1
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Chiaravalli G, Ravasenga T, Colombo E, Jasnoor, Francia S, Di Marco S, Sacco R, Pertile G, Benfenati F, Lanzani G. The light-dependent pseudo-capacitive charging of conjugated polymer nanoparticles coupled with the depolarization of the neuronal membrane. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 26:47-56. [PMID: 38054374 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04386j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism underlying visual restoration in blind animal models of retinitis pigmentosa using a liquid retina prosthesis based on semiconductive polymeric nanoparticles is still being debated. Through the application of mathematical models and specific experiments, we developed a coherent understanding of abiotic/biotic coupling, capturing the essential mechanism of photostimulation responsible for nanoparticle-induced retina activation. Our modeling is based on the solution of drift-diffusion and Poisson-Nernst-Planck models in the multi-physics neuron-cleft-nanoparticle-extracellular space domain, accounting for the electro-chemical motion of all the relevant species following photoexcitation. Modeling was coupled with electron microscopy to estimate the size of the neuron-nanoparticle cleft and electrophysiology on retina explants acutely or chronically injected with nanoparticles. Overall, we present a consistent picture of electrostatic depolarization of the bipolar cell driven by the pseudo-capacitive charging of the nanoparticle. We demonstrate that the highly resistive cleft composition, due to filling by adhesion/extracellular matrix proteins, is a crucial ingredient for establishing functional electrostatic coupling. Additionally, we show that the photo-chemical generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) becomes relevant only at very high light intensities, far exceeding the physiological ones, in agreement with the lack of phototoxicity shown in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Chiaravalli
- Center for Nano Science Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milano, Italy.
- Politecnico di Milano, Physics Department, Milano, Italy
| | - Tiziana Ravasenga
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Colombo
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Jasnoor
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Simona Francia
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Stefano Di Marco
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Riccardo Sacco
- Politecnico di Milano, Mathematics Department, Milano, Italy
| | - Grazia Pertile
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS Sacrocuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, Verona, Italy
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Lanzani
- Center for Nano Science Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milano, Italy.
- Politecnico di Milano, Physics Department, Milano, Italy
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2
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Kumar A, Sanger A, Kang SB, Chandra R. Interface Engineering-Driven Room-Temperature Ultralow Gas Sensors with Elucidating Sensing Performance of Heterostructure Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Thin Films. ACS Sens 2023; 8:3824-3835. [PMID: 37769211 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we investigate the room-temperature gas sensing performance of heterostructure transition metal dichalcogenide (MoSe2/MoS2, WS2/MoS2, and WSe2/MoS2) thin films grown over a silicon substrate using a pulse laser deposition technique. The sensing response of the aforementioned sensors to a low concentration range of NO2, NH3, H2, CO, and H2S gases in air has been assessed at room temperature. The obtained results reveal that the heterojunctions of metal dichalcogenide show a drastic change in gas sensing performance compared to the monolayer thin films at room temperature. Nevertheless, the WSe2/MoS2-based sensor was found to have an excellent selectivity toward NO2 gas with a particularly high sensitivity of 10 ppb. The sensing behavior is explained on the basis of a change in electrical resistance as well as carrier localization prospects. Favorably, by developing a heterojunction of diselenide and disulfide nanomaterials, one may find a simple way of improving the sensing capabilities of gas sensors at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwani Kumar
- Nanoscience Laboratory, Institute Instrumentation Centre, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
- Department of Physics, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248002, India
| | - Amit Sanger
- Department of Physics, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, Dwarka Sector-3, New Delhi 110078, India
| | - Sung Bum Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- Nanoscience Laboratory, Institute Instrumentation Centre, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
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3
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Meng Z, Zhang Y, Yang L, Zhao S, Zhou Q, Chen J, Sui J, Wang J, Guo L, Chang L, He J, Wang G, Zang G. A Novel Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Engineered Interface for Electrochemical Monitoring of Ascorbic Acid During the Occurrence of Glutamate-Induced Brain Cytotoxic Edemas. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0149. [PMID: 37234604 PMCID: PMC10205589 DOI: 10.34133/research.0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Although neuroelectrochemical sensing technology offers unique benefits for neuroscience research, its application is limited by substantial interference in complex brain environments while ensuring biosafety requirements. In this study, we introduced poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and nitrogen-doped multiwalled carbon nanotubes (N-MWCNTs) to construct a composite membrane-modified carbon fiber microelectrode (CFME/P3HT-N-MWCNTs) for ascorbic acid (AA) detection. The microelectrode presented good linearity, selectivity, stability, antifouling, and biocompatibility and exhibited great performance for application in neuroelectrochemical sensing. Subsequently, we applied CFME/P3HT-N-MWCNTs to monitor AA release from in vitro nerve cells, ex vivo brain slices, and in vivo living rat brains and determined that glutamate can induce cell edema and AA release. We also found that glutamate activated the N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor, which enhanced Na+ and Cl- inflow to induce osmotic stress, resulting in cytotoxic edema and ultimately AA release. This study is the first to observe the process of glutamate-induced brain cytotoxic edema with AA release and to reveal the mechanism. Our work can benefit the application of P3HT in in vivo implant microelectrode construction to monitor neurochemicals, understand the molecular basis of nervous system diseases, and discover certain biomarkers of brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexuan Meng
- Institute of Life Science, and Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Lab Teaching and Management Center,
Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yuchan Zhang
- Institute of Life Science, and Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Lab Teaching and Management Center,
Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Institute of Life Science, and Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Lab Teaching and Management Center,
Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants,
Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
- Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing 401329, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Institute of Life Science, and Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Lab Teaching and Management Center,
Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Department of Pathophysiology,
Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- Institute of Life Science, and Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Lab Teaching and Management Center,
Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jiuxi Sui
- Institute of Life Science, and Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Lab Teaching and Management Center,
Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Life Science, and Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Lab Teaching and Management Center,
Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Lizhong Guo
- Institute of Life Science, and Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Lab Teaching and Management Center,
Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Luyue Chang
- Institute of Life Science, and Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Lab Teaching and Management Center,
Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jialing He
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants,
Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Guixue Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants,
Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
- Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing 401329, China
| | - Guangchao Zang
- Institute of Life Science, and Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Lab Teaching and Management Center,
Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing 401329, China
- Department of Pathophysiology,
Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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4
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Perry S, Arumugam S, Beeby S, Nandhakumar I. Template-free nanostructured poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) films via single pulse-nucleated electrodeposition. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2023.117278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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5
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Jin X, Jang H, Jarulertwathana N, Kim MG, Hwang SJ. Atomically Thin Holey Two-Dimensional Ru 2P Nanosheets for Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalysis. ACS NANO 2022; 16:16452-16461. [PMID: 36153986 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c05691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The defect engineering of low-dimensional nanostructured materials has led to increased scientific efforts owing to their high efficiency concerning high-performance electrocatalysts that play a crucial role in renewable energy technologies. Herein, we report an efficient methodology for fabricating atomically thin, holey metal-phosphide nanosheets with excellent electrocatalyst functionality. Two-dimensional, subnanometer-thick, holey Ru2P nanosheets containing crystal defects were synthesized via the phosphidation of monolayer RuO2 nanosheets. Holey Ru2P nanosheets exhibited superior electrocatalytic activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) compared to that exhibited by nonholey Ru2P nanoparticles. Further, holey Ru2P nanosheets exhibited overpotentials of 17 and 26 mV in acidic and alkaline electrolytes, respectively. Thus, they are among the best-performing Ru-P-based HER catalysts reported to date. In situ spectroscopic investigations indicated that the holey nanosheet morphology enhanced the accumulation of surface hydrogen through the adsorption of protons and/or water, resulting in an increased contribution of the Volmer-Tafel mechanism toward the exceptional HER activity of these ultrathin electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Jin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeseong Jang
- PLS-II Beamline Division, PLS-II Department, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Min Gyu Kim
- PLS-II Beamline Division, PLS-II Department, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Ju Hwang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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6
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Measuring the Pores’ Structure in P3HT Organic Polymeric Semiconductor Films Using Interface Electrolyte/Organic Semiconductor Redox Injection Reactions and Bulk Space-Charge. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173456. [PMID: 36080532 PMCID: PMC9460914 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The article is another in a series of follow-up articles on the new spectroscopic method Energy Resolved–Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (ER-EIS) and presents a continuation of the effort to explain the method for electronic structure elucidation and its possibilities in the study of organic polymeric semiconductors. In addition to the detailed information on the electronic structure of the investigated organic semiconductor, the paper deals with three of the hitherto not solved aspects of the method, (1) the pores structure, which has been embedded in the evaluation framework of the ER-EIS method and shown, how the basic quantities of the pores structure, the volume density of the pores’ density coefficient β = (0.038 ± 0.002) nm−1 and the Brunauer-Emmet-Teller surface areas SABET SA == 34.5 m2g−1 may be found by the method, here for the archetypal poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) films. It is next shown, why the pore’s existence needs not to endanger the spectroscopic results of the ER-EIS method, and a proper way of the ER-EIS data evaluation is presented to avoid it. It is highlighted (2), how may the measurements of the pore structure contribute to the determination of the, for the method ER-EIS important, real rate constant of the overall Marcus’ D-A charge-transfer process for the poreless material and found its value kctD-A = (2.2 ± 0.6) × 10−25 cm4 s−1 for P3HT films examined. It is also independently attempted (3) to evaluate the range of kctD-A, based on the knowledge of the individual reaction rates in a chain of reactions, forming the whole D-A process, where the slowest one (organic semiconductor hopping transport) determines the tentative total result kctD-A ≅ 10−25 cm4 s−1. The effect of injection of high current densities by redox interface reactions in the bulk of OS with built-in pores structure may be very interesting for the design of new devices of organic electronics.
