1
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Johnson SD, Pilli N, Yu J, Knight LA, Kane MA, Byrareddy SN. Dual role for microbial short-chain fatty acids in modifying SIV disease trajectory following anti-α4β7 antibody administration. Ann Med 2024; 56:2315224. [PMID: 38353210 PMCID: PMC10868432 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2024.2315224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) infection is associated with significant gut damage, similar to that observed in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This pathology includes loss of epithelial integrity, microbial translocation, dysbiosis, and resultant chronic immune activation. Additionally, the levels of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) are dramatically attenuated. Data on the therapeutic use of anti-α4β7 antibodies has shown promise in patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Recent evidence has suggested that the microbiome and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) metabolites it generates may be critical for anti-α4β7 efficacy and maintaining intestinal homeostasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS To determine whether the microbiome contributes to gut homeostasis after anti-α4β7 antibody administered to SIV-infected rhesus macaques, faecal SCFA concentrations were determined, 16S rRNA sequencing was performed, plasma viral loads were determined, plasma retinoids were measured longitudinally, and gut retinoid synthesis/response gene expression was quantified. RESULTS Our results suggest that anti-α4β7 antibody facilitates the return of retinoid metabolism to baseline levels after SIV infection. Furthermore, faecal SCFAs were shown to be associated with retinoid synthesis gene expression and rebound viral loads after therapy interruption. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data demonstrate the therapeutic advantages of anti-α4β7 antibody administration during HIV/SIV infection and that the efficacy of anti-α4β7 antibody may depend on microbiome composition and SCFA generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D. Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of NE Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Nageswara Pilli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of MD School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jianshi Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of MD School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lindsey A. Knight
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Maureen A. Kane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of MD School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Siddappa N. Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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2
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Li X, Mao X, Cong J, Zhang Q, Chen W, Yan K, Huang Y, Su D, Xiang Q. Recombinantly expressed rhFEB remodeled the skin defect of db/db mice. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:183. [PMID: 38285241 PMCID: PMC10824822 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13021-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Fibronectin (FN) and collagen are vital components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). These proteins are essential for tissue formation and cell alignment during the wound healing stage. In particular, FN interacts with collagens to activate various intracellular signaling pathways to maintain ECM stability. A novel recombinant extra domain-B fibronectin (EDB-FN)-COL3A1 fusion protein (rhFEB) was designed to mimic the ECM to promote chronic and refractory skin ulcer wound healing. rhFEB significantly enhanced cell adhesion and migration, vascular ring formation, and the production of new collagen I (COL1A1) in vitro. rhFEB decreased M1 macrophages and further modulated the wound microenvironment, which was confirmed by the treatment of db/db mice with rhFEB. Accelerated wound healing was shown during the initial stages in rhFEB-treated db/db mice, as was enhanced follicle regeneration, re-epithelialization, collagen deposition, granulation, inflammation, and angiogenesis. The wound chronicity of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) remains the main challenge in current and future treatment. rhFEB may be a candidate molecule for regulating M1 macrophages during DFU healing. KEY POINTS: • A recombinant protein EDB-FN-collagen III (rhFEB) was highly expressed in Escherichia coli • rhFEB protein induces COL1A1 secretion in human skin fibroblasts • rhFEB protein accelerates diabetic wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Li
- Perfect Life and Health Institute Co., Ltd, Zhongshan, China
| | - Xinliang Mao
- Perfect Life and Health Institute Co., Ltd, Zhongshan, China
| | - Jianhang Cong
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qirong Zhang
- Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Chen
- Perfect Life and Health Institute Co., Ltd, Zhongshan, China
| | - Kunjun Yan
- Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yadong Huang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dun Su
- Perfect Life and Health Institute Co., Ltd, Zhongshan, China.
