NEAT1_2 functions as a competing endogenous RNA to regulate ATAD2 expression by sponging microRNA-106b-5p in papillary thyroid cancer

Long non-coding RNAs as therapeutic targets in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and clinical application

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a major global health burden, often associated with poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a diverse group of non-coding RNA molecules > 200 nucleotides in length, have emerged as critical regulators in the pathogenesis of HNSCC. This review summarizes the mechanisms through which certain lncRNAs regulate chromatin modification, mRNA splicing, and interactions with RNA-binding proteins and contribute to the development and progression of HNSCC. Interaction of lncRNAs with key oncogenic pathways, such as PI3K/AKT and Wnt/β-catenin, highlights their importance in tumor progression. The role of lncRNAs, such as ELDR, MALAT1, NEAT1, HOTAIR, and UCA1, which promote cell proliferation, metastasis, immune evasion, and therapy resistance is discussed. Moreover, several lncRNAs are being evaluated in clinical trials for their potential as biomarkers, reflecting their clinical significance. We further address the challenges and opportunities for targeting lncRNA therapeutically, highlighting the promise of lncRNA-based interventions for personalized cancer treatment. Gaining insight into the function of lncRNAs in HNSCC could pave the way for novel therapeutic strategies to potentially improve patient outcomes.

Novel role of lncRNAs regulatory network in papillary thyroid cancer

Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is the most common endocrine malignancy. The incidence of PTC has increased annually worldwide. Thus, PTC diagnosis and treatment attract more attention. Noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play crucial roles in PTC progression and act as prognostic biomarkers. Moreover, microRNAs (miRNAs) and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated proteins have potential biomarkers for diagnosing and treating PTC. However, the correlation of lncRNAs with miRNAs and EMT-associated proteins needs further clarification. The present review highlights the recent advances of lncRNAs in PTC. We significantly summarized the two molecular regulatory mechanisms in PTC progress, including lncRNAs-miRNAs-protein signaling axes and lncRNAs-EMT pathways. This review will help our understanding of the association between lncRNAs and PTC and may assist us in evaluating the prognosis for PTC patients. Taken together, targeting the lncRNAs regulatory network has promising applications in diagnosing and treating PTC.

Exploring the role of lncrna neat1 knockdown in regulating apoptosis across multiple cancer types: A review

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as pivotal regulators of gene expression, contributing significantly to a diverse range of cellular processes, including apoptosis. One such lncRNA is NEAT1, which is elevated in several types of cancer and aid in cancer growth. However, recent studies have also demonstrated that the knockdown of NEAT1 can inhibit cancer cells proliferation, movement, and infiltration while enhancing apoptosis. This article explores the function of lncRNA NEAT1 knockdown in regulating apoptosis across multiple cancer types. We explore the existing understanding of NEAT1's involvement in the progression of malignant conditions, including its structure and functions. Additionally, we investigate the molecular mechanisms by which NEAT1 modulates the cell cycle, cellular proliferation, apoptosis, movement, and infiltration in diverse cancer types, including acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cervical cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, glioma, non-small cell lung cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, and retinoblastoma. Furthermore, we review the recent studies investigating the therapeutic potential of NEAT1 knockdown in cancer treatment. Targeting the lncRNA NEAT1 presents a promising therapeutic approach for treating cancer. It has shown the ability to suppress cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion while promoting apoptosis in various cancer types.

The miR-302/367 cluster: Aging, inflammation, and cancer

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of noncoding RNAs that occupy a significant role in biological processes as important regulators of intracellular homeostasis. First, we will discuss the biological genesis and functions of the miR-302/367 cluster, including miR-302a, miR-302b, miR-302c, miR-302d, and miR-367, as well as their roles in physiologically healthy tissues. The second section of this study reviews the progress of the miR-302/367 cluster in the treatment of cancer, inflammation, and diseases associated with aging. This cluster's aberrant expression in cells and/or tissues exhibits similar or different effects in various diseases through molecular mechanisms such as proliferation, apoptosis, cycling, drug resistance, and invasion. This article also discusses the upstream and downstream regulatory networks of miR-302/367 clusters and their related mechanisms. Particularly because studies on the upstream regulatory molecules of miR-302/367 clusters, which include age-related macular degeneration, myocardial infarction, and cancer, have become more prevalent in recent years. MiR-302/367 cluster can be an important therapeutic target and the use of miRNAs in combination with other molecular markers may improve diagnostic or therapeutic capabilities, providing unique insights and a more dynamic view of various diseases. It is noted that miRNAs can be an important bio-diagnostic target and offer a promising method for illness diagnosis, prevention, and treatment.

An Association Between GAS5 rs145204276, NEAT1 rs512715, and MEG3 rs4081134 Gene Polymorphisms and Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

Background

This study explores the association between growth arrest-specific 5 (GAS5) rs145204276, nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (NEAT1) rs512715, and Maternally Expressed 3 (MEG3) rs4081134 polymorphisms and their impact on susceptibility to papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), considering differential expression of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in PTC.

Methods

A case-control study involving 125 papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) patients and 125 controls was conducted. Genotyping of polymorphisms was performed using tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) methods.

Results

No significant association was found between the two groups regarding genotypes and allelic frequencies of GAS-5 145204276 and MEG3 rs4081134 polymorphisms. Genetic models also showed the same results. Regarding NEAT1 rs512715, The PTC group had more GC genotypes and over-dominant models of NEAT1 rs512715 than controls, while controls showed a higher frequency of recessive models.

Conclusion

GAS5 rs145204276 and MEG3 rs4081134 polymorphisms showed no significant association with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) risk. In contrast, NEAT1 rs512715 exhibited a significant impact on PTC development.

Knockdown of long non-coding RNA SNHG3 inhibits proliferation, migration and invasion of human thyroid cancer via miR-339-5p/GPR62 axis

Previous studies have implicated SNHG3, a long non-coding RNA, in various human cancers, suggesting its oncogenic role. However, its specific involvement in thyroid cancer and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, this study aims to elucidate the role of SNHG3 in human thyroid cancer and its interaction with the miR-339-5p/GPR62 axis. Understanding these mechanisms could provide insights into potential therapeutic targets for managing thyroid cancer. Results revealed significant upregulation of SNHG3 in human thyroid cancer tissues and cell lines. Knockdown of SNHG3 significantly suppressed proliferation, migration and invasion of CUTC5 and IHH-4 thyroid cancer cells. Knockdown of SNHG3 induces apoptosis in CUTC5 and IHH-4 cells and also inhibits the growth of xenografted tumors in vivo. Different in vitro assays revealed the interaction of SNHG3 with microRNA-339-5p (miR-339-5p) in thyroid cancer cells. Expression of miR-339-5p was significantly downregulated in thyroid cancer tissues and cell lines. However, the knockdown of SNHG3 caused significant upregulation of miR-339-5p. Interestingly, overexpression of miR-339-5p exerted tumor-suppressive effects in CUTC5 and IHH-4 cells via post-transcriptional suppression of GPR62. Knockdown of GPR62 significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of CUTC5 and IHH-4 cells. Nonetheless, inhibition of miR-339-5p or overexpression of GPR62 avoids the growth inhibitory effects of SNHG3 knockdown in CUTC5 and IHH-4 cells. Results indicated that SNHG3 exerts oncogenic molecular function in thyroid cancer via miR-339-5p/GPR62 axis and may act as a therapeutic target for its management.

The interplay between non-coding RNAs and alternative splicing: from regulatory mechanism to therapeutic implications in cancer

Alternative splicing (AS) is a common and conserved process in eukaryotic gene regulation. It occurs in approximately 95% of multi-exon genes, greatly enriching the complexity and diversity of mRNAs and proteins. Recent studies have found that in addition to coding RNAs, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are also inextricably linked with AS. Multiple different types of ncRNAs are generated by AS of precursor long non-coding (pre-lncRNAs) or precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Furthermore, ncRNAs, as a novel class of regulators, can participate in AS regulation by interacting with the cis-acting elements or trans-acting factors. Several studies have implicated abnormal expression of ncRNAs and ncRNA-related AS events in the initiation, progression, and therapy resistance in various types of cancers. Therefore, owing to their roles in mediating drug resistance, ncRNAs, AS-related factors and AS-related novel antigens may serve as promising therapeutic targets in cancer treatment. In this review, we summarize the interaction between ncRNAs and AS processes, emphasizing their great influences on cancer, especially on chemoresistance, and highlighting their potential values in clinical treatment.

ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 2 (ATAD2): From an epigenetic modulator to cancer therapeutic target

ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 2 (ATAD2) has been widely reported to be a new emerging oncogene that is closely associated with epigenetic modifications in human cancers. As a coactivator of transcription factors, ATAD2 can participate in epigenetic modifications and regulate the expression of downstream oncogenes or tumor suppressors, which may be supported by the enhancer of zeste homologue 2. Moreover, the dominant structure (AAA + ATPase and bromine domains) can make ATAD2 a potential therapeutic target in cancer, and some relevant small-molecule inhibitors, such as GSK8814 and AZ13824374, have also been discovered. Thus, in this review, we focus on summarizing the structural features and biological functions of ATAD2 from an epigenetic modulator to a cancer therapeutic target, and further discuss the existing small-molecule inhibitors targeting ATAD2 to improve potential cancer therapy. Together, these inspiring findings would shed new light on ATAD2 as a promising druggable target in cancer and provide a clue on the development of candidate anticancer drugs.

RBM10 regulates alternative splicing of lncRNA Neat1 to inhibit the invasion and metastasis of NSCLC

Background

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for more than 85% of the total cases with lung cancer. NSCLC is characterized by easy metastasis, which often spreads to bones, brains and livers. RNA-binding motif protein 10 (RBM10) is an alternative splicing (AS) regulator frequently mutated in NSCLC. We found that there were multiple peak binding sites between RBM10 and long non-coding RNA nuclear enriched abundant transcript 1 (LncRNA Neat1) by crosslinking-immunprecipitation and high-throughput sequencing (Clip-Seq). LncRNA Neat1 plays an indispensable role in promoting cancer in a variety of tumors and produces two splicing variants: Neat1_1 and Neat1_2. This study aims to explore the mechanism of RBM10 and LncRNA Neat1 in invasion and metastasis of NSCLC.

Methods

Through histological and cytological experiments, we assessed the expression level of RBM10 protein expression. The interaction between RBM10 and Neat1 was evaluated via Clip-Seq and RNA immunoprecipitation assay. The effect of RBM10 on Neat1 and its splicing variants was identified by RT-qPCR. The effect of RBM10 and Neat1 on invasive and metastasis phenotypes of NSCLC was analyzed using transwell invasion assay and scratch test. Additionally, downstream signaling pathway of RBM10 were identified by immunofluorescence and western blot.

Results

RBM10 exhibited low levels of expression in NSCLC tissues and cells. RBM10 inhibited the invasion and metastasis of NSCLC and recruited Neat1 and Neat1_2. Overexpression of RBM10 simultaneously inhibited Neat1 and Neat1_2, and promoted the expression of Neat1_1. On the other hand, silencing RBM10 promoted Neat1 and Neat1_2, and inhibited the expression of Neat1_1. From this, we concluded that RBM10 regulated AS of Neat1, and the tumor-promoting effect of Neat1 was mainly attributed to Neat1_2. RBM10 had a negative correlation with Neat1_2. In addition, RBM10 upregulated the expression of PTEN and downregulated the phosphorylation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR through Neat1_2, which ultimately inhibited the invasion and metastasis of NSCLC.

Conclusion

The RBM10 regulated AS of Neat1 to cause the imbalance of Neat1_1 and Neat1_2, and RBM10 suppressed the activation of the PTEN/PI3K/AKT/mTOR signal by downregulating Neat1_2, finally affected the invasion and metastasis of NSCLC.

Disrupted expression of long non-coding RNAs in the human oocyte: the possible epigenetic culprits leading to recurrent oocyte maturation arrest

PURPOSE

To depict the lncRNA expression during human oocyte maturation and explore the lncRNAs leading to recurrent oocyte maturation arrest.

METHODS

LncRNA sequencing was performed on pooled RNA from 20 oocytes of each group (recurrent oocyte maturation arrest (ROMA), of germinal vesicle (GV), metaphase I (MI), or metaphase II (MII) stages. Bioinformatics software was deployed to compare the lncRNA differential expression between the normal and ROMA oocytes. The co-expression of lncRNA/mRNA was illustrated with the Cytoscape software. The pooled RNA from every 10 oocytes of each group (ROMA, GV, MI, MII) was extracted for further qPCR validation.

RESULTS

There were 17 downregulated and 3 upregulated lncRNAs in the ROMA oocyte. Among them, co-expression analysis indicated that NEAT1 and NORAD were both downregulated. Basing on the KEGG enrichment analysis, PRCKA and JAK3 might be the target genes in the PI3K-Akt pathway and modulated by NEAT1 and NORAD. As validated by qPCR, the expressional levels of lncRNA candidates (NEAT1 and NORAD) and their target genes (PRKCA and JAK3) were confirmed to be extremely lower in the ROMA oocyte than in the normal oocyte.

CONCLUSION

By targeting the PI3K-Akt pathway genes PRKCA and JAK3, the abnormal expression of NEAT1 and NORAD is suggested to impede oocyte maturation and impair oocyte genome integrity.

Molecular Interactions of the Long Noncoding RNA NEAT1 in Cancer

As one of the best-studied long noncoding RNAs, nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (NEAT1) plays a pivotal role in the progression of cancers. NEAT1, especially its isoform NEAT1-1, facilitates the growth and metastasis of various cancers, excluding acute promyelocytic leukemia. NEAT1 can be elevated via transcriptional activation or stability alteration in cancers changing the aggressive phenotype of cancer cells. NEAT1 can also be secreted from other cells and be delivered to cancer cells through exosomes. Hence, elucidating the molecular interaction of NEAT1 may shed light on the future treatment of cancer. Herein, we review the molecular function of NEAT1 in cancer progression, and explain how NEAT1 interacts with RNAs, proteins, and DNA promoter regions to upregulate tumorigenic factors.

Tumor-Promoting ATAD2 and Its Preclinical Challenges

ATAD2 has received extensive attention in recent years as one prospective oncogene with tumor-promoting features in many malignancies. ATAD2 is a highly conserved bromodomain family protein that exerts its biological functions by mainly AAA ATPase and bromodomain. ATAD2 acts as an epigenetic decoder and transcription factor or co-activator, which is engaged in cellular activities, such as transcriptional regulation, DNA replication, and protein modification. ATAD2 has been reported to be highly expressed in a variety of human malignancies, including gastrointestinal malignancies, reproductive malignancies, urological malignancies, lung cancer, and other types of malignancies. ATAD2 is involved in the activation of multiple oncogenic signaling pathways and is closely associated with tumorigenesis, progression, chemoresistance, and poor prognosis, but the oncogenic mechanisms vary in different cancer types. Moreover, the direct targeting of ATAD2’s bromodomain may be a very challenging task. In this review, we summarized the role of ATAD2 in various types of malignancies and pointed out the pharmacological direction.

MicroRNA-217 modulates pancreatic cancer progression via targeting ATAD2

AIMS

Pancreatic cancer is a fatal disease across the world with 5 years survival rate less than 10%. ATAD2, a valid cancer drug-target, is overexpressed in pancreatic malignancy with high oncogenic potential. However, the mechanism of the upregulated expression of ATAD2 in pancreatic cancer is unknown. Since microRNAs (miRNAs) could potentially control target mRNA expressions, and are involved in cancer as tumor-suppressors, oncomiR or both, we examine the possibility of miRNA-mediated regulation of ATAD2 in pancreatic cancer cells (PCCs).

MAIN METHODS

Our in-silico approach first identifies hsa-miR-217 as a candidate regulator for ATAD2 expression. For further validation, luciferase reporter assay is performed. We overexpress hsa-miRNA-217 and assess cellular viability, migration, apoptosis and cell cycle progression in three different PCCs (BxPC3, PANC1, and MiaPaCa2).

KEY FINDINGS

We find hsa-miRNA-217 has potential binding site at the 3'UTR of ATAD2. Luciferase assay confirms that ATAD2 is a direct target of hsa-miR-217. Overexpression of hsa-miR-217 drastically downregulates ATAD2 expression in PCCs, thus, corroborating binding studies. The elevated expression of hsa-miRNA-217 diminishes cell proliferation and migration as well as induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in PCCs. Finally, siRNA mediated ATAD2 knockdown or overexpression of hsa-miRNA-217 in PCCs showed inactivation of the AKT signaling pathway. Therefore, hsa-miR-217 abrogates pancreatic cancer progression through inactivation of the AKT signaling pathway and this might be partly due to miR-217 mediated suppression of ATAD2 expression.