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7
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Wang J, Wang Y, Yao Z, Jiang Z. Metal–organic framework-derived Ni doped Co3S4 hierarchical nanosheets as a monolithic electrocatalyst for highly efficient hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline solution. Chin J Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Yu S, Ratcliff EL. Tuning Organic Electrochemical Transistor (OECT) Transconductance toward Zero Gate Voltage in the Faradaic Mode. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:50176-50186. [PMID: 34644052 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we investigate material design criteria for low-powered/self-powered and efficient organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) to be operated in the faradaic mode (detection at the gate electrode occurs via electron transfer events). To rationalize device design principles, we adopt a Marcus-Gerischer perspective for electrochemical processes at both the gate and channel interfaces. This perspective considers density of states (DOS) for the semiconductor channel, the gate electrode, and the electrolyte. We complement our approach with energy band offsets of relevant electrochemical potentials that can be independently measured from transistor geometry using conventional electrochemical methods as well as an approach to measure electrolyte potential in an operating OECT. By systematically changing the relative redox property offsets between the redox-active electrolyte and semiconducting polymer channel, we demonstrate a first-order design principle that necessary gate voltage is minimized by good DOS overlap of the two redox processes at the gate and channel. Specifically, for p-type turn-on OECTs, the voltage-dependent, electrochemically active semiconductor DOS should overlap with the oxidant form of the electrolyte to minimize the onset voltage for transconductance. A special case where the electrolyte can be used to spontaneously dope the polymer via charge transfer is also considered. Collectively, our results provide material design pathways toward the development of simple, robust, power-saving, and high-throughput OECT biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyan Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Arizona, 1235 E. James E Rogers Way, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Erin L Ratcliff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Arizona, 1235 E. James E Rogers Way, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E Rogers Way, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Way, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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9
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Chiaravalli G, Manfredi G, Sacco R, Lanzani G. Photoelectrochemistry and Drift-Diffusion Simulations in a Polythiophene Film Interfaced with an Electrolyte. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:36595-36604. [PMID: 34310106 PMCID: PMC8397247 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c10158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although the efficiency of organic polymer-based retinal devices has been proved, the interpretation of the working mechanisms that grant photostimulation at the polymer/neuron interface is still a matter of debate. To contribute solving this issue, we focus here on the characterization of the interface between poly(3-hexyltiophene) films and water by the combined use of electrochemistry and mathematical modeling. Simulations well reproduce the buildup of photovoltage (zero current condition) upon illumination of the working electrode made by a polymer film deposited onto an indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate. Due to the essential unipolar transport in the photoexcited film, diffusion leads to a space charge separation that is responsible for the initial photovoltage. Later, electron transfer reactions toward oxygen in the electrolyte extract negative charge from the polymer. In spite of the simple model studied, all of these considerations shed light on the possible coupling mechanisms between the polymeric device and the living cell, supporting the hypothesis of pseudocapacitive coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Chiaravalli
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Department
of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Manfredi
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Sacco
- Department
of Mathematics, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Lanzani
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Department
of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
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10
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Interfacing aptamers, nanoparticles and graphene in a hierarchical structure for highly selective detection of biomolecules in OECT devices. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9380. [PMID: 33931690 PMCID: PMC8087810 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88546-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In several biomedical applications, the detection of biomarkers demands high sensitivity, selectivity and easy-to-use devices. Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) represent a promising class of devices combining a minimal invasiveness and good signal transduction. However, OECTs lack of intrinsic selectivity that should be implemented by specific approaches to make them well suitable for biomedical applications. Here, we report on a biosensor in which selectivity and a high sensitivity are achieved by interfacing, in an OECT architecture, a novel gate electrode based on aptamers, Au nanoparticles and graphene hierarchically organized to optimize the final response. The fabricated biosensor performs state of the art limit of detection monitoring biomolecules, such as thrombin-with a limit of detection in the picomolar range (≤ 5 pM) and a very good selectivity even in presence of supraphysiological concentrations of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA-1mM). These accomplishments are the final result of the gate hierarchic structure that reduces sterich indrance that could contrast the recognition events and minimizes false positive, because of the low affinity of graphene towards the physiological environment. Since our approach can be easily applied to a large variety of different biomarkers, we envisage a relevant potential for a large series of different biomedical applications.