| | - Qi Xiang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
- Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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3
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Apetrei C, Gaufin T, Brocca-Cofano E, Sivanandham R, Sette P, He T, Sivanandham S, Martinez Sosa N, Martin KJ, Raehtz KD, Kleinman AJ, Valentine A, Krampe N, Gautam R, Lackner AA, Landay AL, Ribeiro RM, Pandrea I. T cell activation is insufficient to drive SIV disease progression. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e161111. [PMID: 37485874 PMCID: PMC10443804 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.161111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Resolution of T cell activation and inflammation is a key determinant of the lack of SIV disease progression in African green monkeys (AGMs). Although frequently considered together, T cell activation occurs in response to viral stimulation of acquired immunity, while inflammation reflects innate immune responses to mucosal injury. We dissociated T cell activation from inflammation through regulatory T cell (Treg) depletion with Ontak (interleukin-2 coupled with diphtheria toxin) during early SIV infection of AGMs. This intervention abolished control of T cell immune activation beyond the transition from acute to chronic infection. Ontak had no effect on gut barrier integrity, microbial translocation, inflammation, and hypercoagulation, despite increasing T cell activation. Ontak administration increased macrophage counts yet decreased their activation. Persistent T cell activation influenced SIV pathogenesis, shifting the ramp-up in viral replication to earlier time points, prolonging the high levels of replication, and delaying CD4+ T cell restoration yet without any clinical or biological sign of disease progression in Treg-depleted AGMs. Thus, by inducing T cell activation without damaging mucosal barrier integrity, we showed that systemic T cell activation per se is not sufficient to drive disease progression, which suggests that control of systemic inflammation (likely through maintenance of gut integrity) is the key determinant of lack of disease progression in natural hosts of SIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Thaidra Gaufin
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Egidio Brocca-Cofano
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ranjit Sivanandham
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paola Sette
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Tianyu He
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sindhuja Sivanandham
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Kevin D. Raehtz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and
| | | | - Audrey Valentine
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Noah Krampe
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rajeev Gautam
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Andrew A. Lackner
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Alan L. Landay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ruy M. Ribeiro
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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4
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Le Hingrat Q, Sette P, Xu C, Rahmberg AR, Tarnus L, Annapureddy H, Kleinman A, Brocca-Cofano E, Sivanandham R, Sivanandham S, He T, Capreri DJ, Ma D, Estes JD, Brenchley JM, Apetrei C, Pandrea I. Prolonged experimental CD4 + T-cell depletion does not cause disease progression in SIV-infected African green monkeys. Nat Commun 2023; 14:979. [PMID: 36813761 PMCID: PMC9946951 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36379-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T-cell depletion is a hallmark of HIV infection, leading to impairment of cellular immunity and opportunistic infections, but its contribution to SIV/HIV-associated gut dysfunction is unknown. Chronically SIV-infected African Green Monkeys (AGMs) partially recover mucosal CD4+ T-cells, maintain gut integrity and do not progress to AIDS. Here we assess the impact of prolonged, antibody-mediated CD4 + T-cell depletion on gut integrity and natural history of SIV infection in AGMs. All circulating CD4+ T-cells and >90% of mucosal CD4+ T-cells are depleted. Plasma viral loads and cell-associated viral RNA in tissues are lower in CD4+-cell-depleted animals. CD4+-cell-depleted AGMs maintain gut integrity, control immune activation and do not progress to AIDS. We thus conclude that CD4+ T-cell depletion is not a determinant of SIV-related gut dysfunction, when gastrointestinal tract epithelial damage and inflammation are absent, suggesting that disease progression and resistance to AIDS are independent of CD4+ T-cell restoration in SIVagm-infected AGMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Le Hingrat
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Paola Sette
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cuiling Xu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Andrew R Rahmberg
- Barrier Immunity Section, Lab of Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lilas Tarnus
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Haritha Annapureddy
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Adam Kleinman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Egidio Brocca-Cofano
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ranjit Sivanandham
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sindhuja Sivanandham
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tianyu He
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel J Capreri
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dongzhu Ma
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jacob D Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jason M Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Lab of Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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5
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Mass spectrometry analysis of gut tissue in acute SIV-infection in rhesus macaques identifies early proteome alterations preceding the interferon inflammatory response. Sci Rep 2023; 13:690. [PMID: 36639424 PMCID: PMC9839751 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27112-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection damages the gut mucosa leading to chronic immune activation, increased morbidities and mortality, and antiretroviral therapies, do not completely ameliorate mucosal dysfunction. Understanding early molecular changes in acute infection may identify new biomarkers underlying gut dysfunction. Here we utilized a proteomics approach, coupled with flow cytometry, to characterize early molecular and immunological alterations during acute SIV infection in gut tissue of rhesus macaques. Gut tissue biopsies were obtained at 2 times pre-infection and 4 times post-infection from 6 macaques. The tissue proteome was analyzed by mass spectrometry, and immune cell populations in tissue and blood by flow cytometry. Significant proteome changes (p < 0.05) occurred at 3 days post-infection (dpi) (13.0%), 14 dpi (13.7%), 28 dpi (16.9%) and 63 dpi (14.8%). At 3 dpi, proteome changes included cellular structural activity, barrier integrity, and activation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) (FDR < 0.0001) prior to the antiviral response at 14 dpi (IFNa/g pathways, p < 0.001). Novel EMT proteomic biomarkers (keratins 2, 6A and 20, collagen 12A1, desmoplakin) and inflammatory biomarkers (PSMB9, FGL2) were associated with early infection and barrier dysfunction. These findings identify new biomarkers preceding inflammation in SIV infection involved with EMT activation. This warrants further investigation of the role of these biomarkers in chronic infection, mucosal inflammation, and disease pathogenesis of HIV.
