model analysis revealed a significant association between high CKS2 expression and reduced OS (HR=2.27, 95% CI=1.87 to 2.77, p<0.001). Furthermore, high CKS2 expression was significantly associated with advanced tumour stage (relative risk (RR) = 1.82, 95% CI=1.57 to 2.11, p<0.001), lymph node metastasis (RR=1.68, 95% CI=1.38 to 2.04, p<0.001), larger tumour size (RR=1.60, 95% CI=1.27 to 2.03, p<0.001) and lower differentiation grade (RR=1.57, 95% CI=1.29 to 1.90, p<0.001). CKS2 expression levels were not significantly correlated with patients' age (RR=1.11, 95% CI=0.99 to 1.26, p=0.071) or sex (RR=0.98, 95% CI=0.90 to 1.07, p=0.653). An assessment of the articles showed no significant publication bias, confirming the robustness of these findings. The bioinformatic analysis further confirmed CKS2 upregulation in the examined cancer types and its association with poor OS in glioma (HR=1.97, 95% CI=1.78 to 2.18, p=3.70×10-42), liver hepatocellular carcinoma (HR=1.56, 95% CI=1.31 to 1.86, p=3.50×10-7) and lung adenocarcinoma (HR=1.27, 95% CI=1.10 to 1.48, p=1.70×10-3). CONCLUSIONS Elevated CKS2 expression is associated with poor prognosis in a subset of malignant tumours, highlighting its potential as a prognostic marker. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42023394038.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Thoracic Oncology, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Thoracic Oncology, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Huang
- College of Management, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - Bingwen Zou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Thoracic Oncology, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Thoracic Oncology, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Lin Y, Jin X. Effect of ubiquitin protease system on DNA damage response in prostate cancer (Review). Exp Ther Med 2024; 27:33. [PMID: 38125344 PMCID: PMC10731405 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability is an essential hallmark of cancer, and cellular DNA damage response (DDR) defects drive tumorigenesis by disrupting genomic stability. Several studies have identified abnormalities in DDR-associated genes, and a dysfunctional ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is the most common molecular event in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (PCa). For example, mutations in Speckle-type BTB/POZ protein-Ser119 result in DDR downstream target activation deficiency. Skp2 excessive upregulation inhibits homologous recombination repair and promotes cell growth and migration. Abnormally high expression of a deubiquitination enzyme, ubiquitin-specific protease 12, stabilizes E3 ligase MDM2, which further leads to p53 degradation, causing DDR interruption and genomic instability. In the present review, the basic pathways of DDR, UPS dysfunction, and its induced DDR alterations mediated by genomic instability, and especially the potential application of UPS and DDR alterations as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in PCa treatment, were described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
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Jing J, Rui L, Junyuan S, Jinfeng Y, Zhihao H, Weiguo L, Zhenyu J. Small-molecule compounds inhibiting S-phase kinase-associated protein 2: A review. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1122008. [PMID: 37089937 PMCID: PMC10113621 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1122008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2) is a substrate-specific adaptor in Skp1-CUL1-ROC1-F-box E3 ubiquitin ligases and widely regarded as an oncogene. Therefore, Skp2 has remained as an active anticancer research topic since its discovery. Accordingly, the structure of Skp2 has been solved and numerous Skp2 inhibiting compounds have been identified. In this review, we would describe the structural features of Skp2, introduce the ubiquitination function of SCFSkp2, and summarize the diverse natural and synthetic Skp2 inhibiting compounds reported to date. The IC50 data of the Skp2 inhibitors or inhibiting compounds in various kinds of tumors at cellular levels implied that the cancer type, stage and pathological mechanisms should be taken into consideration when selecting Skp2-inhibiting compound for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Jing
- Schools of Laboratory Medicine and Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Li Rui
- Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Sun Junyuan
- Schools of Laboratory Medicine and Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yang Jinfeng
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hong Zhihao
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lu Weiguo
- Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Women′s Reproductive Health Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- *Correspondence: Lu Weiguo, ; Jia Zhenyu,
| | - Jia Zhenyu
- Institute of Occupation Diseases, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- *Correspondence: Lu Weiguo, ; Jia Zhenyu,
