SPY1 inhibits neuronal ferroptosis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by reducing lipid peroxidation through regulation of GCH1 and TFR1

Role of iron in brain development, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases

It is now understood that iron crosses the blood-brain barrier via a complex metabolic regulatory network and participates in diverse critical biological processes within the central nervous system, including oxygen transport, energy metabolism, and the synthesis and catabolism of myelin and neurotransmitters. During brain development, iron is distributed throughout the brain, playing a pivotal role in key processes such as neuronal development, myelination, and neurotransmitter synthesis. In physiological aging, iron can selectively accumulate in specific brain regions, impacting cognitive function and leading to intracellular redox imbalance, mitochondrial dysfunction, and lipid peroxidation, thereby accelerating aging and associated pathologies. Furthermore, brain iron accumulation may be a primary contributor to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Comprehending the role of iron in brain development, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases, utilizing iron-sensitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) technology for timely detection or prediction of abnormal neurological states, and implementing appropriate interventions may be instrumental in preserving normal central nervous system function.

Metal ions-induced programmed cell death: how does oxidative stress regulate cell death?

In recent years, the mechanisms of ferroptosis and cuproptosis, two novel modes of cell death, have been elucidated and have attracted much attention. Ferroptosis is dependent on the metabolic disruption of iron ions and lipid peroxidation, whereas cuproptosis is closely related to intracellular accumulation of copper ions, aggregation of lipoylated proteins and damage to FeS cluster proteins. In particular, oxidative stress plays an important role in both types of cell death. During ferroptosis, the central role of oxidative stress is reflected in the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation of the cell membrane. Recent studies have revealed that ROS can propagate over long distances across cells in the form of trigger waves, triggering large-scale ferroptosis. In embryonic development, different regional redox states can limit the long-distance propagation of ferroptosis waves, which is critical for muscle remodeling and tissue formation during development. In cuproptosis, processes such as copper ions accumulation, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle blockade, and reduced level of FeS cluster proteins are closely associated with oxidative stress. In addition, there is a close link between oxidative stress and death induced by other metal ions (Ca2+, Zn2+, etc.). In this paper, we review the role of oxidative stress in ferroptosis and cuproptosis and the related research progress to provide new ideas for understanding the mechanism of cell death and the occurrence and treatment of related diseases.

Exploring the association between aging, ferroptosis, and common age-related diseases

Aging is a natural biological process that is characterized by the progressive decline in physiological functions and an increased vulnerability to age-related diseases. The aging process is driven by different cell and molecular mechanisms. It has recently been shown that aging is associated with heightened vulnerability to ferroptosis (an intracellular iron-dependent form of programmed cell death). This susceptibility arises from various factors including oxidative stress, impaired antioxidant defences, and dysregulated iron homeostasis. The progressive decline in cellular antioxidant capacity and the accumulation of damaged components contribute to the increased susceptibility of aging cells to ferroptosis. Dysregulation of key regulators involved in ferroptosis, such as glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), iron regulatory proteins, and lipid metabolism enzymes, further exacerbates this vulnerability. The decline in cellular defence mechanisms against ferroptosis during aging contributes to the accumulation of damaged cells and tissues, ultimately resulting in the manifestation of age-related diseases. Understanding the intricate relevance between aging and ferroptosis holds significant potential for developing strategies to counteract the detrimental effects of aging and age-related diseases. This will subsequently act to mitigate the negative consequences of aging and improving overall health in the elderly population. This review aims to clarify the relationship between aging and ferroptosis, and explores the underlying mechanisms and implications for age-related disorders, including neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and neoplastic diseases. We also discuss the accumulating evidence suggesting that the imbalance of redox homeostasis and perturbations in iron metabolism contribute to the age-associated vulnerability to ferroptosis.

SETD1B promotes brain cell ferroptosis in ischemic stroke mice via increasing H3K4me3 enrichment on the Tfrc promoter

AIMS

This study investigates the role of SET domain containing 1B (SETD1B), a histone lysine methyltransferase, in promoting ferroptosis induced by ischemic stroke through the upregulation of transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

An ischemic stroke model was established in C57BL/6J mice by subjecting them to 1 h of ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion. Brain damage was assessed by neurological impairment and infarct volume. Levels of SETD1B, TfR1, total iron, Fe2+, lipid peroxidation (LPO), ferritin (FPN), and GPX4 were measured. In vitro, HT22 cells were subjected to 14 h of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) followed by 24 h of reoxygenation. SETD1B knockdown was performed to assess its impact on ferroptosis.

KEY FINDINGS

In the ischemic stroke mice, SETD1B expression was elevated, accompanied by increased ferroptosis markers, including higher levels of TfR1, total iron, Fe2+, and LPO, as well as reduced levels of FPN and GPX4. These phenomena were observed in cultured HT22 cells under OGD/R conditions. SETD1B knockdown effectively reversed these effects, decreasing ferroptosis markers and reducing Tfrc expression via preventing H3K4me3 enrichment at the Tfrc promoter.

SIGNIFICANCE

These findings suggest that SETD1B enhances ferroptosis in stroke brain cells by a mechanism involving boosting H3K4me3 enrichment at the Tfrc promoter and subsequent upregulation of the expression of Tfrc. Targeting SETD1B may provide a therapeutic strategy for mitigating ferroptosis in stroke.

Natural products and ferroptosis: A novel approach for heart failure management

BACKGROUND

The discovery of ferroptosis has brought a revolutionary breakthrough in heart failure treatment, and natural products, as a significant source of drug discovery, are gradually demonstrating their extraordinary potential in regulating ferroptosis and alleviating heart failure symptoms. In addition to chemically synthesized small molecule compounds, natural products have attracted attention as an important source for discovering compounds that target ferroptosis in treating heart failure.

PURPOSE

Systematically summarize and analyze the research progress on improving heart failure through natural products' modulation of the ferroptosis pathway.

METHODS

By comprehensively searching authoritative databases like PubMed, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure with keywords such as "heart failure", "cardiovascular disease", "heart disease", "ferroptosis", "natural products", "active compounds", "traditional Chinese medicine formulas", "traditional Chinese medicine", and "acupuncture", we aim to systematically review the mechanism of ferroptosis and its link with heart failure. We also want to explore natural small-molecule compounds, traditional Chinese medicine formulas, and acupuncture therapies that can inhibit ferroptosis to improve heart failure.

RESULTS

In this review, we not only trace the evolution of the concept of ferroptosis and clearly distinguish it from other forms of cell death but also establish a comprehensive theoretical framework encompassing core mechanisms such as iron overload and system xc-/GSH/GPX4 imbalance, along with multiple auxiliary pathways. On this basis, we innovatively link ferroptosis with various types of heart failure, covering classic heart failure types and extending our research to pre-heart failure conditions such as arrhythmia and aortic aneurysm, providing new insights for early intervention in heart failure. Importantly, this article systematically integrates multiple strategies of natural products for interfering with ferroptosis, ranging from monomeric compounds and bioactive components to crude extracts and further to traditional Chinese medicine formulae. In addition, non-pharmacological means such as acupuncture are also included.

CONCLUSION

This study fills the gap in the systematic description of the relationship between ferroptosis and heart failure and the therapeutic strategies of natural products, aiming to provide patients with more diverse treatment options and promote the development of the heart failure treatment field.

NOX4 exacerbates Parkinson's disease pathology by promoting neuronal ferroptosis and neuroinflammation

JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202507000-00026/figure1/v/2024-09-09T124005Z/r/image-tiff Parkinson's disease is primarily caused by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra compacta. Ferroptosis, a novel form of regulated cell death characterized by iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation, plays a vital role in the death of dopaminergic neurons. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying ferroptosis in dopaminergic neurons have not yet been completely elucidated. NADPH oxidase 4 is related to oxidative stress, however, whether it regulates dopaminergic neuronal ferroptosis remains unknown. The aim of this study was to determine whether NADPH oxidase 4 is involved in dopaminergic neuronal ferroptosis, and if so, by what mechanism. We found that the transcriptional regulator activating transcription factor 3 increased NADPH oxidase 4 expression in dopaminergic neurons and astrocytes in an 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6 tetrahydropyridine-induced Parkinson's disease model. NADPH oxidase 4 inhibition improved the behavioral impairments observed in the Parkinson's disease model animals and reduced the death of dopaminergic neurons. Moreover, NADPH oxidase 4 inhibition reduced lipid peroxidation and iron accumulation in the substantia nigra of the Parkinson's disease model animals. Mechanistically, we found that NADPH oxidase 4 interacted with activated protein kinase C α to prevent ferroptosis of dopaminergic neurons. Furthermore, by lowering the astrocytic lipocalin-2 expression, NADPH oxidase 4 inhibition reduced 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6 tetrahydropyridine-induced neuroinflammation. These findings demonstrate that NADPH oxidase 4 promotes ferroptosis of dopaminergic neurons and neuroinflammation, which contribute to dopaminergic neuron death, suggesting that NADPH oxidase 4 is a possible therapeutic target for Parkinson's disease.

