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Deshpande V, Lee SH, Crabbe A, Pankaj A, Neyaz A, Ono Y, Rickelt S, Sonal S, Ferrone CR, Ting DT, Patil D, Yilmaz O, Berger D, Yilmaz O. Clinical, pathological, genetics and intratumoural immune milieu of micropapillary carcinoma of the colon. J Clin Pathol 2024; 77:387-393. [PMID: 37258254 DOI: 10.1136/jcp-2023-208895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM Micropapillary carcinoma (MPC) is a recognised WHO variant of colonic carcinoma (CC), although little is known about its prognosis, immune microenvironment and molecular alterations. We investigated its clinical, pathological and immunological characteristics. METHODS We assessed 903 consecutive CCs and used the WHO definition to identify MPC. We recorded serrated and mucinous differentiation and mismatch repair (MMR) status. We performed immunohistochemistry and quantification on tissue microarrays for HLA class I/II proteins, beta-2-microglobulin (B2MG), CD8, CD163, LAG3, PD-L1, FoxP3, PD-L1and BRAF V600E. RESULTS We classified 8.6% (N=78) of CC as MPC. Relative to non-MPC, MPC was more often high grade (p=0.03) and showed serrated morphology (p<0.01); however, we found no association with extramural venous invasion (p=0.41) and American Joint Committee on Cancer stage (p=0.95). MPCs showed lower numbers of CD8 positive lymphocytes (p<0.01), lower tumour cell B2MG expression (p=0.04) and lower tumour cell PD-L1 expression (p<0.01). There was no difference in HLA class I/II, LAG3, FOXP3, CD163 and PD-L1 positive histiocytes. There was no association with MMR status or BRAF V600E relative to non-MPC. MPC was not associated with decreased disease-specific survival (p=0.36). CONCLUSION MPCs are associated with high-grade differentiation and a less active immune microenvironment than non-MPC. MPC is not associated with inferior disease-specific survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Deshpande
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Soo Hyun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew Crabbe
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amaya Pankaj
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Azfar Neyaz
- Department of Pathology, UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yuho Ono
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steffen Rickelt
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Swati Sonal
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cristina R Ferrone
- Depatment of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David T Ting
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Deepa Patil
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Omer Yilmaz
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David Berger
- Depatment of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Osman Yilmaz
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Aydın AH, Turhan N. Comparison of mismatch repair and immune checkpoint protein profile with histopathological parameters in pancreatic, periampullary/ampullary, and choledochal adenocarcinomas. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2024; 16:875-882. [PMID: 38577456 PMCID: PMC10989388 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v16.i3.875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic, periampullary/ampullary, and choledochal adenocarcinomas are aggressive malignancies with a poor prognosis. Immune checkpoint blockade is a promising treatment option for several tumor types. H long terminal repeat-associating 2 (HHLA2), which is analogous to programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), is a recently discovered member of the B7/cluster of differentiation 28 family and is expressed in many malignancies. AIM To analyze the expression of HHLA2 and its association with the pathologic biomarkers that predict sensitivity to immunotherapy. METHODS Ninety-two adenocarcinoma cases located in the pancreas, ampulla, and distal common bile duct were identified. This study assessed 106 pancreaticoduodenectomy and distal/total pancreatectomy samples that were delivered to Ankara City Hospital between 2019 and 2021. Immunohistochemistry was conducted to examine the expression of DNA mismatch repair (MMR), PD-L1, and HHLA2 proteins. RESULTS Patients with high HHLA2 expression had a higher mean age than those with low expression. Low HHLA2 expression was associated with high perineural invasion. HHLA2 expression was low in pathological stage T3 (pT) 3 cases and high in pathological stage T1, T2, and T4 cases. There was no correlation between HHLA2 expression and the expression of MMR proteins and PD-L1. CONCLUSION Evaluation of HHLA2 expression in microsatellite stable and PD-L1-negative tumors may be useful for predicting the response of individuals to immunotherapy and may serve as a novel therapeutic target for immunotherapy in advanced-stage disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arzu Hazal Aydın
- Department of Pathology, Aksaray University Aksaray Training and Research Hospital, Aksaray 68200, Turkey
| | - Nesrin Turhan
- Department of Pathology, University of Health Sciences Ankara City Hospital, Ankara 06800, Turkey
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Miyashita Y, Oki E, Kamori T, Akagi Y, Mori S, Hattori N, Kobayashi K, Shimokawa M, Oda Y, Mori M. Immune checkpoint status and oncogenic mutation profiling of rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (KSCC1301-A2). Ann Gastroenterol Surg 2024; 8:251-261. [PMID: 38455493 PMCID: PMC10914707 DOI: 10.1002/ags3.12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are less effective in mismatch repair (MMR)-proficient (pMMR) colorectal cancers (CRCs) than in MMR-deficient CRCs. Here, we investigated changes in the tumor microenvironment after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) without radiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) and the potential of ICIs as therapeutic agents for pMMR CRCs. Methods This was an ad hoc analysis of a KSCC1301 randomized phase II trial in which patients with untreated resectable LARC were randomly assigned to receive S-1 and oxaliplatin or folinic acid, 5-fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin as NAC. Forty-nine patients were studied in this ad hoc analysis. As a reference cohort, we assessed 25 rectal cancer patients who underwent surgery without NAC outside the randomized trial. Immune checkpoint molecules (ICMs; PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, LAG3), tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs; CD8, FOXP3), and other related proteins were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) using Oncomine™ Comprehensive Assay version 3 was conducted in 23 patients. Results The expression levels of PD-1, CTLA-4, and LAG3 in the NAC group were significantly higher than in reference patients (p < 0.001). Additionally, the infiltration of CD8+ and FOXP3+ T cells, and the CD8/FOXP3 ratio were significantly higher in the NAC group than in reference patients (p < 0.0001). NGS analysis revealed no specific gene alteration related to TILs or ICMs. Conclusion We demonstrated changes in the tumor immune microenvironment after NAC in pMMR rectal cancer. NAC was associated with increased expression of ICMs and TILs. Rectal cancer could be susceptible to combined immunotherapy with chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Miyashita
