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Rayner JG, Eichenberger F, Bainbridge JVA, Zhang S, Zhang X, Yusuf LH, Balenger S, Gaggiotti OE, Bailey NW. Competing adaptations maintain nonadaptive variation in a wild cricket population. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2317879121. [PMID: 39088392 PMCID: PMC11317585 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2317879121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024] Open
Abstract
How emerging adaptive variants interact is an important factor in the evolution of wild populations, but the opportunity to empirically study this interaction is rare. We recently documented the emergence of an adaptive phenotype "curly-wing" in Hawaiian populations of field crickets (Teleogryllus oceanicus). Curly-wing inhibits males' ability to sing, protecting them from eavesdropping parasitoid flies (Ormia ochracea). Surprisingly, curly-wing co-occurs with similarly protective silent "flatwing" phenotypes in multiple populations, in which neither phenotype has spread to fixation. These two phenotypes are frequently coexpressed, but since either sufficiently reduces song amplitude to evade the fly, their coexpression confers no additional fitness benefit. Numerous "off-target" phenotypic changes are known to accompany flatwing, and we find that curly-wing, too, negatively impacts male courtship ability and affects mass and survival of females under lab conditions. We show through crosses and genomic and mRNA sequencing that curly-wing expression is associated with variation on a single autosome. In parallel analyses of flatwing, our results reinforce previous findings of X-linked single-locus inheritance. By combining insights into the genetic architecture of these alternative phenotypes with simulations and field observations, we show that the co-occurrence of these two adaptations impedes either from fixing, despite extreme fitness benefits, due to fitness epistasis. This co-occurrence of similar adaptive forms in the same populations might be more common than is generally considered and could be an important force inhibiting adaptive evolution in wild populations of sexually reproducing organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack G. Rayner
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD20740
| | - Franca Eichenberger
- Centre for Biological Diversity, University of St Andrews, St AndrewsKY16 9TH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Shangzhe Zhang
- Centre for Biological Diversity, University of St Andrews, St AndrewsKY16 9TH, United Kingdom
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Centre for Biological Diversity, University of St Andrews, St AndrewsKY16 9TH, United Kingdom
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Animal Diversity, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin300387, China
| | - Leeban H. Yusuf
- Centre for Biological Diversity, University of St Andrews, St AndrewsKY16 9TH, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Balenger
- College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN55108
| | - Oscar E. Gaggiotti
- Centre for Biological Diversity, University of St Andrews, St AndrewsKY16 9TH, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan W. Bailey
- Centre for Biological Diversity, University of St Andrews, St AndrewsKY16 9TH, United Kingdom
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2
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Zhang X, Blaxter M, Wood JMD, Tracey A, McCarthy S, Thorpe P, Rayner JG, Zhang S, Sikkink KL, Balenger SL, Bailey NW. Temporal genomics in Hawaiian crickets reveals compensatory intragenomic coadaptation during adaptive evolution. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5001. [PMID: 38866741 PMCID: PMC11169259 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49344-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Theory predicts that compensatory genetic changes reduce negative indirect effects of selected variants during adaptive evolution, but evidence is scarce. Here, we test this in a wild population of Hawaiian crickets using temporal genomics and a high-quality chromosome-level cricket genome. In this population, a mutation, flatwing, silences males and rapidly spread due to an acoustically-orienting parasitoid. Our sampling spanned a social transition during which flatwing fixed and the population went silent. We find long-range linkage disequilibrium around the putative flatwing locus was maintained over time, and hitchhiking genes had functions related to negative flatwing-associated effects. We develop a combinatorial enrichment approach using transcriptome data to test for compensatory, intragenomic coevolution. Temporal changes in genomic selection were distributed genome-wide and functionally associated with the population's transition to silence, particularly behavioural responses to silent environments. Our results demonstrate how 'adaptation begets adaptation'; changes to the sociogenetic environment accompanying rapid trait evolution can generate selection provoking further, compensatory adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Animal Diversity, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China.
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, UK.
| | - Mark Blaxter
- Tree of Life, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Alan Tracey
- Tree of Life, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Peter Thorpe
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, UK
- Data Analysis Group, Division of Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Jack G Rayner
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, UK
| | - Shangzhe Zhang
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, UK
| | | | - Susan L Balenger
- College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Nathan W Bailey
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, UK.