ROS-mediated ferroptosis and pyroptosis in cardiomyocytes: An update

The cardiomyocyte is an essential component of the heart, communicating and coordinating with non-cardiomyocytes (endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells), and are critical for the regulation of structural deformation, electrical conduction, and contractile properties of healthy and remodeled myocardium. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cardiomyocytes are mainly produced by the mitochondrial oxidative respiratory chain, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX), xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), monoamine oxidase (MAO), and p66shc. Under physiological conditions, ROS are involved in the regulation of cardiac development and cardiomyocyte maturation, cardiac calcium handling, and excitation-contraction coupling. In contrast, dysregulation of ROS metabolism is involved in the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including myocardial hypertrophy, hyperlipidemia, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, arrhythmias and diabetic cardiomyopathy. Further oxidative stress induced by ROS dyshomeostasis was found to be the major reason for cardiomyocyte death in cardiac diseases, and in recent years, ferroptosis induced by oxidative stress have been considered to be fatal to cardiomyocytes. In addition, ROS is also a key trigger for the activation of pyroptosis, which induces and exacerbates the inflammatory response caused by various cardiac diseases and plays a critical role in CVDs. Therefore, in this review, the sources and destinations of ROS in cardiomyocytes will be systematically addressed, so as to reveal the molecular mechanisms by which ROS accumulation triggers cardiomyocyte ferroptosis and pyroptosis under pathological conditions, and provide a new concept for the research and treatment of heart-related diseases.

Neuroferroptosis in health and diseases

Ferroptosis is a type of cell death process defined by iron-dependent peroxidation of phospholipids leading to the destruction of cellular membranes and death of the cell. Ferroptosis occurs throughout the body, but a considerable research focus on ferroptosis in the brain - neuroferroptosis - has been driven by the rich lipid and iron content of the brain as well as its high oxygen consumption. Neurons also have an exceptionally large surface area and metabolic demand, which necessitates specific mechanisms (such as lipid antioxidants) to engage constantly to protect the plasma membrane against lipid peroxidation. Ferroptosis has been extensively linked to neurodegeneration and ischaemia and is increasingly implicated in physiological processes such as neuronal reprogramming. Astrocytes provide metabolic support to neurons, enabling them to defend against ferroptosis, yet ferroptotic signals in microglia can propagate damage to astrocytes and neurons, highlighting the complex intercellular (patho)physiology of neuroferroptosis.

COMM domain containing 4 inhibits hephaestin and ferroportin to enhance neuronal ferroptosis by disturbing the Cu-Fe balance in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Dysregulation of copper and iron homeostasis contributes to the progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), but the role and mechanism of COMM domain containing 4 (COMMD4) in ALS remains unclear. In this research, we showed that the expression of COMMD4 was upregulated in ALS cells and animal models. The increased COMMD4 induced neuronal ferroptosis by disrupting the Cu-Fe balance. Mechanistic studies indicated that COMMD4 inhibited ferroportin (FPN)-mediated neuronal iron efflux by inhibiting intracellular copper and hephaestin (HEPH). Our findings demonstrated that COMMD4 depletion exerts neuroprotective effects on ALS by increasing intracellular copper and activating HEPH/FPN pathway, rather than affecting the interaction between HEPH and FPN. Targeting COMMD4 and its downstream signaling pathways may offer potential therapeutic avenues for ALS.

Mechanism of ferroptosis in heart failure: The role of the RAGE/TLR4-JNK1/2 pathway in cardiomyocyte ferroptosis and intervention strategies

The ferroptosis of cardiomyocytes has been recognized as the core pathological mechanism of heart failure. During the evolution of cardiovascular diseases, the accumulation of angiotensin II and advanced glycation end products can lead to the excessive activation of the RAGE/TLR4-JNK1/2 pathway, which subsequently triggers ferritinophagy, clockophagy, and enhanced p53 activity, ultimately leading to cardiomyocyte ferroptosis. It is evident that deeply unraveling the specific mechanisms in this field and comprehensively evaluating potential drugs and therapeutic strategies targeting this pathway is crucial for improving the status of cardiomyocyte ferroptosis. However, our current understanding of this pathway's specific molecular biological mechanisms in the process of cardiomyocyte ferroptosis remains limited. In light of this, this paper first comprehensively reviews the historical context of ferroptosis research, compares the similarities and differences between ferroptosis and other standard modes of cell death, elucidates the core mechanisms of ferroptosis and its close connection with heart failure, aiming to establish a basic cognitive framework for readers on ferroptosis and its role in heart failure. Subsequently, the paper delves into the pivotal role of the RAGE/TLR4-JNK1/2 pathway in cardiomyocyte ferroptosis and its intricate molecular biological regulatory network. Furthermore, it systematically integrates various therapeutic approaches aimed at inhibiting RAGE, TLR4, and JNK1/2 activity to alleviate cardiomyocyte ferroptosis, encompassing RNA interference technology, gene knockout techniques, small molecule inhibitors, natural active ingredients, as well as traditional Chinese and Western medicines, with the ultimate goal of forging new avenues and strategies for the prevention and treatment of heart failure.

RBX1 mitigates ferroptosis by inhibiting NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy and contributes to the attenuation of intervertebral disc degeneration

Loss of nucleus pulposus (NP) cells is as one of the primary factors initiating intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IVDD); however, the intrinsic physiological mechanisms of endogenous NP-derived stem cell (NPSC)-based therapy in IVDD remain poorly understood. Disturbed iron homeostasis is commonly observed in degenerative diseases, and an acidic microenvironment has been considered a crucial factor in IVDD. The molecular mechanism of ferroptosis in acidic microenvironments during IVDD has not been reported. Herein, we intended to investigate whether acidic conditions can induce ferroptosis in NPSCs and explore the mechanism of IVDD progression through NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy, which is a type of selective autophagy mediating ferroptosis. The role of ring-box 1 (RBX1) in NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy in NPSC ferroptosis and IVDD pathogenesis was also explored. First, clinical epidemiology research revealed that a reduction in serum ferritin level was an independent risk factor for IVDD. We then demonstrated that ferroptosis progressively increased in human NP tissues as IVDD advanced and the acidic conditions induced ferroptosis-associated decline in cell viability, reactive oxygen species accumulation, and extracellular matrix degradation in human NPSCs. In an acidic microenvironment, ferroptosis is promoted due to enhanced NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy in NPSCs. A mechanistic study demonstrated that RBX1-mediated ubiquitination modulated NCOA4 expression and the inhibition of RBX1 promoted ferroptosis through NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy in the human NPSCs. Our in vivo study further illustrated that RBX1 overexpression ameliorated ferroptotic effects on IVDD progression by suppressing NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy. Results demonstrated the modulating role of RBX1 in NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy and NPSC ferroptosis, providing valuable insights into the potential application of endogenous stem cell-based IVD self-repair and self-regeneration for IVDD treatment.

Screening for biomarkers of bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a bioinformatics analysis

Background

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a common chronic respiratory disease in preterm infants, and its incidence has gradually increased with advances in medical technology. BPD is associated with multiple complications, significantly impacting the quality of life of affected infants and imposing substantial economic burdens on families and society. Currently, the molecular mechanisms of BPD are not fully understood, and effective treatments are lacking. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), as important gene regulatory molecules, play a critical role in lung development and BPD. This study aims to investigate the potential role of miRNAs in BPD, with a particular focus on miR-9-5p and guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1).

Methods

Differential expression analysis of genes and miRNAs was conducted using the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. A hyperoxia-induced injury cell model was constructed to examine the expression of miR-9-5p. Target genes of miR-9-5p were predicted using online databases, followed by functional and protein interaction network analyses. In addition, cell culture, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), western blotting, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level detection, malondialdehyde (MDA) assay, and Fe2+ detection experiments were performed.

Results

In the GSE108755 dataset, miR-9-5p was found to be upregulated in the blood of infants with BPD. In the hyperoxia-induced injury cell model, miR-9-5p expression was significantly increased. GCH1 was identified as a target gene through intersection with ferroptosis regulatory gene sets. In the cell model, GCH1 expression was markedly downregulated, while ROS, MDA, and Fe2+ levels were significantly elevated.