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6
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Jasinska AJ, Apetrei C, Pandrea I. Walk on the wild side: SIV infection in African non-human primate hosts-from the field to the laboratory. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1060985. [PMID: 36713371 PMCID: PMC9878298 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1060985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV emerged following cross-species transmissions of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) that naturally infect non-human primates (NHPs) from Africa. While HIV replication and CD4+ T-cell depletion lead to increased gut permeability, microbial translocation, chronic immune activation, and systemic inflammation, the natural hosts of SIVs generally avoid these deleterious consequences when infected with their species-specific SIVs and do not progress to AIDS despite persistent lifelong high viremia due to long-term coevolution with their SIV pathogens. The benign course of natural SIV infection in the natural hosts is in stark contrast to the experimental SIV infection of Asian macaques, which progresses to simian AIDS. The mechanisms of non-pathogenic SIV infections are studied mainly in African green monkeys, sooty mangabeys, and mandrills, while progressing SIV infection is experimentally modeled in macaques: rhesus macaques, pigtailed macaques, and cynomolgus macaques. Here, we focus on the distinctive features of SIV infection in natural hosts, particularly (1): the superior healing properties of the intestinal mucosa, which enable them to maintain the integrity of the gut barrier and prevent microbial translocation, thus avoiding excessive/pathologic immune activation and inflammation usually perpetrated by the leaking of the microbial products into the circulation; (2) the gut microbiome, the disruption of which is an important factor in some inflammatory diseases, yet not completely understood in the course of lentiviral infection; (3) cell population shifts resulting in target cell restriction (downregulation of CD4 or CCR5 surface molecules that bind to SIV), control of viral replication in the lymph nodes (expansion of natural killer cells), and anti-inflammatory effects in the gut (NKG2a/c+ CD8+ T cells); and (4) the genes and biological pathways that can shape genetic adaptations to viral pathogens and are associated with the non-pathogenic outcome of the natural SIV infection. Deciphering the protective mechanisms against SIV disease progression to immunodeficiency, which have been established through long-term coevolution between the natural hosts and their species-specific SIVs, may prompt the development of novel therapeutic interventions, such as drugs that can control gut inflammation, enhance gut healing capacities, or modulate the gut microbiome. These developments can go beyond HIV infection and open up large avenues for correcting gut damage, which is common in many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna J. Jasinska
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine (DOM), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine (DOM), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States,*Correspondence: Ivona Pandrea,
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7
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Zhu Y, Jiang Q, Jin Z, Chen D, Xu Q, Chen J, Zeng Y, Chen S, He Q. Two-Dimensional Mg 2 Si Nanosheet-Enabled Sustained Hydrogen Generation for Improved Repair and Regeneration of Deeply Burned Skin. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 12:e2201705. [PMID: 36546774 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202201705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Molecular hydrogen holds a high potential for wound healing owing to its anti-inflammatory effect and high biosafety, but commonly used hydrogen administration routes hardly achieve the sustained supply of high-dosage hydrogen, limiting hydrogen therapy efficacy. Here, two-dimensional Mg2 Si nanosheet (MSN) is exploited as a super-persistent hydrogen-releasing nanomaterial with high biocompatibility, and the incorporation of MSN into the chitosan/hyaluronic acid hydrogel (MSN@CS/HA) is developed as a dressing to repair deeply burned skin. The MSN@CS/HA hydrogel dressing can continuously generate hydrogen molecules for about 1 week in the physiological conditions in support of local, long-term, and plentiful hydrogen supply and remarkably promotes the healing and regeneration of deep second-degree and third-degree burn wounds without visible scar and toxic side effect. Mechanistically, a sustained supply of hydrogen molecules induces anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage polarization in time by enhancing CCL2 (chemokine C-C motif ligand 2) expression to promote angiogenesis and reduce fibrosis and also enhances the proliferation and migration capability of skin cells directly and indirectly by locally scavenging overexpressed reactive oxygen species, synergistically favoring wound repair. The proposed synthesis method, therapeutic strategy, and mechanisms will open a window for synthesizing a variety of MSene nanomaterials and developing their various proangiogenesis applications besides wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Zhu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, P. R. China.,Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Qi Jiang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Zhaokui Jin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Danyang Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, P. R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hydrogen Science and Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Qingqing Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Jinchun Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Yue Zeng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Shengqiang Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Qianjun He