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical ScienceKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical ScienceKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Eiji Oki
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical ScienceKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Tomohiro Kamori
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical ScienceKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Yoshito Akagi
- Department of SurgeryKurume University School of MedicineKurumeJapan
| | - Shinichiro Mori
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid SurgeryKagoshima UniversityKagoshimaJapan
| | - Norifumi Hattori
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II)Nagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Kazuma Kobayashi
- Department of SurgeryNagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesNagasakiJapan
| | - Mototsugu Shimokawa
- Department of BiostatisticsYamaguchi University Graduate School of MedicineYamaguchiJapan
| | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical ScienceKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical ScienceKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
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Sundström P, Hogg S, Quiding Järbrink M, Bexe Lindskog E. Immune cell infiltrates in peritoneal metastases from colorectal cancer. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1347900. [PMID: 38384469 PMCID: PMC10879551 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1347900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The presence of peritoneal metastases (PMs) in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) confers a poor prognosis and only a minority of patients will benefit from the available treatment options. In primary CRC tumors, it is well established that a high infiltration of CD8+ effector T cells correlates to a favorable patient outcome. In contrast, the immune response induced in PMs from CRC and how it relates to patient survival is still unknown. In this study, we characterized the immune infiltrates and the distribution of immune checkpoint receptors on T cells from PMs from CRC, in order to evaluate the potential benefit of checkpoint blockade immunotherapy for this patient group. Methods Surgically resected PM tissue from CRC patients (n=22) and synchronous primary tumors (n=8) were processed fresh to single cell suspensions using enzymatic digestion. Surface markers and cytokine production were analyzed using flow cytometry. Results T cells dominated the leukocyte infiltrate in the PM specimens analyzed, followed by monocytes and B cells. Comparing two different PMs from the same patient usually showed a similar distribution of immune cells in both samples. The T cell infiltrate was characterized by an activated phenotype and markers of exhaustion were enriched compared with matched circulating T cells, in particular the checkpoint receptors PD-1 and TIGIT. In functional assays most cytotoxic and helper T cells produced INF-γ and TNF following polyclonal stimulation, while few produced IL-17, indicating a dominance of Th1-type responses in the microenvironment of PMs. Conclusion Immune cells were present in all PMs from CRC examined. Although infiltrating T cells express markers of exhaustion, they produce Th1-type cytokines when stimulated. These results indicate the possibility to augment tumor-specific immune responses within PMs using checkpoint blockade inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Sundström
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stephen Hogg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marianne Quiding Järbrink
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elinor Bexe Lindskog
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Surgery, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Giacomelli M, Monti M, Pezzola DC, Lonardi S, Bugatti M, Missale F, Cioncada R, Melocchi L, Giustini V, Villanacci V, Baronchelli C, Manenti S, Imberti L, Giurisato E, Vermi W. Immuno-Contexture and Immune Checkpoint Molecule Expression in Mismatch Repair Proficient Colorectal Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3097. [PMID: 37370706 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15123097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) represents a lethal disease with heterogeneous outcomes. Only patients with mismatch repair (MMR) deficient CRC showing microsatellite instability and hyper-mutated tumors can obtain clinical benefits from current immune checkpoint blockades; on the other hand, immune- or target-based therapeutic strategies are very limited for subjects with mismatch repair proficient CRC (CRCpMMR). Here, we report a comprehensive typing of immune infiltrating cells in CRCpMMR. We also tested the expression and interferon-γ-modulation of PD-L1/CD274. Relevant findings were subsequently validated by immunohistochemistry on fixed materials. CRCpMMR contain a significantly increased fraction of CD163+ macrophages (TAMs) expressing TREM2 and CD66+ neutrophils (TANs) together with decrease in CD4-CD8-CD3+ double negative T lymphocytes (DNTs); no differences were revealed by the analysis of conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cell populations. A fraction of tumor-infiltrating T-cells displays an exhausted phenotype, co-expressing PD-1 and TIM-3. Remarkably, expression of PD-L1 on fresh tumor cells and TAMs was undetectable even after in vitro stimulation with interferon-γ. These findings confirm the immune suppressive microenvironment of CRCpMMR characterized by dense infiltration of TAMs, occurrence of TANs, lack of DNTs, T-cell exhaustion, and interferon-γ unresponsiveness by host and tumor cells. Appropriate bypass strategies should consider these combinations of immune escape mechanisms in CRCpMMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Giacomelli
- Department of Pathology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Matilde Monti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Diego Cesare Pezzola
- Department of Surgery, Surgery Division II, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Silvia Lonardi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Mattia Bugatti
- Department of Pathology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesco Missale
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Department of Head & Neck Oncology & Surgery Otorhinolaryngology, Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek-Nederlands Kanker Instituut, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rossella Cioncada
- Department of Pathology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Melocchi
- Department of Pathology, Fondazione Poliambulanza, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Viviana Giustini
- CREA Laboratory, AIL Center for Hemato-Oncologic Research, Diagnostic Department, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Villanacci
- Department of Pathology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Carla Baronchelli
- Department of Pathology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefania Manenti
- Department of Pathology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Luisa Imberti
- Section of Microbiology, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Emanuele Giurisato
- Department of Biotechnology Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - William Vermi
- Department of Pathology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
