1
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Wang D, Li YL, Zheng XR, Ji RN, Xie X, Song K, Lin FC, Li NN, Jiang Z, Liu C, Zheng YW, Wang SW, Lu W, Jia BH, Wang QH. Decimeter-depth and polarization addressable color 3D meta-holography. Nat Commun 2024; 15:8242. [PMID: 39300075 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52267-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Fueled by the rapid advancement of nanofabrication, metasurface has provided unprecedented opportunities for 3D holography. Large depth 3D meta-holography not only greatly increases information storage capacity, but also enables distinguishing of the relative spatial relationship of 3D objects, which has important applications in fields like optical information storage and medical diagnosis. Although the methods based on Fresnel diffraction theory can reconstruct the real depth information of 3D objects, the maximum depth is only 2 mm. Here, we develop a 3D meta-holography based on angular spectrum diffraction theory to break through the depth limit. By developing the angular spectrum diffraction theory into meta-holography, the metasurface structure with independent polarization control is used to create a polarization multiplexing 3D meta-hologram. The fabricated amorphous silicon metasurface increases the depth range by 47.5 times and realizes 0.95 dm depth reconstruction for polarization independent and different color 3D meta-hologram in visible. Such polarization controlled large-depth color meta-holography is expected to open avenue for data storage, display, information security and virtual reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yi-Long Li
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xin-Ru Zheng
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - Ruo-Nan Ji
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200083, China.
| | - Xin Xie
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - Kun Song
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - Fan-Chuan Lin
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Nan-Nan Li
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhao Jiang
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Chao Liu
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yi-Wei Zheng
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Shao-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200083, China
| | - Wei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200083, China
| | - Bao-Hua Jia
- Centre for Atomaterials and Nanomanufacturing, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Qiong-Hua Wang
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
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2
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Sui X, He Z, Chu D, Cao L. Non-convex optimization for inverse problem solving in computer-generated holography. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:158. [PMID: 38982035 PMCID: PMC11233576 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01446-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Computer-generated holography is a promising technique that modulates user-defined wavefronts with digital holograms. Computing appropriate holograms with faithful reconstructions is not only a problem closely related to the fundamental basis of holography but also a long-standing challenge for researchers in general fields of optics. Finding the exact solution of a desired hologram to reconstruct an accurate target object constitutes an ill-posed inverse problem. The general practice of single-diffraction computation for synthesizing holograms can only provide an approximate answer, which is subject to limitations in numerical implementation. Various non-convex optimization algorithms are thus designed to seek an optimal solution by introducing different constraints, frameworks, and initializations. Herein, we overview the optimization algorithms applied to computer-generated holography, incorporating principles of hologram synthesis based on alternative projections and gradient descent methods. This is aimed to provide an underlying basis for optimized hologram generation, as well as insights into the cutting-edge developments of this rapidly evolving field for potential applications in virtual reality, augmented reality, head-up display, data encryption, laser fabrication, and metasurface design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Sui
- Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Department of Engineering, Centre for Photonic Devices and Sensors, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Zehao He
- Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Daping Chu
- Department of Engineering, Centre for Photonic Devices and Sensors, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK.
- Cambridge University Nanjing Centre of Technology and Innovation, 23 Rongyue Road, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing, 210000, China.
| | - Liangcai Cao
- Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Liu Y, Wu Y, Duan R, Fu J, Ovesen M, Lai SCE, Yeo TE, Chee JY, Chen Y, Teo SL, Tan HR, Zhang W, Yang JKW, Thygesen KS, Liu Z, Zhang YW, Teng J. Linear Electro-Optic Effect in 2D Ferroelectric for Electrically Tunable Metalens. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2401838. [PMID: 38748700 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202401838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
The advent of 2D ferroelectrics, characterized by their spontaneous polarization states in layer-by-layer domains without the limitation of a finite size effect, brings enormous promise for applications in integrated optoelectronic devices. Comparing with semiconductor/insulator devices, ferroelectric devices show natural advantages such as non-volatility, low energy consumption and high response speed. Several 2D ferroelectric materials have been reported, however, the device implementation particularly for optoelectronic application remains largely hypothetical. Here, the linear electro-optic effect in 2D ferroelectrics is discovered and electrically tunable 2D ferroelectric metalens is demonstrated. The linear electric-field modulation of light is verified in 2D ferroelectric CuInP2S6. The in-plane phase retardation can be continuously tuned by a transverse DC electric field, yielding an effective electro-optic coefficient rc of 20.28 pm V-1. The CuInP2S6 crystal exhibits birefringence with the fast axis oriented along its (010) plane. The 2D ferroelectric Fresnel metalens shows efficacious focusing ability with an electrical modulation efficiency of the focusing exceeding 34%. The theoretical analysis uncovers the origin of the birefringence and unveil its ultralow light absorption across a wide wavelength range in this non-excitonic system. The van der Waals ferroelectrics enable room-temperature electrical modulation of light and offer the freedom of heterogeneous integration with silicon and another material system for highly compact and tunable photonics and metaoptics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanda Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yaze Wu
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Singapore, 138632, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ruihuan Duan
- CINTRA CNRS/NTU/THALES, UMI 3288, Research Techno Plaza, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Jichao Fu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Martin Ovesen
- CAMD, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Samuel Chang En Lai
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Think-E Yeo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jing Yee Chee
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yunjie Chen
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Siew Lang Teo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Hui Ru Tan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wang Zhang
- Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Joel K W Yang
- Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | | | - Zheng Liu
- CINTRA CNRS/NTU/THALES, UMI 3288, Research Techno Plaza, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yong-Wei Zhang
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Singapore, 138632, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jinghua Teng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
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Jiang Z, Zheng Y, Wang X, Zhao YR, Yuan RY, Liu C, Wang QH. Continuous optical zoom telescopic system based on liquid lenses. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:15269-15279. [PMID: 38859182 DOI: 10.1364/oe.520475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Telescopes play an essential important role in the fields of astronomical observation, emergency rescue, etc. The traditional telescopes achieve zoom function through the mechanical movement of the solid lenses, usually requiring refocusing after magnification adjustment. Therefore, the traditional telescopes lack adaptability, port-ability and real-time capability. In this paper, a continuous optical zoom telescopic system based on liquid lenses is proposed. The main components of the system consist of an objective lens, an eyepiece, and a zoom group composed of six pieces of liquid lenses. By adjusting the external voltages on the liquid lenses, the zoom telescopic system can achieve continuous optical zoom from ∼1.0× to ∼4.0× operating with an angular resolution from 28.648" to 19.098", and the magnification switching time is ∼50ms. The optical structure of the zoom telescopic system with excellent performance is given, and its feasibility is demonstrated by simulations and experiments. The proposed system with fast response, portability and high adaptability is expected to be applied to astronomical observation, emergency rescue and so on.