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11
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Huang L, Wang Z, Chen J, Wang B, Chen Y, Huang W, Chi L, Marks TJ, Facchetti A. Porous Semiconducting Polymers Enable High-Performance Electrochemical Transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2007041. [PMID: 33655643 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic polymer electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are of great interest for flexible electronics and bioelectronics applications owing to their high transconductance and low operating voltage. However, efficient OECT operation must delicately balance the seemingly incompatible materials optimizations of redox chemistry, active layer electronic transport, and ion penetration/transport. The latter characteristics are particularly challenging since most high-mobility semiconducting polymers are hydrophobic, which hinders efficient ion penetration, hence limiting OECT performance. Here, the properties and OECT response of a series of dense and porous semiconducting polymer films are compared, the latter fabricated via a facile breath figure approach. This methodology enables fast ion doping, high transconductance (up to 364 S cm-1 ), and a low subthreshold swing for the hydrophobic polymers DPPDTT and P3HT, rivalling or exceeding the metrics of the relatively hydrophilic polymer, Pg2T-T. Furthermore, the porous morphology also enhances the transconductance of hydrophilic polymers, offering a general strategy for fabricating high-performance electrochemical transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Huang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Zhi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Binghao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Tobin J Marks
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Flexterra Inc., 8025 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, IL, 60077, USA
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12
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Hassan A, Macedo LJ, Mattioli IA, Rubira RJ, Constantino CJ, Amorim RG, Lima FC, Crespilho FN. A three component-based van der Waals surface vertically designed for biomolecular recognition enhancement. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Candeago R, Kim K, Vapnik H, Cotty S, Aubin M, Berensmeier S, Kushima A, Su X. Semiconducting Polymer Interfaces for Electrochemically Assisted Mercury Remediation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:49713-49722. [PMID: 33079513 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured polymer interfaces can play a key role in addressing urgent challenges in water purification and advanced separations. Conventional technologies for mercury remediation often necessitate large energetic inputs, produce significant secondary waste, or when electrochemical, lead to strong irreversibility. Here, we propose the reversible, electrochemical capture and release of mercury, by modulating interfacial mercury deposition through a sulfur-containing, semiconducting redox polymer. Electrodeposition/stripping of mercury was carried out with a nanostructured poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl)-carbon nanotube composite electrode, coated on titanium (P3HT-CNT/Ti). During electrochemical release, mercury was reversibly stripped in a non-acid electrolyte with 12-fold higher release kinetics compared to nonfunctionalized electrodes. In situ optical microscopy confirmed the rapid, reversible nature of the electrodeposition/stripping process with P3HT-CNT/Ti, indicating the key role of redox processes in mediating the mercury phase transition. The polymer-functionalized system exhibited high mercury removal efficiencies (>97%) in real wastewater matrices while bringing the final mercury concentrations down to <2 μg L-1. Moreover, an energy consumption analysis highlighted a 3-fold increase in efficiency with P3HT-CNT/Ti compared to titanium. Our study demonstrates the effectiveness of semiconducting redox polymers for reversible mercury deposition and points to future applications in mediating electrochemical stripping for various environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Candeago
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kwiyong Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Haley Vapnik
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Stephen Cotty
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Megan Aubin
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Sonja Berensmeier
- Bioseparation Engineering Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmanstrasse 15, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Akihiro Kushima
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Xiao Su
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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14
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Paulsen BD, Tybrandt K, Stavrinidou E, Rivnay J. Organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors. NATURE MATERIALS 2020; 19:13-26. [PMID: 31427743 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0435-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Materials that efficiently transport and couple ionic and electronic charge are key to advancing a host of technological developments for next-generation bioelectronic, optoelectronic and energy storage devices. Here we highlight key progress in the design and study of organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs), a diverse family of soft synthetically tunable mixed conductors. Across applications, the same interrelated fundamental physical processes dictate OMIEC properties and determine device performance. Owing to ionic and electronic interactions and coupled transport properties, OMIECs demand special understanding beyond knowledge derived from the study of organic thin films and membranes meant to support either electronic or ionic processes only. We address seemingly conflicting views and terminology regarding charging processes in these materials, and highlight recent approaches that extend fundamental understanding and contribute to the advancement of materials. Further progress is predicated on multimodal and multi-scale approaches to overcome lingering barriers to OMIEC design and implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D Paulsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Eleni Stavrinidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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15
