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Bastos-Amador P, Duarte EL, Torres J, Caldeira AT, Silva I, Salvador C, Assunção R, Alvito P, Ferreira M. Maternal dietary exposure to mycotoxin aflatoxin B 1 promotes intestinal immune alterations and microbiota modifications increasing infection susceptibility in mouse offspring. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 173:113596. [PMID: 36603704 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi occurring in food that are toxic to animals and humans. Early-life mycotoxins exposure has been linked to diverse pathologies. However, how maternal exposure to mycotoxins impacts on the intestinal barrier function of progeny has not been explored. Here, exposure of pregnant and lactating C57Bl/6J female mice to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1; 400 μg/kg body weight/day; 3 times a week) in gelatine pellets, from embryonic day (E)11.5 until weaning (postnatal day 21), led to gut immunological changes in progeny. The results showed an overall increase of lymphocyte number in intestine, a reduction of expression of epithelial genes related to microbial defence, as well as a decrease in cytokine production by intestinal type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2). While susceptibility to chemically induced colitis was not worsened, immune alterations were associated with changes in gut microbiota and with a higher vulnerability to infection by the protozoan Eimeria vermiformis at early-life. Together these results show that maternal dietary exposure to AFB1 can dampen intestinal barrier homeostasis in offspring decreasing their capability to tackle intestinal pathogens. These data provide insights to understand AFB1 potential harmfulness in early-life health in the context of intestinal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Bastos-Amador
- Food and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal; Champalimaud Foundation, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Elsa Leclerc Duarte
- University of Évora, School of Science and Technology, 7000-671, Évora, Portugal; MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, 7006-554, Évora, Portugal
| | - Júlio Torres
- University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Inês Silva
- University of Évora, School of Science and Technology, 7000-671, Évora, Portugal; MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, 7006-554, Évora, Portugal; HERCULES Laboratory, Universidade de Évora, 7000-809, Évora, Portugal
| | - Cátia Salvador
- HERCULES Laboratory, Universidade de Évora, 7000-809, Évora, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Assunção
- IUEM, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz-Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, CRL, 2829 - 511, Caparica, Portugal; University of Aveiro, CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paula Alvito
- Food and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal; University of Aveiro, CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Manuela Ferreira
- Champalimaud Foundation, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038, Lisbon, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Ogallo IO, Kaindi DWM, Abong GO, Mwangi AM. Dietary aflatoxin exposure of lactating mothers of children 0-6 months in Makueni County, Kenya. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2023:e13493. [PMID: 36814005 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The southeastern region of Kenya is prone to aflatoxin outbreaks, yet maternal and infant aflatoxin intake levels remain unclear. We determined dietary aflatoxin exposure of 170 lactating mothers breastfeeding children aged 6 months and below in a descriptive cross-sectional study involving aflatoxin analysis of maize-based cooked food samples (n = 48). Their socioeconomic characteristics, food consumption patterns and postharvest handling of maize were determined. Aflatoxins were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Statistical analysis was conducted using Statistical Package Software for Social Sciences (SPSS version 27) and Palisade's @Risk software. About 46% of the mothers were from low-income households, and 48.2% had not attained the basic level of education. A generally low dietary diversity was reported among 54.1% of lactating mothers. Food consumption pattern was skewed towards starchy staples. Approximately 50% never treated their maize, and at least 20% stored their maize in containers that promote aflatoxin contamination. Aflatoxin was detected in 85.4% of food samples. The mean of total aflatoxin was 97.8 μg/kg (standard deviation [SD], 57.7), while aflatoxin B1 was 9.0 μg/kg (SD, 7.7). The mean dietary intake of total aflatoxin and aflatoxin B1 was 7.6 μg/kg/b.w.t/day (SD, 7.5) and 0.6 (SD, 0.6), respectively. Dietary aflatoxin exposure of lactating mothers was high (margin of exposure < 10,000). Sociodemographic characteristics, food consumption patterns and postharvest handling of maize variably influenced dietary aflatoxin exposure of the mothers. The high prevalence and presence of aflatoxin in foods of lactating mothers are a public health concern and calls for the need to devise easy-to-use household food safety and monitoring measures in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac O Ogallo
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Food, Science, Nutrition & Technology, Applied Human Nutrition Program, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of International Agricultural Development, Graduate School of International Food and Agricultural Studies, Tropical Crop Science, Master Program, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dasel W M Kaindi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Food, Science, Nutrition & Technology, Applied Human Nutrition Program, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - George O Abong
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Food, Science, Nutrition & Technology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Alice M Mwangi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Food, Science, Nutrition & Technology, Applied Human Nutrition Program, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.,Udugu, Ufanisi Ustawi wa Jamii (3UJ) Development Limited, Nairobi, Kenya
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Leslie JF, Morris JB, Gurung JK, Harvey JJW, Ayalew A, Baker R, Zhang G. Mycotoxin communications: Managing messages for different audiences. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.1095256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins, such as aflatoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, and zearalenone, are increasing in visibility as a public health threat through both acute and chronic exposure in food. USAID through its Feed the Future program has sponsored research in Nepal on mycotoxin contamination and the correlated high levels of stunting in children under age five. Communicating about mycotoxins is a complicated matter, as is communicating about any potentially serious economic or health threat that may be difficult to control. Two nominal group workshops in Nepal focused on identifying problems from multiple perspectives and developing potential communication strategies to mitigate the problem and potential concerns about it. Target audiences were identified along with their interests and effective channels to communicate with and within them. The first audience to work with is the government, as it must understand and value the problem and help generate confidence in potential regulatory and mitigation processes. Producers, educators and health professionals are the next audiences to address as they are the most closely involved with the problem. Consumer engagement is last, with a communication goal of sharing information to heighten awareness and minimize unwarranted public concern.