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Hong JH, Cho HW, Ouh YT, Lee JK, Chun Y. Lymphocyte activation gene (LAG)-3 is a potential immunotherapeutic target for microsatellite stable, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)-positive endometrioid endometrial cancer. J Gynecol Oncol 2023; 34:e18. [PMID: 36509464 PMCID: PMC9995863 DOI: 10.3802/jgo.2023.34.e18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Immune checkpoint inhibitors have been widely used in the treatment of endometrial cancer (EC) with microsatellite instability-hypermutated (MSI-H). However, there is an unmet need for microsatellite stable (MSS) EC because of their modest activity. This study aimed to identify potential immune-related biomarkers in MSS EC. METHODS One hundred and twenty-three patients with EC who underwent hysterectomy were enrolled. MSI status was determined using MSI analysis and/or immunohistochemical staining for mismatch repair proteins. Immunohistochemical analysis of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), PD-L2, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3), CD8, lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), p53, AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 1A (ARID1A), and β-catenin was performed using tissue microarray blocks. RESULTS Among 123 patients, 95 (77.2%) were classified as having MSS. Within EC with MSS, PD-L1 positivity was significantly associated with positive PD-1 (p<0.001), CTLA-4 (p<0.001), CD3 (p=0.002), CD8 (p<0.001), and LAG-3 (p<0.001). In the univariate analysis, positive PD-1 (odds ratio [OR]=9.281; 95% confidence interval [CI]=2.560-33.653; p<0.001), CTLA-4 (OR=5.33; 95% CI=1.418-19.307; p=0.005), CD3 (OR=5.571; 95% CI=1.746-17.775; p=0.004), CD8 (OR=6.909; 95% CI=2.647-18.037; p<0.001), and LAG-3 (OR=9.75; 95% CI=1.947-48.828; p=0.005) were significantly associated with PD-L1 positivity in MSS EC. In the multivariate analysis, LAG-3 demonstrated a significant association with positive PD-L1 expression in MSS EC (OR=5.061; 95% CI=1.534-16.693; p=0.023). CONCLUSION In patients with MSS EC harboring PD-L1, LAG-3 may be a potential immunotherapeutic target. Clinical trials investigating the role of anti-LAG-3 antibodies, alone or in combination with other immunotherapies, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hwa Hong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Woong Cho
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yung-Taek Ouh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jae Kwan Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yikyeong Chun
- Department of Pathology, Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Immunological and Clinico-Molecular Features of Tumor Border Configuration in Colorectal Cancer. J Am Coll Surg 2023; 236:126-134. [PMID: 36519916 DOI: 10.1097/xcs.0000000000000440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Infiltrating tumor border configuration (ITBC) portends a poor prognosis compared with pushing tumor border configuration (PTBC) in colorectal cancer. The tumor and its surrounding immune microenvironment of tumor border configuration is not well-characterized. We aim to elucidate the differences in expression of molecular markers between the 2 groups using tissue microarray (TMA). STUDY DESIGN Immunohistochemistry was performed on TMAs of surgical pathology specimens obtained from colorectal cancer patients consecutively operated at our institution from 2004 to 2015. TMAs were stained for immune cells (CD8, FOXP3, LAG3, PU1, CD163, and PDL1); HLA II, beta 2 microglobulin, and HC10 on tumor cells; BRAFV600E mutation; and DNA mismatch repair proteins (MMR) status. Patients who received neoadjuvant therapy were excluded. RESULTS There were 646 tumors with ITBC and 310 tumors with PTBC. There was a significantly lower expression (p < 0.05) of immune components, namely CD8, FOXP3, LAG3, PU1, PDL1 immune cells, and Beta-2 Microglobulin on tumor cells in the tumors with ITBC compared with PTBC, except CD163 immune cells, and HC10 and HLAII on tumor cells. Tumors with ITBC were less likely to be associated with BRAFV600E mutations and deficient MMR proteins (p < 0.001). On analyzing MMR-proficient tumors separately, we could not find any difference in the expression of any molecular marker (including BRAF), except a lower expression of PDL1 immune cells in tumors with ITBC (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Colorectal tumors with ITBC are associated with a generalized low immune microenvironment and low rates of BRAFV600E mutation compared with tumors with PTBC. However, the molecular expression of tumor border configuration seems confounded by the MMR molecular signature. MMR-proficient colorectal tumors with ITBC are associated with a lower expression of only PDL1 immune cells among all immune markers examined.
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Programmed death-ligand 1 expression in the immune compartment of colon carcinoma. Mod Pathol 2022; 35:1740-1748. [PMID: 35773332 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-022-01128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) on tumor cells is a significant prognostic biomarker for a number of malignancies, although less is known about the significance of PD-L1 positive immune cells in colon carcinoma. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of PD-L1 in a large cohort of colon carcinomas to identify patterns of PD-L1 expression in the tumor microenvironment and its correlation with other key immune subsets to better understand the impact of these immune cells. We assessed 1218 colon carcinomas on representative tissue microarray sections, gathered relevant clinicopathologic information, and performed immunohistochemical staining for mismatch repair proteins, CD8, CD163, LAG3, PD-L1, FoxP3, and BRAF V600E. We then performed automated quantification; manual quantification was used for PD-L1 tumor cells and immune cells. Dual PD-L1/PU.1 immunostain was also performed. The majority of PD-L1 positive cells expressed PU.1 thus representing tumor-associated macrophages. Based on the median number of PD-L1 positive immune cells (7.6/mm2), we classified tumors into two classes: (1) PD-L1 immune cell low and (2) PD-L1 immune cell high. PD-L1 immune cell high colon carcinomas showed favorable prognostic pathologic features including less frequent extramural venous invasion (p = 0.0001) and lower AJCC stage (p = 0.0001); they were also more commonly associated with deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) (p = 0.0001) and BRAF V600E reactivity. PD-LI immune cell high tumors were associated with high CD8, CD163, and FoxP3 positive cells (p = 0.0001, respectively). PD-L1 immune cell high and LAG3 high colon carcinomas were associated with improved disease-specific survival (p = 0.0001 and 0.001, respectively). PD-L1 expression on tumor cells was not associated with disease-specific survival. On multivariate analysis of chemotherapy naïve stage 2 colon carcinomas, only extramural venous invasion (p = 0.002), perineural invasion (p = 0.001) and PD-L1 immune cell expression (p = 0.032) correlated with disease-specific survival. Resected colonic carcinomas with high expression of PD-L1 and LAG3 proteins on immune cells were associated with improved prognosis in colon carcinoma. The mechanism underlying the improved prognosis of colon carcinomas bearing high numbers of immunoregulatory cells needs further investigation.