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Targeting the untargetable: RB1-deficient tumours are vulnerable to Skp2 ubiquitin ligase inhibition. Br J Cancer 2022; 127:969-975. [PMID: 35752713 PMCID: PMC9470583 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01898-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins that regulate the cell cycle are accumulated and degraded in a coordinated manner during the transition from one cell cycle phase to the next. The rapid loss of a critical protein, for example, to allow the cell to move from G1/G0 to S phase, is often regulated by its ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation. Protein ubiquitination is mediated by a series of three ligases, of which the E3 ligases provide the specificity for a particular protein substrate. One such E3 ligase is SCFSkp1/Cks1, which has a substrate recruiting subunit called S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2). Skp2 regulates cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation, can act as an oncogene, and is overexpressed in human cancer. A primary target of Skp2 is the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 (CDKN1b) that regulates the cell cycle at several points. The RB1 tumour suppressor gene regulates Skp2 activity by two mechanisms: by controlling its mRNA expression, and by an effect on Skp2's enzymatic activity. For the latter, the RB1 protein (pRb) directly binds to the substrate-binding site on Skp2, preventing protein substrates from being ubiquitinated and degraded. Inactivating mutations in RB1 are common in human cancer, becoming more frequent in aggressive, metastatic, and drug-resistant tumours. Hence, RB1 mutation leads to the loss of pRb, an unrestrained increase in Skp2 activity, the unregulated decrease in p27, and the loss of cell cycle control. Because RB1 mutations lead to the loss of a functional protein, its direct targeting is not possible. This perspective will discuss evidence validating Skp2 as a therapeutic target in RB1-deficient cancer.
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Lin X, Han T, Xia Q, Cui J, Zhuo M, Liang Y, Su W, Wang L, Wang L, Liu Z, Xiao X. CHPF promotes gastric cancer tumorigenesis through the activation of E2F1. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:876. [PMID: 34564711 PMCID: PMC8464597 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04148-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin polymerizing factor (CHPF) is an important glycosyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate. However, the relationship between CHPF and gastric cancer has not been fully investigated. CHPF expression in gastric cancer tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry and correlated with gastric cancer patient prognosis. Cultured gastric cancer cells and human gastric epithelial cell line GES1 were used to investigate the effects of shCHPF and shE2F1 on the development and progression of gastric cancer by MTT, western blotting, flow cytometry analysis of cell apoptosis, colony formation, transwell and gastric cancer xenograft mouse models, in vitro and in vivo. In gastric cancer tissues, CHPF was found to be significantly upregulated, and its expression correlated with tumor infiltration and advanced tumor stage and shorter patient survival in gastric cancer. CHPF may promote gastric cancer development by regulating cell proliferation, colony formation, cell apoptosis and cell migration, while knockdown induced the opposite effects. Moreover, the results from in vivo experiments demonstrated that tumor growth was suppressed by CHPF knockdown. Additionally, E2F1 was identified as a potential downstream target of CHPF in the regulation of gastric cancer, and its knockdown decreased the CHPF-induced promotion of gastric cancer. Mechanistic study revealed that CHPF may regulate E2F1 through affecting UBE2T-mediated E2F1 ubiquitination. This study showed, for the first time, that CHPF is a potential prognostic indicator and tumor promoter in gastric cancer whose function is likely carried out through the regulation of E2F1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Lin
- Department of Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Ting Han
- Department of Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Qing Xia
- Department of Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Jiujie Cui
- Department of Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Meng Zhuo
- Department of Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yiyi Liang
- Department of Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Wenyu Su
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Lisha Wang
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA
| | - Liwei Wang
- Department of Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Zebing Liu
- Department of Pathology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Xiuying Xiao
- Department of Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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The heavy chain of 4F2 antigen promote prostate cancer progression via SKP-2. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11478. [PMID: 34075107 PMCID: PMC8169706 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90748-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The 4F2 cell-surface antigen heavy chain (4F2hc) forms a heterodimeric complex with L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) and transports large neutral essential amino acids. However, in contrast to the traditional role of LAT1 in various cancers, the role of 4F2hc has largely remained unknown. The role of 4F2hc in prostate cancer was studied. Treatment of C4-2 cells with si4F2hc was found to suppress cellular growth, migratory and invasive abilities, with this effect occurring through the cell cycle, with a significant decrease in S phase and a significant increase in G0/G1 phase, suggesting cell cycle arrest. In addition, it was proven by RNA seq that the key to 4F2hc’s impact on cancer is SKP2. si4F2hc upregulates the protein expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (P21cip1, P27kip1) through the downstream target SKP2. Furthermore, the expression of 4F2hc and LAT1 in prostate cancer cells suggests the importance of 4F2hc. Multivariate analysis showed that high 4F2hc expression was an independent prognostic factor for progression-free survival (HR 11.54, p = 0.0357). High 4F2hc was related to the clinical tumour stage (p = 0.0255) and Gleason score (p = 0.0035). Collectively, 4F2hc contributed significantly to prostate cancer (PC) progression. 4F2hc may be a novel marker and therapeutic target in PC.