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5
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Wang D, Li YL, Chu F, Li NN, Li ZS, Lee SD, Nie ZQ, Liu C, Wang QH. Color liquid crystal grating based color holographic 3D display system with large viewing angle. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:16. [PMID: 38221521 PMCID: PMC10788332 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01375-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Holographic 3D display is highly desirable for numerous applications ranging from medical treatments to military affairs. However, it is challenging to simultaneously achieve large viewing angle and high-fidelity color reconstruction due to the intractable constraints of existing technology. Here, we conceptually propose and experimentally demonstrate a simple and feasible pathway of using a well-designed color liquid crystal grating to overcome the inevitable chromatic aberration and enlarge the holographic viewing angle, thus enabling large-viewing-angle and color holographic 3D display. The use of color liquid crystal grating allows performing secondary diffraction modulation on red, green and blue reproduced images simultaneously and extending the viewing angle in the holographic 3D display system. In principle, a chromatic aberration-free hologram generation mechanism in combination with the color liquid crystal grating is proposed to pave the way for on such a superior holographic 3D display. The proposed system shows a color viewing angle of ~50.12°, which is about 7 times that of the traditional system with a single spatial light modulator. This work presents a paradigm for achieving desirable holographic 3D display, and is expected to provide a new way for the wide application of holographic display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yi-Long Li
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Fan Chu
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Nan-Nan Li
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhao-Song Li
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Sin-Doo Lee
- Display Technology Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhong-Quan Nie
- Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Chao Liu
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Qiong-Hua Wang
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
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6
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Wang D, Li J, Sun X, Hu J, Tan X, Jia Q, Liu J, Zhang X, Wu G, Wang X. New electric field responsive photonic crystals with remarkable yellow-to-green switch for adaptive camouflage. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 654:581-591. [PMID: 37862807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Electric field responsive photonic crystals take on critical significance in developing adaptive camouflage technology, which are promising materials for adaptive camouflage devices with better fabrication processes and color saturation. However, electric field responsive photonic crystals are primarily susceptible to poor fusion with typical background colors and necessitate the continuous implementation of electric fields to attain specific colors, thus limiting their practical applications. Monodisperse polyvinylpyrrolidone modified cadmium sulfide (PVP/CdS) microspheres with large refractive index are well prepared in this study. Liquid photonic crystals, exhibiting earth-yellow and light green under specific electric field, are obtained with PVP/CdS particles dispersed in propylene carbonate in accordance with the subtractive color mixing principle of structural color and initial color. The resulting electric field responsive photonic crystals are characterized by a simple preparation process, fast electrical response, long-time holding of the earth-yellow state, and reversible color changes between earth-yellow and light green in -3.5 V and + 3.5 V electric field switching. This study can contribute to the development of color-changing devices designed for adaptive camouflage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China; Qingdao Innovation and Development Center of Harbin Engineering University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Jingfang Li
- School of Science, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Xiaohui Sun
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China; Qingdao Innovation and Development Center of Harbin Engineering University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Jianghua Hu
- College of Field Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing 210007, China
| | - Xueqiang Tan
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China; Qingdao Innovation and Development Center of Harbin Engineering University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Qi Jia
- College of Field Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing 210007, China
| | - Jun Liu
- College of Field Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing 210007, China
| | - Xuyang Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China; Qingdao Innovation and Development Center of Harbin Engineering University, Qingdao 266000, China.
| | - Guohua Wu
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China; Qingdao Innovation and Development Center of Harbin Engineering University, Qingdao 266000, China; The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, China.
| | - Xiangwei Wang
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China; Qingdao Innovation and Development Center of Harbin Engineering University, Qingdao 266000, China.
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7
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Feng W, Ye M. Refractive Fresnel liquid crystal lenses driven by two voltages. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:662-676. [PMID: 38175090 DOI: 10.1364/oe.512132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
We propose and demonstrate a high-performance refractive Fresnel liquid crystal (LC) lens with a simple electrode design. The interconnected circular electrodes enable the creation of a parabolic voltage distribution within each Fresnel zone using only two driving voltages. By controlling these voltages within the linear response region of LC material, the desired parabolic phase profile can be achieved. We provide a detailed discussion on the electrode structure design methodology and operating principles of the lens. In our experiments, we constructed a four-zone Fresnel LC lens with a total aperture of 8 mm. The results show that the optical power of the lens can be continuously adjusted from -1.30 D to +1.33 D. Throughout the process of electrically tuning the optical power, the phase distribution within each Fresnel zone maintains a parabolic profile. These results demonstrate the high-performance of the proposed Fresnel LC lens.