Conclusions

This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of BPD, suggesting that miR-9-5p and GCH1 may serve as potential therapeutic targets for BPD. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the molecular basis of BPD, providing theoretical and experimental support for its diagnosis and treatment strategies. Future research will further explore the regulatory relationship between miR-9-5p and GCH1 and their roles in animal models, cell models, and clinical patients.

Ferroptosis and Iron Homeostasis: Molecular Mechanisms and Neurodegenerative Disease Implications

Iron dysregulation has emerged as a pivotal factor in neurodegenerative pathologies, especially through its capacity to promote ferroptosis, a unique form of regulated cell death driven by iron-catalyzed lipid peroxidation. This review synthesizes current evidence on the molecular underpinnings of ferroptosis, focusing on how disruptions in iron homeostasis interact with key antioxidant defenses, such as the system Xc--glutathione-GPX4 axis, to tip neurons toward lethal oxidative damage. Building on these mechanistic foundations, we explore how ferroptosis intersects with hallmark pathologies in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) and examine how iron accumulation in vulnerable brain regions may fuel disease-specific protein aggregation and neurodegeneration. We further surveyed the distinct components of ferroptosis, highlighting the role of lipid peroxidation enzymes, mitochondrial dysfunction, and recently discovered parallel pathways that either exacerbate or mitigate neuronal death. Finally, we discuss how these insights open new avenues for neuroprotective strategies, including iron chelation and lipid peroxidation inhibitors. By highlighting open questions, this review seeks to clarify the current state of knowledge and proposes directions to harness ferroptosis modulation for disease intervention.

Euphorbia humifusa Willd. ex Schltdl. Mitigates Liver Injury via KEAP1-NFE2L2-Mediated Ferroptosis Regulation: Network Pharmacology and Experimental Validation

Liver injury poses major health risks in livestock, necessitating effective therapeutic interventions. This study elucidates the hepatoprotective mechanisms of Euphorbia humifusa Willd. ex Schltdl. (EHW) by integrating network pharmacology, molecular docking, and experimental validation. Using a CCl4-induced liver injury model mimicking veterinary clinical scenarios, EHW markedly alleviated hepatic damage, demonstrated by reduced liver index, serum ALT and AST levels, histopathological lesions, iron accumulation, inflammatory cytokines, and ferroptosis-associated gene expression. Network pharmacology identified EHW's core bioactive components (quercetin, kaempferol, and β-sitosterol) and critical targets (IL-6, STAT3, HIF-1α, PTGS2, NFE2L2, and KEAP1) which were linked to ferroptosis and oxidative stress. Molecular docking revealed robust binding affinities between these compounds and ferroptosis-related proteins. In vivo validation confirmed that EHW inhibited KEAP1, activated NFE2L2-mediated antioxidant defenses (upregulating SOD1 and NQO1), restored iron homeostasis (lowering TFR1, elevating FTH1), and attenuated phospholipid peroxidation by suppressing ACSL4 and ALOX12. These results indicate that EHW mitigates ferroptosis-driven liver injury via KEAP1-NFE2L2 signaling to restore iron homeostasis and reduce oxidative stress, offering a mechanistic foundation for its clinical application in veterinary hepatoprotection.

Global research trends in biomarkers, therapeutic targets, and drugs for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a bibliometric and visualization analysis

Background

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive degeneration of motor neurons, marked by complex pathological mechanisms and a lack of effective treatments. Despite substantial global research efforts, no comprehensive bibliometric analysis has systematically mapped the evolution of ALS biomarkers, therapeutic targets, and pharmacological advancements.

Methods

This study, based on 4,250 publications retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection (2005-2025), employs bibliometric tools such as CiteSpace and VOSviewer to conduct the first multidimensional analysis of global trends in ALS biomarkers, therapeutic targets, and drug research.

Results

The results revealed contributions from 20,168 authors across 92 countries, with annual publications growing at an average rate of 16.5%. The United States dominated research output, accounting for 34.07% (n=1,448, TLCS=7,100), while the United Kingdom achieved the highest research impact with an average of 68 citations per article. Leading institutions, including the University of Oxford and the University of Milan, consistently produced high-impact studies. Pioneering scholars such as Turner MR and Kiernan MC made significant contributions to advancing therapeutic targets and drug discovery. The interdisciplinary integration of molecular biology and genetics emerged as a core driver of progress in ALS research. Neurofilament light chain (NfL), antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) drugs, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), oxygen free radicals (oxidative stress), and gene therapy have consistently remained central research focuses in the ALS therapeutic field. Looking ahead, stem cell therapy, blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration technologies, and skeletal muscle targeting are poised to emerge as prominent research directions.

Conclusion

The United States dominates ALS research productivity, whereas the United Kingdom demonstrates superior citation influence. Despite China's substantial publication volume, its limited citation impact underscores the necessity for enhanced methodological rigor and strategic international collaboration. Current research priorities encompass NfL, TMS, and ASO therapies, with emerging innovations in stem cell therapy, BBB penetration technologies and skeletal muscle targeting showing therapeutic promise. Future directions should prioritize biomarker standardization, optimization of drug delivery systems, and Clinical Translation.

Ferroptosis: when metabolism meets cell death

We present here a comprehensive update on recent advancements in the field of ferroptosis, with a particular emphasis on its metabolic underpinnings and physiological impacts. After briefly introducing landmark studies that have helped to shape the concept of ferroptosis as a distinct form of cell death, we critically evaluate the key metabolic determinants involved in its regulation. These include the metabolism of essential trace elements such as selenium and iron; amino acids such as cyst(e)ine, methionine, glutamine/glutamate, and tryptophan; and carbohydrates, covering glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, the electron transport chain, and the pentose phosphate pathway. We also delve into the mevalonate pathway and subsequent cholesterol biosynthesis, including intermediate metabolites like dimethylallyl pyrophosphate, squalene, coenzyme Q (CoQ), vitamin K, and 7-dehydrocholesterol, as well as fatty acid and phospholipid metabolism, including the biosynthesis and remodeling of ester and ether phospholipids and lipid peroxidation. Next, we highlight major ferroptosis surveillance systems, specifically the cyst(e)ine/glutathione/glutathione peroxidase 4 axis, the NAD(P)H/ferroptosis suppressor protein 1/CoQ/vitamin K system, and the guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase 1/tetrahydrobiopterin/dihydrofolate reductase axis. We also discuss other potential anti- and proferroptotic systems, including glutathione S-transferase P1, peroxiredoxin 6, dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2, vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 like 1, nitric oxide, and acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4. Finally, we explore ferroptosis's physiological roles in aging, tumor suppression, and infection control, its pathological implications in tissue ischemia-reperfusion injury and neurodegeneration, and its potential therapeutic applications in cancer treatment. Existing drugs and compounds that may regulate ferroptosis in vivo are enumerated.

Vitamin K1 Alleviates Retinal Inflammation Following Acute Ocular Hypertension by Modulating Microglial Ferroptosis

Purpose

Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide and encompasses a group of diseases characterized by optic nerve atrophy and visual field defects. Acute intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation is a key driver of retinal inflammation and optic nerve damage, often accompanied by microglial activation and dysregulated ferroptosis pathways. Vitamin K1, a fat-soluble vitamin, possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, and has the potential to regulate ferroptosis. However, its mechanisms in alleviating retinal inflammation following acute IOP elevation remain unclear.

Methods

In vivo, we established a mouse model of acute ocular hypertension to evaluate the protective effects of vitamin K1 on the retina and visual function. Transcriptome sequencing was used to explore the underlying mechanisms by which vitamin K1 exerts its effects. Immunofluorescence and Western blot were used to assess retinal inflammation and observe ferroptosis in microglia. In vitro, we developed a BV2 cell OGDR model to investigate the regulatory effects of vitamin K1 on iron metabolism and inflammation in microglia.

Results

Our findings demonstrated that acute IOP elevation led to microglial activation, along with iron overload and ferroptosis in microglia. Further analyses revealed that microglial ferroptosis was accompanied by an upregulation of inflammatory cytokine gene expression and protein levels. Vitamin K1 intervention, however, inhibited microglial ferroptosis, alleviated retinal inflammation, minimized retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss, and protected visual function.

Conclusions

In conclusion, this study demonstrates that vitamin K1 exerts a protective effect by modulating microglial ferroptosis, thereby alleviating acute ocular hypertension-induced retinal inflammation.