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9
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Sonal S, Deshpande V, Ting DT, Cusack JC, Parikh AR, Neyaz A, Pankaj A, Taylor MS, Dinaux AM, Leijssen LGJ, Boudreau C, Locascio JJ, Kunitake H, Goldstone RN, Bordeianou LG, Cauley CE, Ricciardi R, Berger DL. Molecular Basis of Extramural Vascular Invasion (EMVI) in Colorectal Carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2022; 29:7372-7382. [PMID: 35917013 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-022-12212-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extramural vascular invasion (EMVI) is a known poor prognostic factor in colorectal carcinoma; however, its molecular basis has not been defined. This study aimed to assess the expression of molecular markers in EMVI positive colorectal carcinoma to understand their tumor microenvironment. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was performed on tissue microarrays of surgically resected colorectal cancer specimens for immunological markers, and BRAFV600E mutation (and on the tissue blocks for mismatch repair proteins). Automated quantification was used for CD8, LAG3, FOXP3, PU1, and CD163, and manual quantification was used for PDL1, HLA I markers (beta-2 microglobulin, HC10), and HLA II. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to compare EMVI positive and negative tumors. A logistic regression model was fitted to assess the predictive effect of biomarkers on EMVI. RESULTS There were 340 EMVI positive and 678 EMVI negative chemo naïve tumors. PDL1 was barely expressed on tumor cells (median 0) in the entire cohort. We found a significantly lower expression of CD8, LAG3, FOXP3, PU1 cells, PDL1 positive macrophages, and beta-2 microglobulin on tumor cells in the EMVI positive subset (p ≤ 0.001). There was no association of BRAFV600E or deficient mismatch repair proteins (dMMR) with EMVI. PU1 (OR 0.8, 0.7-0.9) and low PDL1 (OR 1.6, 1.1-2.3) independently predicted EMVI on multivariate logistic regression among all biomarkers examined. CONCLUSION There is a generalized blunting of immune response in EMVI positive colorectal carcinoma, which may contribute to a worse prognosis. Tumor-associated macrophages seem to play the most significant role in determining EMVI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Sonal
- Department of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vikram Deshpande
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David T Ting
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James C Cusack
- Department of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aparna R Parikh
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Azfar Neyaz
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Amaya Pankaj
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin S Taylor
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anne M Dinaux
- Department of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Chirurgie, Albert Schweitzer Ziekenhuis, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lieve G J Leijssen
- Department of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdams University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chloe Boudreau
- Department of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph J Locascio
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hiroko Kunitake
- Department of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert N Goldstone
- Department of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Liliana G Bordeianou
- Department of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christy E Cauley
- Department of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rocco Ricciardi
- Department of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David L Berger
- Department of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Wozniakova M, Skarda J, Raska M. The Role of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Response in Colorectal Cancer Development and Prognosis. Pathol Oncol Res 2022; 28:1610502. [PMID: 35936516 PMCID: PMC9350736 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2022.1610502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. The patient’s prognosis largely depends on the tumor stage at diagnosis. The pathological TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors (pTNM) staging of surgically resected cancers represents the main prognostic factor and guidance for decision-making in CRC patients. However, this approach alone is insufficient as a prognostic predictor because clinical outcomes in patients at the same histological tumor stage can still differ. Recently, significant progress in the treatment of CRC has been made due to improvements in both chemotherapy and surgical management. Immunotherapy-based approaches are one of the most rapidly developing areas of tumor therapy. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the tumor microenvironment (TME), immune response and its interactions with CRC development, immunotherapy and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Wozniakova
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular Genetics, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Maria Wozniakova,
| | - Jozef Skarda
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular Genetics, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Milan Raska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
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11
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Ferreira A, Pereira F, Reis C, Oliveira MJ, Sousa MJ, Preto A. Crucial Role of Oncogenic KRAS Mutations in Apoptosis and Autophagy Regulation: Therapeutic Implications. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142183. [PMID: 35883626 PMCID: PMC9319879 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
KRAS, one of the RAS protein family members, plays an important role in autophagy and apoptosis, through the regulation of several downstream effectors. In cancer cells, KRAS mutations confer the constitutive activation of this oncogene, stimulating cell proliferation, inducing autophagy, suppressing apoptosis, altering cell metabolism, changing cell motility and invasion and modulating the tumor microenvironment. In order to inhibit apoptosis, these oncogenic mutations were reported to upregulate anti-apoptotic proteins, including Bcl-xL and survivin, and to downregulate proteins related to apoptosis induction, including thymine-DNA glycosylase (TDG) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). In addition, KRAS mutations are known to induce autophagy in order to promote cell survival and tumor progression through MAPK and PI3K regulation. Thus, these mutations confer resistance to anti-cancer drug treatment and, consequently, result in poor prognosis. Several therapies have been developed in order to overcome KRAS-induced cell death resistance and the downstream signaling pathways blockade, especially by combining MAPK and PI3K inhibitors, which demonstrated promising results. Understanding the involvement of KRAS mutations in apoptosis and autophagy regulation, might bring new avenues to the discovery of therapeutic approaches for CRCs harboring KRAS mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabela Ferreira
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.F.); (F.P.); (M.J.S.)
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Flávia Pereira
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.F.); (F.P.); (M.J.S.)
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (C.R.); (M.J.O.)
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering (INEB), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Celso Reis
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (C.R.); (M.J.O.)
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria José Oliveira
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (C.R.); (M.J.O.)
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering (INEB), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Sousa
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.F.); (F.P.); (M.J.S.)
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Preto
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.F.); (F.P.); (M.J.S.)