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8
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Wang Z, Liu L, Jiang P, Liao J, Xu J, Sun Y, Jin L, Lu Z, Feng J, Cao C. Innovative OPA-based optical chip for enhanced digital holography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:44028-44043. [PMID: 38178484 DOI: 10.1364/oe.507097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Digital holographic imaging has emerged as a transformative technology with significant implications for AR/VR devices. However, existing techniques often suffer from limitations such as restricted field of view (FOV), high power consumption, and contrast distortion. This paper introduces an innovative optical phased array (OPA)-based chip, integrating polarization, amplitude, and phase multiplexing for enhanced complex amplitude holographic imaging. A checkerboard-style staggered array is employed in the control strategy, substantially reducing power consumption and enabling the potential for large-scale array integration. To further enhance imaging quality, we introduce what we believe are two novel calibration strategies: one is to achieve super-resolution through block imaging methods, and the other is to image using sparse aperture methods. These advancements not only provide a robust foundation for high-quality holographic imaging, but also present a new paradigm for overcoming the inherent limitations of current active holographic imaging devices. Due to challenges in chip fabrication, the research is primarily simulation-based. Nevertheless, this work presents meaningful advancements in digital holographic imaging for AR/VR applications and provides a foundation for future experimental validations.
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9
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Zhu L, Chen Q, Chen T, Lv G, Feng Q, Wang Z. High-brightness hybrid compressive light field display with improved image quality. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:6172-6175. [PMID: 38039219 DOI: 10.1364/ol.507125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Previous LCD-based multiplicative compressive light field (CLF) display has the trade-off between the brightness and the depth of field (DOF). In this paper, we propose a hybrid CLF display using a reflective polarizer and RGB mini-LED panel. By the polarization-multiplexing and the reflector dam (RD) designed on the mini-LED panel, the proposed system can preserve high brightness while enhancing the DOF. Then, a decomposition algorithm is proposed to improve the image quality by depth segmentation and limiting the motion parallax. Compared to the conventional hybrid CLF display, the brightness of the proposed system reaches 348 nits and the reconstruction quality achieves structural similarity index measure (SSIM) improvement by 0.12. The experiments also demonstrate that the proposed method could achieve a higher brightness, larger depth of field, and higher image quality.
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10
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Wang Z, Lv G, Pang Y, Feng Q, Wang A, Ming H. Lens array-based holographic 3D display with an expanded field of view and eyebox. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:5559-5562. [PMID: 37910702 DOI: 10.1364/ol.505181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Conventional spatial light modulator (SLM)-based holographic 3D display faces limited field of view (FOV) and eyebox, due to its limited pixel number. In this paper, a lens array is used to expand the FOV and eyebox of an SLM-based holographic display. The hologram is calculated to reconstruct a 3D sub-image array, each sub-image corresponding to a specific perspective of the 3D object. Then, the 3D sub-image array is imaged and magnified by the lens array to integrate to the original 3D image. The FOV is expanded due to the large numerical aperture of the lens, and the eyebox is expanded because the lens array generates multiple viewpoints with a large pitch. The optical experiment realizes a 17.6° FOV and 50 mm eyebox, which contains 4 × 4 viewpoints. Apparent motion parallax is observed through the viewpoint array, which is usually hard to observe in a conventional SLM-based holographic display. The proposed method provides a novel, to the best of our knowledge, way to expand the FOV and eyebox of holographic 3D display without increasing the total pixel number of the SLM.
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11
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Zhang M, Guo Q, Li Z, Zhou Y, Zhao S, Tong Z, Wang Y, Li G, Jin S, Zhu M, Zhuang T, Yu SH. Processable circularly polarized luminescence material enables flexible stereoscopic 3D imaging. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi9944. [PMID: 37878702 PMCID: PMC10599622 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi9944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Endowing three-dimensional (3D) displays with flexibility drives innovation in the next-generation wearable and smart electronic technology. Printing circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) materials on stretchable panels gives the chance to build desired flexible stereoscopic displays: CPL provides unusual optical rotation characteristics to achieve the considerable contrast ratio and wide viewing angle. However, the lack of printable, intense circularly polarized optical materials suitable for flexible processing hinders the implementation of flexible 3D devices. Here, we report a controllable and macroscopic production of printable CPL-active photonic paints using a designed confining helical co-assembly strategy, achieving a maximum luminescence dissymmetry factor (glum) value of 1.6. We print customized graphics and meter-long luminous coatings with these paints on a range of substates such as polypropylene, cotton fabric, and polyester fabric. We then demonstrate a flexible textile 3D display panel with two printed sets of pixel arrays based on the orthogonal CPL emission, which lays an efficient framework for future intelligent displays and clothing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, New Cornerstone Science Institute, Institute of Biomimetic Materials and Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qi Guo
- Department of Chemistry, New Cornerstone Science Institute, Institute of Biomimetic Materials and Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zeyi Li
- Department of Chemistry, New Cornerstone Science Institute, Institute of Biomimetic Materials and Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yajie Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, New Cornerstone Science Institute, Institute of Biomimetic Materials and Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, New Cornerstone Science Institute, Institute of Biomimetic Materials and Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhi Tong
- Department of Chemistry, New Cornerstone Science Institute, Institute of Biomimetic Materials and Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yaxin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, New Cornerstone Science Institute, Institute of Biomimetic Materials and Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Guangen Li
- Department of Chemistry, New Cornerstone Science Institute, Institute of Biomimetic Materials and Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Manzhou Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Taotao Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry, New Cornerstone Science Institute, Institute of Biomimetic Materials and Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shu-Hong Yu
- Department of Chemistry, New Cornerstone Science Institute, Institute of Biomimetic Materials and Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Institute of Innovative Materials (I2M), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Zhao CJ, Guo ZD, Deng H, Yang CN, Bai YC. Integral imaging three-dimensional display system with anisotropic backlight for the elimination of voxel aliasing and separation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:29132-29144. [PMID: 37710719 DOI: 10.1364/oe.498147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Compared with conventional scattered backlight systems, integral imaging (InIm) display system with collimated backlight can reduce the voxel size, but apparent voxel separation and severe graininess still exist in reconstructed 3D images. In this paper, an InIm 3D display system with anisotropic backlight control of sub-pixels was proposed to resolve both voxel aliasing and voxel separation simultaneously. It consists of an anisotropic backlight unit (ABU), a transmissive liquid crystal panel (LCP), and a lens array. The ABU with specific horizontal and vertical divergence angles was proposed and designed. Within the depth of field, the light rays emitted from sub-pixels are controlled precisely by the ABU to minimize the voxel size as well as stitch adjacent voxels seamlessly, thus improving the 3D image quality effectively. In the experiment, the prototype of our proposed ABU-type InIm system was developed, and the spatial frequency was nearly two times of conventional scattered backlight InIm system. Additionally, the proposed system eliminated the voxel separation which usually occurs in collimated backlight InIm system. As a result, voxels reconstructed by our proposed system were stitched in space without aliasing and separation, thereby greatly enhancing the 3D resolution and image quality.