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Lamichhane A, Webb P, Andrews-Trevino J, Pokharel A, Acharya S, Shrestha R, Davis D, Baral K, Wang JS, Xue K, Paudel K, Ghosh S. Dietary determinants of aflatoxin B1-lysine adduct among infants in Nepal. Eur J Clin Nutr 2022; 76:1557-1565. [PMID: 35444268 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-022-01142-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aflatoxins are mycotoxins produced by naturally occurring fungi on food, and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is carcinogenic, immunotoxic and hepatotoxic. This study assesses the relationship between AFB1 in Nepali infants at 12 months of age and their diet at 9 and 12 months of age. METHODS The study used data collected from 1329 infants enrolled in the AflaCohort Study. Aflatoxin exposure was assessed at 12 months using serum AFB1-lysine pg/mg albumin biomarker measured using high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescent detection. Dietary data were collected using food frequency questionnaire. We conducted ordinary least squares and quantile regression analyses with backward elimination to assess lagged (9-month diet and 12-month AFB1) and contemporaneous (12-month diet and 12-month AFB1) associations. RESULTS Eighty-one percent of children at 12 months had detectable levels of serum AFB1-lysine (geometric mean: 0.79 pg/mg albumin, 95% CI: 0.74-0.83). The levels ranged from 0.4 to 85 pg/mg albumin. Dietary diversity at 9 and 12 months were not associated with serum AFB1-lysine levels. Consumption of fish and groundnuts at both 9 and 12 months and infant formula and cauliflower at 9 months were associated with higher serum AFB1-lysine while consumption of bananas and mangoes at 12 months were negatively associated with serum AFB1-lysine (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS High prevalence of detectable AFB1-lysine among infants, and possible links to their dietary patterns argues for more urgent research into which foods in children's diets are most contaminated, and into optimal entry points in the food chain that would allow for effective actions to minimize exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Lamichhane
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Nutrition, Helen Keller International, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Patrick Webb
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Nutrition, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Johanna Andrews-Trevino
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Nutrition, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ashish Pokharel
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Nutrition, Helen Keller International, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sudikshya Acharya
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Nutrition, Helen Keller International, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Robin Shrestha
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Nutrition, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dale Davis
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Nutrition, Helen Keller International, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Kedar Baral
- Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kathy Xue
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Shibani Ghosh
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Nutrition, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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Tesfamariam K, Argaw A, Hanley-Cook GT, Gebreyesus SH, Kolsteren P, Belachew T, Van de Velde M, De Saeger S, De Boevre M, Lachat C. Multiple mycotoxin exposure during pregnancy and risks of adverse birth outcomes: a prospective cohort study in rural Ethiopia. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 160:107052. [PMID: 34952355 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.107052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mycotoxin exposure during pregnancy has been associated with adverse birth outcomes in low- and middle-income countries. The evidence, however, is inconsistent and mainly limited to the assessment of a single mycotoxin. We assessed biomarkers of exposure to multiple mycotoxins during pregnancy and their associations with adverse birth outcomes in rural Ethiopia. METHODS We analyzed data from 579 pregnant women between 8 and 24 weeks of completed gestation enrolled in a prospective cohort study. Serum mycotoxin concentrations were determined using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Multivariable linear probability models, adjusted for potential confounding factors and multiple comparisons, were fitted to assess the associations between mycotoxin exposure and small for gestational age and preterm birth. We applied principal component analysis to reduce the dimensionality of biomarker data from several taxonomic mycotoxin groups. RESULTS All pregnant women were co-exposed to at least five mycotoxins, and one pregnant woman was co-exposed to 27 mycotoxins. Fumonisins (FB), i.e., FB2, FB3, FB1, and tenuazonic acid were the most frequently identified mycotoxins in 98.8, 95.3, 93.3, and 81.4% of the samples respectively. Deoxynivalenol was detected in 38.7%, nivalenol in 50.1%, ochratoxin α in 67.9%, and zearalenone in 50.9% of the serum samples. After adjustment, we found no statistically significant (all P ≥ 0.05) associations between mycotoxin exposures and birth outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Despite our study providing no evidence for relationships between mycotoxin biomarkers and adverse birth outcomes, our findings do indicate an extensive presence of multiple mycotoxin exposure among pregnant women. Public health policies and nutrition-sensitive interventions must ensure exposure to mycotoxins is reduced in rural Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kokeb Tesfamariam