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Wang J, Aldahamsheh O, Ferrena A, Borjihan H, Singla A, Yaguare S, Singh S, Viscarret V, Tingling J, Zi X, Lo Y, Gorlick R, Zheng D, Schwartz EL, Zhao H, Yang R, Geller DS, Hoang BH. The interaction of SKP2 with p27 enhances the progression and stemness of osteosarcoma. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2021; 1490:90-104. [PMID: 33594717 PMCID: PMC8632790 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a highly aggressive malignancy for which treatment has remained essentially unchanged for years. Our previous studies found that the F-box protein SKP2 is overexpressed in osteosarcoma, acting as a proto-oncogene; p27Kip1 (p27) is an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases and a downstream substrate of SKP2-mediated ubiquitination. Overexpression of SKP2 and underexpression of p27 are common characteristics of cancer cells. The SCFSKP2 E3 ligase ubiquitinates Thr187-phosphorylated p27 for proteasome degradation, which can be abolished by a Thr187Ala knock-in (p27T187A KI) mutation. RB1 and TP53 are two major tumor suppressors commonly coinactivated in osteosarcoma. We generated a mouse model with a double knockout (DKO) of Rb1 and Trp53 within cells of the osteoblastic lineage, which developed osteosarcoma with full penetrance. When p27T187A KI mice were crossed on to the DKO background, p27T187A protein was found to accumulate in osteosarcoma tumor tissues. Furthermore, p27T187A promoted apoptosis in DKO tumors, slowed disease progression, and significantly prolonged overall survival. RNA sequencing analysis also linked the SCFSKP2 -p27T187A axis to potentially reduced cancer stemness. Given that RB1 and TP53 loss or coinactivation is common in human osteosarcoma, our study suggests that inhibiting the SKP2-p27 axis may represent a desirable therapeutic strategy for this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichuan Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Musculoskleletal Tumor Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Musculoskeletal Tumors, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Osama Aldahamsheh
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Alexander Ferrena
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Hasibagan Borjihan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Amit Singla
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Simon Yaguare
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Swapnil Singh
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Valentina Viscarret
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Janet Tingling
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Xiaolin Zi
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, Orange, California
| | - Yungtai Lo
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Richard Gorlick
- Division of Pediatrics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Deyou Zheng
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Edward L. Schwartz
- Departments of Medicine (Oncology) and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Hongling Zhao
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - David S. Geller
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Bang H. Hoang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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10
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Wang J, Sato K, O'Donnell E, Singla A, Yaguare S, Aldahamsheh O, Batko B, Borjihan H, Tingling J, Zhang J, Weiser DA, Loeb DM, Gorlick R, Schwartz EL, Yang R, Zi X, Zhao H, Geller DS, Hoang BH. Skp2 depletion reduces tumor-initiating properties and promotes apoptosis in synovial sarcoma. Transl Oncol 2020; 13:100809. [PMID: 32623326 PMCID: PMC7334610 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Synovial sarcoma (SS) is an aggressive soft-tissue cancer with a poor prognosis and a propensity for local recurrence and distant metastasis. In this study, we investigated whether S phase kinase-associated protein (Skp2) plays an oncogenic role in tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis of SS. Our study revealed that Skp2 is frequently overexpressed in SS specimens and SS18-SSX transgenic mouse tumors, as well as correlated with clinical stages. Next, we identified that genetic depletion of Skp2 reduced mesenchymal and stemness markers, and inhibited the invasive and proliferative capacities of SS cell lines. Furthermore, Skp2 depletion markedly suppressed the growth of SS xenografts tumors. Treatment of SS cell lines with the skp2 inhibitor flavokawain A (FKA) reduced Skp2 expression in a dose-dependent manner and resulted in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. FKA also suppressed the invasion and tumor-initiating properties in SS, similar to the effects of Skp2 knockdown. In addition, a combination of FKA and conventional chemotherapy showed a synergistic therapeutic efficacy. Taken together, our results suggest that Skp2 plays an essential role in the biology of SS by promoting the mesenchymal state and cancer stemness. Given that chemotherapy resistance is often associated with cancer stemness, strategies of combining Skp2 inhibitors with conventional chemotherapy in SS may be desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichuan Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Musculoskleletal Tumor Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Musculoskeletal Tumors, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kenji Sato
