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Zheng J, Fang J, Xu D, Liu H, Wei X, Qin C, Xue J, Gao Z, Hu N. Micronano Synergetic Three-Dimensional Bioelectronics: A Revolutionary Breakthrough Platform for Cardiac Electrophysiology. ACS NANO 2024; 18:15332-15357. [PMID: 38837178 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of mortality and therefore pose a significant threat to human health. Cardiac electrophysiology plays a crucial role in the investigation and treatment of CVDs, including arrhythmia. The long-term and accurate detection of electrophysiological activity in cardiomyocytes is essential for advancing cardiology and pharmacology. Regarding the electrophysiological study of cardiac cells, many micronano bioelectric devices and systems have been developed. Such bioelectronic devices possess unique geometric structures of electrodes that enhance quality of electrophysiological signal recording. Though planar multielectrode/multitransistors are widely used for simultaneous multichannel measurement of cell electrophysiological signals, their use for extracellular electrophysiological recording exhibits low signal strength and quality. However, the integration of three-dimensional (3D) multielectrode/multitransistor arrays that use advanced penetration strategies can achieve high-quality intracellular signal recording. This review provides an overview of the manufacturing, geometric structure, and penetration paradigms of 3D micronano devices, as well as their applications for precise drug screening and biomimetic disease modeling. Furthermore, this review also summarizes the current challenges and outlines future directions for the preparation and application of micronano bioelectronic devices, with an aim to promote the development of intracellular electrophysiological platforms and thereby meet the demands of emerging clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilin Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiaru Fang
- School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dongxin Xu
- School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Haitao Liu
- General Surgery Department, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Children's Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Xinwei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chunlian Qin
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- General Surgery Department, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Children's Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Jiajin Xue
- General Surgery Department, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Children's Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Zhigang Gao
- General Surgery Department, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Children's Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Ning Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- General Surgery Department, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Children's Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
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2
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Borchers T, Topić F, Arhangelskis M, Vainauskas J, Titi HM, Bushuyev OS, Barrett CJ, Friščić T. Three-in-One: Dye-Volatile Cocrystals Exhibiting Intensity-Dependent Photochromic, Photomechanical, and Photocarving Response. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145. [PMID: 37924293 PMCID: PMC10655124 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Cocrystallization of a cis-azobenzene dye with volatile molecules, such as pyrazine and dioxane, leads to materials that exhibit at least three different light-intensity-dependent responses upon irradiation with low-power visible light. The halogen-bond-driven assembly of the dye cis-(p-iodoperfluorophenyl)azobenzene with volatile halogen bond acceptors produces cocrystals whose light-induced behavior varies significantly depending on the intensity of the light applied. Low-intensity (<1 mW·cm-2) light irradiation leads to a color change associated with low levels of cis → trans isomerization. Irradiation at higher intensities (150 mW·mm-2) produces photomechanical bending, caused by more extensive isomerization of the dye. At still higher irradiation intensities (2.25 W·mm-2) the cocrystals undergo cold photocarving; i.e., they can be cut and written on with micrometer precision using laser light without a major thermal effect. Real-time Raman spectroscopy shows that this novel photochemical behavior differs from what would be expected from thermal energy input alone. Overall, this work introduces a rational blueprint, based on supramolecular chemistry in the solid state, for new types of crystalline light-responsive materials, which not only respond to being exposed to light but also change their response based on the light intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan
H. Borchers
- Department
of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 0B8, Canada
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Filip Topić
- Department
of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 0B8, Canada
| | | | - Jogirdas Vainauskas
- Department
of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 0B8, Canada
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Hatem M. Titi
- Department
of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 0B8, Canada
| | | | | | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department
of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 0B8, Canada
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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3
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Ha CW, Son Y. Development of the multi-directional ablation process using the femtosecond laser to create a pattern on the lateral side of a 3D microstructure. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4781. [PMID: 36959274 PMCID: PMC10036552 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-photon stereolithography (TPS) is widely used for the fabrication of various three-dimensional (3D) structures with sub-micron fabrication resolution in a single fabrication process. However, TPS is unsuitable for microstructures with fine-hole patterns. The laser ablation process can be easily drilled, or made holes in various materials. However, in the case of laser ablation, the focal plane of the laser is fixed, which is limited to the processing plane. In this study, a multidirectional ablation process is studied to apply laser ablation to various processing planes of a 3D microstructure fabricated by the TPS process. A 3D hybrid fabrication process with the advantages of both TPS and laser ablation is expected to improve the fabrication efficiency. The 3D hybrid process is proposed based on a single laser source. The microstructure is fabricated using TPS, and the multi-directional ablation process creates a hole in the lateral side of the 3D microstructure. To develop the multidirectional ablation process, the reflecting mirror system should be designed to adaptably rotate the laser focal plane and guide the laser path for the target process plane. Through various examples, we demonstrate the ability of the multi-directional ablation process with various examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Woo Ha