SIGNIFICANCE

The application of hsa-miR-217 mimic could be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of pancreatic cancer patients in near future.

LncRNA ABHD11-AS1 promotes tumor progression in papillary thyroid carcinoma by regulating EPS15L1/EGFR signaling pathway

OBJECTIVES

lncRNA ABHD11 antisense RNA 1 (ABHD11-AS1) acts as an oncogene involved in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) occurrence and progression. ABHD11-AS1 exerts biologic functions by some miRNAs and proteins to regulate multiple targets. Identification of novel mechanism of ABHD11-AS1 could be helpful in therapeutic targeting for PTC treatment.

METHODS

Differentially expressed lncRNAs were selected from TCGA database. qRT-PCR analysis was applied to examine the expression of ABHD11-AS1 in PTC cell lines and tissues. The relationship of ABHD11-AS1 expression and clinicopathological features was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Two PTC cell lines (TPC-1 and KTC-1) were transfected with pcDNA 3.1, pcDNA3.1-ABHD11-AS1, si-NC and si-ABHD11-AS1, respectively, to verify the ABHD11-AS1 oncogene-regulating capacity to promote tumor progression. The cell metastasis and proliferation had been evaluated both in vitro and in vivo.

RESULTS

High expression of ABHD11-AS1 was found in PTC tissues (P < 0.01), which was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05). ABHD11-AS1 overexpression noticeably promoted cell proliferation, migration, and invasion capabilities, which were obviously decreased upon ABHD11-AS1 knockdown. ABHD11-AS1 positively regulated EGFR/EPS15L1 pathway, as EGFR, EPS15L1, STAT3, and p-STAT3 were activated.

CONCLUSION

ABHD11-AS1 promotes tumor progression in PTC by regulating EPS15L1/EGFR pathway.

Parthenolide leads to proteomic differences in thyroid cancer cells and promotes apoptosis

Background

Parthenolide has anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and anti-cancer activities. But its effect on thyroid cancer cells is still largely unknown.

Methods

Label-free quantitative proteomics and bioinformatics analysis were used to investigate the differentially expressed proteins and their functions in thyroid cancer treated with parthenolide and control pair. Hoechst 33258 fluorescent staining and Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining flow cytometry were used to detected BCPAP cells apoptosis. Parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) and quantitative real-time PCR were used to verify the expression of apoptosis-related differential proteins and their mRNA.

Results

Sixty up-regulated and 96 down-regulated differentially expressed proteins were identified in parthenolide treated thyroid cancer cells BCPAP compared with control thyroid cancer cells. The proteins were mainly relevant to various biological processes that included metabolic processes, response to extracellular stimulus and interaction with host. The molecular functions of most differentially expressed proteins were associated with binding functions and nucleotidyltransferase activity. According to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, the differentially expressed proteins identified are primarily related to various types of metabolic pathways and DNA replication. In cell experiments in vitro, with the increase of the dose of parthenolide, the number of cells gradually decreased, the apoptosis rate gradually increased. PRM verified that the apoptosis-related proteins HMOX1 and GCLM were up-regulated and IL1B was down-regulated in BCPAP cells treated with parthenolide. The mRNA expressions of HMOX1, GCLM, ITGA6 and CASP8 were up-regulated and HSPA1A was down-regulated by PCR.

Conclusions

Parthenolide may influence the biological behavior of human thyroid cancer cells by affecting the expression of proteins related to cell metabolism and DNA replication. Parthenolide induced significant cellular morphological changes and apoptosis in human thyroid cancer cells, leading to an anti-proliferative effect.

ALKBH5 promotes the progression of infantile hemangioma through regulating the NEAT1/miR-378b/FOSL1 axis

Our work aims to investigate long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) N6-methyladenosine (m⁶A) modification and its role in infantile hemangioma (IH). The mRNA and protein expression levels were assessed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot and immunohistochemistry. Me-RIP assay was performed to evaluate lncRNA NEAT1 m⁶A levels. Cell proliferation, migration and invasion were evaluated using cell counting kit-8 assay, transwell migration and invasion assay, respectively. Photo-activatable ribonucleoside-enhanced crosslinking and immunoprecipitation assay was conducted to verify the binding relationship between lncRNA nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (NEAT1) and ALKBH5 (an RNA demethylase). The binding relationship between lncRNA NEAT1, microRNA (miR)-378b and FOS-like antigen 1 (FOSL1) was verified using dual-luciferase reporter gene assay and/or RNA immunoprecipitation assay. ALKBH5, lncRNA NEAT1 and FOLS1 expression was elevated in IH tissues, while miR-378b was downregulated. ALKBH5 knockdown suppressed cell proliferation, migration and invasion of IH cells, while promoting cell apoptosis. ALKBH5 promoted lncRNA NEAT1 expression by reducing the m⁶A modification of lncRNA NEAT1. In addition, miR-378b was the target of lncRNA NEAT1, and its overexpression reversed the promotion effect of lncRNA NEAT1 overexpression on IH cell tumor-like behaviors. Moreover, FOLS1 was the target of miR-378b, and its overexpression reversed the inhibitory effect of miR-378b overexpression on IH cell tumor-like behaviors in vitro. ALKBH5 might have great potential as therapeutic target for IH, since ALKBH5 silencing suppressed IH progression by regulation of the NEAT1/miR-378b/FOSL1 axis.

MicroRNAs in Papillary Thyroid Cancer: What Is New in Diagnosis and Treatment

Introduction

Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) accounts for up to 80% of thyroid malignancies. New diagnostic and therapeutic options are suggested including innovative molecular methods. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are nonprotein coding single-stranded RNAs that regulate many cell processes. The aim of the present study is to review the deregulated miRNAs associated with PTCs.

Methods

A bibliographic research was conducted, resulting in 272 articles referred to miRNAs and PTC. Regarding our exclusion criteria, 183 articles were finally included in our review.

Results

A remarkably large number of miRNAs have been found to be deregulated during PTC manifestation in the literature. The deregulated miRNAs are detected in tissue samples, serum/plasma, and FNA samples of patients with PTC. These miRNAs are related to several molecular pathways, involving genes and proteins responsible for important biological processes. MiRNA deregulation is associated with tumor aggressiveness, including larger tumor size, multifocality, extrathyroidal extension, lymphovascular invasion, lymph node and distant metastasis, and advanced tumor node metastasis stage.

Conclusion

MiRNAs are proposed as new diagnostic and therapeutic tools regarding PTC. They could be essential biomarkers for PTC diagnosis applied in serum and FNA samples, while their contribution to prognosis is of great importance.

Long Non-Coding RNAs Profiling Using Microarray in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been implicated in various cancers, including papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs). Genome-wide analysis (GWAS) of lncRNAs expression in PTC samples exhibited up and down regulation of lncRNAs, thus, acting as tumor promoting oncogenes or tumor suppressors in the pathogenesis of PTC by interacting with target genes. For example, lncRNAs such as HOTAIR, NEAT1, MALAT1, FAL1, HOXD-AS1, etc. are overexpressed in PTC in comparison to that of non-cancerous thyroid tissues, which stimulate the pathogenesis of PTC. On the other hand, lncRNAs such as MEG3, CASC2, PANDAR, LINC00271, NAMA, PTCSC3, etc. are down regulated in PTC tissues when compared to that of non-cancerous thyroid samples, suppressing formation of PTC. Also, several lncRNAs such as BANCR acts as oncogenic or tumor suppressor in PTC formation depending on which they are interacting with. In addition, lncRNAs expression in patients with PTC associated with clinicopathological parameters such as distance metastasis, lymph node metastasis, tumor size, pathological stage, and response to therapy. Thus, lncRNAs profiles could have the potential to be used as prognostic or predictive biomarker in patients with PTC. Therefore, we describe the microarray method to examine lncRNAs expression in PTC tissue samples, which could facilitate better management of patients with PTC. Furthermore, this method could be fabricated to examine lncRNAs expression in other biological and/or clinical samples.

NEAT1 as a competing endogenous RNA in tumorigenesis of various cancers: Role, mechanism and therapeutic potential

The nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (NEAT1) is a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) that is upregulated in a variety of human cancer types. Increasing evidence has shown that the elevation of NEAT1 in cancer cells promotes cell growth, migration, and invasion and inhibits cell apoptosis. It is also known that lncRNAs act as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) by sponging microRNAs (miRNAs) to alter the expression levels of their target genes in the development of cancers. Therefore, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying this observation. In this review, specific emphasis was placed on NEAT1's role in tumor development. We also summarize and discuss the feedback roles of NEAT1/miRNA/target network in the progression of various cancers. As our understanding of the role of NEAT1 during tumorigenesis improves, its therapeutic potential as a biomarker and/or target for cancer also becomes clearer.