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, P. R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hydrogen Science and Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
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8
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Johnson SD, Knight LA, Kumar N, Olwenyi OA, Thurman M, Mehra S, Mohan M, Byrareddy SN. Early treatment with anti-α 4β 7 antibody facilitates increased gut macrophage maturity in SIV-infected rhesus macaques. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1001727. [PMID: 36389795 PMCID: PMC9664000 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1001727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), people living with HIV (PLWH) continue to experience gastrointestinal dysfunction. Infusions of anti-α4β7 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been proposed to increase virologic control during simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in macaques with mixed results. Recent evidences suggested that therapeutic efficacy of vedolizumab (a humanized anti-α4β7 mAb), during inflammatory bowel diseases depends on microbiome composition, myeloid cell differentiation, and macrophage phenotype. We tested this hypothesis in SIV-infected, anti-α4β7 mAb-treated macaques and provide flow cytometric and microscopic evidence that anti-α4β7 administered to SIV-infected macaques increases the maturity of macrophage phenotypes typically lost in the small intestines during SIV disease progression. Further, this increase in mature macrophage phenotype was associated with tissue viral loads. These phenotypes were also associated with dysbiosis markers in the gut previously identified as predictors of HIV replication and immune activation in PLWH. These findings provide a novel model of anti-α4β7 efficacy offering new avenues for targeting pathogenic mucosal immune response during HIV/SIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D. Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Lindsey A. Knight
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Narendra Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Omalla A. Olwenyi
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Michellie Thurman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Smriti Mehra
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Mahesh Mohan
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Siddappa N. Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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9
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Apetrei C, Marx PA, Mellors JW, Pandrea I. The COVID misinfodemic: not new, never more lethal. Trends Microbiol 2022; 30:948-958. [PMID: 35945120 PMCID: PMC9356696 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
'Infodemia' is a portmanteau between 'information' and 'epidemics', referring to wide and rapid accumulation and dissemination of information, misinformation, and disinformation about a given subject, such as a disease. As facts, rumors and fears mix and disperse, the misinfodemic creates loud background noise, preventing the general public from discerning between accurate and false information. We compared and contrasted key elements of the AIDS and COVID-19 misinfodemics, to identify common features, and, based on experience with the AIDS pandemic, recommend actions to control and reverse the SARS-CoV-2 misinfodemic that contributed to erode the trust between the public and scientists and governments and has created barriers to control of COVID-19. As pandemics emerge and evolve, providing robust responses to future misinfodemics must be a priority for society and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Preston A Marx
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA; Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - John W Mellors
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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10
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Pandrea I, Brooks K, Desai RP, Tare M, Brenchley JM, Apetrei C. I’ve looked at gut from both sides now: Gastrointestinal tract involvement in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV/SIV infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:899559. [PMID: 36032119 PMCID: PMC9411647 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.899559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The lumen of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract contains an incredibly diverse and extensive collection of microorganisms that can directly stimulate the immune system. There are significant data to demonstrate that the spatial localization of the microbiome can impact viral disease pathogenesis. Here we discuss recent studies that have investigated causes and consequences of GI tract pathologies in HIV, SIV, and SARS-CoV-2 infections with HIV and SIV initiating GI pathology from the basal side and SARS-CoV-2 from the luminal side. Both these infections result in alterations of the intestinal barrier, leading to microbial translocation, persistent inflammation, and T-cell immune activation. GI tract damage is one of the major contributors to multisystem inflammatory syndrome in SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals and to the incomplete immune restoration in HIV-infected subjects, even in those with robust viral control with antiretroviral therapy. While the causes of GI tract pathologies differ between these virus families, therapeutic interventions to reduce microbial translocation-induced inflammation and improve the integrity of the GI tract may improve the prognoses of infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Kelsie Brooks