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Ed O'Donnell
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Amit Singla
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Simon Yaguare
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Osama Aldahamsheh
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Brian Batko
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Hasibagan Borjihan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Janet Tingling
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Jinghang Zhang
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Daniel A Weiser
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - David M Loeb
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Richard Gorlick
- Division of Pediatrics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Edward L Schwartz
- Departments of Medicine (Oncology) and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Xiaolin Zi
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA
| | - Hongling Zhao
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - David S Geller
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Bang H Hoang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.
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11
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Zhao H, Iqbal NJ, Sukrithan V, Nicholas C, Xue Y, Yu C, Locker J, Zou J, Schwartz EL, Zhu L. Targeted Inhibition of the E3 Ligase SCF Skp2/Cks1 Has Antitumor Activity in RB1-Deficient Human and Mouse Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Cancer Res 2020; 80:2355-2367. [PMID: 32265224 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-2400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The RB1 tumor suppressor gene is mutated in highly aggressive tumors including small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), where its loss, along with TP53, is required and sufficient for tumorigenesis. While RB1-mutant cells fail to arrest at G1-S in response to cell-cycle restriction point signals, this information has not led to effective strategies to treat RB1-deficient tumors, as it is challenging to develop targeted drugs for tumors that are driven by the loss of gene function. Our group previously identified Skp2, a substrate recruiting subunit of the SCF-Skp2 E3 ubiquitin ligase, as an early repression target of pRb whose knockout blocked tumorigenesis in Rb1-deficient prostate and pituitary tumors. Here we used genetic mouse models to demonstrate that deletion of Skp2 completely blocked the formation of SCLC in Rb1/Trp53-knockout mice (RP mice). Skp2 KO caused an increased accumulation of the Skp2-degradation target p27, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, which was confirmed as the mechanism of protection by using knock-in of a mutant p27 that was unable to bind to Skp2. Building on the observed synthetic lethality between Rb1 and Skp2, we found that small molecules that bind/inhibit Skp2 have in vivo antitumor activity in mouse tumors and human patient-derived xenograft models of SCLC. Using genetic and pharmacologic approaches, antitumor activity was seen with Skp2 loss or inhibition in established SCLC primary lung tumors, in liver metastases, and in chemotherapy-resistant tumors. Our data highlight a downstream actionable target in RB1-deficient cancers, for which there are currently no targeted therapies available. SIGNIFICANCE: There are no effective therapies for SCLC. The identification of an actionable target downstream of RB1, inactivated in SCLC and other advanced tumors, could have a broad impact on its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Zhao
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Niloy J Iqbal
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Vineeth Sukrithan
- Department of Medicine (Oncology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Cari Nicholas
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Yingjiao Xue
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Cindy Yu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Joseph Locker
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Juntao Zou
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Edward L Schwartz
- Department of Medicine (Oncology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York. .,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York. .,Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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12