Coordination of Di-Acetylated Histone Ligands by the ATAD2 Bromodomain

The ATPase Family, AAA domain-containing protein 2 (ATAD2) bromodomain (BRD) has a canonical bromodomain structure consisting of four α-helices. ATAD2 functions as a co-activator of the androgen and estrogen receptors as well as the MYC and E2F transcription factors. ATAD2 also functions during DNA replication, recognizing newly synthesized histones. In addition, ATAD2 is shown to be up-regulated in multiple forms of cancer including breast, lung, gastric, endometrial, renal, and prostate. Furthermore, up-regulation of ATAD2 is strongly correlated with poor prognosis in many types of cancer, making the ATAD2 bromodomain an innovative target for cancer therapeutics. In this study, we describe the recognition of histone acetyllysine modifications by the ATAD2 bromodomain. Residue-specific information on the complex formed between the histone tail and the ATAD2 bromodomain, obtained through nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and X-ray crystallography, illustrates key residues lining the binding pocket, which are involved in coordination of di-acetylated histone tails. Analytical ultracentrifugation, NMR relaxation data, and isothermal titration calorimetry further confirm the monomeric state of the functionally active ATAD2 bromodomain in complex with di-acetylated histone ligands. Overall, we describe histone tail recognition by ATAD2 BRD and illustrate that one acetyllysine group is primarily engaged by the conserved asparagine (N1064), the "RVF" shelf residues, and the flexible ZA loop. Coordination of a second acetyllysine group also occurs within the same binding pocket but is essentially governed by unique hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions making the di-acetyllysine histone coordination more specific than previously presumed.

Baicalin exerts anti-tumor effects in oral squamous cell carcinoma by inhibiting the microRNA-106b-5p-Wnt/β-catenin pathway via upregulating disabled homolog 2

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to investigate the role and molecular regulatory mechanisms of baicalin in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) progression.

DESIGN

Gene expression in OSCC cells was detected by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). OSCC cell viability, migration, invasion and stemness were measured by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), wound healing, Transwell, and sphere formation assays. The target genes of miR-106b-5p were predicted using bioinformatic tools. The interaction between microRNA-miR-106b-5p (miR-106b-5p) and disabled homolog 2 (DAB2) was confirmed by a luciferase reporter assay. TOP/FOP-Flash reporter assay and western blot analysis were used to analyze the activity of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.

RESULTS

Baicalin inhibited OSCC cell viability, migration, invasion, and stemness. Baicalin downregulated miR-106b-5p expression. In addition, MiR-106b-5p upregulation reversed the effects of baicalin on OSCC cells. As a target gene of miR-106b-5p, DAB2 was negatively regulated by miR-106b-5p and upregulated by baicalin in OSCC cells. MiR-106b-5p activated Wnt/β-catenin pathway in OSCC cells by inhibiting DAB2. Baicalin suppressed Wnt/β-catenin pathway by upregulating DAB2. In rescue assays, miR-106b-5p overexpression-induced promotion of OSCC cellular processes was attenuated by DAB2 upregulation.

CONCLUSIONS

Baicalin exerts anti-tumor effects in OSCC by inhibiting the miR-106b-5p-Wnt/β-catenin pathway via upregulating DAB2.

Downregulation of lncRNA NEAT1 Ameliorates LPS-Induced Inflammatory Responses by Promoting Macrophage M2 Polarization via miR-125a-5p/TRAF6/TAK1 Axis

The lncRNA nuclear enriched abundant transcript 1 (NEAT1) promotes sepsis-inflammatory responses and acute kidney injury (AKI), but little known about the underlying mechanisms. This study aims to investigate the roles of NEAT1 in regulating macrophage polarization and its potential for alleviating inflammatory responses during sepsis pathogenesis. Mouse RAW264.7 macrophages were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a cellular inflammatory model. NEAT1 shRNA, miR-125a-5p mimics, and TRAF6-overexpressing vector were used to transfect RAW264.7 cells. NEAT1, miR-125a-5p, and mRNA levels of functional genes were detected by quantitative RT-PCR. Protein abundances were analyzed by western blotting. Macrophage polarization was evaluated by flow cytometry. The bindings of miR-125a-5p with NEAT1 or TRAF6 gene were validated by dual luciferase reporter assay. LPS treatment promoted NEAT1 and suppressed miR-125a-5p expression in mouse macrophage cells. NEAT1 silencing by shRNAs promoted macrophage M2 polarization under LPS treatment, which upregulated miR-125a-5p expression, repressed TRAF6 expression and TAK1 protein phosphorylation in macrophages. These cellular and molecular changes induced by NEAT1 shRNAs were abrogated by miR-125a-5p inhibitors. Moreover, miR-125a-5p mimics suppressed TRAF6 expression and TAK1 protein phosphorylation in LPS-treated macrophages, thus causing macrophage M2 polarization under LPS treatment. TRAF6 overexpression abrogated the miR-125a-5p mimics-induced macrophage M2 polarization. miR-125a-5p could directly bind to NEAT1 or TRAF6 gene in macrophages. lncRNA NEAT1 knockdown ameliorates LPS-induced inflammation by promoting macrophage M2 polarization via miR-125a-5p/TRAF6/TAK1 axis.

Epigenetic regulation of papillary thyroid carcinoma by long non-coding RNAs

Thyroid cancer is the most common primary endocrine malignancy with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) its most common subtype. The jump in diagnoses over last many years has prompted re-assessment of molecularly targeted therapies and the discovery of novel targets. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are increasingly being assessed for their expression in various PTC models. Interestingly, in addition to cell line models, a large proportion of the reported studies have evaluated lncRNA levels in PTC patient samples providing an immediate clinical relevance of their findings. While most lncRNAs either promote or suppress PTC pathogenesis, data on individual lncRNAs is not very clear. As expected, lncRNAs function in PTC through sponging of microRNAs as well as modulation of several signaling pathways. The process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and the PI3K/Akt and wnt signaling pathways have emerged as the primary targets of lncRNAs in PTC. This comprehensive review discusses all the information that is available on lncRNAs in PTC, ranging from in vitro and in vivo findings to the possible role of lncRNAs as diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarkers.

Paraspeckle nuclear condensates: Global sensors of cell stress?

Paraspeckles are nuclear condensates, or membranelees organelles, that are built on the long noncoding RNA, NEAT1, and have been linked to many diseases. Although originally described as constitutive structures, here, in reviewing this field, we develop the hypothesis that cells increase paraspeckle abundance as part of a general stress response, to aid pro-survival pathways. Paraspeckles increase in many scenarios: when cells transform from one state to another, become infected with viruses and bacteria, begin to degenerate, under inflammation, in aging, and in cancer. Cells increase paraspeckles by increasing transcription of NEAT1 and adjusting its RNA processing. These increases in NEAT1 are driven by numerous stress-sensing signaling pathways, including signaling to mitochondria and stress granules, revealing crosstalk between the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm in the stress response. Thus, paraspeckles are an important piece of the puzzle in cellular homeostasis, and could be considered RNA-scaffolded nuclear equivalents of dynamic stress-induced structures that form in the cytoplasm. We speculate that, in general, cells rely on phase-separated paraspeckles to transiently tweak gene regulation in times of cellular flux.

Emerging oncogene ATAD2: Signaling cascades and therapeutic initiatives

ATAD2 is a promising oncoprotein with tumor-promoting functions in many cancers. It is a valid cancer drug-target and a potential cancer-biomarker for multiple malignancies. As a cancer/testis antigen (CTA), ATAD2 could also be a probable candidate for immunotherapy. It is a unique CTA that belongs to both AAA+ ATPase and bromodomain family proteins. Since 2007, several research groups have been reported on the pleiotropic oncogenic functions of ATAD2 in diverse signaling pathways, including Rb/E2F-cMyc pathway, steroid hormone signaling pathway, p53 and p38-MAPK-mediated apoptotic pathway, AKT pathway, hedgehog signaling pathway, HIF1α signaling pathway, and Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) pathway in various cancers. In all these pathways, ATAD2 participates in chromatin dynamics, DNA replication, and gene transcription, demonstrating its role as an epigenetic reader and transcription factor or coactivator to promote tumorigenesis. However, despite the progress, an overall mechanism of ATAD2-mediated oncogenesis in diverse origin is elusive. In this review, we summarize the accumulated evidence to envision the overall ATAD2 signaling networks during carcinogenesis and highlight the area where missing links await further research. Besides, the structure-function aspect of ATAD2 is also discussed. Since the efforts have already been initiated to explore targeted drug molecules and RNA-based therapeutic alternatives against ATAD2, their potency and prospects have been elucidated. Together, we believe this is a well-rounded review on ATAD2, facilitating a new drift in ATAD2 research, essential for its clinical implication as a biomarker and/or cancer drug-target.