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-253-601524
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12
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Cui G. Towards a precision immune checkpoint blockade immunotherapy in patients with colorectal cancer: Strategies and perspectives. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112923. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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13
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Foote MB, Shia J, Zauderer MG, Nash GM, Cercek A. Treatment of Platinum Nonresponsive Metastatic Malignant Peritoneal Mesothelioma With Combination Chemoimmunotherapy. J Immunother 2022; 45:100-103. [PMID: 34723916 PMCID: PMC8810621 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma is a rare cancer associated with minimal durable disease control with chemotherapy and poor overall survival. The efficacy of combined cytotoxic chemotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in malignant peritoneal mesothelioma has not previously been studied. We describe the clinical course of 2 patients with metastatic peritoneal mesothelioma who both relapsed with platinum nonresponsive disease after initial cytoreductive surgery and chemotherapy. In both cases, addition of pembrolizumab to platinum and pemetrexed treatment resulted in a substantial partial and a near complete disease response. Notably, both patients possessed tumors without validated biomarkers of ICI response, including low tumor mutational burden and negative programmed death ligand-1. The unique genomic landscape of each patient may have enabled increased tumor immunorecognition and ICI efficacy. In addition, chemotherapy priming of the tumor microenvironment may have improved ICI response. This report supports future research to characterize the benefit of combination chemotherapy and ICI in peritoneal mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B. Foote
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, NY, NY, USA
| | - Jinru Shia
- Department of Pathology Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, NY, NY, USA
| | - Marjorie G. Zauderer
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, NY, NY, USA
| | - Garrett M Nash
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, NY, NY, USA
| | - Andrea Cercek
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, NY, NY, USA
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14
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Pereira F, Ferreira A, Reis CA, Sousa MJ, Oliveira MJ, Preto A. KRAS as a Modulator of the Inflammatory Tumor Microenvironment: Therapeutic Implications. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030398. [PMID: 35159208 PMCID: PMC8833974 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
KRAS mutations are one of the most frequent oncogenic mutations of all human cancers, being more prevalent in pancreatic, colorectal, and lung cancers. Intensive efforts have been encouraged in order to understand the effect of KRAS mutations, not only on tumor cells but also on the dynamic network composed by the tumor microenvironment (TME). The relevance of the TME in cancer biology has been increasing due to its impact on the modulation of cancer cell activities, which can dictate the success of tumor progression. Here, we aimed to clarify the pro- and anti-inflammatory role of KRAS mutations over the TME, detailing the context and the signaling pathways involved. In this review, we expect to open new avenues for investigating the potential of KRAS mutations on inflammatory TME modulation, opening a different vision of therapeutic combined approaches to overcome KRAS-associated therapy inefficacy and resistance in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Pereira
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering (INEB), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Anabela Ferreira
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Celso Albuquerque Reis
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Sousa
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Maria José Oliveira
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering (INEB), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Preto
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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15
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Kamori T, Oki E, Shimada Y, Hu Q, Hisamatsu Y, Ando K, Shimokawa M, Wakai T, Oda Y, Mori M. The effects of ARID1A mutations on colorectal cancer and associations with PD-L1 expression by stromal cells. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2021; 5:e1420. [PMID: 34042312 PMCID: PMC8789618 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background ARID1A is a component of the SWI/SNF complex, which controls the accessibility of proteins to DNA. ARID1A mutations are frequently observed in colorectal cancers (CRCs) and have been reported to be associated with high mutational burden and tumor PD‐L1 expression in vitro. Aim To clarify the role of ARID1A mutation in CRC. Method and results We used next generation sequencing (NGS) and immunohistochemistry on clinically obtained samples. A total of 201 CRC tissues from Niigata University and Niigata Center Hospital were processed by NGS using the CANCERPLEX panel. Immunohistochemistry for ARID1A, PD‐L1, MLH1, and MSH2 was performed on 66 propensity‐matched (33 microsatellite instability‐high [MSI‐H] and 33 microsatellite‐stable [MSS]) cases among 499 cases from Kyushu University. TCGA data were downloaded from cBioPortal. NGS showed significantly more mutations in ARID1A mutated CRCs (p = 0.01), and the trend was stronger for right‐sided CRCs than left‐sided. TCGA data confirmed these findings (p < 0.01). BRAF V600E and ATM mutations were also found at higher frequencies. Immunohistochemistry showed that 30% of MSI‐H CRCs had ARID1A loss, while this was true in only 6% of MSS CRCs. In both MSI‐H and MSS, PD‐L1 expression by stromal cells was enhanced in the ARID1A‐mutant groups (90% vs 39% in MSI‐H, 100% vs 26% in MSS). Conclusion We found a higher mutational burden in ARID1A‐mutant CRCs, and IHC study showed that ARID1A loss was correlated with high PD‐L1 expression in stromal cells regardless of MSI status. These data support the idea that mutant ARID1A is a potential biomarker for CRCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kamori
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Eiji Oki
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Shimada
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Qingjiang Hu
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hisamatsu
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koji Ando
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mototsugu Shimokawa
- Department of Biostatistics, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Wakai
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pathological Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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16
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Exhaustion in tumor-infiltrating Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells from colon cancer patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:3461-3475. [PMID: 33885944 PMCID: PMC8571139 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-02939-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are unconventional T cells recognizing microbial metabolites, presented by the invariant MR1 protein. Upon activation, MAIT cells rapidly secrete cytokines and exert cytotoxic functions, and may thus be highly relevant also in tumor immunity. MAIT cells accumulate in colon tumors, but in contrast to other cytotoxic T cell subsets, their presence in tumors has been associated with worse patient outcome. Here we investigated if exhaustion may contribute to reduced anti-tumor immunity by MAIT cells. Freshly isolated lymphocytes from colon tumors, unaffected tissue and blood from the same patients were analyzed by flow cytometry to detect MAIT cells with effector functions that are relevant for tumor immunity, and their expression of inhibitory receptors and other exhaustion markers. Our studies show that MAIT cells with a PD-1highTim-3+CD39+ terminally exhausted phenotype and an increased proliferation accumulate in colon tumors. The exhausted MAIT cells have reduced polyfunctionality with regard to production of important anti-tumor effector molecules, and blocking antibodies to PD-1 partly improved activation of tumor-infiltrating MAIT cells in vitro. We conclude that the tumor microenvironment leads to exhaustion not only of conventional T cells, but also MAIT cells, and that checkpoint blockade therapy may be useful also to reinvigorate tumor-infiltrating MAIT cells.