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13
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Hua S, Wu JH. Tailored diffractions of asymmetric columns and symmetric rows in two-dimensional multi-element phase gratings. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:24363-24375. [PMID: 37475265 DOI: 10.1364/oe.495539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional multi-element phase gratings can be engineered to show an even symmetry along one direction while an odd symmetry along the other direction in terms of offset refractive indices in each unit cell. The interplay of such even and odd symmetries has been explored to tailor diffraction columns and rows on demand by making offset refractive indices to satisfy specific requirements and hence attain different types of destructive interference. The resultant tailoring effects include the directional column elimination, the grouped column elimination, and the directional column selection as well as the natural row absence, the grouped row elimination, and the central row selection.
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14
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Dong J, Li Z, Liu X, Zhong W, Wang G, Liu Q, Song X. High-speed real 3D scene acquisition and 3D holographic reconstruction system based on ultrafast optical axial scanning. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:21721-21730. [PMID: 37381262 DOI: 10.1364/oe.489175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The lack of three-dimensional (3D) content is one of the challenges that have been faced by holographic 3D display. Here, we proposed a real 3D scene acquisition and 3D holographic reconstruction system based on ultrafast optical axial scanning. An electrically tunable lens (ETL) was used for high-speed focus shift (up to 2.5 ms). A CCD camera was synchronized with the ETL to acquire multi-focused image sequence of real scene. Then, the focusing area of each multi-focused image was extracted by using Tenengrad operator, and the 3D image were obtained. Finally, 3D holographic reconstruction visible to the naked eye can be achieved by the layer-based diffraction algorithm. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method have been demonstrated by simulation and experiment, and the experimental results agree well with the simulation results. This method will further expand the application of holographic 3D display in the field of education, advertising, entertainment, and other fields.
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15
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Wan Y, Cao Y, Xu M, Tang T. Saturation-Induced Phase Error Compensation Method Using Complementary Phase. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1258. [PMID: 37374843 DOI: 10.3390/mi14061258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Intensity saturation can induce phase error and, thus, measurement error in fringe projection profilometry. To reduce saturation-induced phase errors, a compensation method is developed. The mathematical model of saturation-induced phase errors is analyzed for N-step phase-shifting profilometry, and the phase error is approximately N-folder of the frequency of the projected fringe. Additional N-step phase-shifting fringe patterns with initial phase-shift π/N are projected for generating a complementary phase map. The final phase map is obtained by averaging the original phase map extracted from the original fringe patterns and the complementary phase map, and then the phase error can be canceled out. Both simulations and experiments demonstrated that the proposed method can substantially reduce the saturation-induced phase error and realize accurate measurements for a highly dynamic range of scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wan
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Yiping Cao
- Department of Opto-Electronics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Min Xu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Tao Tang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
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16
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Yu X, Zhang Z, Liu B, Gao X, Qi H, Hu Y, Zhang K, Liu K, Zhang T, Wang H, Yan B, Sang X. True-color light-field display system with large depth-of-field based on joint modulation for size and arrangement of halftone dots. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:20505-20517. [PMID: 37381444 DOI: 10.1364/oe.493686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
A true-color light-field display system with a large depth-of-field (DOF) is demonstrated. Reducing crosstalk between viewpoints and increasing viewpoint density are the key points to realize light-field display system with large DOF. The aliasing and crosstalk of light beams in the light control unit (LCU) are reduced by adopting collimated backlight and reversely placing the aspheric cylindrical lens array (ACLA). The one-dimensional (1D) light-field encoding of halftone images increases the number of controllable beams within the LCU and improves viewpoint density. The use of 1D light-field encoding leads to a decrease in the color-depth of the light-field display system. The joint modulation for size and arrangement of halftone dots (JMSAHD) is used to increase color-depth. In the experiment, a three-dimensional (3D) model was constructed using halftone images generated by JMSAHD, and a light-field display system with a viewpoint density of 1.45 (i.e. 1.45 viewpoints per degree of view) and a DOF of 50 cm was achieved at a 100 ° viewing angle.