- Korea Additive Manufacturing Innovation Centre (KAMIC), Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Siheung-si, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong Son
- Korea Additive Manufacturing Innovation Centre (KAMIC), Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Siheung-si, Republic of Korea
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Bhaskar S. Biosensing Technologies: A Focus Review on Recent Advancements in Surface Plasmon Coupled Emission. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:mi14030574. [PMID: 36984981 PMCID: PMC10054051 DOI: 10.3390/mi14030574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, novel nano-engineering protocols have been actively synergized with fluorescence spectroscopic techniques to yield higher intensity from radiating dipoles, through the process termed plasmon-enhanced fluorescence (PEF). Consequently, the limit of detection of analytes of interest has been dramatically improvised on account of higher sensitivity rendered by augmented fluorescence signals. Recently, metallic thin films sustaining surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) have been creatively hybridized with such PEF platforms to realize a substantial upsurge in the global collection efficiency in a judicious technology termed surface plasmon-coupled emission (SPCE). While the process parameters and conditions to realize optimum coupling efficiency between the radiating dipoles and the plasmon polaritons in SPCE framework have been extensively discussed, the utility of disruptive nano-engineering over the SPCE platform and analogous interfaces such as 'ferroplasmon-on-mirror (FPoM)' as well as an alternative technology termed 'photonic crystal-coupled emission (PCCE)' have been seldom reviewed. In light of these observations, in this focus review, the myriad nano-engineering protocols developed over the SPCE, FPoM and PCCE platform are succinctly captured, presenting an emphasis on the recently developed cryosoret nano-assembly technology for photo-plasmonic hotspot generation (first to fourth). These technologies and associated sensing platforms are expected to ameliorate the current biosensing modalities with better understanding of the biophysicochemical processes and related outcomes at advanced micro-nano-interfaces. This review is hence envisaged to present a broad overview of the latest developments in SPCE substrate design and development for interdisciplinary applications that are of relevance in environmental as well as biological heath monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seemesh Bhaskar
- Nick Holonyak Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory (HMNTL), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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5
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Zhang L, Zhang Z, Weisbecker H, Yin H, Liu Y, Han T, Guo Z, Berry M, Yang B, Guo X, Adams J, Xie Z, Bai W. 3D morphable systems via deterministic microfolding for vibrational sensing, robotic implants, and reconfigurable telecommunication. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eade0838. [PMID: 36542721 PMCID: PMC9770994 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade0838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
DNA and proteins fold in three dimensions (3D) to enable functions that sustain life. Emulation of such folding schemes for functional materials can unleash enormous potential in advancing a wide range of technologies, especially in robotics, medicine, and telecommunication. Here, we report a microfolding strategy that enables formation of 3D morphable microelectronic systems integrated with various functional materials, including monocrystalline silicon, metallic nanomembranes, and polymers. By predesigning folding hosts and configuring folding pathways, 3D microelectronic systems in freestanding forms can transform across various complex configurations with modulated functionalities. Nearly all transitional states of 3D microelectronic systems achieved via the microfolding assembly can be easily accessed and modulated in situ, offering functional versatility and adaptability. Advanced morphable microelectronic systems including a reconfigurable microantenna for customizable telecommunication, a 3D vibration sensor for hand-tremor monitoring, and a bloomable robot for cardiac mapping demonstrate broad utility of these assembly schemes to realize advanced functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Zongwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, DUT-BSU Joint Institute, Dalian University, Dalian 116024, P.R. China
- Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo 315016, P.R. China
| | - Hannah Weisbecker
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Haifeng Yin
- MCAllister Heart Institute Core, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Yihan Liu
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Tianhong Han
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Ziheng Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Matt Berry
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Binbin Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | - Xu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, DUT-BSU Joint Institute, Dalian University, Dalian 116024, P.R. China
- Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo 315016, P.R. China
| | - Jacob Adams
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Zhaoqian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, DUT-BSU Joint Institute, Dalian University, Dalian 116024, P.R. China
- Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo 315016, P.R. China
| | - Wubin Bai
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