The Role and Mechanisms of Ubiquitin-Proteasome System-Mediated Ferroptosis in Neurological Disorders

Ferroptosis is a form of cell death elicited by an imbalance in intracellular iron concentrations, leading to enhanced lipid peroxidation. In neurological disorders, both oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage can contribute to ferroptosis, resulting in nerve cell dysfunction and death. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) refers to a cellular pathway in which specific proteins are tagged with ubiquitin for recognition and degradation by the proteasome. In neurological conditions, the UPS plays a significant role in regulating ferroptosis. In this review, we outline how the UPS regulates iron metabolism, ferroptosis, and their interplay in neurological diseases. In addition, we discuss the future application of small-molecule inhibitors and identify potential drug targets. Further investigation into the mechanisms of UPS-mediated ferroptosis will provide novel insights and strategies for therapeutic interventions and clinical applications in neurological diseases.

Melatonin protects against cadmium-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and ferroptosis through activating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in mice lung

Cadmium (Cd) is a prevalent heavy metal pollutant known to cause lung damage. However, the mechanisms underlying Cd-induced lung injury and the associated therapeutic strategies remain unclear. By establishing Cd-induced lung damage models both in vivo and in vitro, we observed that Cd inhibited the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, disrupted the redox balance in lung tissue, accelerated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and promoted ferroptosis, ultimately leading to lung injury. Melatonin (Mel), a potent reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitor with high antioxidative efficacy, mitigated the increasing in ROS and the decreasing in superoxide dismutase levels induced by Cd, as well as the upregulation of PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 signaling associated with ER stress, through the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Furthermore, Mel administration not only prevented Cd-induced iron overload but also reduced lipid peroxidation levels, thereby improving mitochondrial morphological alterations. Collectively, our results demonstrated that Mel treatment alleviated Cd-induced lung injury by inhibiting oxidative stress, which in turn ameliorated ER stress and ferroptosis through the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.

Ferroptosis in neurodegenerative diseases: mechanisms and therapeutic potential of stem cell derivatives

Ferroptosis, a non-apoptotic, iron-dependent form of regulated cell death, is closely related to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Stem cells and their derivatives exhibit remarkable potential in modulating ferroptosis, offering promising therapeutic intervention for neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we systematically explore neurological aging and its association with cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative diseases, with focus on the molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis in neurodegenerative diseases and the potential therapeutic strategies of stem cell derivatives for neurological diseases.

The role of vitamin K and its antagonist in the process of ferroptosis-damaged RPE-mediated CNV

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible vision loss in people over the age of 55. AMD currently affects approximately 8% of the world's population, and the number is growing as the global population ages. Growing evidence suggests that pathological choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is often related to more severe and rapid vision loss and blindness associated with AMD. The typical clinical treatment is intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents. However, some patients do not respond well to this therapy, and the potential risks of long-term repeated injections cannot be ignored. Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore the specific mechanisms of CNV development and find new, safe, and effective treatments. In this study, our data indicate that ferroptotic damage of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and its induced VEGFA overexpression are critical promoting factors in the development of CNV. Vitamin K can mediate the protection of RPE cells from ferroptotic damage and regulate the expression of eIF2α-ATF4-VEGFA in a VKOR/FSP1-dependent manner, inhibiting new angiogenesis to alleviate CNV. On the contrary, vitamin K antagonists (VKA) represented by warfarin, can promote RPE ferroptotic damage and related vascular proliferation in mice and eventually aggravate CNV lesions. However, vitamin K still showed significant protective effects even in the presence of VKA. Due to its significant anti-ferroptosis and anti-neovascular effects, as well as its relative safety and convenience of use, vitamin K has excellent potential in the treatment of CNV and is expected to become a clinically effective and safe new CNV treatment strategy.

Kinesin family member 14 expression and its clinical implications in colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer globally, causing over 900000 deaths annually. Risk factors include aging, diet, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, tobacco use, genetic predisposition, and inflammatory bowel disease. Despite current treatments, survival rates for advanced CRC remain low, highlighting the need for better therapeutic strategies.

AIM

To evaluate both the clinical significance and the pathological implications of the Kinesin family member 14 (KIF14) expression within CRC specimens. Additionally, this study aims to investigate the interaction between nitidine chloride (NC) and KIF14, considering their potential as therapeutic targets.

METHODS

The expression of the KIF14 protein in CRC was analyzed using immunohistochemical staining. The integration of multicenter high-throughput data facilitated the calculation of the standardized mean difference (SMD) for KIF14 mRNA levels. The assessment of clinical and pathological impact was enhanced by analyzing combined receiver operating characteristic curves, along with measures of sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios. Additionally, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats knockout screening for cell growth and single-cell sequencing were employed to validate the significance of KIF14 expression in CRC. Survival analysis established the prognostic value of KIF14 in CRC. The molecular mechanism of NC against CRC was elucidated through whole-genome sequencing and enrichment analysis, and molecular docking was utilized to explore the targeting affinity between NC and KIF14.

RESULTS

KIF14 was highly expressed in 208 CRC patients. Data from 17 platforms involving 2436 CRC samples and 1320 noncancerous colorectal tissue controls indicated that KIF14 expression was significantly higher in CRC samples, with an SMD of 1.92 (95%CI: 1.49-2.35). The area under the curve was 0.94 (95%CI: 0.92-0.96), with a sensitivity of 0.85 (95%CI: 0.78-0.90) and a specificity of 0.90 (95%CI: 0.85-0.93). The positive and negative likelihood ratios were 8.38 (95%CI: 5.39-13.02) and 0.17 (95%CI: 0.11-0.26), respectively. At the single-cell level, significant overexpression of KIF14 was observed in CRC cells (P < 0.001), with 35 CRC cell lines dependent on KIF14 for growth. The K-M plots demonstrated that KIF14 possesses prognostic value in CRC patients within the GSE71187 and GSE103679 datasets (P < 0.05). Binding energy calculations indicated that KIF14 is a potential target for NC (binding energy: 10.3 kcal/mol).

CONCLUSION

KIF14 promotes the growth of CRC cells and acts as an oncogenic factor, potentially serving as a therapeutic target for NC in the treatment of CRC.

Emerging Ferroptosis Involvement in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Pathogenesis: Neuroprotective Activity of Polyphenols

Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of diseases that share common features, such as the generation of misfolded protein deposits and increased oxidative stress. Among them, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), whose pathogenesis is still not entirely clear, is a complex neurodegenerative disease linked both to gene mutations affecting different proteins, such as superoxide dismutase 1, Tar DNA binding protein 43, Chromosome 9 open frame 72, and Fused in Sarcoma, and to altered iron homeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and impaired glutamate metabolism. The purpose of this review is to highlight the molecular targets common to ALS and ferroptosis. Indeed, many pathways implicated in the disease are hallmarks of ferroptosis, a recently discovered type of iron-dependent programmed cell death characterized by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation. Iron accumulation results in mitochondrial dysfunction and increased levels of ROS, lipid peroxidation, and ferroptosis triggers; in addition, the inhibition of the Xc- system results in reduced cystine levels and glutamate accumulation, leading to excitotoxicity and the inhibition of GPx4 synthesis. These results highlight the potential involvement of ferroptosis in ALS, providing new molecular and biochemical targets that could be exploited in the treatment of the disease using polyphenols.

Gambogenic Acid Suppresses Malignant Progression of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer via GCH1-Mediated Ferroptosis

Introduction: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a lethal type of lung cancer (LC) with a 5-year survival rate of 19%. Because drug resistance typically develops following chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy, a novel NSCLC therapeutic strategy is urgently demanded. Gambogenic acid (GNA), a major bioactive ingredient isolated from gamboge, has multipotent antitumor effects, although activity against NSCLC is unknown. Methods: CCK8, ethynyl deoxyuridine (EdU), the plate colony formation assay, and the transwell and wound healing (WH) assay were used to study the effect of GNA on the proliferation and migration ability of NSCLC. Flow cytometry was used to detect apoptosis and the cell cycle. Proteomic analysis and LiP-SMap were used to detect the downstream target of GNA. Ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 was used to detect the effect of GNA on NSCLC ferroptosis. Overexpressing GCH1 was used for a rescue experiment. Subcutaneous tumor and pulmonary metastasis in a mouse model were used to study the effect of GNA on NSCLC growth and metastasis. Results: The results of the present study showed that GNA inhibited the proliferation and migration of NSCLC cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, which arrested the cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase. In vivo data revealed that GNA inhibited tumor growth and lung metastasis. Proteomic analysis found that GNA significantly inhibited the expression of GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1). LiP-SMap analysis showed that GNA interacted with ILE248 and ARG249 of GCH1. GCH1 overexpression had a similar role to the ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 and restored cell proliferation and migration after GNA treatment. Also, GNA promoted reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, which reduced mitochondrial membrane potential. GCH1 overexpression or ferrostatin-1 treatment reversed GNA regulation of ROS accumulation and mitochondrial membrane potential inhibition. Conclusions: Taken together, these findings confirmed that GNA suppressed the malignant progression of NSCLC by inducing GCH1-mediated ferroptosis.