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Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Regulatory Subunit 2 Indicated Poor Prognosis and Facilitated Aggressive Phenotype of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:8964015. [PMID: 31781310 PMCID: PMC6855053 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8964015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase regulatory subunit 2 (CKS2) is a member of the cell cycle-dependent protein kinase subunit family, which is implicated as an oncogene in various malignancies. However, the clinical significance, oncogenic functions, and related mechanisms of CKS2 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain largely unclear. In the present study, expression features and prognostic value of CKS2 were evaluated in the bioinformatic databases and HCC tissues. The effects of CKS2 on the malignant phenotypes of HCC cells were explored in vitro. According to the analyses of three bioinformatic databases, mRNA levels of CKS2 were elevated in HCC tissues compared with the normal tissues. Immunohistochemical assays found that high CKS2 expression was closely associated with liver cirrhosis (P = 0.019), poor differentiation (P = 0.02), portal vein invasion (P < 0.001), TNM stage (P = 0.019), tumor metastasis (P = 0.008), and recurrence (P = 0.003). The multivariate regression analyses suggested that CKS2 was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (HR = 2.088, P = 0.014) and disease-free survival (HR = 2.511, P = 0.002) of HCC patients. Moreover, the bioinformatic analyses indicated that CKS2 might be associated with the malignant phenotypes in HCC progression. In addition, in vitro assays showed that CKS2 expression was higher in HCC cell lines than in normal liver cells. Knockdown of CKS2 remarkably repressed the proliferation, colony formation (P = 0.0003), chemoresistance, migration (P = 0.0047), and invasion (P = 0.0012) of HCC cells. Taken together, overexpression of CKS2 was significantly correlated with poor prognosis of HCC patients and the malignant phenotypes of HCC cells, suggesting that it was a novel prognostic biomarker and potential target of HCC.
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13
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Luo H, Xu R, Chen B, Dong S, Zhou F, Yu T, Xu G, Zhang J, Wang Y, You Y. MicroRNA-940 inhibits glioma cells proliferation and cell cycle progression by targeting CKS1. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:4851-4865. [PMID: 31497204 PMCID: PMC6731435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequently occurred malignant human tumor that arise in brain with a poor prognosis. microRNAs (miRNAs) are vital small molecules during GBM initiation and progression. However, the expression of miR-940 and its potential function in GBM remain poor. Our study demonstrated that miR-940 was dramatically decreased in GBM cells and glioma tissues. Introduction of miR-940 significantly repressed proliferative ability of GBM cells. Notably, treatment of miR-940 dramatically suppressed tumor growth in an animal model, accompanied by decreased Ki67 expression. Functional experiments showed CKS1 as a target of miR-940, knockdown of CKS1 significantly induced the cell cycle arrest and restrained GBM cells proliferation, consistent with miR-940 treatment. Furthermore, reintroduction of CKS1 into glioma cells effectively rescued the tumor suppressive effect of miR-940. Correlation analysis indicated that miR-940 expression was inversely related to CKS1 mRNA levels in NBTs and gliomas. Together, miR-940/CKS1 signaling may be required for GBM progression and provide a new insight in diagnosis and prognosis of GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Ran Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Binglin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Shiyang Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Fengqi Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Tianfu Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Guanhua Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Junxia Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Yingyi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Yongping You
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
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14
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Huang N, Wu Z, Hong H, Wang X, Yang F, Li H. Overexpression of CKS2 is associated with a poor prognosis and promotes cell proliferation and invasion in breast cancer. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:4761-4769. [PMID: 30957190 PMCID: PMC6522797 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that cyclin dependent kinases regulatory subunit 2 (CKS2) serves an essential role in the regulation of multiple cellular processes in diverse human cancer types. The present study investigated the contribution of CKS2 to breast cancer (BC) progression. In the present study, CKS2 expression in BC was detected using Oncomine and The Cancer Genome Atlas database. The association between expression levels and clinical features was explored using Kaplan‑Meier plotter and the Breast Cancer Gene‑Expression Miner Version 4.0 (bc‑GenExMiner) online database. In addition, the roles of CKS2 in BC progression were examined. It was identified that CKS2 expression was significantly increased in BC tissues at the mRNA and protein levels. Bc‑GenExMiner demonstrated that high CKS2 expression was associated with a positive estrogen receptor status, progesterone receptor status, nodal status and basal‑like status. High CKS2 expression was markedly associated with poor overall survival, relapse‑free survival, and distant metastasis‑free survival in patients with BC. Moreover, functional assays revealed that CKS2 inhibition suppressed cell proliferation and invasion ability in vitro and reduced tumor growth in vivo. Thus, the present findings suggested that CKS2 may act as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for the treatment of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiqi Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Ninghai First Hospital, Ninghai, Zhejiang 315600, P.R. China