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Zoric MR, Singh V, Warren S, Plunkett S, Khatmullin RR, Chaplin BP, Glusac KD. Electron Transfer Kinetics at Graphene Quantum Dot Assembly Electrodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:46303-46310. [PMID: 31729857 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b14161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical performance of nanostructured carbon electrodes was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry and a simple simulation model. The electrodes were prepared from soluble precursors by anodic electrodeposition of two sizes of graphene quantum dot assemblies (hexabenzocoronene (HBC) and carbon quantum dot (CQD)) onto a conductive support. Experimental and simulated voltammograms enabled the extraction of the following electrode parameters: conductivity of the electrodes (a combination of ionic and electronic contributions), density of available electrode states at different potentials, and tunneling rate constant (Marcus-Gerischer model) for interfacial charge transfer to ferrocene/ferrocenium (Fc/Fc+) couple. The parameters indicate that HBC and CQD have significant density of electronic states at potentials more positive than -0.5 V versus Ag/Ag+. Enabled by these large densities, the electron transfer rates at the Fc/Fc+ thermodynamic potential are several orders of magnitude slower than those commonly observed on other carbon electrodes. This study is expected to accelerate the discovery of improved synthetic carbon electrodes by providing fast screening methodology of their electrochemical behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija R Zoric
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Chicago , 845 West Taylor Street , Chicago , Illinois 60607 , United States
| | - Varun Singh
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Chicago , 845 West Taylor Street , Chicago , Illinois 60607 , United States
| | - Sean Warren
- Department of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Drive Northwest , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Samuel Plunkett
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Illinois at Chicago , 945 West Taylor Street , Chicago , Illinois 60607 , United States
| | - Renat R Khatmullin
- Department of Natural Sciences , Middle Georgia State University , 100 University Parkway , Macon , Georgia 31206 , United States
| | - Brian P Chaplin
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Illinois at Chicago , 945 West Taylor Street , Chicago , Illinois 60607 , United States
| | - Ksenija D Glusac
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Chicago , 845 West Taylor Street , Chicago , Illinois 60607 , United States
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16
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Daviddi E, Chen Z, Beam Massani B, Lee J, Bentley CL, Unwin PR, Ratcliff EL. Nanoscale Visualization and Multiscale Electrochemical Analysis of Conductive Polymer Electrodes. ACS NANO 2019; 13:13271-13284. [PMID: 31674763 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b06302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Conductive polymers are exceptionally promising for modular electrochemical applications including chemical sensors, bioelectronics, redox-flow batteries, and photoelectrochemical systems due to considerable synthetic tunability and ease of processing. Despite well-established structural heterogeneity in these systems, conventional macroscopic electroanalytical methods-specifically cyclic voltammetry-are typically used as the primary tool for structure-property elucidation. This work presents an alternative correlative multimicroscopy strategy. Data from laboratory and synchrotron-based microspectroscopies, including conducting-atomic force microscopy and synchrotron nanoscale infrared spectroscopy, are combined with potentiodynamic movies of electrochemical fluxes from scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) to reveal the relationship between electrode structure and activity. A model conductive polymer electrode system of tailored heterogeneity is investigated, consisting of phase-segregated domains of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) surrounded by contiguous regions of insulating poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), representing an ultramicroelectrode array. Isolated domains of P3HT are shown to retain bulk-like chemical and electronic structure when blended with PMMA and possess approximately equivalent electron-transfer rate constants compared to pure P3HT electrodes. The nanoscale electrochemical data are used to model and predict multiscale electrochemical behavior, revealing that macroscopic cyclic voltammograms should be much more kinetically facile than observed experimentally. This indicates that parasitic resistances rather than redox kinetics play a dominant role in macroscopic measurements in these conductive polymer systems. SECCM further demonstrates that the ambient degradation of the P3HT electroactivity within P3HT/PMMA blends is spatially heterogeneous. This work serves as a roadmap for benchmarking the quality of conductive polymer films as electrodes, emphasizing the importance of nanoscale electrochemical measurements in understanding macroscopic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Daviddi