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Sun T, Shui F, Ning T, Guo W, Zhou Z, Chen Z, Qian C, Li Q. Tunable Antireflection Properties with Self-Assembled Nanopillar and Nanohole Structure. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4466. [PMID: 36558319 PMCID: PMC9783425 DOI: 10.3390/nano12244466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructure engineering has proven to be one of the most effective strategies to improve the efficiency of photoelectric devices. Herein, we numerically investigate and experimentally demonstrate a self-assembled silicon-based nanopillars and nanoholes structures, to improve the light absorption of photoelectric devices by an antireflection enhancement. The nanopillars and nanoholes structures are fabricated by the air-liquid interface self-assembly method based on polystyrene (PS) nanospheres. Additionally, the tunable antireflective properties with the different operation wavelength and nanostructures parameters have been discussed based on the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method. The experimental result shows that the self-assembled silicon-based nanopillars and nanoholes structures can achieve the lowest reflectivity of 1.42% (nanopillars) and 5.83% (nanoholes) in the wavelength range of 250-800 nm, which reduced 95.97% and 84.83%, respectively, compared with the plane silicon. The operation mechanism of the tunable antireflective property of self-assembled nanopillars and nanoholes structures is also analyzed in the simulation. Our study suggests that the self-assembled nanopillars and nanoholes structures are potentially attractive as improving efficiency of photoelectric devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangyou Sun
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Navigation Technology and Application, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Furong Shui
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Navigation Technology and Application, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Taohua Ning
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Navigation Technology and Application, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Wenjing Guo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Navigation Technology and Application, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Zhiping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zanhui Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Navigation Technology and Application, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- PerkinElmer Management (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qian Li
- Synergetic Innovation Center for Quantum Effects and Application, Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control of Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Information Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
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7
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Chen D, Wang Y, Zhou H, Huang Z, Zhang Y, Guo CF, Zhou H. Current and Future Trends for Polymer Micro/Nanoprocessing in Industrial Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2200903. [PMID: 35313049 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polymers are widely used in optical devices, electronic devices, energy-harvesting/storage devices, and sensors, owing to their low weight, excellent flexibility, and simple fabrication process. With advancements in micro/nanoprocessing techniques and more demanding application requirements, it is becoming necessary to realize high-resolution fabrication of polymers to prepare miniaturized devices. This is particularly because conventional processing technologies suffer from high thermal stress and strong adhesion/friction, which can irreversibly damage the micro/nanostructures of miniaturized devices. In addition, although the use of advanced fabrication methods to prepare high-resolution micro/nanostructures is explored, these methods are limited to laboratory research or small-batch production. This review focuses on the micro/nanoprocessing of polymeric materials and devices with high spatial precision and replication accuracy for industrial applications. Specifically, the current state-of-the-art techniques and future trends for micro/nanomolding, high-energy beam processing, and micro/nanomachining are discussed. Moreover, an overview of the fabrication and applications of various polymer-based elements and devices such as microlenses, biosensors, and transistors is provided. These techniques are expected to be widely applied for multiscale and multimaterial processing as well as for multifunction integration in next-generation integrated devices, such as photoelectric, smart, and biodegradable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yunming Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Helezi Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhigao Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Chuan Fei Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Huamin Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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8
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Jonker D, Berenschot EJW, Tas NR, Tiggelaar RM, van Houselt A, Gardeniers HJGE. Large Dense Periodic Arrays of Vertically Aligned Sharp Silicon Nanocones. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2022; 17:100. [PMID: 36245035 PMCID: PMC9573847 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-022-03735-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Convex cylindrical silicon nanostructures, also referred to as silicon nanocones, find their value in many applications ranging from photovoltaics to nanofluidics, nanophotonics, and nanoelectronic applications. To fabricate silicon nanocones, both bottom-up and top-down methods can be used. The top-down method presented in this work relies on pre-shaping of silicon nanowires by ion beam etching followed by self-limited thermal oxidation. The combination of pre-shaping and oxidation obtains high-density, high aspect ratio, periodic, and vertically aligned sharp single-crystalline silicon nanocones at the wafer-scale. The homogeneity of the presented nanocones is unprecedented and may give rise to applications where numerical modeling and experiments are combined without assumptions about morphology of the nanocone. The silicon nanocones are organized in a square periodic lattice, with 250 nm pitch giving arrays containing 1.6 billion structures per square centimeter. The nanocone arrays were several mm2 in size and located centimeters apart across a 100-mm-diameter single-crystalline silicon (100) substrate. For single nanocones, tip radii of curvature < 3 nm were measured. The silicon nanocones were vertically aligned, baring a height variation of < 5 nm (< 1%) for seven adjacent nanocones, whereas the height inhomogeneity is < 80 nm (< 16%) across the full wafer scale. The height inhomogeneity can be explained by inhomogeneity present in the radii of the initial columnar polymer mask. The presented method might also be applicable to silicon micro- and nanowires derived through other top-down or bottom-up methods because of the combination of ion beam etching pre-shaping and thermal oxidation sharpening. A novel method is presented where argon ion beam etching and thermal oxidation sharpening are combined to tailor a high-density single-crystalline silicon nanowire array into a vertically aligned single-crystalline silicon nanocones array with < 3 nm apex radius of curvature tips, at the wafer scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Jonker
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, University of Twente, MESA+ Institute, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands.