Polydatin, a derivative of resveratrol, ameliorates busulfan-induced oligozoospermia in mice by inhibiting NF-κB pathway activation and suppressing ferroptosis

Polydatin (PD), a glucoside derivative of resveratrol (RES), is extracted as a monomer compound from the dried rhizome of Polygonum cuspidatum. Our laboratory synthesized PD via the biotransformation of resveratrol. To assess the reproductive protective effects of PD, an oligozoospermia mouse model was induced by administering 30 mg/kg busulfan (BUS) via intraperitoneal injection. Initially, mice were categorized into groups based on PD concentrations of 10, 50, and 100 mg/kg. Subsequently, the optimal concentration of 10 mg/kg was ascertained based on testis weight and spermatological parameters. Additionally, a 10 mg/kg resveratrol group was included as a control. The findings revealed that exposure to BUS resulted in a reduction of testicular weight, diminished spermatogenic cells and epididymal sperm counts, increased sperm deformity, disordered testicular cytoskeleton, compromised blood-testis barrier integrity, and a significant decrease in serum sex hormone levels, notably testosterone. This resulted in decreased expression of androgen receptors and other testosterone-related proteins, increased levels of malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species, and promoted testicular ferroptosis. However, PD could successfully reverse these injuries. High-throughput sequencing data demonstrated that polydatin significantly downregulated the expression of inflammatory and metabolic genes, including PRKCQ and CARD11. These proteins are pivotal in the activation of the NF-κB pathway during the inflammatory response. Molecular docking studies showed that PD could interact with PRKCQ and CARD11 to reduce the level of inflammation. Additionally, PD was shown to interact with the ferroptosis-promoting gene ACSL4, modulating ferroptosis. In summary, PD facilitates the reversal of BUS-induced oligozoospermia through the mitigation of oxidative stress and inflammation, the inhibition of ferroptosis, and the modulation of hormonal levels.

Iron metabolism and the tumor microenvironment: A new perspective on cancer intervention and therapy (Review)

Iron metabolism plays a crucial role in the tumor microenvironment, influencing various aspects of cancer cell biology and tumor progression. This review discusses the regulatory mechanisms of iron metabolism within the tumor microenvironment and highlights how tumor cells and associated stromal cells manage iron uptake, accumulation and regulation. The sources of iron within tumors and the biological importance of ferroptosis in cancer were explored, focusing on its mechanisms, biological effects and, in particular, its tumor‑suppressive properties. Furthermore, the protective strategies employed by cancer cells to evade ferroptosis were examined. This review also delves into the intricate relationship between iron metabolism and immune modulation within the tumor microenvironment, detailing the impact on tumor‑associated immune cells and immune evasion. The interplay between ferroptosis and immunotherapy is discussed and potential strategies to enhance cancer immunotherapy by modulating iron metabolism are presented. Finally, the current ferroptosis‑based cancer therapeutic approaches were summarized and future directions for therapies that target iron metabolism were proposed.

Iron homeostasis and ferroptosis in muscle diseases and disorders: mechanisms and therapeutic prospects

The muscular system plays a critical role in the human body by governing skeletal movement, cardiovascular function, and the activities of digestive organs. Additionally, muscle tissues serve an endocrine function by secreting myogenic cytokines, thereby regulating metabolism throughout the entire body. Maintaining muscle function requires iron homeostasis. Recent studies suggest that disruptions in iron metabolism and ferroptosis, a form of iron-dependent cell death, are essential contributors to the progression of a wide range of muscle diseases and disorders, including sarcopenia, cardiomyopathy, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Thus, a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms regulating iron metabolism and ferroptosis in these conditions is crucial for identifying potential therapeutic targets and developing new strategies for disease treatment and/or prevention. This review aims to summarize recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying ferroptosis in the context of muscle injury, as well as associated muscle diseases and disorders. Moreover, we discuss potential targets within the ferroptosis pathway and possible strategies for managing muscle disorders. Finally, we shed new light on current limitations and future prospects for therapeutic interventions targeting ferroptosis.

Tungsten-based polyoxometalate nanoclusters as ferroptosis inhibitors modulating S100A8/A9-mediated iron metabolism pathway for managing intracerebral haemorrhage

BACKGROUND

Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating neurological disorder with high morbidity and mortality rates, largely owing to the lack of effective therapeutic strategies. Growing evidence has underscored the pivotal role of ferroptosis in intracerebral haemorrhage, and its contribution to neuronal death and exacerbation of brain injury, thus establishing it as a crucial target for therapeutic intervention. In recent years, polyoxometalate nanoclusters (NCs) have been applied in various neurodegenerative diseases, demonstrating neuroprotective effects. However, their impact on brain iron content and neurological function following ICH has yet to be reported. Here, we explored the potential of tungsten-based polyoxometalate (W-POM) NCs as ferroptosis inhibitors targeting the iron metabolic pathway mediated by S100A8/A9 for the treatment of ICH.

RESULTS

We successfully synthesized ultra-small reduced W-POM NCs that can rapidly cross the blood-brain barrier and are cleared through the kidney. In vitro experiments demonstrated that W-POM NCs exhibit significant and stable ROS scavenging activity while effectively alleviating iron overload and associated neuronal damage. In vivo, W-POM NCs treatment restored iron metabolism homeostasis, suppressed neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, ultimately alleviating severe neurological damage and motor deficits in ICH mice. Proteomic combined with bioinformatic analyses identified two core genes, S100A8 and S100A9, most associated with W-POM NCs intervention in ICH. Further experiments confirmed that W-POM NCs act by modulating the toll-like receptor 4/hepcidin/ferroportin signaling pathway, thereby regulating iron metabolism and reducing secondary brain injury.

CONCLUSIONS

This study pioneers the application of polyoxometalates in intracerebral haemorrhage, offering a novel and promising therapeutic approach for the management of ferroptosis-related brain injuries.

Dietary and nutritional interventions for human diseases: their modulatory effects on ferroptosis

A balanced diet is essential for maintaining human health. Increasing evidence suggests that dietary and nutritional interventions contribute to disease management and are associated with reduced healthcare costs and economic burden. Ferroptosis, a novel type of regulated cell death (RCD) driven by lipid peroxidation, has been shown to be involved in various pathological conditions, including diabetes, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, inflammation-related diseases, and cancer. Therefore, specifically targeting the uncontrolled ferroptosis process may offer new therapeutic opportunities. Of note, certain interventions, such as small-molecule compounds, natural products, herbal medicines, and non-pharmacological approaches, have been reported to prevent and treat multiple human diseases by reversing the dysregulation of ferroptosis. In this review, we present the key molecular mechanisms that regulate ferroptosis. Importantly, interventions targeting ferroptosis are summarized from the perspective of dietary patterns, food and nutrients. By understanding these advances, innovative ideas can be provided for individualized dietary interventions and treatment strategies.