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
| | - Zhiting Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona 85721 , United States
| | - Brooke Beam Massani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona 85721 , United States
| | - Jaemin Lee
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
| | - Cameron L Bentley
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
| | - Erin L Ratcliff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona 85721 , United States
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17
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D'Angelo P, Marasso SL, Verna A, Ballesio A, Parmeggiani M, Sanginario A, Tarabella G, Demarchi D, Pirri CF, Cocuzza M, Iannotta S. Scaling Organic Electrochemical Transistors Down to Nanosized Channels. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1902332. [PMID: 31441219 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The perspective of downscaling organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) in the nanorange is approached by depositing poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) on electrodes with a nanogap designed and fabricated by electromigration induced break junction (EIBJ) technique. The electrical response of the fabricated devices is obtained by acquiring transfer characteristics in order to clarify the specific main characteristics of OECTs with sub-micrometer-sized active channels (nanogap-OECTs). On the basis of their electrical response to different scan times, the nanogap-OECT shows a maximum transconductance unaffected upon changing scan times in the time window from 1 s to 100 µs, meaning that fast varying signals can be easily acquired with unchanged amplifying performance. Hence, the scaling down of the channel size to the nanometer scale leads to a geometrical paradigm that minimizes effects on device response due to the cationic diffusion into the polymeric channel. A comprehensive study of these features is carried out by an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) study, complemented by a quantitative analysis made by equivalent circuits. The propagation of a redox front into the polymer bulk due to ionic diffusion also known as the "intercalation pseudocapacitance" is identified as a limiting factor for the transduction dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale D'Angelo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto dei Materiali per l'Elettronica ed il Magnetismo (IMEM), P.co Area delle Scienze 37/A, Parma, 43124, Italy
| | - Simone L Marasso
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto dei Materiali per l'Elettronica ed il Magnetismo (IMEM), P.co Area delle Scienze 37/A, Parma, 43124, Italy
- Chilab-Materials and Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Chivasso (Turin), 10034, Italy
| | - Alessio Verna
- Chilab-Materials and Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Chivasso (Turin), 10034, Italy
| | - Alberto Ballesio
- Chilab-Materials and Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Chivasso (Turin), 10034, Italy
| | - Matteo Parmeggiani
- Chilab-Materials and Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Chivasso (Turin), 10034, Italy
- Center for Sustainable Future Technologies, Italian Institute of Technology, Turin, 10129, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sanginario
- Electronic and Telecommunication Department, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, 10129, Italy
| | | | - Danilo Demarchi
- Electronic and Telecommunication Department, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, 10129, Italy
| | - Candido F Pirri
- Chilab-Materials and Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Chivasso (Turin), 10034, Italy
- Center for Sustainable Future Technologies, Italian Institute of Technology, Turin, 10129, Italy
| | - Matteo Cocuzza
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto dei Materiali per l'Elettronica ed il Magnetismo (IMEM), P.co Area delle Scienze 37/A, Parma, 43124, Italy
- Chilab-Materials and Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Chivasso (Turin), 10034, Italy
| | - Salvatore Iannotta
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto dei Materiali per l'Elettronica ed il Magnetismo (IMEM), P.co Area delle Scienze 37/A, Parma, 43124, Italy
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The Effect of Interaction between Nanofillers and Epoxy on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Nanocomposites: Theoretical Prediction and Experimental Analysis. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/8156718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Interfacial interaction between host matrix and nanofillers is a determinative parameter on the mechanical and thermal properties of nanocomposites. In this paper, we first investigated interaction between carbon nanotube (CNT) and montmorillonite clay (MMT) absorbing on epoxy surface in a theoretical study based on the density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Results showed the interaction energy of -1.93 and -0.11 eV for MMT/epoxy and CNT/epoxy, respectively. Therefore, the interaction between epoxy polymer and MMT is of the chemisorptions type, while epoxy physically interacts with CNT. In addition, thermal and mechanical analyses were conducted on nanocomposites. In DSC analysis the glass transition temperature which was 70°C in neat epoxy composite showed an improvement to about 90°C in MMT nanocomposites while it was about 70°C for CNT nanocomposites. Finally, mechanical properties were investigated and MMT nanocomposite showed a change in compressive strength which increased from 52.60 Mpa to 72.07 and 92.98 Mpa in CNT and MMT nanocomposites, respectively. Also tensile strength improved to the value of 1250.69 Mpa MMT nanocomposites while it was about 890 Mpa in both CNT nanocomposite and neat epoxy composite which corresponds to the calculation result prediction.