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17
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Tu K, Chen Q, Wang Z, Lv G, Feng Q. Depth-Enhanced Holographic Super Multi-View Maxwellian Display Based on Variable Filter Aperture. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1167. [PMID: 37374752 DOI: 10.3390/mi14061167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The super multi-view (SMV) near-eye display (NED) effectively provides depth cues for three-dimensional (3D) displays by projecting multiple viewpoint images or parallax images onto the retina simultaneously. Previous SMV NED suffers from a limited depth of field (DOF) due to the fixed image plane. Aperture filtering is widely used to enhance the DOF; however, an invariably sized aperture may have opposite effects on objects with different reconstruction depths. In this paper, a holographic SMV display based on the variable filter aperture is proposed to enhance the DOF. In parallax image acquisition, multiple groups of parallax images, each group recording a part of the 3D scene on a fixed depth range, are captured first. In the hologram calculation, each group of wavefronts at the image recording plane (IRP) is calculated by multiplying the parallax images with the corresponding spherical wave phase. Then, they are propagated to the pupil plane and multiplied by the corresponding aperture filter function. The size of the filter aperture is variable which is determined by the depth of the object. Finally, the complex amplitudes at the pupil plane are back-propagated to the holographic plane and added together to form the DOF-enhanced hologram. Simulation and experimental results verify the proposed method could improve the DOF of holographic SMV display, which will contribute to the application of 3D NED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefeng Tu
- School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Special Display Technology, National Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Technology, Academy of Photoelectric Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Qiyang Chen
- School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Special Display Technology, National Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Technology, Academy of Photoelectric Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Zi Wang
- School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Special Display Technology, National Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Technology, Academy of Photoelectric Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Guoqiang Lv
- National Engineering Laboratory of Special Display Technology, National Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Technology, Academy of Photoelectric Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Qibin Feng
- School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Special Display Technology, National Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Technology, Academy of Photoelectric Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
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18
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Wang Z, Tu K, Lv G, Feng Q, Wang A, Ming H. Cross talk-free retinal projection display based on a holographic complementary viewpoint array. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:2437-2440. [PMID: 37126292 DOI: 10.1364/ol.485259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In near-eye displays (NEDs), retinal projection display (RPD) is one kind of promising technology to alleviate the vergence-accommodation conflict (VAC) issue due to its always-in-focus feature. Viewpoint replication is widely used to enlarge the limited eyebox. However, the mismatch between viewpoint interval and eye pupil diameter will cause the inter-viewpoint cross talk when multiple viewpoints enter the pupil simultaneously. In this Letter, a holographic complementary viewpoint method is proposed to solve this cross talk problem. Instead of avoiding observing multiple viewpoint images simultaneously, it is designed that multiple complementary viewpoints jointly project the complete image on the retina without cross talk. To do this, the target image is segmented into multiple sub-images, each multiplied with a corresponding partial spherical phase to converge to a specific complementary viewpoint. A group of complementary viewpoint enter the eye pupil simultaneously, and each viewpoint project a corresponding sub-image on a specific area of the retina and splice to a complete image. All of the complementary viewpoints are duplicated to an interlaced two-dimensional array to extend the eyebox in both horizontal and vertical directions. Optical experiment verifies that the proposed method could present smooth transition between viewpoints to avoid both inter-viewpoint cross talk and blank image issues.
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19
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Kumar M, Mishra M, Kumar D, Singh D. Quantum mechanical studies of p-azoxyanisole and identification of its electro-optic activity. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:9576-9585. [PMID: 36942440 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00084b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystals (LCs) are used in displays, visors, navigation systems and many more. Amongst a wide range of LCs, p-azoxyanisole (PAA) is considered to be an active LC. Focusing on different properties of this molecule, in the reported study, the theoretical identification of quantum mechanical parameters and the identification of electro-optic properties are carried out. Different functional theories such as B3LYP, M06-2X and M06L are used along with three basis sets 6-31G**, 6-311G and 6-311G**. A comparative study revealed that the M06-2X method produces higher values of band gap, ionization potential, electronegativity and electronic global hardness while M06L produces lower values and B3LYP gives intermediate values. Nonlinear optical properties of liquid crystals are evaluated. The nonlinear optical properties obtained for a PAA liquid crystal are much higher than those of urea. Due to its high nonlinear optical properties, our liquid crystal can be used in the field of telecommunication and optical interconnection. The order parameter and birefringence are calculated with variable electric field. We found out that the order parameter and birefringence increase with a gradually increasing electric field, which suggests that the PAA liquid crystal can be used for developing electro-optic and tunable metamaterial devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Department of Physics, School of Physical & Decision Science, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Mirtunjai Mishra
- Department of Physics, School of Physical & Decision Science, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Devesh Kumar
- Department of Physics, School of Physical & Decision Science, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India.
- Department of Physics, Siddharth University, Kapilvastu, Siddharth Nagar, 272202, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Devendra Singh
- Department of Physics, School of Physical & Decision Science, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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20
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Sakamoto Y, Oshinomi T, Matsuno K. Method of calculating speckle-reduced hologram data using a convergence light wave for a computer-generated hologram. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:1970-1976. [PMID: 37133082 DOI: 10.1364/ao.478449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In a computer-generated hologram, random phases are required for representing object surfaces; however, speckle noise occurs in the random phases. We propose a speckle reduction method for three-dimensional virtual images in electro-holography. The method does not have random phases but instead converges the object light on the observer's viewpoint. Optical experiments demonstrated that the proposed method greatly reduced speckle noise while maintaining a calculation time comparable to that of the conventional method.