- Physics of Interfaces and Nanomaterials, University of Twente, MESA+ Institute, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Erwin J W Berenschot
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, University of Twente, MESA+ Institute, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Niels R Tas
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, University of Twente, MESA+ Institute, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Roald M Tiggelaar
- NanoLab Cleanroom, University of Twente, MESA+ Institute, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Arie van Houselt
- Physics of Interfaces and Nanomaterials, University of Twente, MESA+ Institute, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Han J G E Gardeniers
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, University of Twente, MESA+ Institute, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
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9
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Study of the Pattern Preparation and Performance of the Resistance Grid of Thin-Film Strain Sensors. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13060892. [PMID: 35744506 PMCID: PMC9231059 DOI: 10.3390/mi13060892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The thin-film strain sensor is a cutting-force sensor that can be integrated with cutting tools. The quality of the alloy film strain layer resistance grid plays an important role in the performance of the sensor. In this paper, the two film patterning processes of photolithography magnetron sputtering and photolithography ion beam etching are compared, and the effects of the geometric size of the thin-film resistance grid on the resistance value and resistance strain coefficient of the thin film are compared and analyzed. Through orthogonal experiments of incident angle, argon flow rate, and substrate negative bias in the ion beam etching process parameters, the effects of the process parameters on photoresist stripping quality, etching rate, surface roughness, and resistivity are discussed. The effects of process parameters on etching rate, surface roughness, and resistivity are analyzed by the range method. The effect of substrate temperature on the preparation of Ni Cr alloy films is observed by scanning electron microscope. The surface morphology of the films before and after ion beam etching is observed by atomic force microscope. The influence of the lithography process on the surface quality of the film is discussed, and the etching process parameters are optimized.
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10
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Borchers TH, Topić F, Christopherson JC, Bushuyev OS, Vainauskas J, Titi HM, Friščić T, Barrett CJ. Cold photo-carving of halogen-bonded co-crystals of a dye and a volatile co-former using visible light. Nat Chem 2022; 14:574-581. [PMID: 35361911 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-00909-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The formation of co-crystals by the assembly of molecules with complementary molecular recognition functionalities is a popular strategy to design or improve a range of solid-state properties, including those relevant for pharmaceuticals, photo- or thermoresponsive materials and organic electronics. Here, we report halogen-bonded co-crystals of a fluorinated azobenzene derivative with a volatile component-either dioxane or pyrazine-that can be cut, carved or engraved with low-power visible light. This cold photo-carving process is enabled by the co-crystallization of a light-absorbing azo dye with a volatile component, which gives rise to materials that can be selectively disassembled with micrometre precision using low-power, non-burning laser irradiation or a commercial confocal microscope. The ability to shape co-crystals in three dimensions using laser powers of 0.5-20 mW-substantially lower than those used for metals, ceramics or polymers-is rationalized by photo-carving that targets the disruption of weak supramolecular interactions, rather than the covalent bonds or ionic structures targeted by conventional laser beam or focused ion beam machining processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Borchers
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - F Topić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - O S Bushuyev
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - J Vainauskas
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - H M Titi
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - T Friščić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - C J Barrett
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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11
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Zhang J, Luo J, Zou X, Chen J. An Endpoint Detection System for Ion Beam Etching Using Optical Emission Spectroscopy. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13020259. [PMID: 35208383 PMCID: PMC8877325 DOI: 10.3390/mi13020259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An ion beam etching system with etching endpoint detection (EPD) capability based on optical emission spectroscopy (OES) was conceived, built, and tested. An expansion chamber was added on the right side of the etching chamber to fix the optical detector for in-situ detecting. In this system, the optical detector was mounted on a seven-shaped bracket, which was fixed by two straight guides, thus the position of the optical detector could be adjusted arbitrarily to collect the emission spectrum generated by the sample during the etching process. The signal was transmitted by optical fiber to the computer for processing, and the etching endpoint could be detected after analyzing the data. Firstly, we used simple substances (Al, Cr, Si, and Mg) to analyze the feasibility of the system and determine the best position of the optical detector. In addition, we also tested the detection limit of the system. Finally, a complex multilayer film sample with different materials was tested, and the results showed that the system could clearly detect the characteristic emission lines of different layers and had a good real-time performance and excellent endpoint detection capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (J.Z.); (J.L.); (X.Z.)