| | - Zuli Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Ninghai First Hospital, Ninghai, Zhejiang 315600, P.R. China
| | - Hong Hong
- Department of General Surgery, Ninghai First Hospital, Ninghai, Zhejiang 315600, P.R. China
| | - Xiangming Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Ninghai First Hospital, Ninghai, Zhejiang 315600, P.R. China
| | - Fengqiang Yang
- Department of Urology, Ninghai First Hospital, Ninghai, Zhejiang 315600, P.R. China
| | - Hengguo Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Ninghai First Hospital, Ninghai, Zhejiang 315600, P.R. China
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15
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Brough R, Gulati A, Haider S, Kumar R, Campbell J, Knudsen E, Pettitt SJ, Ryan CJ, Lord CJ. Identification of highly penetrant Rb-related synthetic lethal interactions in triple negative breast cancer. Oncogene 2018; 37:5701-5718. [PMID: 29915391 PMCID: PMC6202330 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0368-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Although defects in the RB1 tumour suppressor are one of the more common driver alterations found in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), therapeutic approaches that exploit this have not been identified. By integrating molecular profiling data with data from multiple genetic perturbation screens, we identified candidate synthetic lethal (SL) interactions associated with RB1 defects in TNBC. We refined this analysis by identifying the highly penetrant effects, reasoning that these would be more robust in the face of molecular heterogeneity and would represent more promising therapeutic targets. A significant proportion of the highly penetrant RB1 SL effects involved proteins closely associated with RB1 function, suggesting that this might be a defining characteristic. These included nuclear pore complex components associated with the MAD2 spindle checkpoint protein, the kinase and bromodomain containing transcription factor TAF1, and multiple components of the SCFSKP Cullin F box containing complex. Small-molecule inhibition of SCFSKP elicited an increase in p27Kip levels, providing a mechanistic rationale for RB1 SL. Transcript expression of SKP2, a SCFSKP component, was elevated in RB1-defective TNBCs, suggesting that in these tumours, SKP2 activity might buffer the effects of RB1 dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Brough
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, London, SW3 6JB, UK
- CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Aditi Gulati
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, London, SW3 6JB, UK
- CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Syed Haider
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Rahul Kumar
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, London, SW3 6JB, UK
- CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - James Campbell
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, London, SW3 6JB, UK
- CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Erik Knudsen
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Stephen J Pettitt
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, London, SW3 6JB, UK
- CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Colm J Ryan
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Christopher J Lord
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, London, SW3 6JB, UK.
- CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK.
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16
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Lough L, Sherman D, Ni E, Young LM, Hao B, Cardozo T. Chemical probes of Skp2-mediated p27 ubiquitylation and degradation. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:1093-1104. [PMID: 30108998 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00140e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Skp2 is a member of the F-box family of proteins that serve as substrate-specific adaptors in Skp1-CUL1-ROC1-F-box (SCF) E3 ubiquitin ligases. Skp2 (Fbxl1) directly binds to the tumor suppressor p27 in the context of the SCFSkp2 E3 ubiquitin ligase to ubiquitylate and target-phosphorylated p27 for proteasomal degradation. As p27 is a powerful suppressor of growth in a variety of cells, and as Skp2 is also overexpressed in many human cancers, Skp2 is considered an oncogene and an intriguing drug target. However, despite 20 years of investigation, a valid chemical inhibitor of Skp2-mediated degradation of p27 has not been identified. Recently, an increasing number of compounds designed to have this bioactivity have been reported. Here, we conduct a meta-analysis of the evidence regarding bioactivity, structure, and medicinal chemistry in order to evaluate and compare these Skp2 inhibitor compounds. Despite chemically diverse compounds with a wide array of Skp2-mediated p27 ubiquitylation inhibition properties reported by several independent groups, no current chemical probe formally qualifies as a validated pharmaceutical hit compound. This finding suggests that our knowledge of the structural biochemistry of the Skp2-p27 complex remains incomplete and highlights the need for novel modes of inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Lough