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3
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Zhang X, Chen H, Chen X, Liang A. Genomic and Transcriptomic Insights into the Genetic Basis of Foam Secretion in Rice Spittlebug Callitettix versicolor. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2012. [PMID: 38396690 PMCID: PMC10889267 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Many animal species produce protective foams, the majority of which exhibit evolutionary adaptability. Although the function and composition of foams have been widely studied, the genetic basis of foam secretion remains unknown. Unlike most species that produce foam under specific situations, spittlebugs continuously secrete foams throughout all nymphal stages. Here, we capitalize on the rice spittlebug (Callitettix versicolor) to explore the genetic basis of foam secretion through genomic and transcriptomic approaches. Our comparative genomic analysis for C. versicolor and eight other insect species reveals 606 species-specific gene families and 66 expanded gene families, associated with carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. These functions are in accordance with the composition of foams secreted by spittlebugs. Transcriptomic analyses of malpighian tubules across developmental stages detected 3192 differentially expressed genes. Enrichment analysis of these genes highlights functions also revealed by our comparative genomic analysis and aligns with previous histochemical and morphological observations of foam secretion. This consistency suggests the important roles of these candidate genes in foam production. Our study not only provides novel insights into the genetic basis of foam secretion in rice spittlebugs but also contributes valuable knowledge for future evolutionary studies of spittlebugs and the development of pest control strategies for C. versicolor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Animal Diversity, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Animal Diversity, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Aiping Liang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Animal Diversity, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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4
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Parvizi E, Vaughan AL, Dhami MK, McGaughran A. Genomic signals of local adaptation across climatically heterogenous habitats in an invasive tropical fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni). Heredity (Edinb) 2024; 132:18-29. [PMID: 37903919 PMCID: PMC10798995 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-023-00657-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Local adaptation plays a key role in the successful establishment of pest populations in new environments by enabling them to tolerate novel biotic and abiotic conditions experienced outside their native range. However, the genomic underpinnings of such adaptive responses remain unclear, especially for agriculturally important pests. We investigated population genomic signatures in the tropical/subtropical Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni, which has an expanded range encompassing temperate and arid zones in Australia, and tropical zones in the Pacific Islands. Using reduced representation sequencing data from 28 populations, we detected allele frequency shifts associated with the native/invasive status of populations and identified environmental factors that have likely driven population differentiation. We also determined that precipitation, temperature, and geographic variables explain allelic shifts across the distribution range of B. tryoni. We found spatial heterogeneity in signatures of local adaptation across various climatic conditions in invaded areas. Specifically, disjunct invasive populations in the tropical Pacific Islands and arid zones of Australia were characterised by multiple significantly differentiated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), some of which were associated with genes with well-understood function in environmental stress (e.g., heat and desiccation) response. However, invasive populations in southeast Australian temperate zones showed higher gene flow with the native range and lacked a strong local adaptive signal. These results suggest that population connectivity with the native range has differentially affected local adaptive patterns in different invasive populations. Overall, our findings provide insights into the evolutionary underpinnings of invasion success of an important horticultural pest in climatically distinct environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Parvizi
- Te Aka Mātuatua/School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Amy L Vaughan
- Biocontrol and Molecular Ecology, Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Manpreet K Dhami
- Biocontrol and Molecular Ecology, Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Angela McGaughran
- Te Aka Mātuatua/School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.