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiahui Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (J.Z.); (J.L.); (X.Z.)
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xudong Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (J.Z.); (J.L.); (X.Z.)
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiamin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (J.Z.); (J.L.); (X.Z.)
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence:
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Jonker D, Jafari Z, Winczewski JP, Eyovge C, Berenschot JW, Tas NR, Gardeniers JGE, De Leon I, Susarrey-Arce A. A wafer-scale fabrication method for three-dimensional plasmonic hollow nanopillars. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:4926-4939. [PMID: 34485816 PMCID: PMC8386417 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00316j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Access to nanofabrication strategies for crafting three-dimensional plasmonic structures is limited. In this work, a fabrication strategy to produce 3D plasmonic hollow nanopillars (HNPs) using Talbot lithography and I-line photolithography is introduced. This method is named subtractive hybrid lithography (SHL), and permits intermixed usage of nano-and-macroscale patterns. Sputter-redeposition of gold (Au) on the SHL resist pattern yields large areas of dense periodic Au-HNPs. These Au-HNPs are arranged in a square unit cell with a 250 nm pitch. The carefully controlled fabrication process resulted in Au-HNPs with nanoscale dimensions over the Au-HNP dimensions such as an 80 ± 2 nm thick solid base with a 133 ± 4 nm diameter, and a 170 ± 10 nm high nano-rim with a 14 ± 3 nm sidewall rim-thickness. The plasmonic optical response is assessed with FDTD-modeling and reveals that the highest field enhancement is at the top of the hollow nanopillar rim. The modeled field enhancement factor (EF) is compared to the experimental analytical field enhancement factor, which shows to pair up with ca. 103 < EF < 104 and ca. 103 < EF < 105 for excitation wavelengths of 633 and 785 nm. From a broader perspective, our results can stimulate the use of Au-HNPs in the fields of plasmonic sensors and spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jonker
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente PO. Box 217 Enschede 7500AE The Netherlands
| | - Z Jafari
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey Monterrey Nuevo Leon 64849 Mexico
| | - J P Winczewski
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente PO. Box 217 Enschede 7500AE The Netherlands
| | - C Eyovge
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente PO. Box 217 Enschede 7500AE The Netherlands
| | - J W Berenschot
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente PO. Box 217 Enschede 7500AE The Netherlands
| | - N R Tas
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente PO. Box 217 Enschede 7500AE The Netherlands
| | - J G E Gardeniers
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente PO. Box 217 Enschede 7500AE The Netherlands
| | - I De Leon
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey Monterrey Nuevo Leon 64849 Mexico
| | - A Susarrey-Arce
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente PO. Box 217 Enschede 7500AE The Netherlands
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13
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Li P, Chen S, Dai H, Yang Z, Chen Z, Wang Y, Chen Y, Peng W, Shan W, Duan H. Recent advances in focused ion beam nanofabrication for nanostructures and devices: fundamentals and applications. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:1529-1565. [PMID: 33432962 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07539f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The past few decades have witnessed growing research interest in developing powerful nanofabrication technologies for three-dimensional (3D) structures and devices to achieve nano-scale and nano-precision manufacturing. Among the various fabrication techniques, focused ion beam (FIB) nanofabrication has been established as a well-suited and promising technique in nearly all fields of nanotechnology for the fabrication of 3D nanostructures and devices because of increasing demands from industry and research. In this article, a series of FIB nanofabrication factors related to the fabrication of 3D nanostructures and devices, including mechanisms, instruments, processes, and typical applications of FIB nanofabrication, are systematically summarized and analyzed in detail. Additionally, current challenges and future development trends of FIB nanofabrication in this field are also given. This work intends to provide guidance for practitioners, researchers, or engineers who wish to learn more about the FIB nanofabrication technology that is driving the revolution in 3D nanostructures and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- National Engineering Research Centre for High Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China.