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia; Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, MYTOX-SOUTH® Coordination Unit, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Population and Family Health, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Alemayehu Argaw
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Population and Family Health, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Giles T Hanley-Cook
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Seifu H Gebreyesus
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Patrick Kolsteren
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tefera Belachew
- Department of Population and Family Health, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Mario Van de Velde
- Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, MYTOX-SOUTH® Coordination Unit, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, MYTOX-SOUTH® Coordination Unit, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, MYTOX-SOUTH® Coordination Unit, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Carl Lachat
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Effects of Prenatal Exposure to Aflatoxin B1: A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237312. [PMID: 34885894 PMCID: PMC8659025 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are mycotoxins produced as secondary fungal metabolites. Among them, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) stands out due to its genotoxic and mutagenic potential, being a potent initiator of carcinogenesis. In this review, the outcomes from the published literature in the past 10 years on the effects of AFB1 pathophysiological mechanisms on embryological and fetal development are discussed. In several animal species, including humans, AFB1 has a teratogenic effect, resulting in bone malformations, visceral anomalies, lesions in several organs, and behavioral and reproductive changes, in addition to low birth weight. The mutagenic capacity of AFB1 in prenatal life is greater than in adults, indicating that when exposure occurs in the womb, the risk of the development of neoplasms is higher. Studies conducted in humans indicate that the exposure to this mycotoxin during pregnancy is associated with low birth weight, decreased head circumference, and DNA hypermethylation. However, as the actual impacts on humans are still unclear, the importance of this issue cannot be overemphasized and studies on the matter are essential.
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Andrews-Trevino JY, Webb P, Shively G, Kablan A, Baral K, Davis D, Paudel K, Shrestha R, Pokharel A, Acharya S, Wang JS, Xue KS, Ghosh S. Aflatoxin exposure and child nutrition: measuring anthropometric and long-bone growth over time in Nepal. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 113:874-883. [PMID: 33677532 PMCID: PMC8023848 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Naturally occurring aflatoxins may contribute to poor growth and nutritional statuses in children. OBJECTIVES We analyzed the relationship between contemporary and lagged aflatoxin exposure and 1) length-for-age z-score (LAZ); and 2) length, knee-heel length, stunting, weight-for-age z-score (WAZ), and weight-for-length z-score (WLZ). METHODS We conducted a longitudinal birth cohort study involving 1675 mother-infant dyads in rural Nepal. Participants were repeatedly visited from pregnancy to 2 years of age (2015-2019). One blood sample was collected during pregnancy and 4 samples were collected from the children at 3, 6, 12, and 18-22 months of age to measure concentrations of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-lysine adduct. Multivariate linear fixed-effects and logistic models with generalized estimating equations were used to identify associations between child growth and aflatoxin exposure. RESULTS AFB1-lysine adducts were detected in the majority of children (at 3 months, 80.5%; at 6 months, 75.3%; at 12 months, 81.1%; and at 18-22 months, 85.1%) and in 94.3% of pregnant women. Changes in contemporary ln child AFB1-lysine adduct concentrations were significantly associated with changes in LAZ (β, -0.05; 95% CI, -0.09 to -0.02; P = 0.003), length (β, -0.19; 95% CI, -0.29 to -0.10; P < 0.001), knee-heel length (β, -0.09; 95% CI, -0.13 to -0.05; P < 0.001), and WAZ (β, -0.04; 95% CI, -0.07 to -0.005; P = 0.022). Serum aflatoxin concentrations were associated with stunting (OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.05-1.32; P = 0.005). Similar results were found in the models using changes in contemporary ln AFB1 adjusted for changes in child weight, with significant associations with changes in WLZ (β, -0.07; 95% CI, -0.10 to -0.03; P < 0.001). Changes in time-lagged ln AFB1 (unadjusted and adjusted for changes in child weight) were associated with changes in length and knee-heel length. CONCLUSIONS Our results add to the growing body of evidence confirming chronic aflatoxin exposure and suggest that exposure is significantly correlated with various negative growth outcomes, which may vary by child weight status. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03312049.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Webb
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gerald Shively
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ahmed Kablan
- Bureau of Resilience and Food Security, United States Agency for International Development, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kedar Baral