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Azcue P, Encío I, Guerrero Setas D, Suarez Alecha J, Galbete A, Mercado M, Vera R, Gomez-Dorronsoro ML. PD-L1 as a Prognostic Factor in Early-Stage Colon Carcinoma within the Immunohistochemical Molecular Subtype Classification. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1943. [PMID: 33920689 PMCID: PMC8073668 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a patent need to better characterize early-stage colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) expression has been proposed as a prognostic factor but yields mixed results in different settings. The Consensus Molecular Subtype (CMS) classification has yet to be integrated into clinical practice. We sought to evaluate the prognostic value of PD-L1 expression overall and within CMS in early-stage colon cancer patients, in the hope of assisting treatment choice in this setting. METHODS Tissue-microarrays were constructed from tumor samples of 162 stage II/III CRC patients. They underwent automatic immunohistochemical staining for PD-L1 and the proposed CMS panel. Primary endpoints were overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). RESULTS PD-L1 expression was significantly and independently associated with better prognosis (HR = 0.46 (0.26-0.82), p = 0.009) and was mostly seen in immune cells of the tumor-related stroma. CMS4 five-folds the risk of mortalitycompared with CMS1 (HR = 5.58 (1.36, 22.0), p = 0.034). In the subgroup CMS2/CMS3 analysis, PD-L1 expression significantly differentiated individuals with better OS (p = 0.004) and DFS (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that PD-L1 expression is an independent prognostic factor in patients with stage II/III colon cancer. Additionally, it successfully differentiates patients with better prognosis in the CMS2/CMS3 group and may prove significant for the clinical relevance of the CMS classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Azcue
- Department of Health Science, Public University of Navarra (UPNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Ignacio Encío
- Department of Health Science, Public University of Navarra (UPNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- Institute for Health Research Navarra (IdISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (A.G.); (R.V.)
| | - David Guerrero Setas
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hospital Complex of Navarra (CHN), 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (D.G.S.); (M.M.)
- Campus Arrosadia, Public University of Navarra (UPNA), 31006 Pamplona, Spain
- Molecular Pathology of Cancer Group–Navarrabiomed, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Complex of Navarra (CHN), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier Suarez Alecha
- Department of Surgery, Hospital Complex of Navarra (CHN), 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Arkaitz Galbete
- Institute for Health Research Navarra (IdISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (A.G.); (R.V.)
- Campus Arrosadia, Public University of Navarra (UPNA), 31006 Pamplona, Spain
- Navarrabiomed-Hospital Complex of Navarra (CHN), Redissec, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Mercado
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hospital Complex of Navarra (CHN), 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (D.G.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Ruth Vera
- Institute for Health Research Navarra (IdISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (A.G.); (R.V.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Complex of Navarra (CHN), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria Luisa Gomez-Dorronsoro
- Institute for Health Research Navarra (IdISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (A.G.); (R.V.)
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hospital Complex of Navarra (CHN), 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (D.G.S.); (M.M.)
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Abstract
LAG-3 is an immunosuppressive checkpoint molecule expressed on T cells. One of its ligands, GAL-3, can promote the progression of malignancy and has been identified on tumor cells. Both LAG-3 and GAL-3 are the targets of emerging immunotherapies, but have not been well-studied in endometrial carcinomas. LAG-3, CD3, and GAL-3 immunohistochemistry was performed on 75 endometrial cancers (25 nonmethylated mismatch repair-deficient, 25 MLH1-hypermethylated mismatch repair-deficient, and 25 mismatch repair-intact). LAG-3 and CD3 lymphocytes were averaged per high-power field. Tumoral GAL-3 expression was semiquantitatively scored. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte expression of LAG-3 and CD3 were positively correlated (Spearman ρ=0.521, P<0.001) and greater in mismatch repair-deficient compared with mismatch repair-intact tumors (LAG-3: P<0.001; CD3: P<0.001). The majority (64%) of endometrial carcinomas demonstrated ≥1% tumoral GAL-3 expression, with higher rates in mismatch repair-deficient versus intact tumors at the ≥1% (80% vs. 32%, P<0.001) and the ≥5% thresholds (52% vs. 16%, P=0.003). At the ≥5% threshold, nonmethylated mismatch repair-deficient cancers were more likely than intact tumors carcinomas to express GAL-3 (60% vs. 4/25 16%, P=0.003). LAG-3 lymphocytes were positively correlated with GAL-3 expression in nonmethylated mismatch repair-deficient endometrial carcinomas only (Spearman ρ=0.461, P=0.020). LAG-3 tumor-associated lymphocytes and GAL-3 neoplastic cells are common in endometrial carcinomas, particularly in nonmethylated mismatch repair-deficient cancers. This supports a role for immunotherapies targeting LAG-3 and/or GAL-3 in a subset of endometrial carcinomas, potentially in concert with other checkpoint inhibitors.