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14
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Jung WB, Jang S, Cho SY, Jeon HJ, Jung HT. Recent Progress in Simple and Cost-Effective Top-Down Lithography for ≈10 nm Scale Nanopatterns: From Edge Lithography to Secondary Sputtering Lithography. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1907101. [PMID: 32243015 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201907101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The development of a simple and cost-effective method for fabricating ≈10 nm scale nanopatterns over large areas is an important issue, owing to the performance enhancement such patterning brings to various applications including sensors, semiconductors, and flexible transparent electrodes. Although nanoimprinting, extreme ultraviolet, electron beams, and scanning probe litho-graphy are candidates for developing such nanopatterns, they are limited to complicated procedures with low throughput and high startup cost, which are difficult to use in various academic and industry fields. Recently, several easy and cost-effective lithographic approaches have been reported to produce ≈10 nm scale patterns without defects over large areas. This includes a method of reducing the size using the narrow edge of a pattern, which has been attracting attention for the past several decades. More recently, secondary sputtering lithography using an ion-bombardment technique was reported as a new method to create high-resolution and high-aspect-ratio structures. Recent progress in simple and cost-effective top-down lithography for ≈10 nm scale nanopatterns via edge and secondary sputtering techniques is reviewed. The principles, technical advances, and applications are demonstrated. Finally, the future direction of edge and secondary sputtering lithography research toward issues to be resolved to broaden applications is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Bin Jung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK-21 Plus), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwoo Jang
- Semiconductor R&D Center, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd, 1, Samsungjeonja-ro, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 18448, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Yeon Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK-21 Plus), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Hwan-Jin Jeon
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Korea Polytechnic University, Siheung-si, Gyeonggi-do, 15073, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Tae Jung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK-21 Plus), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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15
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Desbiolles BXE, de Coulon E, Maïno N, Bertsch A, Rohr S, Renaud P. Nanovolcano microelectrode arrays: toward long-term on-demand registration of transmembrane action potentials by controlled electroporation. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2020; 6:67. [PMID: 34567678 PMCID: PMC8433144 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-020-0178-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Volcano-shaped microelectrodes (nanovolcanoes) functionalized with nanopatterned self-assembled monolayers have recently been demonstrated to report cardiomyocyte action potentials after gaining spontaneous intracellular access. These nanovolcanoes exhibit recording characteristics similar to those of state-of-the-art micro-nanoelectrode arrays that use electroporation as an insertion mechanism. In this study, we investigated whether the use of electroporation improves the performance of nanovolcano arrays in terms of action potential amplitudes, recording durations, and yield. Experiments with neonatal rat cardiomyocyte monolayers grown on nanovolcano arrays demonstrated that electroporation pulses with characteristics derived from analytical models increased the efficiency of nanovolcano recordings, as they enabled multiple on-demand registration of intracellular action potentials with amplitudes as high as 62 mV and parallel recordings in up to ~76% of the available channels. The performance of nanovolcanoes showed no dependence on the presence of functionalized nanopatterns, indicating that the tip geometry itself is instrumental for establishing a tight seal at the cell-electrode interface, which ultimately determines the quality of recordings. Importantly, the use of electroporation permitted the recording of attenuated cardiomyocyte action potentials during consecutive days at identical sites, indicating that nanovolcano recordings are nondestructive and permit long-term on-demand recordings from excitable cardiac tissues. Apart from demonstrating that less complex manufacturing processes can be used for next-generation nanovolcano arrays, the finding that the devices are suitable for performing on-demand recordings of electrical activity from multiple sites of excitable cardiac tissues over extended periods of time opens the possibility of using the devices not only in basic research but also in the context of comprehensive drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît X. E. Desbiolles
- Laboratory of Microsystems LMIS4, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Etienne de Coulon
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Cellular Optics II, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Maïno
- Laboratory of Microsystems LMIS4, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Bertsch
- Laboratory of Microsystems LMIS4, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Rohr
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Cellular Optics II, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Renaud
- Laboratory of Microsystems LMIS4, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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16