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21
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Quan J, Yan B, Sang X, Zhong C, Li H, Qin X, Xiao R, Sun Z, Dong Y, Zhang H. Multi-Depth Computer-Generated Hologram Based on Stochastic Gradient Descent Algorithm with Weighted Complex Loss Function and Masked Diffraction. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:605. [PMID: 36985013 PMCID: PMC10056174 DOI: 10.3390/mi14030605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a method to generate multi-depth phase-only holograms using stochastic gradient descent (SGD) algorithm with weighted complex loss function and masked multi-layer diffraction. The 3D scene can be represented by a combination of layers in different depths. In the wave propagation procedure of multiple layers in different depths, the complex amplitude of layers in different depths will gradually diffuse and produce occlusion at another layer. To solve this occlusion problem, a mask is used in the process of layers diffracting. Whether it is forward wave propagation or backward wave propagation of layers, the mask can reduce the occlusion problem between different layers. Otherwise, weighted complex loss function is implemented in the gradient descent optimization process, which analyzes the real part, the imaginary part, and the amplitude part of the focus region between the reconstructed images of the hologram and the target images. The weight parameter is used to adjust the ratio of the amplitude loss of the focus region in the whole loss function. The weight amplitude loss part in weighted complex loss function can decrease the interference of the focus region from the defocus region. The simulations and experiments have validated the effectiveness of the proposed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Binbin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Xinzhu Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Chongli Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Hui Li
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiujuan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Rui Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Zhi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Yu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Huming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
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22
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Wang Z, Chen T, Chen Q, Tu K, Feng Q, Lv G, Wang A, Ming H. Reducing crosstalk of a multi-plane holographic display by the time-multiplexing stochastic gradient descent. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:7413-7424. [PMID: 36859872 DOI: 10.1364/oe.483590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Multi-plane reconstruction is essential for realizing a holographic three-dimensional (3D) display. One fundamental issue in conventional multi-plane Gerchberg-Saxton (GS) algorithm is the inter-plane crosstalk, mainly caused by the neglect of other planes' interference in the process of amplitude replacement at each object plane. In this paper, we proposed the time-multiplexing stochastic gradient descent (TM-SGD) optimization algorithm to reduce the multi-plane reconstruction crosstalk. First, the global optimization feature of stochastic gradient descent (SGD) was utilized to reduce the inter-plane crosstalk. However, the crosstalk optimization effect would degrade as the number of object planes increases, due to the imbalance between input and output information. Thus, we further introduced the time-multiplexing strategy into both the iteration and reconstruction process of multi-plane SGD to increase input information. In TM-SGD, multiple sub-holograms are obtained through multi-loop iteration and then sequentially refreshed on spatial light modulator (SLM). The optimization condition between the holograms and the object planes converts from one-to-many to many-to-many, improving the optimization of inter-plane crosstalk. During the persistence of vision, multiple sub-hologram jointly reconstruct the crosstalk-free multi-plane images. Through simulation and experiment, we confirmed that TM-SGD could effectively reduce the inter-plane crosstalk and improve image quality.The proposed TM-SGD-based holographic display has wide applications in tomographic 3D visualization for biology, medical science, and engineering design, which need to reconstruct multiple independent tomographic images without inter-plane crosstalk.
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23
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Xiao Q, Wu S, Wang Y, Liu C, Feng W, Yao Y, Huang P, Wang X, Lu Q. Error analysis and realization of a phase-modulated diffraction grating used as a displacement sensor. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:7907-7921. [PMID: 36859912 DOI: 10.1364/oe.476203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A grating-based interferometric cavity produces coherent diffraction light field in a compact size, serving as a promising candidate for displacement measurement by taking advantage of both high integration and high accuracy. Phase-modulated diffraction gratings (PMDGs) make use of a combination of diffractive optical elements, allowing for the diminishment of zeroth-order reflected beams and thus improving the energy utilization coefficient and sensitivity of grating-based displacement measurements. However, conventional PMDGs with submicron-scale features usually require demanding micromachining processes, posing a significant challenge to manufacturability. Involving a four-region PMDG, this paper establishes a hybrid error model including etching error and coating error, thus providing a quantitative analysis of the relation between the errors and optical responses. The hybrid error model and the designated process-tolerant grating are experimentally verified by micromachining and grating-based displacement measurements using an 850 nm laser, confirming the validity and effectiveness. It is found the PMDG achieves an energy utilization coefficient (the ratio of the peak-to-peak value of the ±1st order beams to the 0th-order beam) improvement of nearly 500% and a four-fold reduction in 0th-order beam intensity compared with the traditional amplitude grating. More importantly, this PMDG maintains very tolerant process requirements, and the etching error and coating error can be up to 0.5 µm and 0.6 µm, respectively. This offers attractive alternatives to the fabrication of PMDGs and grating-based devices with wide process compatibility. This work first systematically investigates the influence of fabrication errors and identifies the interplay between the errors and the optical response for PMDGs. The hybrid error model allows further avenues for the fabrication of diffraction elements with practical limitations of micromachining fabrication.
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Chang C, Dai B, Zhu D, Li J, Xia J, Zhang D, Hou L, Zhuang S. From picture to 3D hologram: end-to-end learning of real-time 3D photorealistic hologram generation from 2D image input. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:851-854. [PMID: 36790957 DOI: 10.1364/ol.478976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we demonstrate a deep-learning-based method capable of synthesizing a photorealistic 3D hologram in real-time directly from the input of a single 2D image. We design a fully automatic pipeline to create large-scale datasets by converting any collection of real-life images into pairs of 2D images and corresponding 3D holograms and train our convolutional neural network (CNN) end-to-end in a supervised way. Our method is extremely computation-efficient and memory-efficient for 3D hologram generation merely from the knowledge of on-hand 2D image content. We experimentally demonstrate speckle-free and photorealistic holographic 3D displays from a variety of scene images, opening up a way of creating real-time 3D holography from everyday pictures.