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Neelamraju B, Watts KE, Pemberton JE, Ratcliff EL. Correlation of Coexistent Charge Transfer States in F 4TCNQ-Doped P3HT with Microstructure. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:6871-6877. [PMID: 30450910 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b03104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the interaction between organic semiconductors (OSCs) and dopants in thin films is critical for device optimization. The proclivity of a doped OSC to form free charges is predicated on the chemical and electronic interactions that occur between dopant and host. To date, doping has been assumed to occur via one of two mechanistic pathways: an integer charge transfer (ICT) between the OSC and dopant or hybridization of the frontier orbitals of both molecules to form a partial charge transfer complex (CPX). Using a combination of spectroscopies, we demonstrate that CPX and ICT states are present simultaneously in F4TCNQ-doped P3HT films and that the nature of the charge transfer interaction is strongly dependent on the local energetic environment. Our results suggest a multiphase model, where the local charge transfer mechanism is defined by the electronic driving force, governed by local microstructure in regioregular and regiorandom P3HT.
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Bulk electronic transport impacts on electron transfer at conducting polymer electrode-electrolyte interfaces. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:11899-11904. [PMID: 30397110 PMCID: PMC6255154 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1806087115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemistry is an old but still flourishing field of research due to the importance of the efficiency and kinetics of electrochemical reactions in industrial processes and (bio-)electrochemical devices. The heterogeneous electron transfer from an electrode to a reactant in the solution has been well studied for metal, semiconductor, metal oxide, and carbon electrodes. For those electrode materials, there is little correlation between the electronic transport within the electrode material and the electron transfer occurring at the interface between the electrode and the solution. Here, we investigate the heterogeneous electron transfer between a conducting polymer electrode and a redox couple in an electrolyte. As a benchmark system, we use poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and the Ferro/ferricyanide redox couple in an aqueous electrolyte. We discovered a strong correlation between the electronic transport within the PEDOT electrode and the rate of electron transfer to the organometallic molecules in solution. We attribute this to a percolation-based charge transport within the polymer electrode directly involved in the electron transfer. We show the impact of this finding by optimizing an electrochemical thermogalvanic cell that transforms a heat flux into electrical power. The power generated by the cell increased by four orders of magnitude on changing the morphology and conductivity of the polymer electrode. As all conducting polymers are recognized to have percolation transport, we believe that this is a general phenomenon for this family of conductors.
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Seol M, Kim S, Cho Y, Byun KE, Kim H, Kim J, Kim SK, Kim SW, Shin HJ, Park S. Triboelectric Series of 2D Layered Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1801210. [PMID: 30117201 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Recently, as applications based on triboelectricity have expanded, understanding the triboelectric charging behavior of various materials has become essential. This study investigates the triboelectric charging behaviors of various 2D layered materials, including MoS2 , MoSe2 , WS2 , WSe2 , graphene, and graphene oxide in a triboelectric series using the concept of a triboelectric nanogenerator, and confirms the position of 2D materials in the triboelectric series. It is also demonstrated that the results are obviously related to the effective work functions. The charging polarity indicates the similar behavior regardless of the synthetic method and film thickness ranging from a few hundred nanometers (for chemically exfoliated and restacked films) to a few nanometers (for chemical vapor deposited films). Further, the triboelectric charging characteristics could be successfully modified via chemical doping. This study provides new insights to utilize 2D materials in triboelectric devices, allowing thin and flexible device fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsu Seol
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon, 443-803, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongsu Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonchoo Cho
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon, 443-803, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Eun Byun
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon, 443-803, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeryong Kim
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon, 443-803, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Kyun Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jin Shin
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon, 443-803, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjun Park
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon, 443-803, Republic of Korea
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