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Zhang Z, Dai Z, Wang Y, Chu C, Su Q, Kosareva O, Zhang N, Lin L, Liu W. Fabricating THz spiral zone plate by high throughput femtosecond laser air filament direct writing. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13965. [PMID: 32811898 PMCID: PMC7434771 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70997-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The sixth-generation wireless communication will exploit the radio band with frequencies higher than 90 GHz, reaching terahertz (THz) band, to achieve huge signal bandwidths. However, the cost-effective fabrication methods of the key components in THz band, which can compromise large scale, high precision, and high efficiency, remain great challenges at present. In this work, we have developed a high throughput fabrication method based on the femtosecond laser filament direct writing. The ability of fabricating large-scale THz elements with high precision and fast speed has been demonstrated by fabricating 100 × 100 mm2 spiral zone plates (SZPs), which can convert the Gaussian THz beam into vortex beam. The performance of the obtained THz vortex beam is in good agreement with the theoretical predictions. The fabrication method reported here has promising applications in fabricating various kinds of THz elements on substrates with both flat and curved surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhang
- Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Zijie Dai
- Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yunfei Wang
- Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Chunyue Chu
- Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Qiang Su
- Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Olga Kosareva
- Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.,International Laser Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Nan Zhang
- Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Lie Lin
- Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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17
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Desbiolles BXE, Hannebelle MTM, de Coulon E, Bertsch A, Rohr S, Fantner GE, Renaud P. Volcano-Shaped Scanning Probe Microscopy Probe for Combined Force-Electrogram Recordings from Excitable Cells. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:4520-4529. [PMID: 32426984 PMCID: PMC7291358 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy based approaches have led to remarkable advances in the field of mechanobiology. However, linking the mechanical cues to biological responses requires complementary techniques capable of recording these physiological characteristics. In this study, we present an instrument for combined optical, force, and electrical measurements based on a novel type of scanning probe microscopy cantilever composed of a protruding volcano-shaped nanopatterned microelectrode (nanovolcano probe) at the tip of a suspended microcantilever. This probe enables simultaneous force and electrical recordings from single cells. Successful impedance measurements on mechanically stimulated neonatal rat cardiomyocytes in situ were achieved using these nanovolcano probes. Furthermore, proof of concept experiments demonstrated that extracellular field potentials (electrogram) together with contraction displacement curves could simultaneously be recorded. These features render the nanovolcano probe especially suited for mechanobiological studies aiming at linking mechanical stimuli to electrophysiological responses of single cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. X. E. Desbiolles
- Laboratory
of Microsystems LMIS4, Ecole Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - M. T. M Hannebelle
- Laboratory
of Bio- and Nano- Instrumentation, Ecole
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - E. de Coulon
- Laboratory
of Cellular Optics II, Department of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - A. Bertsch
- Laboratory
of Microsystems LMIS4, Ecole Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - S. Rohr
- Laboratory
of Cellular Optics II, Department of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - G. E. Fantner
- Laboratory
of Bio- and Nano- Instrumentation, Ecole
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - P. Renaud
- Laboratory
of Microsystems LMIS4, Ecole Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
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18
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Wang S, Huang Q, Guo R, Xu J, Lin H, Cao J. Study on the layering phenomenon of SiC porous layer fabricated by constant current electrochemical etching. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:205702. [PMID: 31986506 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab704a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical etching of silicon carbide (SiC) material has received increasing attention in recent years, due to its simple procedure, low cost and significance in the exploration of novel optoelectronic devices. In this paper, 4H-SiC substrates were electrochemically etched at a constant current density of 392.98 mA cm-2 in an electrolyte made up of hydrofluoric acid and deionized water. The layering of a SiC porous layer and periodic fluctuation of the voltage were witnessed for the first time, with the layering phenomenon corresponding well to the voltage period. However, no such phenomenon was observed when the SiC substrates were anodic etched under the same conditions with magnet stirring. As a result, the periodic variation of voltage was hypothesized to be the cause of regular layering during constant current electrochemical etching. Electrochemical etching in potentiostatic mode was thus performed at different voltages. We found that the diameter of the SiC nanopores increased while the thickness of the sidewall decreased with the increasing voltage. Based on the experimental findings, a model of mass transport was proposed. The mass transport process leads to periodic changes in resistance, hence the periodic change in voltage. This successfully explained the reason for the layering. Furthermore, SiC substrates were also electrochemically etched at high and low current densities, finding the existence of a threshold current density for the occurrence of the layering. Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy analysis showed that the composition of the SiC porous layer remained unchanged compared to the pure SiC wafer, implying that the peeling-off of the SiC porous layer obtained by electrochemical etching can be directly adopted for use on devices requiring a SiC porous structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutang Wang