The NEAT1_2/miR-491 Axis Modulates Papillary Thyroid Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Through TGM2/NFκb/FN1 Signaling

NEAT1 (nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1) is an oncogenic long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) that facilitates tumorigenesis in multiple cancers. In papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), the molecular mechanism by which NEAT1 affects invasion and metastasis remains elusive. RNA sequencing was used to discover differentially expressed NEAT1_2 downstream genes. Protein and RNA expression analyses and immunohistochemistry detected the expression of NEAT1_2, Transglutaminase 2 (TGM2), and microRNA-491 (miR-491) among PTC and non-cancerous tissues. Transwell and wound healing assays, and a mouse model of lung metastasis were used for further functional analyses. Bioinformatics was performed to predict miRNAs binding to both NEAT1_2 and TGM2. Rescue experiments and dual-luciferase reporter assays were performed. In PTC tissues, NEAT1_2 expression was markedly increased and regulated TGM2 expression. TGM2 was overexpressed in PTC, correlating positively with exthyroidal extension and lymph node metastasis. TGM2 knockdown significantly inhibited invasion and metastasis. NEAT1_2 sponged miR-491, acting as a competing endogenous RNA to regulate TGM2 expression. Fibronectin 1 (FN1) was predicted as a TGM2 target. TGM2 could transcriptionally activate FN1 by promoting nuclear factor kappa B (NFκb) p65 nuclear translocation, ultimately promoting PTC invasion/metastasis. These findings identify that NEAT1_2 sponges miR-491 to regulate TGM2 expression. TGM2 activates FN1 via NFκb to promote PTC invasion and metastasis.

Sex-biased DNA methylation in papillary thyroid cancer

Background: Women have a higher risk of developing papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) than men. DNA methylation is known to differ between men and women. Materials & methods: Using the human methylation 450 BeadChip and RNA-sequence, we profiled the genome-wide DNA methylation patterns of papillary thyroid carcinoma patients and para-carcinoma tissue. Results: We first identified 398 different expression genes (DEGs) between males and females PTC. Then we analyzed the relationship between differentially methylated positions (DMPs) and DEGs at gene promoter regions and identified 39 genes and explored DMP-DEGs' correlation with immune cell infiltration and tumor purity. We also analyzed the relationship between genomic regions and enhancers. Conclusion: Our study identified 39 DMP-DEGs providing some new insights into the mechanisms of methylation-mediated gender differences in PTC.

LncRNA NEAT1 promotes cell proliferation, migration, and invasion via the miR-186-5p/PTP4A1 axis in cholangiocarcinoma

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly aggressive and malignant tumor. In this study, the effect and molecular mechanism of nuclear enriched abundant transcript 1 (NEAT1) in CCA were elucidated. The expressions of NEAT1, microRNA-186-5p (miR-186-5p), and PTP4A1 were measured by quantitative real-time PCR. The protein levels were measured by Western blotting. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to create survival curves. The interactions between NEAT1, miR-186-5p, and PTP4A1 were assessed through the dual luciferase reporter assay. Additionally, the cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion were measured by colony formation, flow cytometry, the Transwell assay, and the wound healing assay, respectively. NEAT1 and PTP4A1 were significantly upregulated in CCA tissues and cells, but miR-186-5p was downregulated. NEAT1 expression was negatively correlated with the survival of CCA patients and has remarkable correlation with serum CA199 levels and lymph node metastasis. Besides, NEAT1 could act as a molecular sponge for miR-186-5p to upregulate PTP4A1 expression. More importantly, the knockdown of NEAT1 or overexpression of miR-186-5p inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of CCA cells, and the inhibition of miR-186-5p reversed the effects of the knockdown of NEAT1. In addition, NEAT1 could also activate the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and regulate the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through the miR-186-5p/PTP4A1 axis. In conclusion, NEAT1 was involved in cell proliferation, migration and invasion in CCA, and the NEAT1/miR-186-5p/PTP4A1/PI3K/AKT axis indicated novel regulatory mechanisms and therapeutics for the treatment of CCA.

Long non-coding RNA CCAT1 sponges miR-490 to enhance cell proliferation and migration of non-small cell lung cancer

Background

Non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 85% of lung cancer which is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy in China. Colon cancer associated transcript 1 (CCAT1) acts as an oncogene in enhancing tumor progression. However, the effects of CCAT1 in NSCLC remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to explore the role of CCAT1 in NSCLC.

Methods

Wound healing and transwell assays were performed to measure cell migration. RT‐qPCR was employed to calculate the mRNA level of CCAT1 and miR‐490.

Results

High expression of CCAT1 was observed in NSCLC tissues and cells, with low expression of miR‐490. CCAT1 promoted the proliferation and metastasis of H1299 and A549 cells, while miR‐490 had the opposite effect. CCAT1 could specifically bind to miR‐490 and regulate its expression. MiR‐490 partially reversed the inhibitory effect of CCAT1 on cell proliferation and metastasis.

Conclusions

The CCAT1/miR‐490 molecular axis has been shown to be important for the treatment of NSCLC.

Surgery After Ultrasound-Guided Radiofrequency Ablation for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma in 21 Patients: A Retrospective Study from a Single Center in China

BACKGROUND Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is used to treat various cancers, but its use in thyroid cancer remains controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate surgical findings after RFA for papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 21 patients (average age 44.9±13.3 years) who had biopsy-confirmed thyroid cancer treated with RFA in multiple hospitals. Surgery was done in the First Hospital of China Medical University. RESULTS The 21 patients had a total of 32 thyroid nodules that were treated with RFA. Twenty-eight nodules were malignant, and 4 nodules were benign. Before RFA, 17 of the malignant nodules were >1 cm and 11 were ≤1 cm. Among the 28 malignant nodules, post-ablation lesions adhered to or invaded the structures surrounding the thyroid in 17 (60.7%), 19 (67.9%), and 22 (78.6%) nodules evaluated with ultrasound, contrast-enhanced computed tomography, and intraoperatively, respectively. Based on pathology results, 7 (33.3%) of the 21 patients had bilateral cancer. Ten (47.6%) of the 21 patients had central lymph node metastasis and 2 (9.5%) had lateral lymph node metastasis. For 5 (15.6%) of the 32 nodules, the fine-needle aspiration results were not consistent with the postoperative pathological results. Five (23.8%) of the 21 patients with lymph node metastasis had clinically negative (CN0) lesions. CONCLUSIONS RFA for PTC primary lesions may be incomplete and leave residual lymph node metastasis, even in lesions ≤1 cm. RFA should be recommended with caution in the treatment of operable patients with primary PTC.

MicroRNA in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Systematic Review from 2018 to June 2020

Simple Summary

The most common form of endocrine cancer - papillary thyroid carcinoma, has an increasing incidence. Although this disease usually has an indolent behavior, there are cases when it can evolve more aggressively. It has been known for some time that it is possible to use microRNAs for the diagnosis, prognosis and even treatment monitoring of papillary thyroid cancer. The purpose of this study is to summarize the latest information provided by publications regarding the involvement of microRNAs in papillary thyroid cancer, underling the new clinical perspectives offered by these publications.

Abstract

The involvement of micro-ribonucleic acid (microRNAs) in metabolic pathways such as regulation, signal transduction, cell maintenance, and differentiation make them possible biomarkers and therapeutic targets. The purpose of this review is to summarize the information published in the last two and a half years about the involvement of microRNAs in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Another goal is to understand the perspective offered by the new findings. Main microRNA features such as origin, regulation, targeted genes, and metabolic pathways will be presented in this paper. We interrogated the PubMed database using several keywords: “microRNA” + “thyroid” + “papillary” + “carcinoma”. After applying search filters and inclusion criteria, a selection of 137 articles published between January 2018–June 2020 was made. Data regarding microRNA, metabolic pathways, gene/protein, and study utility were selected and included in the table and later discussed regarding the matter at hand. We found that most microRNAs regularly expressed in the normal thyroid gland are downregulated in PTC, indicating an important tumor-suppressor action by those microRNAs. Moreover, we showed that one gene can be targeted by several microRNAs and have nominally described these interactions. We have revealed which microRNAs can target several genes at once.