Homeostasis and metabolism of iron and other metal ions in neurodegenerative diseases

As essential micronutrients, metal ions such as iron, manganese, copper, and zinc, are required for a wide range of physiological processes in the brain. However, an imbalance in metal ions, whether excessive or insufficient, is detrimental and can contribute to neuronal death through oxidative stress, ferroptosis, cuproptosis, cell senescence, or neuroinflammation. These processes have been found to be involved in the pathological mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, the research history and milestone events of studying metal ions, including iron, manganese, copper, and zinc in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington's disease (HD), will be introduced. Then, the upstream regulators, downstream effector, and crosstalk of mental ions under both physiologic and pathologic conditions will be summarized. Finally, the therapeutic effects of metal ion chelators, such as clioquinol, quercetin, curcumin, coumarin, and their derivatives for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases will be discussed. Additionally, the promising results and limitations observed in clinical trials of these metal ion chelators will also be addressed. This review will not only provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of metal ions in disease development but also offer perspectives on their modulation for the prevention or treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

Ferroptosis in schizophrenia: Mechanisms and therapeutic potentials (Review)

Schizophrenia, a complex psychiatric disorder, presents with multifaceted symptoms and important challenges in treatment, primarily due to its pathophysiological complexity, which involves oxidative stress and aberrant iron metabolism. Recent insights into ferroptosis, a unique form of iron‑dependent cell death characterized by lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system failures, open new avenues for understanding the neurobiological foundation of schizophrenia. The present review explores the interplay between ferroptosis and schizophrenia, emphasizing the potential contributions of disrupted iron homeostasis and oxidative mechanisms to the pathology and progression of this disease. The emerging evidence linking ferroptosis with the oxidative stress observed in schizophrenia provides a compelling narrative for re‑evaluating current therapeutic strategies and exploring novel interventions targeting these molecular pathways, such as the glutathione peroxidase 4 pathway and the ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 pathway. By integrating recent advances in ferroptosis research, the current review highlights innovative therapeutic potentials, including N‑acetylcysteine, selenium, omega‑3 fatty acids and iron chelation therapy, which could address the limitations of existing treatments and improve clinical outcomes for individuals with schizophrenia.

miR-214-3p inhibits LPS-induced macrophage inflammation and attenuates the progression of dry eye syndrome by regulating ferroptosis in cells

BACKGROUND

Dry eye disease (DED) is an ocular illness caused by insufficient tear secretion or poor tear quality, and inflammation is a key factor in its pathogenesis. Previous studies have shown that miRNAs are important regulatory factors in DED.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to explore the potential mechanism by which miR-214-3p influenced the DED process by regulating the macrophage inflammatory response.

METHODS

We induced THP-1 cells to differentiate into M0 macrophages with 100 ng/mL phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) and then added 15 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce inflammation. The expression of related genes and proteins was detected via RT‒qPCR, Western blotting, ELISA and immunofluorescence staining; cell viability was measured using the CCK-8 assay; and flow cytometry was used to detect ROS levels.

RESULTS

In tear and serum samples from DED patients, the levels of miR-214-3p, IL-10, and Arg1 were decreased, and the levels of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and iNOS expression were increased. Moreover, the overexpression of miR-214-3p attenuated the effect of LPS and inhibited M1 polarization and inflammation in macrophages. Mechanistically, miR-214-3p inhibited macrophage ferroptosis by downregulating TFRC expression, thereby inhibiting macrophage M1 polarization and inflammation and alleviating the progression of DED.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study indicated that the upregulation of miR-214-3p expression might be a new target for DED therapy.

Targeting the initiator to activate both ferroptosis and cuproptosis for breast cancer treatment: progress and possibility for clinical application

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide. Metal metabolism is pivotal for regulating cell fate and drug sensitivity in breast cancer. Iron and copper are essential metal ions critical for maintaining cellular function. The accumulation of iron and copper ions triggers distinct cell death pathways, known as ferroptosis and cuproptosis, respectively. Ferroptosis is characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, while cuproptosis involves copper-induced oxidative stress. They are increasingly recognized as promising targets for the development of anticancer drugs. Recently, compelling evidence demonstrated that the interplay between ferroptosis and cuproptosis plays a crucial role in regulating breast cancer progression. This review elucidates the converging pathways of ferroptosis and cuproptosis in breast cancer. Moreover, we examined the value of genes associated with ferroptosis and cuproptosis in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer, mainly outlining the potential for a co-targeting approach. Lastly, we delve into the current challenges and limitations of this strategy. In general, this review offers an overview of the interaction between ferroptosis and cuproptosis in breast cancer, offering valuable perspectives for further research and clinical treatment.

Overexpression of Growth Differentiation Factor 15 Reduces Neuronal Cell Damage Induced by Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation/Reoxygenation via Inhibiting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Ferroptosis

Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) can be induced under various stress conditions. This study aimed to explore the role of GDF15 in oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-induced HT22 cells. OGD/R was employed to induce the HT22 cell model, and GDF15 expression was upregulated via transfection. Subsequently, the effects on inflammatory factors, oxidative stress markers, apoptosis-related proteins, and ferroptosis markers were detected. Relevant indicators were evaluated using techniques such as ELISA, probes, flow cytometry, and western blotting. Furthermore, changes in these phenotypes under the influence of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress agonist tunicamycin (TM) were evaluated. The result showed that GDF15 was significantly up-regulated in OGD/R-treated HT22 cells. Overexpression of GDF15 significantly reduced the levels of inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-α, IL (interleukin)-1β, and IL-6, inhibited the production of reactive oxygen species and MDA, and improved activity of superoxide dismutase and GSH-Px. Flow cytometry and western blotting results showed that GDF15 overexpression significantly reduced cell apoptosis, reduced caspase3 activity, and regulated the expression of Bcl2 and Bax. In addition, overexpression of GDF15 reduces the levels of ferroptosis markers by inhibiting ER stress. ER stress inducer TM can reverse the protective effects of GDF15 overexpression and promote inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. This study shows that overexpression of GDF15 reduces OGD/R-induced HT22 cell damage, and ER stress-mediated ferroptosis is included in the regulatory mechanisms. This provides a theoretical basis for GDF15 as a new target for the treatment of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Nrf2 and Ferroptosis: Exploring Translational Avenues for Therapeutic Approaches to Neurological Diseases

Nrf2, a crucial protein involved in defense mechanisms, particularly oxidative stress, plays a significant role in neurological diseases (NDs) by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. NDs, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stroke, epilepsy, schizophrenia, depression, and autism, exhibit ferroptosis, iron-dependent regulated cell death resulting from lipid and iron-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Nrf2 has been shown to play a critical role in regulating ferroptosis in NDs. Age-related decline in Nrf2 expression and its target genes (HO-1, Nqo-1, and Trx) coincides with increased iron-mediated cell death, leading to ND onset. The modulation of iron-dependent cell death and ferroptosis by Nrf2 through various cellular and molecular mechanisms offers a potential therapeutic pathway for understanding the pathological processes underlying these NDs. This review emphasizes the mechanistic role of Nrf2 and ferroptosis in multiple NDs, providing valuable insights for future research and therapeutic approaches.

The molecular and metabolic landscape of ferroptosis in respiratory diseases: Pharmacological aspects

Ferroptosis is a form of cell death that occurs when there is an excess of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation, and iron accumulation. The precise regulation of metabolic pathways, including iron, lipid, and amino acid metabolism, is crucial for cell survival. This type of cell death, which is associated with oxidative stress, is controlled by a complex network of signaling molecules and pathways. It is also implicated in various respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute lung injury (ALI), lung cancer, pulmonary fibrosis (PF), and the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To combat drug resistance, it is important to identify appropriate biological markers and treatment targets, as well as intervene in respiratory disorders to either induce or prevent ferroptosis. The focus is on the role of ferroptosis in the development of respiratory diseases and the potential of targeting ferroptosis for prevention and treatment. The review also explores the interaction between immune cell ferroptosis and inflammatory mediators in respiratory diseases, aiming to provide more effective strategies for managing cellular ferroptosis and respiratory disorders.

Emerging mechanisms of lipid peroxidation in regulated cell death and its physiological implications

Regulated cell death (RCD) refers to the form of cell death that can be regulated by various biomacromolecules. Each cell death modalities have their distinct morphological changes and molecular mechanisms. However, intense evidences suggest that lipid peroxidation can be the common feature that initiates and propagates the cell death. Excessive lipid peroxidation alters the property of membrane and further damage the proteins and nucleic acids, which is implicated in various human pathologies. Here, we firstly review the classical chain process of lipid peroxidation, and further clarify the current understanding of the myriad roles and molecular mechanisms of lipid peroxidation in various RCD types. We also discuss how lipid peroxidation involves in diseases and how such intimate association between lipid peroxidation-driven cell death and diseases can be leveraged to develop rational therapeutic strategies.

Improving understanding of ferroptosis: Molecular mechanisms, connection with cellular senescence and implications for aging

In the face of cell damage, cells can initiate a response ranging from survival to death, the balance being crucial for tissue homeostasis and overall health. Cell death, in both accidental and regulated forms, plays a fundamental role in maintaining tissue homeostasis. Among the regulated mechanisms of cell death, ferroptosis has garnered attention for its iron-dependent phospholipid (PL) peroxidation and its implications in aging and age-related disorders, as well as for its therapeutic relevance. In this review, we provide an overview of the mechanisms, regulation, and physiological and pathological roles of ferroptosis. We present new insights into the relationship between ferroptosis, cellular senescence and aging, emphasizing how alterations in ferroptosis pathways contribute to aging-related tissue dysfunction. In addition, we examine the therapeutic potential of ferroptosis in aging-related diseases, offering innovative insights into future interventions aimed at mitigating the effects of aging and promoting longevity.