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
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19
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Romano L, Kagias M, Vila-Comamala J, Jefimovs K, Tseng LT, Guzenko VA, Stampanoni M. Metal assisted chemical etching of silicon in the gas phase: a nanofabrication platform for X-ray optics. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2020; 5:869-879. [PMID: 32100775 DOI: 10.1039/c9nh00709a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
High aspect ratio nanostructuring requires high precision pattern transfer with highly directional etching. In this work, we demonstrate the fabrication of structures with ultra-high aspect ratios (up to 10 000 : 1) in the nanoscale regime (down to 10 nm) by platinum assisted chemical etching of silicon in the gas phase. The etching gas is created by a vapour of water diluted hydrofluoric acid and a continuous air flow, which works both as an oxidizer and as a gas carrier for reactive species. The high reactivity of platinum as a catalyst and the formation of platinum silicide to improve the stability of the catalyst pattern allow a controlled etching. The method has been successfully applied to produce straight nanowires with section size in the range of 10-100 nm and length of hundreds of micrometres, and X-ray optical elements with feature sizes down to 10 nm and etching depth in the range of tens of micrometres. This work opens the possibility of a low cost etching method for stiction-sensitive nanostructures and a large range of applications where silicon high aspect ratio nanostructures and high precision of pattern transfer are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Romano
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
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20
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Ultra-fast direct growth of metallic micro- and nano-structures by focused ion beam irradiation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14076. [PMID: 31575886 PMCID: PMC6773749 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50411-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An ultra-fast method to directly grow metallic micro- and nano-structures is introduced. It relies on a Focused Ion Beam (FIB) and a condensed layer of suitable precursor material formed on the substrate under cryogenic conditions. The technique implies cooling the substrate below the condensation temperature of the gaseous precursor material, subsequently irradiating with ions according to the wanted pattern, and posteriorly heating the substrate above the condensation temperature. Here, using W(CO)6 as the precursor material, a Ga+ FIB, and a substrate temperature of −100 °C, W-C metallic layers and nanowires with resolution down to 38 nm have been grown by Cryogenic Focused Ion Beam Induced Deposition (Cryo-FIBID). The most important advantages of Cryo-FIBID are the fast growth rate (about 600 times higher than conventional FIBID with the precursor material in gas phase) and the low ion irradiation dose required (∼50 μC/cm2), which gives rise to very low Ga concentrations in the grown material and in the substrate (≤0.2%). Electrical measurements indicate that W-C layers and nanowires grown by Cryo-FIBID exhibit metallic resistivity. These features pave the way for the use of Cryo-FIBID in various applications in micro- and nano-lithography such as circuit editing, photomask repair, hard masks, and the growth of nanowires and contacts. As a proof of concept, we show the use of Cryo-FIBID to grow metallic contacts on a Pt-C nanowire and investigate its transport properties. The contacts have been grown in less than one minute, which is considerably faster than the time needed to grow the same contacts with conventional FIBID, around 10 hours.
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21
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Desbiolles BXE, de Coulon E, Bertsch A, Rohr S, Renaud P. Intracellular Recording of Cardiomyocyte Action Potentials with Nanopatterned Volcano-Shaped Microelectrode Arrays. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:6173-6181. [PMID: 31424942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Micronanotechnology-based multielectrode arrays have led to remarkable progress in the field of transmembrane voltage recording of excitable cells. However, providing long-term optoporation- or electroporation-free intracellular access remains a considerable challenge. In this study, a novel type of nanopatterned volcano-shaped microelectrode (nanovolcano) is described that spontaneously fuses with the cell membrane and permits stable intracellular access. The complex nanostructure was manufactured following a simple and scalable fabrication process based on ion beam etching redeposition. The resulting ring-shaped structure provided passive intracellular access to neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Intracellular action potentials were successfully recorded in vitro from different devices, and continuous recording for more than 1 h was achieved. By reporting transmembrane action potentials at potentially high spatial resolution without the need to apply physical triggers, the nanovolcanoes show distinct advantages over multielectrode arrays for the assessment of electrophysiological characteristics of cardiomyocyte networks at the transmembrane voltage level over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- B X E Desbiolles
- Laboratory of Microsystems LMIS4 , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - E de Coulon
- Group Rohr, Department of Physiology , University of Bern , 3012 Bern , Switzerland
| | - A Bertsch
- Laboratory of Microsystems LMIS4 , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - S Rohr
- Group Rohr, Department of Physiology , University of Bern , 3012 Bern , Switzerland
| | - P Renaud
- Laboratory of Microsystems LMIS4 , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
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