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25
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Wang P, Bi J, Li Z, Yan B, Li Z, Wang X, Liu L. Tabletop 360-Degree Three-Dimensional Light-Field Display Based on Viewpoint-Fitting Encoding Algorithm for Reducing Facet Braiding. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:178. [PMID: 36677241 PMCID: PMC9865709 DOI: 10.3390/mi14010178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Since the effect of the facet braiding phenomenon, the display quality of reconstructed image degrades with increasing depth of field in tabletop three-dimensional light-field display. Here, to analysis the facet braiding, the imaging process of the tabletop 360-degree three-dimensional light-field display based on conical lens array is mathematically modeled. A viewpoint-fitting encoding algorithm is proposed to reduce the effect of the facet-braiding phenomenon and improve the range of depth of field, which is optimized to form the best synthetic encoded image by fitting the reconstructed image seen by the simulated human eye to the parallax image captured at the corresponding location. The effectiveness of the proposed optimization algorithm is verified by simulation analysis and optical experiments, respectively. In the experiment, the clear depth of field range of the display system is increased from 13 cm to 15 cm, and the visualization effect of the reconstructed three-dimensional image is enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiren Wang
- Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, Ministry of Transport, Tianjin 300456, China
| | - Jinqiang Bi
- Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, Ministry of Transport, Tianjin 300456, China
| | - Zilong Li
- Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, Ministry of Transport, Tianjin 300456, China
| | - Binbin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Zhengyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Xiaozheng Wang
- Research Department of Wireless Network, Huawei Technologies, Shanghai 201206, China
| | - Li Liu
- Chipone Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., System Engineering Department, Beijing 100176, China
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26
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Li SX, Xia H, Liu TY, Zhu H, Feng JC, An Y, Zhang XL, Sun HB. In Situ Encapsulated Moiré Perovskite for Stable Photodetectors with Ultrahigh Polarization Sensitivity. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2207771. [PMID: 36341484 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructures provide a simple, effective, and low-cost route to enhance the light-trapping capability of optoelectronic devices. In recent years, nano-optical structures have been widely used in perovskite optoelectronic devices to greatly enhance the device performance. However, the inherent instability of perovskite materials hinders the practical application of these nanostructured optoelectronic devices. Here, in situ encapsulated moiré lattice perovskite photodetectors (PDs) by two nanograting-structured soft templates with relative rotation angles is fabricated. The confinement growth of the two nanograting templates leads to crystal growth with moiré lattice structure, which improves the light-harvesting ability of the perovskite crystal, thereby improving the device performance. The PD exhibits responsivity to 1026.5 A W-1 . The Moiré lattice-perovskite-based PD maintained 95% of the initial performance after 223 days. After being continuously sprayed with water moist for 180 min, the performance is maintained at 95.7% of its initial level. The nanograting structure endows the device with high polarization sensitivity of Imax /Imin as high as 9.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Hong Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Tian-Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - He Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Jia-Cheng Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yang An
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Xu-Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Hong-Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology & Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Haidian district, Beijing, 100084, China
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27
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Wang J, Cai W, He H, Cen M, Liu J, Kong D, Luo D, Lu YQ, Liu YJ. Cholesteric liquid crystal-enabled electrically programmable metasurfaces for simultaneous near- and far-field displays. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:17921-17928. [PMID: 36458471 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05374h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces can enable polarization multiplexing of light so as to carry more information. Specific polarized light necessitates bulk polarizers and waveplates, which significantly increases the form size of metasurface devices. We propose an electrically programmable metasurface enabled by dual-frequency cholesteric liquid crystals (DF-CLCs) for simultaneous near- and far-field displays. Moreover, the integrated device can be electrically programmed to demonstrate 6 different optical images by engineering the DF-CLCs with frequency-modulated voltage pulses. Such programmable metasurfaces are potentially useful for many applications including information storage, displays, anti-counterfeiting, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Wang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Wenfeng Cai
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Huilin He
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Mengjia Cen
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Jianxun Liu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Delai Kong
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Yan-Qing Lu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Yan Jun Liu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Pi D, Liu J, Wang J, Sun Y, Yang Y, Zhao W, Wang Y. Optimized computer-generated hologram for enhancing depth cue based on complex amplitude modulation. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:6377-6380. [PMID: 36538442 DOI: 10.1364/ol.476443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we introduce a computer-generated hologram (CGH) optimization method to enhance the depth cue based on complex amplitude modulation (CAM). An iterative algorithm is designed to generate the optimized random phase (ORAP) according to the size of the target image and the bandwidth limitation condition. The ORAP with limited bandwidth is used as the initial phase of the target image and the hologram is encoded based on the analytical formula. Our proposal can maintain the advantages of CAM and achieve holographic three-dimensional (3D) display with an enhanced depth cue. It is expected that the proposed method could be widely used in holographic field in the future.