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rahul P. Desai
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Minali Tare
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jason M. Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Cristian Apetrei,
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11
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NK cell spatial dynamics and IgA responses in gut-associated lymphoid tissues during SIV infections. Commun Biol 2022; 5:674. [PMID: 35798936 PMCID: PMC9262959 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03619-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection induces tissue damage including lymph node (LN) fibrosis and intestinal epithelial barrier disruption leading to bacterial translocation and systemic inflammation. Natural hosts of SIV, such as African Green Monkeys (AGM), do not display tissue damage despite high viral load in blood and intestinal mucosa. AGM mount a NK cell-mediated control of SIVagm replication in peripheral LN. We analyzed if NK cells also control SIVagm in mesenteric (mes) LN and if this has an impact on gut humoral responses and the production of IgA known for their anti-inflammatory role in the gut. We show that CXCR5 + NK cell frequencies increase in mesLN upon SIVagm infection and that NK cells migrate into and control viral replication in B cell follicles (BCF) of mesLN. The proportion of IgA+ memory B cells were increased in mesLN during SIVagm infection in contrast to SIVmac infection. Total IgA levels in gut remained normal during SIVagm infection, while strongly decreased in intestine of chronically SIVmac-infected macaques. Our data suggest an indirect impact of NK cell-mediated viral control in mesLN during SIVagm infection on preserved BCF function and IgA production in intestinal tissues. Differences between pathogenic and non-pathogenic SIV infections are investigated, in terms of NK cell location, function and IgA responses in gut associated lymphoid tissues (mesenteric lymph nodes, jejunum, ileon, colon).
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12
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Kleinman AJ, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. So Pathogenic or So What?-A Brief Overview of SIV Pathogenesis with an Emphasis on Cure Research. Viruses 2022; 14:135. [PMID: 35062339 PMCID: PMC8781889 DOI: 10.3390/v14010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection requires lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) to control disease progression. Although ART has greatly extended the life expectancy of persons living with HIV (PWH), PWH nonetheless suffer from an increase in AIDS-related and non-AIDS related comorbidities resulting from HIV pathogenesis. Thus, an HIV cure is imperative to improve the quality of life of PWH. In this review, we discuss the origins of various SIV strains utilized in cure and comorbidity research as well as their respective animal species used. We briefly detail the life cycle of HIV and describe the pathogenesis of HIV/SIV and the integral role of chronic immune activation and inflammation on disease progression and comorbidities, with comparisons between pathogenic infections and nonpathogenic infections that occur in natural hosts of SIVs. We further discuss the various HIV cure strategies being explored with an emphasis on immunological therapies and "shock and kill".
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Kleinman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
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13
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Interests of the Non-Human Primate Models for HIV Cure Research. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9090958. [PMID: 34579195 PMCID: PMC8472852 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9090958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-human primate (NHP) models are important for vaccine development and also contribute to HIV cure research. Although none of the animal models are perfect, NHPs enable the exploration of important questions about tissue viral reservoirs and the development of intervention strategies. In this review, we describe recent advances in the use of these models for HIV cure research and highlight the progress that has been made as well as limitations using these models. The main NHP models used are (i) the macaque, in which simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac) infection displays similar replication profiles as to HIV in humans, and (ii) the macaque infected by a recombinant virus (SHIV) consisting of SIVmac expressing the HIV envelope gene serving for studies analyzing the impact of anti-HIV Env broadly neutralizing antibodies. Lessons for HIV cure that can be learned from studying the natural host of SIV are also presented here. An overview of the most promising and less well explored HIV cure strategies tested in NHP models will be given.