Circ_0058124 Aggravates the Progression of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma by Activating LMO4 Expression via Targeting miR-370-3p

Background

Thyroid cancer is the most common malignant tumor in the endocrine system. Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) accounts for the vast majority of cases in this cancer. Recently, the vital role of circular RNA (circRNA) has been acknowledged in various cancers, and this study aimed to investigate the role of circ_0058124 and related mechanism of its action in PTC.

Materials and Methods

The expression of circ_0058124, miR-370-3p and LIM domain only (LMO4) was detected by qRT-PCR in tissue samples (PTC tissues or normal tissues, n=20) and cell lines (non-cancer cell line, Nthy-ori 3–1, and PTC cell lines, IHH-4 and TPC-1). For functional analysis, cell proliferation was investigated using CCK-8 assay and colony formation assay. Cell migration and invasion were determined using transwell assay, and cell migration was also assessed by wound healing assay. Cell apoptosis was monitored by flow cytometry assay. For mechanism analysis, the interaction between miR-370-3p and circ_0058124 or LMO4 predicted by the bioinformatics analysis was validated by dual-luciferase reporter assay or RIP assay. The effect of circ_0058124 on tumor growth in vivo was identified by establishing the Xenograft model.

Results

The expression of circ_0058124 was enhanced in PTC tissues and cells. Circ_0058124 knockdown inhibited viability, colony formation, migration and invasion and promoted apoptosis of PTC cells. Besides, circ_0058124 knockdown also blocked tumor growth in vivo. miR-370-3p was a target of circ_0058124, and circ_0058124 regulated the expression of LMO4, a target of miR-370-3p, by targeting miR-370-3p. Rescue experiments presented that miR-370-3p inhibition reversed the inhibitory effects of circ_0058124 knockdown on PTC development, and LMO4 overexpression reversed the effect of miR-370-3p restoration on PTC development.

Conclusion

Circ_0058124 promoted the development of PTC by mediating the miR-370-3p/LMO4 axis, and circ_0058124, functioned as an oncogene in PTC, might be used as a promising biomarker for PTC diagnosis and treatment.

ATF2-Induced lncRNA GAS8-AS1 Promotes Autophagy of Thyroid Cancer Cells by Targeting the miR-187-3p/ATG5 and miR-1343-3p/ATG7 Axes

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an essential regulatory role in multiple cancers. However, the role of lncRNAs in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is still unknown. Here, GAS8-AS1, a novel lncRNA that is significantly downregulated in PTC, was selected for further investigation. The roles of GAS8-AS1 in PTC cells were verified by gain- and loss-of-function experiments. The functional mechanism of GAS8-AS1 on the microRNA (miR)-187-3p/ATG5 axis and miR-1343-3p/ATG7 axis in PTC cells was evaluated using bioinformatics analysis, luciferase reporter assay, Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, immunohistochemistry analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and immunofluorescence. We found that GAS8-AS1 was downregulated in PTC tissues and cell lines. In patients with PTC, low GAS8-AS1 expression was associated with higher tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage and lymph node metastasis (LNM). Functionally, GAS8-AS1 significantly promoted autophagy and inhibited PTC cell proliferation in vitro and promoted tumorigenesis in vivo. Mechanistically, GAS8-AS1 acted as a sponge of miR-187-3p and miR-1343-3p and upregulated ATG5 and ATG7 expression, respectively. The transcription factor ATF2 regulated GAS8-AS1 by binding to the GAS8-AS1 promoter. In conclusion, upregulation of ATF2 activated GAS8-AS1-promoted autophagy of PTC cells by sponging oncogenic miR-187-3p and miR-1343-3p and upregulating the expression of ATG5 and ATG7, respectively, making GAS8-AS1 a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for PTC.

Long non-coding RNA AGAP2-AS1 increases the invasiveness of papillary thyroid cancer

Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is considered a low hazard endocrine system cancer, but a considerable number of patients have poor prognosis because of lymph node metastasis and invasion of surrounding tissues. In this study, we analyzed the expression and function of the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) AGAP2-AS1 in PTC. We found that AGAP2-AS1 expression was significantly higher in human PTC tissues than adjacent noncancerous tissues (n=110; p<0.01) and correlated with lymph node metastasis (p=0.01) and tumor-node-metastasis stage (p=0.006). AGAP2-AS1 downregulation decreased migration and invasion by PTC cells, and reduced expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2). AGAP2-AS1 upregulated MMP2 expression by competitively binding to microRNA-425-5p. In addition, miR-424-5p expression was decreased in PTC tissues and correlates negatively with the AGAP2-AS1 levels. These results demonstrate that AGAP2-AS1 expression is significantly elevated in PTC tissues and that, by binding to miRNA-425-5p, it upregulates the MMP2 expression, thereby increasing the invasiveness and migration capacity of PTC cells.

LncAS2Cancer: a comprehensive database for alternative splicing of lncRNAs across human cancers

Accumulating studies demonstrated that the roles of lncRNAs for tumorigenesis were isoform-dependent and their aberrant splicing patterns in cancers contributed to function specificity. However, there is no existing database focusing on cancer-related alternative splicing of lncRNAs. Here, we developed a comprehensive database called LncAS2Cancer, which collected 5335 bulk RNA sequencing and 1826 single-cell RNA sequencing samples, covering over 30 cancer types. By applying six state-of-the-art splicing algorithms, 50 859 alternative splicing events for 8 splicing types were identified and deposited in the database. In addition, the database contained the following information: (i) splicing patterns of lncRNAs under seven different conditions, such as gene interference, which facilitated to infer potential regulators; (ii) annotation information derived from eight sources and manual curation, to understand the functional impact of affected sequences; (iii) survival analysis to explore potential biomarkers; as well as (iv) a suite of tools to browse, search, visualize and download interesting information. LncAS2Cancer could not only confirm the known cancer-associated lncRNA isoforms but also indicate novel ones. Using the data deposited in LncAS2Cancer, we compared gene model and transcript overlap between lncRNAs and protein-coding genes and discusses how these factors, along with sequencing depth, affected the interpretation of splicing signals. Based on recurrent signals and potential confounders, we proposed a reliable score to prioritize splicing events for further elucidation. Together, with the broad collection of lncRNA splicing patterns and annotation, LncAS2Cancer will provide important new insights into the diverse functional roles of lncRNA isoforms in human cancers. LncAS2Cancer is freely available at https://lncrna2as.cd120.com/.

Long non coding RNA NRON inhibited breast cancer development through regulating miR-302b/SRSF2 axis

AIMS

Long noncoding RNA NRON has been investigated in various tumors, such as hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the role of lncRNA NRON in breast cancer remains unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the function and mechanism of lncRNA NRON in breast cancer.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Overexpression and knockdown vectors were constructed. Proliferation and invasion were measured to evaluate the function of lncRNA NRON. A dual-luciferase reporter assay was utilized to analyze the potential binding target of lncRNA NRON. A rescue experiment was performed to verify the relationship between lncRNA NRON and SRSF2.

RESULTS

Our results showed that the expression of lncRNA NRON was significantly downregulated in breast cancer tissues. Overexpression of lncRNA NRON significantly inhibited proliferation and invasion in breast cancer cell lines. Knockdown of lncRNA NRON promoted breast cancer development. We also provided evidence that lncRNA NRON negatively regulated miR-302b. Moreover, we identified SRSF2 as a downstream target of miR-302b.

CONCLUSION

Overall, we performed a comprehensive analysis to indicate that the lncRNA NRON/miR-302b/SRSF2 axis plays an important role in breast cancer. Our study is the first to prove that lncRNA NRON functions as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer.

The Changing Face of in vitro Culture Models for Thyroid Cancer Research: A Systematic Literature Review

Background: Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy worldwide. Primary treatment with surgery and radioactive iodine is usually successful, however, there remains a small proportion of thyroid cancers that are resistant to these treatments, and often represent aggressive forms of the disease. Since the 1950s, in vitro thyroid culture systems have been used in thyroid cancer research. In vitro culture models have evolved from 2-dimensional thyrocyte monolayers into physiologically functional 3-dimensional organoids. Recently, research groups have utilized in vitro thyroid cancer models to identify numerous genetic and epigenetic factors that are involved with tumorigenesis as well as test the efficacy of cytotoxic drugs on thyroid cancer cells and identify cancer stem cells within thyroid tumors.