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Zhao BC, Yang F, Wu F. High-Aperture-Ratio Dual-View Integral Imaging Display. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:2213. [PMID: 36557512 PMCID: PMC9785181 DOI: 10.3390/mi13122213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Low aperture ratio is a problem in the conventional dual-view integral imaging (DVII) display using a point light source array. A high-aperture-ratio DVII display using a gradient width point light source array is reported in this work. The elemental Images 1 and 2, which are alternatively aligned on a liquid crystal panel, are illuminated by the light rays emitted from an assigned point light source. The optical path is optimized by optimizing the widths of the point light sources. The aperture ratio of the proposed DVII display was demonstrated as 1.88 times the conventional DVII display. Experiments showed that the vertical viewing range is related to the vertical width of the first row point light source, whereas the aperture ratio is related to the vertical widths of all point light sources. By optimizing the widths of the point light sources, the aperture ratio is enhanced without loss of viewing range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Chuan Zhao
- School of Information Engineering, Chengdu Aeronautic Polytechnic, Chengdu 610218, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Chengdu Institute of Computer Application, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Fei Wu
- School of Electronic Engineering, Chengdu Technological University, Chengdu 610073, China
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Shen T, Liu Y, Li P, Zheng J. Quantitative analysis on self-focusing properties of H-PDLC flexible curved radius gratings. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:45538-45552. [PMID: 36522958 DOI: 10.1364/oe.476821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In general, the shape of traditional holographic grating is fixed and immutable, the period will not change after fabrication, this means that the modulation effect on the light field is unalterable. However, traditional grating cannot satisfy all requirements of current optical systems. In order to increase the versatility of holographic grating, a flexible curved radius grating (FCRG) which consists of holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (H-PDLC) was proposed. The FCRG has an important self-focusing property that it can be adjusted the focal length by changing its own radius of curvature correspondingly. In this paper, we use the scalar diffraction theory to analysis the interference and diffraction processes for FCRG under different conditions, then a relationship equation has been deduced to express quantitatively about FCRG between its radius and focal length. According to the relationship, a tunable holographic element is achieved for the function of mechanically-controlled self-focusing effect. Experiments show that the FCRG has two conjugated focusing effects on the positive first-order and negative first-order, both two effects can achieve focus-adjusted ability by changing their radius of curvature. The FCRG provides a way for the coupler of curved waveguide display system for augmented reality in the future.
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Wang D, Zhang Y, Yang C, Wang K. Study on processing synthetic aperture radar data based on an optical 4f system for fast imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:44408-44419. [PMID: 36522866 DOI: 10.1364/oe.471716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Due to the huge amount of collected echo data caused by the working principle of synthetic aperture radar (SAR), the use of digital processing relies heavily on the performance of digital chips. Because of the limitation of Moore's law, the technology of digital signal processing exposes the limitation of computing speed and power consumption in the face of SAR processing. Against this background, the optical processing method based on the optical 4f system is introduced into SAR imaging. A spatial light modulator (SLM) is placed on the input surface and spectrum surface of the 4f system to load the echo data of the SAR and the matched filter function of the SAR. Using optical Fourier transform to realize the core calculation of SAR data processing can solve the difficulty of processing time-consuming due to the large amount of calculation. In the process of Fourier transform, instead of using a solid glass lens, we use a phase-type Fresnel lens diagram in the SLM to realize the function of Fourier, which avoids the need for special design of Fourier lens. It also greatly reduces the volume and weight of the whole machine, which provides a reference method for real-time imaging of spaceborne SAR.
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Siemonsma S, Bell T. HoloKinect: Holographic 3D Video Conferencing. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:8118. [PMID: 36365816 PMCID: PMC9659293 DOI: 10.3390/s22218118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent world events have caused a dramatic rise in the use of video conferencing solutions such as Zoom and FaceTime. Although 3D capture and display technologies are becoming common in consumer products (e.g., Apple iPhone TrueDepth sensors, Microsoft Kinect devices, and Meta Quest VR headsets), 3D telecommunication has not yet seen any appreciable adoption. Researchers have made great progress in developing advanced 3D telepresence systems, but often with burdensome hardware and network requirements. In this work, we present HoloKinect, an open-source, user-friendly, and GPU-accelerated platform for enabling live, two-way 3D video conferencing on commodity hardware and a standard broadband internet connection. A Microsoft Azure Kinect serves as the capture device and a Looking Glass Portrait multiscopically displays the final reconstructed 3D mesh for a hologram-like effect. HoloKinect packs color and depth information into a single video stream, leveraging multiwavelength depth (MWD) encoding to store depth maps in standard RGB video frames. The video stream is compressed with highly optimized and hardware-accelerated video codecs such as H.264. A search of the depth and video encoding parameter space was performed to analyze the quantitative and qualitative losses resulting from HoloKinect's lossy compression scheme. Visual results were acceptable at all tested bitrates (3-30 Mbps), while the best results were achieved with higher video bitrates and full 4:4:4 chroma sampling. RMSE values of the recovered depth measurements were low across all settings permutations.
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Li ZS, Zheng YW, Li YL, Wang D, Wang QH. Method of color holographic display with speckle noise suppression. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:25647-25660. [PMID: 36237090 DOI: 10.1364/oe.461294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a method of color holographic display with speckle noise suppression is proposed. Firstly, the intensity information of the object is extracted according to the red, green and blue (RGB) channels. The band-limited phase is calculated and used as the initial phase for each color channel. Secondly, the double-step Fresnel diffraction algorithm is used to calculate the computer-generated holograms (CGHs), and a filter plane that dynamically adjusts the position of the filter in the optical path is designed. Then, a divergent spherical phase factor is added to the CGHs. Finally, the time average method is used to further reduce the speckle noise. When the CGHs of the RGB channels are loaded on the digital micromirror device and illuminated by the RGB lights emitting in a temporal sequence, the color reconstructed images with speckle noise suppression can be displayed. The validity of the proposed method is verified.
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