Ligand-Based Radical Reactivity of Metal Thiosemicarbazones Prompts the Identification of Platinum(II)-Based Cytoprotectants

CuATSM, a copper(II) complex of a bis(thiosemicarbazone) of diacetyl, prevents oxidative cell death and acts as a neuroprotectant in vivo, prompting its evaluation to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other neurodegenerative conditions in the clinic. We recently demonstrated that CuATSM functions as a potent radical-trapping antioxidant (RTA), inhibiting lipid peroxidation and associated ferroptotic cell death by a noncanonical mechanism based on radical addition to the ligand backbone. Herein we report our investigations of the generality of this reactivity, which include studies of corresponding complexes of various other metals, including Co, Ru, Ni, Pd, Pt, and Au. Inhibited autoxidations of styrene and dioxane reveal that most of these complexes exhibit RTA activity, consistent with ligand-based reactivity, but the identity of the metal atom nevertheless plays a role. In particular, analyses of the electronic structures of the complexes of metals within the same group (i.e., the group 10 metals Ni, Pd and Pt) highlight how the metal atom can modulate the ligand-based reactivity by enabling spin delocalization to the other thiosemicarbazone moiety. The RTA activity determined in organic solution largely translates to phospholipid bilayers and mammalian cells, where most complexes inhibited lipid peroxidation and associated ferroptotic cell death. A preliminary structure-activity study revealed Pt complexes with potencies eclipsing those of archetype ferroptosis inhibitors ferrostatin-1 and liproxstatin-1, suggesting that Pt (and to a lesser extent Ni) bis(thiosemicarbazone)s may be better suited to optimization for therapeutic development than those based on Cu.

BRD7 regulates cellular senescence and apoptosis in ALS by modulating p21 expression and p53 mitochondrial translocation respectively

Cellular senescence is involved in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Motor neurons exhibit senescence-like alterations in ALS. BRD7, identified as a regulatory factor associated with cellular senescence, its function in ALS remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the potential role and mechanisms of BRD7 in ALS. We analyzed RNA levels using qRT-PCR, protein levels through immunofluorescence and western blot, and apoptosis via TUNEL staining. Cell transfection was conducted for in vitro experiments. The level of β-galactosidase was measured by β-galactosidase activity detection kit. ALS motor neurons exhibited senescence-like alterations, characterized by increased activity of p53, p21, and β-galactosidase, as well as reduced lamin B1 staining. Additionally, the expression of BRD7 was upregulated and induced cellular senescence and apoptosis. Downregulation of BRD7 alleviates the cellular senescence by inhibiting p21 rather than p53. Knockdown of BRD7 inhibited p53 mitochondrial translocation, leading to reduced apoptosis. Our results suggest that BRD7 plays an important role in the survival of ALS motor neurons. BRD7 knockdown can reduce cellular senescence and apoptosis by inhibiting p21 and p53 mitochondrial translocation.

Amyloid fibril structures and ferroptosis activation induced by ALS-causing SOD1 mutations

Over 200 genetic mutations in copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) have been linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Among these, two ALS-causing mutants, histidine-46→arginine (H46R) and glycine-85→arginine (G85R), exhibit a decreased capacity to bind metal ions. Here, we report two cryo-electron microscopy structures of amyloid fibrils formed by H46R and G85R. These mutations lead to the formation of amyloid fibrils with unique structures distinct from those of the native fibril. The core of these fibrils features a serpentine arrangement with seven or eight β strands, secured by a hydrophobic cavity and a salt bridge between arginine-85 and aspartic acid-101 in the G85R fibril. We demonstrate that these mutant fibrils are notably more toxic and capable of promoting the aggregation of wild-type SOD1 more effectively, causing mitochondrial impairment and activating ferroptosis in cell cultures, compared to wild-type SOD1 fibrils. Our study provides insights into the structural mechanisms by which SOD1 mutants aggregate and induce cytotoxicity in ALS.

TRIM56 Modulates YBX1 Degradation to Ameliorate ZBP1-Mediated Neuronal PANoptosis in Spinal Cord Injury

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe injury to the central nervous system, and its treatment is always a major medical challenge. Proinflammatory cell death is considered an important factor affecting neuroinflammation and the prognosis after injury. PANoptosis, a newly discovered type of proinflammatory cell death, regulates the activation of executioner molecules of apoptosis, pyroptosis and necroptosis through the PANoptosome, providing a new target for therapeutic intervention after SCI. However, its role and regulatory mechanism in SCI are not yet elucidated. Here, based on proteomic data, YBX1 expression is significantly increased in neurons after SCI. Guided by RIP-seq, subsequent experiments reveal that YBX1 promotes ZBP1 expression by stabilizing the Zbp1 mRNA, thereby aggravating ZBP1-mediated PANoptosis. Furthermore, the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM56 is identified as an endogenous inhibitor of YBX1 via molecular docking and IP/MS analysis. Mechanistically, TRIM56 bound to YBX1 and promoted its ubiquitination, thereby accelerating its degradation. Taken together, these findings reveal a novel function of YBX1 in regulating ZBP1-mediated PANoptosis in the pathogenesis of SCI and verified that TRIM56 functions as an endogenous inhibitor to promote the ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation of YBX1, providing new insights into SCI treatment strategies.

L-NRB alleviates amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by regulating P11-Htr4 signaling pathway

INTRODUCTION

L-NRB is a compound formed as a ring cleavage product of butylphthalide and borneol in a molar ratio 1:2. This study aimed to explore the therapeutic effect of L-NRB on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and its possible mechanism.

METHODS

SOD1-G93A mice were used as an ALS model. Behavioral tests, histopathological staining, Nissl staining, immunohistochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and Western blotting were used to analyze the therapeutic effect. The underlying mechanism of L-NRB in treating ALS was investigated using transcriptomic analyses.

RESULTS

It was found that L-NRB alleviated motor dysfunction, pathological changes in the gastrocnemius muscle, and motor neuron injuries. The results indicated that L-NRB had a neuroprotective function associated with the inhibition of neuroinflammation. The anti-apoptotic effect of L-NRB was found to be related to the regulation of the P11-Htr4 signaling pathway.

CONCLUSION

In summary, the results demonstrated the therapeutic effect of L-NRB on ALS and suggest a promising new therapeutic candidate for ALS.

Advances in the study of ferroptosis and its relationship to autoimmune diseases

Ferroptosis represents a novel mode of programmed cell death characterized by the intracellular accumulation of iron and lipid peroxidation, culminating in oxidative stress and subsequent cell demise. Mounting evidence demonstrates that ferroptosis contributes significantly to the onset and progression of diverse pathological conditions and diseases, including infections, neurodegenerative disorders, tissue ischemia-reperfusion injury, and immune dysregulation. Recent investigations have underscored the pivotal role of ferroptosis in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and asthma. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the regulatory mechanisms governing ferroptosis, particularly its interplay with iron, lipid, and amino acid metabolism. Furthermore, we explore the implications of ferroptosis in autoimmune diseases and deliberate on its potential as a promising therapeutic target for diverse autoimmune disorders.

The Role of Ferroptosis in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Treatment

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rare neurodegenerative disease with a challenging treatment landscape, due to its complex pathogenesis and limited availability of clinical drugs. Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of programmed cell death (PCD), stands distinct from apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, and other cell death mechanisms. Recent studies have increasingly highlighted the role of iron deposition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, oxidative stress, as well as systemic Xc- and glutamate accumulation in the antioxidant system in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Therefore, targeting ferroptosis emerges as a promising strategy for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis treatment. This review introduces the regulatory mechanism of ferroptosis, the relationship between amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and ferroptosis, and the drugs used in the clinic, then discusses the current status of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis treatment, hoping to provide new directions and targets for its treatment.

Gastrodin attenuates high fructose-induced sweet taste preference decrease by inhibiting hippocampal neural stem cell ferroptosis

INTRODUCTION

High fructose intake has been implicated as a risk factor for behavioral disorders, potentially through cell ferroptosis induction in the central nervous system. Neural stem cells (NSCs) are crucial for maintaining hippocampal neurogenesis to resist behavioral alterations. Gastrodin, derived from the traditional Chinese herb Gastrodia elata, has neuroprotective effect.

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to elucidate the underlying mechanism by which high fructose induces sweet taste preference and assesses the impact of gastrodin on hippocampal NSC ferroptosis.