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology , New York University School of Medicine , New York , NY 10016 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1 212 263 6337
| | - Dan Sherman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology , New York University School of Medicine , New York , NY 10016 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1 212 263 6337
| | - Eric Ni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology , New York University School of Medicine , New York , NY 10016 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1 212 263 6337
| | - Lauren M Young
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology , New York University School of Medicine , New York , NY 10016 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1 212 263 6337
| | - Bing Hao
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics , University of Connecticut Health Center , Farmington , CT 06030 , USA
| | - Timothy Cardozo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology , New York University School of Medicine , New York , NY 10016 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1 212 263 6337
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17
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Grey W, Ivey A, Milne TA, Haferlach T, Grimwade D, Uhlmann F, Voisset E, Yu V. The Cks1/Cks2 axis fine-tunes Mll1 expression and is crucial for MLL-rearranged leukaemia cell viability. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:105-116. [PMID: 28939057 PMCID: PMC5701546 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The Cdc28 protein kinase subunits, Cks1 and Cks2, play dual roles in Cdk-substrate specificity and Cdk-independent protein degradation, in concert with the E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes SCFSkp2 and APCCdc20. Notable targets controlled by Cks include p27 and Cyclin A. Here, we demonstrate that Cks1 and Cks2 proteins interact with both the MllN and MllC subunits of Mll1 (Mixed-lineage leukaemia 1), and together, the Cks proteins define Mll1 levels throughout the cell cycle. Overexpression of CKS1B and CKS2 is observed in multiple human cancers, including various MLL-rearranged (MLLr) AML subtypes. To explore the importance of MLL-Fusion Protein regulation by CKS1/2, we used small molecule inhibitors (MLN4924 and C1) to modulate their protein degradation functions. These inhibitors specifically reduced the proliferation of MLLr cell lines compared to primary controls. Altogether, this study uncovers a novel regulatory pathway for MLL1, which may open a new therapeutic approach to MLLr leukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Grey
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Adam Ivey
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, London, UK
| | - Thomas A Milne
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre Programme, University of Oxford, UK
| | | | - David Grimwade
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, London, UK
| | - Frank Uhlmann
- Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Edwige Voisset
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Veronica Yu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, London, UK
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18
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Skp2 deficiency restricts the progression and stem cell features of castration-resistant prostate cancer by destabilizing Twist. Oncogene 2017; 36:4299-4310. [PMID: 28346424 PMCID: PMC5532065 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) remains a major clinical challenge because of the lack of effective targeted therapy for its treatment. The mechanism underlying how CRPC gains resistance toward hormone depletion and other forms of chemotherapy is poorly understood. Research on understanding the factors that drive these processes is desperately needed to generate new therapies to cure the disease. Here, we discovered a fundamental role of S-phase protein kinase 2 (Skp2) in the formation and progression of CRPC. In transgenic adenocarcinoma mouse prostate model, Skp2 depletion leads to a profound repression of prostate tumor growth and distal metastasis and substantially prolonged overall survival. We revealed that Skp2 regulates CRPC through Twist-mediated oncogenic functions including epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cell (CSC) acquisitions. Mechanistically, Skp2 interacted with Twist and promoted the non-degradative ubiquitination of Twist. Consequently, Skp2 stabilized Twist protein expression by preventing proteasomal degradation of Twist by β-TrCP. We found that Twist overexpression augments CSC self-renewal and population and that Skp2 inhibition reverts Twist's effects on CSC regulation. Furthermore, genetically depleting or pharmacologically inactivating Skp2 synergistically re-sensitized CRPC cells toward chemotherapies such as paclitaxel or doxorubicin. Together, this study uncovering Skp2-mediated Twist stabilization and oncogenic functions in CRPC offers new knowledge on how CRPC progresses and acquires chemoresistance during tumor progression. It provides proof of principle that Skp2 targeting is a promising approach to combat metastatic CRPC by targeting Twist and CSCs.
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