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14
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Le Hingrat Q, Sereti I, Landay AL, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. The Hitchhiker Guide to CD4 + T-Cell Depletion in Lentiviral Infection. A Critical Review of the Dynamics of the CD4 + T Cells in SIV and HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:695674. [PMID: 34367156 PMCID: PMC8336601 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.695674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T-cell depletion is pathognomonic for AIDS in both HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections. It occurs early, is massive at mucosal sites, and is not entirely reverted by antiretroviral therapy (ART), particularly if initiated when T-cell functions are compromised. HIV/SIV infect and kill activated CCR5-expressing memory and effector CD4+ T-cells from the intestinal lamina propria. Acute CD4+ T-cell depletion is substantial in progressive, nonprogressive and controlled infections. Clinical outcome is predicted by the mucosal CD4+ T-cell recovery during chronic infection, with no recovery occurring in rapid progressors, and partial, transient recovery, the degree of which depends on the virus control, in normal and long-term progressors. The nonprogressive infection of African nonhuman primate SIV hosts is characterized by partial mucosal CD4+ T-cell restoration, despite high viral replication. Complete, albeit very slow, recovery of mucosal CD4+ T-cells occurs in controllers. Early ART does not prevent acute mucosal CD4+ T-cell depletion, yet it greatly improves their restoration, sometimes to preinfection levels. Comparative studies of the different models of SIV infection support a critical role of immune activation/inflammation (IA/INFL), in addition to viral replication, in CD4+ T-cell depletion, with immune restoration occurring only when these parameters are kept at bay. CD4+ T-cell depletion is persistent, and the recovery is very slow, even when both the virus and IA/INFL are completely controlled. Nevertheless, partial mucosal CD4+ T-cell recovery is sufficient for a healthy life in natural hosts. Cell death and loss of CD4+ T-cell subsets critical for gut health contribute to mucosal inflammation and enteropathy, which weaken the mucosal barrier, leading to microbial translocation, a major driver of IA/INFL. In turn, IA/INFL trigger CD4+ T-cells to become either viral targets or apoptotic, fueling their loss. CD4+ T-cell depletion also drives opportunistic infections, cancers, and comorbidities. It is thus critical to preserve CD4+ T cells (through early ART) during HIV/SIV infection. Even in early-treated subjects, residual IA/INFL can persist, preventing/delaying CD4+ T-cell restoration. New therapeutic strategies limiting mucosal pathology, microbial translocation and IA/INFL, to improve CD4+ T-cell recovery and the overall HIV prognosis are needed, and SIV models are extensively used to this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Le Hingrat
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Irini Sereti
- HIV Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alan L Landay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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15
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Jochems SP, Jacquelin B, Tchitchek N, Busato F, Pichon F, Huot N, Liu Y, Ploquin MJ, Roché E, Cheynier R, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Stahl-Henning C, Le Grand R, Tost J, Müller-Trutwin M. DNA methylation changes in metabolic and immune-regulatory pathways in blood and lymph node CD4 + T cells in response to SIV infections. Clin Epigenetics 2020; 12:188. [PMID: 33298174 PMCID: PMC7724887 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-020-00971-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying HIV-induced inflammation, which persists even during effective long-term treatment, remain incompletely defined. Here, we studied pathogenic and nonpathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections in macaques and African green monkeys, respectively. We longitudinally analyzed genome-wide DNA methylation changes in CD4 + T cells from lymph node and blood, using arrays. DNA methylation changes after SIV infection were more pronounced in lymph nodes than blood and already detected in primary infection. Differentially methylated genes in pathogenic SIV infection were enriched for Th1-signaling (e.g., RUNX3, STAT4, NFKB1) and metabolic pathways (e.g., PRKCZ). In contrast, nonpathogenic SIVagm infection induced DNA methylation in genes coding for regulatory proteins such as LAG-3, arginase-2, interleukin-21 and interleukin-31. Between 15 and 18% of genes with DNA methylation changes were differentially expressed in CD4 + T cells in vivo. Selected identified sites were validated using bisulfite pyrosequencing in an independent cohort of uninfected, viremic and SIV controller macaques. Altered DNA methylation was confirmed in blood and lymph node CD4 + T cells in viremic macaques but was notably absent from SIV controller macaques. Our study identified key genes differentially methylated already in primary infection and in tissues that could contribute to the persisting metabolic disorders and inflammation in HIV-infected individuals despite effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Jochems
- HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue Didot, 75015, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Beatrice Jacquelin
- HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue Didot, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Tchitchek