METHODS

Mice and cultured NSCs were treated with high fructose and/or gastrodin, respectively. NSC ferroptosis was evaluated by assay of lipid peroxidation and DNA double-strand breaks. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq), Western blotting, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) were employed to explore the potential mechanism underlying high fructose-induced NSC ferroptosis and the modulation of gastrodin. Simultaneously, specific gene expression was regulated by lentivirus injection into the hippocampus of mice.

RESULTS

Our data showed that gastrodin mitigated sweet taste preference decline and hippocampal NSC ferroptosis in high fructose-fed mice, being consistent with reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and iron accumulation in hippocampal NSC mitochondria. Mechanistically, we identified CDGSH iron-sulfur domain 1 (CISD1) as a mediator of NSC ferroptosis, with its expression being augmented by high fructose. Overexpression of Zic family member 2 (ZIC2) increased the transcription of Cisd1 gene. Additionally, overexpression of Zic2 with lentiviral vectors in hippocampus showed the decreased sweet taste preference in mice, consistently up-regulated CISD1 protein expression and reduced hippocampal NSC number. Gastrodin downregulated ZIC2 expression to inhibit CISD1 transcription in its attenuation of high fructose-induced NSC ferroptosis and sweet taste preference decrease.

CONCLUSION

Collectively, high fructose can drive hippocampal NSC ferroptosis by upregulating ZIC2 and CISD1 expression, thereby contributing to the decline in sweet taste preference. Gastrodin emerges as a promising agent for mitigating NSC ferroptosis and improving sweet taste preference.

Propofol ameliorates cognitive deficits following splenectomy in aged rats by inhibiting ferroptosis via the SIRT1/Nrf2/GPX4 pathway

The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism by which propofol reduces postoperative cognitive dysfunction after splenectomy in aged rats. The rats in the model group and propofol group were subjected to splenectomy, and anesthetized with isoflurane and propofol, respectively. Utilizing the western blotting to assess the expression of sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) in the hippocampus. Molecular docking technology was used to predict the binding ability of propofol and SIRT1. Behavioral tests were performed using the Morris water maze, and the hippocampus was isolated for mechanistic investigations. Molecular docking showed that propofol and SIRT1 had a strong binding affinity. The expression of SIRT1 and its related proteins Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, and GPX4 in the model rats was decreased compared with the sham group. Moreover, the model group exhibited cognitive decline, such as extended escape latency and decreased number of platform crossings. Pathological analysis showed that the number of apoptotic neurons, the levels of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, the iron deposition, and the expressions of ACSL4 and TFR1 were increased, while the expressions of SLC7A11 and FTH1 were decreased in the hippocampal CA1 region within the model group. These pathological changes in the propofol group were, however, less than those in the model group. Nevertheless, the SIRT1 inhibitor increased these pathological changes compared with the propofol group. Compared with isoflurane, propofol inhibits ferroptosis in the hippocampus of splenectomized rats by causing less downregulation of the SIRT1/Nrf2/GPX4 pathway, thereby reducing the negative impact on cognitive function.

Overexpression of USP22 ameliorates LPS-induced endometrial stromal cells inflammation and modulates cells decidualization by inhibiting ferroptosis

Endometritis and the failure of decidualization of the endometrium are important factors contributing to the increased incidence of abortion. USP22 is associated with various inflammatory diseases and has been shown to be involved in endometrial decidualization in mice. This study aims to investigate whether USP22 is involved in the regulation of inflammatory response and decidualization in human endometrial stromal cells (hESCs). In this study, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to induce inflammation in hESCs, and MPA combined with cAMP was used to induce decidualization of hESCs. USP22 overexpression vector was constructed to study the role of USP22 in endometritis. The results showed that the USP22 protein and mRNA levels were decreased in LPS-induced hESCs. LPS induction increased the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, as well as the expression of iNOS and COX2 proteins in hESCs. In the LPS group, the levels of F-actin, PRL, IGFBP1, SLC7A11, and GPX4 proteins decreased, while the levels of lipid peroxidation and total iron content increased. Additionally, the levels of ACSL4 and TFR1 proteins were up-regulated. Overexpression of USP22 reversed LPS-induced cellular inflammation, attenuated decidualization, and inhibited ferroptosis. However, the use of ferroptosis inducers diminished the regulatory effects of USP22 on inflammatory responses and decidualization. In summary, these suggested that USP22 reduces the LPS-induced inflammatory response and regulates the decidualization of hESCs, and possibly involving ferroptosis.

Regulation of optimized new Shengmai powder on cardiomyocyte apoptosis and ferroptosis in ischemic heart failure rats: The mediating role of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B/tumor protein 53 signaling pathway

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Optimized New Shengmai Powder (ONSMP) is a sophisticated traditional Chinese medicinal formula renowned for bolstering vital energy, optimizing blood circulation, and mitigating fluid retention. After years of clinical application, ONSMP has shown a significant impact in improving myocardial injury and cardiac function and has a positive effect on treating heart failure. However, many unknowns exist about the molecular biological mechanisms of how ONSMP exerts its therapeutic effects, which require further research and exploration.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Exploring the potential molecular biological mechanisms by which ONSMP ameliorates cardiomyocyte apoptosis and ferroptosis in ischemic heart failure (IHF).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

First, we constructed a rat model of IHF by inducing acute myocardial infarction through surgery and using echocardiography, organ coefficients, markers of heart failure, antioxidant markers, and histopathological examination to assess the effects of ONSMP on cardiomyocyte apoptosis and ferroptosis in IHF rats. Next, we used bioinformatics analysis techniques to analyze the active components, signaling pathways, and core targets of ONSMP and calculated the interactions between core targets and corresponding elements. Finally, we detected the positive expression of apoptosis and ferroptosis markers and core indicators of signaling pathways by immunohistochemistry; detected the mean fluorescence intensity of core indicators of signaling pathways by immunofluorescence; detected the protein expression of signaling pathways and downstream effector molecules by western blotting; and detected the mRNA levels of p53 and downstream effector molecules by quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS

ONSMP can activate the Ser83 site of ASK by promoting the phosphorylation of the PI3K/AKT axis, thereby inhibiting the MKK3/6-p38 axis and the MKK4/7-JNK axis signaling to reduce p53 expression, and can also directly target and inhibit the activity of p53, ultimately inhibiting p53-mediated mRNA and protein increases in PUMA, SAT1, PIG3, and TFR1, as well as mRNA and protein decreases in SLC7A11, thereby inhibiting cardiomyocyte apoptosis and ferroptosis, effectively improving cardiac function and ventricular remodeling in IHF rat models.

CONCLUSION

ONSMP can inhibit cardiomyocyte apoptosis and ferroptosis through the PI3K/AKT/p53 signaling pathway, delaying the development of IHF.

Mitochondria-targeting peptide SS-31 attenuates ferroptosis via inhibition of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway in the hippocampus of epileptic rats

Ferroptosis is a newly identified form of non-apoptotic regulated cell death (RCD) andplaysanimportantrole in epileptogenesis. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) pathway has been confirmed to be involved in ferroptosis. The mitochondria-targeting antioxidant Elamipretide (SS-31) can reduce the generation of lipid peroxidation and the buildup of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Collectively, our present study was to decipher whether SS-31 inhibits ferroptosis via the p38 MAPK signaling pathway in the rat epilepsy model induced by pilocarpine (PILO).Adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: control group (CON group), epilepsy group (EP group), SS-31 treatment group (SS group), and p38 MAPK inhibitor (SB203580) treatment group (SB group). Our results demonstrated that the rat hippocampal neurons after epilepsy were followed by accumulated iron and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, upregulated phosphorylated p38 MAPK protein (P-p38) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) levels, reduced glutathione peroxidase 4 (Gpx4) content, and depleted glutathione (GSH) activity. Morphologically, mitochondrial ultrastructural damage under electron microscopy was manifested by a partial increase in outer membrane density, disappearance of mitochondrial cristae, and mitochondrial shrinkage. SS-31 and SB203580 treatment blocked the initiation and progression of ferroptosis in the hippocampus of epileptic rats via reducing the severity of epileptic seizures, reversing the expression of Gpx4, P-p38 , decreasing the levels of iron and MDA, as well as increasing the activity of GSH and Nrf2. To summarize, our findings proved that ferroptosis was coupled with the pathology of epilepsy, and SS-31 can inhibit PILO-induced seizures by preventing ferroptosis, which may be connected to the inhibition of p38 MAPK phosphorylation, highlighting the potential therapeutic value for targeting ferroptosis process in individuals with seizure-related diseases.