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Dale Davis
- Helen Keller International-Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Robin Shrestha
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kathy S Xue
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Shibani Ghosh
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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Díaz de León-Martínez L, Rodríguez-Aguilar M, Wong-Arce A, Díaz-Barriga F, Bañuelos-Hernández B, Rosales-Mendoza S, Flores-Ramírez R. Evaluation of acute and chronic exposure to aflatoxin B 1 in indigenous women of the Huasteca Potosina, Mexico. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:30583-30591. [PMID: 32468362 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09361-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is one of the most studied mycotoxins due to its high occurrence in food and its hepatotoxic, immunosuppressive, carcinogenic, childhood growth, genotoxic, mutagenic, and teratogenic effects in humans and animals. Exposure to AFB1 is reported to be both, acute and chronic; the main exposure pathway to AFB1 is through the intake of contaminated food. In Mexico, although the reports of several studies addressing the problem of aflatoxins in maize and other foods, the evidence has been centered on exposure to AFB1 and to the quantification of the Aflatoxins themselves, but there is null evidence about genotoxic effects of aflatoxins in vulnerable populations. Therefore, this study focused on assessing chronic AFB1 exposure through the AFB1-lys biomarker adduct and acute exposure through total AFB1-DNA adducts in women from a rural indigenous community in the Huasteca Potosina (Mexico). A hundred percent of the studied population presented total AFB1-DNA and AFB1-lys adducts in concentrations of 1.08 (0.48-1.34) μmol of adduct/mol of DNA and 2.33 (1.08-102.6) pg/mg of albumin respectively (median (min-max)). Thus, continuous monitoring and important changes in regulations are desired and recommended. The results in this study provide enough evidence to support the toxic effects that the exposure to AFB1 represents, as well as the population risk that it poses, and in the same sense, the current need to create an intervention program that directly influences the control of the sources of exposure in order to reduce it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Díaz de León-Martínez
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud, CIACYT, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Venustiano Carranza 2405, 78210, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Maribel Rodríguez-Aguilar
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud, CIACYT, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Venustiano Carranza 2405, 78210, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Alejandra Wong-Arce
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Avenue Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª. Sección, 78210, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Fernando Díaz-Barriga
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud, CIACYT, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Venustiano Carranza 2405, 78210, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Bernardo Bañuelos-Hernández
- Escuela de Veterinaria, Universidad De La Salle Bajío, Avenida Universidad No. 302, Colonia Lomas del Campestre, 37150, León, GTO, México
| | - Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Avenue Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª. Sección, 78210, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Flores-Ramírez
- CONACYT Research Fellow, Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, 78210, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México.
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Dahal P, Dhimal M, Belbase K, Tiwari S, Groopman J, West K, Pollock B, Pyakurel S, Acharya G, Aryal S, Ghimire YN, Neupane M, Poudel R, Van Ashbrouck J, Kunusoth K, De Saeger S, De Boevre M, Gharti-Chhetri G, Gurung TB, Bradford KJ. Improving nutrition and immunity with dry chain and integrated pest management food technologies in LMICs. Lancet Planet Health 2020; 4:e259-e260. [PMID: 32681891 PMCID: PMC7363417 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(20)30143-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peetambar Dahal
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Meghnath Dhimal
- Nepal Health Research Council, Ministry of Health, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Sundar Tiwari
- Division of Entomology, Agricultural and Forestry University, Bharatpur, Nepal
| | - John Groopman
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Keith West
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bradley Pollock
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Subodh Pyakurel
- Planning Commission, Province 1 Government, Biratnagar, Nepal
| | - Ganga Acharya
- Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development, Government of Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sunil Aryal
- Division of Entomology, Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Yug Nath Ghimire
- Division of Agricultural Economics, Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Manish Neupane
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Rosina Poudel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leonard J Chabert Medical Center, Houma, LA, USA
| | | | - Keshavulu Kunusoth
- Telangana State Seed and Organic Certification Authority, Government of Telangana, Hyderabad, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Kent J Bradford
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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