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Cui G. The Mechanisms Leading to Distinct Responses to PD-1/PD-L1 Blockades in Colorectal Cancers With Different MSI Statuses. Front Oncol 2021; 11:573547. [PMID: 33763344 PMCID: PMC7982849 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.573547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Current clinical studies showed distinct therapeutic outcomes, in which CRC patients with mismatch repair-deficient (dMMR)/microsatellite instability high (MSI-H) seem to be relatively more "sensitive" in response to anti-programmed death-1 receptor (PD-1)/programmed death-1 receptor ligand 1 (PD-L1) therapy than those with mismatch repair-proficient (pMMR)/microsatellite instability-low (MSI-L). The mechanisms by which the same PD-1/PD-L1 blockades lead to two distinct therapeutic responses in CRC patients with different MSI statuses remain poorly understood and become a topic of great interest in both basic research and clinical practice. In this review of the potential mechanisms for the distinct response to PD-1/PD-L1 blockades between dMMR/MSI-H CRCs and pMMR/MSI-L CRCs, relevant references were electronically searched and collected from databases PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google scholar. Sixty-eight articles with full text and 10 articles by reference-cross search were included for final analysis after eligibility selection according to the guidelines of PRISMA. Analysis revealed that multiple factors e.g. tumor mutation burden, immune cell densities and types in the tumor microenvironment, expression levels of PD-1/PD-L1 and cytokines are potential determinants of such distinct response to PD-1/PD-L1 blockades in CRC patients with different MSI statuses which might help clinicians to select candidates for anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy and improve therapeutic response in patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglin Cui
- Research Group of Gastrointestinal Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Faculty of Health Science, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
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20
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Leelatian N, Hong CS, Bindra RS. The Role of Mismatch Repair in Glioblastoma Multiforme Treatment Response and Resistance. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2021; 32:171-180. [PMID: 33781500 DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mismatch repair (MMR) is a highly conserved DNA repair pathway that is critical for the maintenance of genomic integrity. This pathway targets base substitution and insertion-deletion mismatches, which primarily arise from replication errors that escape DNA polymerase proof-reading function. Here, the authors review key concepts in the molecular mechanisms of MMR in response to alkylation damage, approaches to detect MMR status in the clinic, and the clinical relevance of this pathway in glioblastoma multiforme treatment response and resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalin Leelatian
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street LH 108, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Christopher S Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street Tompkins 4, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ranjit S Bindra
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street Hunter 2, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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21
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Abstract
Gliosarcoma is a variant of glioblastoma with equally poor prognosis and characterized by mixed glial and mesenchymal pathology. Metastasis is not uncommon but the involvement of the spinal cord is rare, and comprehensive genetic characterization of spinal gliosarcoma is lacking. We describe a patient initially diagnosed with a low-grade brain glioma via biopsy, followed by adjuvant radiation and temozolomide treatment. Nearly 2 years after diagnosis, she developed neurological deficits from an intradural, extramedullary tumor anterior to the spinal cord at T4, which was resected and diagnosed as gliosarcoma. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) of this tumor revealed a hypermutated phenotype, characterized by somatic mutations in key DNA mismatch repair (MMR) pathway genes, an abundance of C>T transitions within the identified somatic single nucleotide variations, and microsatellite stability, together consistent with temozolomide-mediated hypermutagenesis. This is the first report of a hypermutator phenotype in gliosarcoma, which may represent a novel genomic mechanism of progression from lower grade glioma.
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22
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High VISTA Expression Correlates With a Favorable Prognosis in Patients With Colorectal Cancer. J Immunother 2020; 44:22-28. [PMID: 33086339 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignancy worldwide. The novel immune checkpoint V-domain Ig suppressor of T-cell activation (VISTA) has emerged as a promising target for cancer treatment; however, the prognostic significance of its expression in CRC remains unknown. In this study, immunohistochemical staining was used to investigate VISTA expression in tissue microarrays from 1434 patients with stage I-III CRC (816 in the exploratory cohort and 618 in the validation cohort). VISTA protein was evaluated separately in tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating immune cells (ICs). The associations between VISTA expression, mismatch repair (MMR) status, and clinicopathologic parameters were analyzed, as was the effect of VISTA on survival. High VISTA expression on ICs (ie, ≥5% staining) was more frequent in patients with N0 stage, T1-2 stage, low tumor grade, high CD8 density, and MMR-deficient tumors, and was positively associated with prolonged survival in patients with CRC. High VISTA expression was a significant predictor of prolonged survival independent of clinicopathologic parameters and MMR status. Overall, our results indicate that high VISTA expression on tumor-infiltrating ICs correlates with early tumor stage, MMR deficiency, and a favorable prognosis in patients with CRC. This ought to be considered in future trials of VISTA-modulating immunotherapy for patients with CRC.