Objective of Review: The objective of this literature review is to summarize how thyroid in vitro culture models have evolved and highlight how in vitro models have been fundamental to thyroid cancer research.

Type of Review: Systematic literature review.

Search Strategy: The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) Healthcare and Databases Advanced Search (HDAS) tool was used to search EMBASE, Medline and PubMed databases. The following terms were included in the search: “in vitro” AND “thyroid cancer”. The search period was confined from January 2008 until June 2019. A manual search of the references of review articles and other key articles was also performed using Google Scholar.

Evaluation Method: All experimental studies and review articles that explicitly mentioned the use of in vitro models for thyroid cancer research in the title and/or abstract were considered. Full-text versions of all selected articles were evaluated. Experimental studies were reviewed and grouped according to topic: genetics/epigenetics, drug testing/cancer treatment, and side populations (SP)/tumor microenvironment (TME).

Results: Three thousand three hundred and seventy three articles were identified through database and manual searches. One thousand two hundred and sixteen articles remained after duplicates were removed. Five hundred and eighty nine articles were excluded based on title and/or abstract. Of the remaining 627 full-text articles: 24 were review articles, 332 related to genetic/epigenetics, 240 related to drug testing/treatments, and 31 related to SP/TME.

Conclusion:In vitro cell culture models have been fundamental in thyroid cancer research. There have been many advances in culture techniques- developing complex cellular architecture that more closely resemble tumors in vivo. Genetic and epigenetic factors that have been identified using in vitro culture models can be used as targets for novel drug therapies. In the future, in vitro systems will facilitate personalized medicine, offering bespoke treatments to patients.

The Role of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Thyroid Cancer

Thyroid cancer, the most common endocrine malignancy, has become the most commonly diagnosed malignant solid tumor. Moreover, some cases have poor prognosis, and the survival period is only 3-5 months. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a group of functional RNA molecules more than 200 nucleotides in length that lack the ability to encode protein but participate in all aspects of gene regulation. Functionally, many lncRNAs play essential roles in epigenetic regulation at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels via various molecular mechanisms. Recent studies have discovered important roles for lncRNAs during the complex process of carcinogenesis in thyroid cancer. In this review, we focus on lncRNAs dysregulated in thyroid cancer and summarize recently reported associations between lncRNAs and thyroid cancer in order to demonstrate the significant value of lncRNAs in diagnosis and treatment.

Long Non-Coding RNA CRNDE Promotes Colorectal Carcinoma Cell Progression and Paclitaxel Resistance by Regulating miR-126-5p/ATAD2 Axis

Background

Long non-coding RNA colorectal neoplasia differentially expressed (lncRNA CRNDE) and microRNA-126-5p (miR-126-5p) were reported to be related to the development of colorectal carcinoma (CRC). However, the detailed mechanism of CRNDE and miR-126-5p is not fully understood. The purpose of this research was to explore their roles and molecular mechanism in CRC.

Methods

Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect the transcription levels of genes. Paclitaxel (PTX) was used to analyze cell drug resistance. 3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and flow cytometry analysis were employed to assess cell proliferation and apoptosis, respectively. Furthermore, cell migratory and invasive abilities were measured using transwell assay. The interaction between miR-126-5p and CRNDE or ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 2 (ATAD2) was predicted by online tool starbase and then confirmed using the dual-luciferase reporter assay. Besides, Western blot assay was carried out to detect the levels of proteins.

Results

CRNDE and ATAD2 expressions were upregulated and miR-126-5p expression was downregulated in CRC tissues and cells. CRNDE depletion repressed PTX resistance and the growth of CRC cells. Interestingly, we found that miR-126-5p was a target gene of CRNDE, and miR-126-5p directly targeted ATAD2. Furthermore, CRNDE affected CRC cell progression via modulation of miR-126-5p/ATAD2 axis in CRC cells.

Conclusion

Our data suggested that CRNDE regulated CRC cell development and PTX resistance by modulating miR-126-5p/ATAD2 axis, providing the theoretical basis for the treatment of CRC patients.

MiRNA-106b-5p in human cancers: diverse functions and promising biomarker

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), as a class of small, well-conserved, non-coding RNA molecules, hold the capacity to post-transcriptionally suppress the expression of over 50% protein-coding genes. Emerging and accumulating evidence suggests that miRNAs function as the master regulators of multiple pathophysiological processes, and play important roles in diverse human diseases, especially in tumorigenesis and progression. MiR-106b-5p, a member of miR-106b seed family, has been demonstrated to be aberrantly expressed in human solid malignancies, and to play paradoxically opposing functions as an oncomiR or a tumor suppressor in tumor development. In addition, it has been recently reported to be a promising biomarker for prognostic evaluation for cancer patients. In the present review, we provided an overview to summarize the present findings of miR-106b-5p in cancer research fields, thereby establishing comprehensive understanding of its diverse functions and clinical implications in human cancers.

The HOTAIRM1/miR-107/TDG axis regulates papillary thyroid cancer cell proliferation and invasion

The long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), HOX antisense intergenic RNA myeloid 1 (HOTAIRM1), has been shown to act as a tumor suppressor in various human cancers. However, the overall biological roles and clinical significance of HOTAIRM1 in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) have not been investigated. In this study, we used quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) to show that HOTAIRM1 was significantly downregulated in PTC tissues and low HOTAIRM1 expression levels were associated with lymph node metastasis and advanced TNM stage. We performed Cell Counting Kit-8, plate colony-formation, flow cytometric apoptosis, transwell, and scratch wound healing assays. Overexpression of HOTAIRM1 was found to inhibit PTC cell proliferation, invasion, and migration in vitro. Additionally, we identified miR-107 as a target of HOTAIRM1 using online bioinformatics tools. Dual-luciferase reporter gene and RNA immunoprecipitation assays were used to confirm that HOTAIRM1 acted as a competing endogenous RNA of miR-107. Furthermore, enhancement of miR-107 could potentially reverse the effects of HOTAIRM1 overexpression in vitro. Inhibition of miR-107 suppressed PTC cell proliferation, invasion, and migration in vitro. HOTAIRM1 overexpression and miR-107 inhibition impaired tumorigenesis in vivo in mouse xenografts. Bioinformatics prediction and a dual-luciferase reporter gene assay demonstrated the binding between miR-107 and the 3'-untranslated region of TDG. The results of qRT-PCR and western blotting assays suggested that HOTAIRM1 could regulate the expression of TDG in an miR-107-meditated manner. In conclusion, we validated HOTAIRM1 as a novel tumor-suppressor lncRNA in PTC and proposed that the HOTAIRM1/miR-107/TDG axis may serve as a therapeutic target for PTC.

Silencing METTL3 inhibits the proliferation and invasion of osteosarcoma by regulating ATAD2

BACKGROUND

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumor in children and young adults. RNA N⁶-methyladenosine (m⁶A) is the most abundant internal modification in mammalian mRNA, which is involved in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. It has been reported that methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3), the first reported m6A "writer", plays critical roles in cancer progression. However, its role and molecular mechanism in osteosarcoma is poor studied. In this study, we aimed to investigate the functional role and underlying mechanism of METTL3 in the progression of osteosarcoma.

METHODS

We detected the mRNA expression of METTL3 in osteosarcoma cell lines, and immunofluorescence assay was performed to observe the location of METTL3. Cell lines with METTL3 gene overexpression or knockdown were established by pcDNA3.1-METTL3 or siRNA interferences in order to determine the function of METTL3 in osteosarcoma in vitro. Transcriptomic RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) were used to screen the target genes of METTL3 in osteosarcoma.

RESULTS

We found that METTL3 localized in cytoplasm and nucleus of osteosarcoma cells. Silencing METTL3 in SAOS-2 and MG63 cells significantly inhibited the m⁶A methylation level, proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities, as well as promoted cell apoptosis. However, up-regulation of METTL3 had no significant effect on the biological behaviors of U2OS cells. Further mechanism analysis suggested that METTL3 knockdown inhibited the expression of ATPase family AAA domain containing 2 (ATAD2). Moreover, ATAD2 knockdown inhibited the proliferation and invasion of SAOS-2 and MG63 cells, while its overexpression showed a significant increase in cell proliferation and invasion. Furthermore, METTL3 knockdown abrogated the promoting effects of ATAD2 overexpression on osteosarcoma cells proliferation and invasion.