- IDMIT Department/IBFJ, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), INSERM U1184, CEA, Université Paris Sud, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Florence Busato
- Laboratory for Epigenetics and Environment, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, CEA-Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Evry, France
| | - Fabien Pichon
- Laboratory for Epigenetics and Environment, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, CEA-Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Evry, France
| | - Nicolas Huot
- HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue Didot, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Yi Liu
- Laboratory for Epigenetics and Environment, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, CEA-Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Evry, France
| | - Mickaël J Ploquin
- HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue Didot, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Roché
- Laboratory for Epigenetics and Environment, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, CEA-Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Evry, France
| | - Rémi Cheynier
- UMR8104, CNRS, U1016, INSERM, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- IDMIT Department/IBFJ, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), INSERM U1184, CEA, Université Paris Sud, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | | | - Roger Le Grand
- IDMIT Department/IBFJ, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), INSERM U1184, CEA, Université Paris Sud, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Jorg Tost
- Laboratory for Epigenetics and Environment, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, CEA-Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Evry, France
| | - Michaela Müller-Trutwin
- HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue Didot, 75015, Paris, France.
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16
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Raehtz KD, Barrenäs F, Xu C, Busman-Sahay K, Valentine A, Law L, Ma D, Policicchio BB, Wijewardana V, Brocca-Cofano E, Trichel A, Gale M, Keele BF, Estes JD, Apetrei C, Pandrea I. African green monkeys avoid SIV disease progression by preventing intestinal dysfunction and maintaining mucosal barrier integrity. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008333. [PMID: 32119719 PMCID: PMC7077871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike HIV infection, SIV infection is generally nonpathogenic in natural hosts, such as African green monkeys (AGMs), despite life-long high viral replication. Lack of disease progression was reportedly based on the ability of SIV-infected AGMs to prevent gut dysfunction, avoiding microbial translocation and the associated systemic immune activation and chronic inflammation. Yet, the maintenance of gut integrity has never been documented, and the mechanism(s) by which gut integrity is preserved are unknown. We sought to investigate the early events of SIV infection in AGMs, specifically examining the impact of SIVsab infection on the gut mucosa. Twenty-nine adult male AGMs were intrarectally infected with SIVsab92018 and serially sacrificed at well-defined stages of SIV infection, preramp-up (1-3 days post-infection (dpi)), ramp-up (4-6 dpi), peak viremia (9-12 dpi), and early chronic SIV infection (46-55 dpi), to assess the levels of immune activation, apoptosis, epithelial damage and microbial translocation in the GI tract and peripheral lymph nodes. Tissue viral loads, plasma cytokines and plasma markers of gut dysfunction were also measured throughout the course of early infection. While a strong, but transient, interferon-based inflammatory response was observed, the levels of plasma markers linked to enteropathy did not increase. Accordingly, no significant increases in apoptosis of either mucosal enterocytes or lymphocytes, and no damage to the mucosal epithelium were documented during early SIVsab infection of AGMs. These findings were supported by RNAseq of the gut tissue, which found no significant alterations in gene expression that would indicate microbial translocation. Thus, for the first time, we confirmed that gut epithelial integrity is preserved, with no evidence of microbial translocation, in AGMs throughout early SIVsab infection. This might protect AGMs from developing intestinal dysfunction and the subsequent chronic inflammation that drives both HIV disease progression and HIV-associated comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D. Raehtz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Fredrik Barrenäs
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cuiling Xu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Busman-Sahay
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Audrey Valentine
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lynn Law
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Diseases, University of Washington, Washington, United States of America
| | - Dongzhu Ma
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Benjamin B. Policicchio
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Viskam Wijewardana
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Egidio Brocca-Cofano
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anita Trichel
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Diseases, University of Washington, Washington, United States of America
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Brandon F. Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory of Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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