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Pećina-Šlaus N, Kafka A, Salamon I, Bukovac A. Mismatch Repair Pathway, Genome Stability and Cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:122. [PMID: 32671096 PMCID: PMC7332687 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of genomic instability is one of the key characteristics of the cancer cell, and microsatellite instability (MSI) is an important segment of this phenomenon. This review aims to describe the mismatch DNA repair (MMR) system whose deficiency is responsible for MSI and discuss the cellular roles of MMR genes. Malfunctioning of the MMR repair pathway increases the mutational burden of specific cancers and is often involved in its etiology, sometimes as an influential bystander and sometimes as the main driving force. Detecting the presence of MSI has for a long time been an important part of clinical diagnostics, but has still not achieved its full potential. The MSI blueprints of specific tumors are useful for precize grading, evaluation of cancer chance and prognosis and to help us understand how and why therapy-resistant cancers arise. Furthermore, evidence indicates that MSI is an important predictive biomarker for the application of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nives Pećina-Šlaus
- Laboratory of Neurooncology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anja Kafka
- Laboratory of Neurooncology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Iva Salamon
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Anja Bukovac
- Laboratory of Neurooncology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Janjigian YY, Maron SB, Chatila WK, Millang B, Chavan SS, Alterman C, Chou JF, Segal MF, Simmons MZ, Momtaz P, Shcherba M, Ku GY, Zervoudakis A, Won ES, Kelsen DP, Ilson DH, Nagy RJ, Lanman RB, Ptashkin RN, Donoghue MTA, Capanu M, Taylor BS, Solit DB, Schultz N, Hechtman JF. First-line pembrolizumab and trastuzumab in HER2-positive oesophageal, gastric, or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer: an open-label, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2020; 21:821-831. [PMID: 32437664 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(20)30169-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Addition of trastuzumab to first-line chemotherapy improves overall survival in patients with HER2-positive metastatic gastric cancer. We assessed the safety and activity of pembrolizumab in combination with trastuzumab and chemotherapy in first-line HER2-positive metastatic oesophagogastric (gastric, oesophageal, or gastroesophageal junction) cancer. METHODS This study was an investigator-initiated, open-label, non-randomised, single-arm, single centre, phase 2 trial in patients aged 18 years or older with HER2-positive metastatic oesophagogastric cancer. Eligible patients had measurable or evaluable non-measurable disease, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0, 1, or 2, and left ventricular ejection fraction of at least 53%. Patients were eligible to receive an initial induction cycle of 200 mg flat dose of intravenous pembrolizumab and 8 mg/kg loading dose of intravenous trastuzumab. For subsequent cycles, patients received 130 mg/m2 of intravenous oxaliplatin or 80 mg/m2 of cisplatin on day 1, 850 mg/m2 of oral capecitabine twice a day for 2 weeks followed by 1 week off (or intravenous 5-fluorouracil, 800 mg/m2 per day on days 1-5), and a 200 mg flat dose of intravenous pembrolizumab, and 6 mg/kg of trastuzumab, administered on day 1 of each 3-week cycle. The primary endpoint was 6-month progression-free survival, defined as the proportion of patients alive and free of progression at 6 months, assessed in patients who received at least one dose of trastuzumab and pembrolizumab. The regimen would be considered worthy of further investigation if 26 or more of 37 patients were progression-free at 6 months. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02954536, and is ongoing, but closed to enrolment. FINDINGS Between Nov 11, 2016, and Jan 23, 2019, 37 patients were enrolled. At the time of data cutoff on Aug 6, 2019, median follow-up among survivors was 13·0 months (IQR 11·7-23·5). The primary endpoint was achieved; 26 (70%; 95% CI 54-83) of 37 patients were progression-free at 6 months. The most common treatment-related adverse event of any grade was neuropathy, which was reported in 36 (97%) of 37 patients. The most common grade 3 or 4 adverse events were lymphocytopenia (seven [19%] patients with grade 3 and two [5%] with grade 4), grade 3 decreased electrolytes (six [16%] patients), and grade 3 anaemia (four [11%] patients). Serious adverse events occurred in two patients patients (both grade 3 nephritis leading to treatment discontinuation). Four patients discontinued pembrolizumab because of immune-related adverse events. There were no treatment-related deaths. INTERPRETATION Pembrolizumab can be safely combined with trastuzumab and chemotherapy and has promising activity in HER2-positive metastatic oesophagogastric cancer. A randomised phase 3 clinical trial assessing the efficacy and safety of pembrolizumab versus placebo in combination with trastuzumab and chemotherapy in first-line HER2-positive metastatic oesophagogastric cancer is underway. FUNDING Merck & Co.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelena Y Janjigian
- Gastrointestinal Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Steven B Maron
- Gastrointestinal Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Walid K Chatila
- Marie-Josée & Henry R Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Tri-Institutional Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brittanie Millang
- Gastrointestinal Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shweta S Chavan
- Marie-Josée & Henry R Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carly Alterman
- Gastrointestinal Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joanne F Chou
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michal F Segal
- Department of Nursing, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marc Z Simmons
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Parisa Momtaz
- Gastrointestinal Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marina Shcherba
- Gastrointestinal Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Geoffrey Y Ku
- Gastrointestinal Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alice Zervoudakis
- Gastrointestinal Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Won
- Gastrointestinal Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - David P Kelsen
- Gastrointestinal Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - David H Ilson
- Gastrointestinal Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Ryan N Ptashkin
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark T A Donoghue
- Marie-Josée & Henry R Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marinela Capanu
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Barry S Taylor
- Marie-Josée & Henry R Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David B Solit
- Marie-Josée & Henry R Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Genitourinary Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nikolaus Schultz
- Marie-Josée & Henry R Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jaclyn F Hechtman
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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The Developing Story of Predictive Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer. J Pers Med 2019; 9:jpm9010012. [PMID: 30736475 PMCID: PMC6463186 DOI: 10.3390/jpm9010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignancy worldwide. Surgery remains the most important treatment for non-metastatic CRC, and the administration of adjuvant chemotherapy depends mainly on the disease stage, which is still the strongest prognostic factor. A refined understanding of the genomics of CRC has recently been achieved thanks to the widespread use of next generation sequencing with potential future therapeutic implications. Microsatellite instability (MSI) has been suggested as a predictive marker for response to anti-programmed-cell-death protein 1 (PD-1) therapy in solid tumors, including CRC. It should be noted that not all cancers with MSI phenotype respond to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy, highlighting the urgent need for even better predictive biomarkers. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathway genes KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF represent important molecular targets and could serve as independent prognostic biomarkers in CRC, and identify those who potentially benefit from anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) treatment. Emerging evidence has attributed a significant role to inflammatory markers including blood cell ratios in the prognosis and survival of CRC patients; these biomarkers can be easily assessed in routine blood exams and be used to identify high-risk patients or those more likely to benefit from chemotherapy, targeted therapies and potentially immunotherapy. Analysis of cell-free DNA (cfDNA), circulating tumor cells (CTC) and/or micro RNAs (miRNAs) could provide useful information for the early diagnosis of CRC, the identification of minimal residual disease and, the evaluation of the risk of recurrence in early CRC patients. Even the selection of patients suitable for the new targeted therapy is becoming possible with the use of predictive miRNA biomarkers. Finally, the development of treatment resistance with the emergence of chemo-resistance clones after treatment remains the most important challenge in the clinical practice. In this context it is crucial to identify potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets which could lead to development of new and more effective treatments.
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