CONCLUSION

Overall, our study revealed that METTL3 functions as an oncogene in the growth and invasion of osteosarcoma by regulating ATAD2, suggesting a potential therapeutic target for osteosarcoma treatment.

LncRNAs as Potential Therapeutic Targets in Thyroid Cancer

Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most common cancer of endocrine system. TC can be subdivided into 4 different entities, papillary, follicular, medullary and anaplastic thyroid cancer. Among them, anaplastic thyroid cancer has the poorest prognosis. Exploring new therapeutic approach may entail favorable prediction as well as increasing overall survival rate of patients. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), have vast implications in different cancer types. Although they are not transcribed into proteins, they can act as a harness in regulating a plethora of biological functions. They have been implicated in a decisive role in gene expression via modulation of both coding and non-coding RNAs. This article discuss the multi-facet role of lncRNA in thyroid cancer biology.

LncARSR sponges miR-129-5p to promote proliferation and metastasis of bladder cancer cells through increasing SOX4 expression

Emerging evidences have indicated that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are potential biomarkers, playing important roles in the development of cancer. LncRNA Activated in RCC with Sunitinib Resistance (lncARSR) is a novel lncRNA that functions as a potential biomarker and is involved in the progression of cancers. However, the clinical significance and molecular mechanism of lncARSR in bladder cancer (Bca) remains unknow. In this study, we discovered that lncARSR was significantly up-regulated in bladder cancer. In addition, increased expression of lncARSR was positively correlated with higher histological grade and larger tumor size. Further experiments demonstrated that suppression of lncARSR attenuated the proliferation, migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process of Bca cells. Mechanistically, lncARSR was mainly located in the cytoplasm and acted as a miRNA sponge to positively modulate the expression of Sex-determining region Y-related high-mobility-group box transcription factor 4 (SOX4) via sponging miR-129-5p and subsequently promoted the proliferation and metastasis of Bca cells, thus playing an oncogenic role in Bca pathogenesis. In conclusion, our study indicated that lncARSR plays a critical regulatory role in Bca cells and lncARSR may serve as a potential diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for bladder cancer.

Expression and function of long non-coding RNA LINC01420 in thyroid cancer

The Human Genome Project revealed that >90% of the human genome was found to transcribe non-coding RNAs, including micro RNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). lncRNAs have been identified to play a crucial role in cancer progression. Thyroid cancer (TC) is a common type of endocrine cancer; however, the functional roles of lncRNAs in TC have yet to be fully elucidated. The present study investigated whether LINC01420 was upregulated in TC tissues, compared with normal thyroid tissues, and the results suggested that LINC01420 may play a regulatory role in TC. Bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that LINC01420 was associated with translation, rRNA processing, mRNA splicing, regulation of transcription, DNA repair and double-strand break repair. Furthermore, the exact role of LINC01420 in TC was explored by performing a loss-of-function assay, which revealed that the knockdown of LINC01420 inhibited TC cell proliferation and cell cycle progression. The findings of the present study provide a novel insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying TC development. Moreover, they suggest that LINC01420 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of TC, and that increased LINC01420 expression levels show potential as a prognostic marker for the disease.

SNHG 6 promotes the progression of Colon and Rectal adenocarcinoma via miR-101-3p and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway

Background

Small nucleolar RNA host gene 6 (SNHG6) regulates diverse biological processes in cancers. Potential function of SNHG6 in human colon and rectal adenocarcinoma (CRC) was evaluated.

Methods

Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, MTT assays, Colony formation assays, Transwell assay, Western Blotting and Luciferase reporter assays were performed to measure the biological functions and potential molecular mechanisms of SNHG6 in CRC.

Results

SNHG6 was over-expressed in CRC, and high expression of s SNHG6 were associated with short survival times. We then identified miR-101-3p as an inhibitory target of SNHG6. Knockdown of SNHG6 significantly decreased miR-101-3p expression. Moreover, silenced SNHG6 obviously inhibited CRC cell growth, weakened cell invasion capacity and blocked the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

Conclusion

SNHG6 could regulate the progression of CRC via modulating the expression levels of miR-101-3p and the activity of Wnt/β-catenin signaling.

miR-106b-5p promotes aggressive progression of hepatocellular carcinoma via targeting RUNX3

Background and Objectives

The roles of microRNA(miR)‐106b‐5p in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unclear. We aimed here to investigate the clinical significance of miR‐106b‐5p expression in HCC and its underlying mechanisms.

Methods

Expression levels of miR‐106b‐5p in 108 HCC clinical samples by quantitative real‐time reverse transcription PCR. Associations of miR‐106b‐5p expression with various clinicopathological features and patients' prognosis were evaluated by Chi‐square test, Kaplan‐Meier, and Cox proportional regression analyses, respectively. The target gene of miR‐106b‐5p and their functions in HCC cells were investigated by luciferase reporter, CCK‐8, and Transwell Matrigel invasion assays.

Results

miR‐106b‐5p expression was markedly higher in HCC tissues than in noncancerous adjacent liver tissues (P < .001). miR‐106b‐5p upregulation was significantly associated with advanced TNM stage (P = .02), short recurrence‐free (P = .005), and overall (P = .001) survivals. Importantly, miR‐106b‐5p expression was an independent predictor of poor prognosis (P < .05). RUNX3 was identified as a direct target gene of miR‐106b‐5p in HCC cells. Functionally, miR‐106b‐5p upregulation promoted the viability and invasion of HCC cells, while enforced RUNX3 expression reversed the oncogenic effects of miR‐106b‐5p overexpression.

Conclusions

miR‐106b‐5p may serve as a potent prognostic marker for tumor recurrence and survival of HCC patients. miR‐106b‐5p may exert an oncogenic role in HCC via regulating its target gene RUNX3.

LINC01303 functions as a competing endogenous RNA to regulate EZH2 expression by sponging miR-101-3p in gastric cancer

Long non‐coding RNA (lncRNA) is one of the important regulators of many malignancies. However, the biological function and clinical significance of a large number of lncRNAs in gastric cancer remain unclear. Therefore, we analysed the TCGA data to find that LINC01303 is significantly up‐regulated in gastric cancer tissues. However, the biological function of LINC01303 in GC remains unknown. In our study, we found that the expression of LINC01303 was significantly higher in GC tissues than in adjacent tissues by real‐time quantitative PCR. We can significantly inhibit the malignant proliferation, migration and invasion of GC cells by silencing LINC01303 expression. In addition, LINC01303 knockdown can also inhibit GC growth in vivo. After the bioinformatics analysis, we found that LINC01303 can be used as a miR‐101‐3p sponge to competitively adsorb miR‐101‐3p with EZH2. Therefore, our results indicate that LINC01303 promotes the expression of EZH2 by inhibiting miR‐101‐3p activity and promotes GC progression. In summary, in this study, we demonstrated for the first time that the LINC01303/miR‐101‐3p/EZH2 axis promotes GC progression.

Long non-coding RNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 7 is upregulated and promotes cell proliferation in thyroid cancer

Thyroid cancer (THCA) is one of the most common types of endocrine cancer worldwide. However, the mechanisms underlying THCA progression have not been fully elucidated. Recent studies have demonstrated that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are dysregulated in human diseases, and are involved in regulating various biological processes. Furthermore, several reports have indicated that lncRNAs serve important roles in THCA. In the present study, a dataset from The Cancer Genome Atlas was used to analyze the expression levels and the clinical information of small nucleolar RNA host gene 7 (SNHG7) in THCA. Starbase was used to construct the competing endogenous RNA network. The Molecule Annotation System was used to analyze the data from Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases. Furthermore, cell proliferation and cell cycle assays were used to detect the functions of SNHG7 in THCA. The present study revealed for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, that SNHG7 is markedly upregulated in THCA samples following analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas datasets. SNHG7 expression was higher in advanced stage compared with early stage THCA samples. In addition, high expression levels of SNHG7 were associated with shorter survival times in THCA patients compared with low expression levels. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that SNHG7 was associated with the processes of ‘protein translation’, ‘viral life cycle’, ‘RNA processing’, ‘mRNA splicing’, ‘histone ubiquitination’, ‘endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi vesicle-mediated transport’, ‘sister chromatid cohesion’, ‘DNA damage checkpoint regulation’, ‘translation’ and ‘the spliceosome’. Additionally, knockdown of SNHG7 significantly inhibited thyroid cancer cell proliferation and cell cycle progression in vitro. Taken together, the results obtained in the present study suggested that SNHG7 may serve as a novel therapeutic and prognostic target for THCA.