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5
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Gallagher JH, Zonana DM, Broder ED, Syammach AM, Tinghitella RM. A novel cricket morph has diverged in song and wing morphology across island populations. J Evol Biol 2023; 36:1609-1617. [PMID: 37885146 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Divergence of sexual signals between populations can lead to speciation, yet opportunities to study the immediate aftermath of novel signal evolution are rare. The recent emergence and spread of a new mating song, purring, in Hawaiian populations of the Pacific field cricket (Teleogryllus oceanicus) allows us to investigate population divergence soon after the origin of a new signal. Male crickets produce songs with specialized wing structures to attract mates from afar (calling) and entice them to mate when found (courtship). However, in Hawaii, these songs also attract an eavesdropping parasitoid fly (Ormia ochracea) that kills singing males. The novel purring song, produced with heavily modified wing morphology, attracts female crickets but not the parasitoid fly, acting as a solution to this conflict between natural and sexual selection. We've recently observed increasing numbers of purring males across Hawaii. In this integrative field study, we investigated the distribution of purring and the proportion of purring males relative to other morphs in six populations on four islands and compared a suite of phenotypic traits (wing morphology, calling song and courtship song) that make up this novel signal across populations of purring males. We show that purring is found in varying proportions across five, and is locally dominant in four, Hawaiian populations. We also show that calling songs, courtship songs and wing morphology of purring males differ geographically. Our findings demonstrate the rapid pace of evolution in island populations and provide insights into the emergence and divergence of new sexual signals over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Gallagher
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - David M Zonana
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - E Dale Broder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Aziz M Syammach
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Robin M Tinghitella
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
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6
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Flury JM, Meusemann K, Martin S, Hilgers L, Spanke T, Böhne A, Herder F, Mokodongan DF, Altmüller J, Wowor D, Misof B, Nolte AW, Schwarzer J. Potential Contribution of Ancient Introgression to the Evolution of a Derived Reproductive Strategy in Ricefishes. Genome Biol Evol 2023; 15:evad138. [PMID: 37493080 PMCID: PMC10465105 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evad138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Transitions from no parental care to extensive care are costly and involve major changes in life history, behavior, and morphology. Nevertheless, in Sulawesi ricefishes, pelvic brooding evolved from transfer brooding in two distantly related lineages within the genera Adrianichthys and Oryzias, respectively. Females of pelvic brooding species carry their eggs attached to their belly until the fry hatches. Despite their phylogenetic distance, both pelvic brooding lineages share a set of external morphological traits. A recent study found no direct gene flow between pelvic brooding lineages, suggesting independent evolution of the derived reproductive strategy. Convergent evolution can, however, also rely on repeated sorting of preexisting variation of an admixed ancestral population, especially when subjected to similar external selection pressures. We thus used a multispecies coalescent model and D-statistics to identify gene-tree-species-tree incongruencies, to evaluate the evolution of pelvic brooding with respect to interspecific gene flow not only between pelvic brooding lineages but also between pelvic brooding lineages and other Sulawesi ricefish lineages. We found a general network-like evolution in Sulawesi ricefishes, and as previously reported, we detected no gene flow between the pelvic brooding lineages. Instead, we found hybridization between the ancestor of pelvic brooding Oryzias and the common ancestor of the Oryzias species from the Lake Poso area. We further detected signs of introgression within the confidence interval of a quantitative trait locus associated with pelvic brooding in O. eversi. Our results hint toward a contribution of ancient standing genetic variation to the evolution of pelvic brooding in Oryzias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana M Flury
- Leibniz-Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Museum Koenig Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karen Meusemann
- Leibniz-Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Museum Koenig Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sebastian Martin
- Leibniz-Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Museum Koenig Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Leon Hilgers
- Leibniz-Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Museum Koenig Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias Spanke
- Leibniz-Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Museum Koenig Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Astrid Böhne
- Leibniz-Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Museum Koenig Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Fabian Herder
- Leibniz-Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Museum Koenig Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel F Mokodongan
- Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Research Center for Biosystematics and Evolution, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), Cologne University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daisy Wowor
- Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Research Center for Biosystematics and Evolution, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Bernhard Misof
- Leibniz-Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Museum Koenig Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Arne W Nolte
- Department of Ecological Genomics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Julia Schwarzer
- Leibniz-Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Museum Koenig Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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7
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McCulloch GA, Waters JM. Rapid adaptation in a fast-changing world: Emerging insights from insect genomics. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:943-954. [PMID: 36333958 PMCID: PMC10100130 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Many researchers have questioned the ability of biota to adapt to rapid anthropogenic environmental shifts. Here, we synthesize emerging genomic evidence for rapid insect evolution in response to human pressure. These new data reveal diverse genomic mechanisms (single locus, polygenic, structural shifts; introgression) underpinning rapid adaptive responses to a variety of anthropogenic selective pressures. While the effects of some human impacts (e.g. pollution; pesticides) have been previously documented, here we highlight startling new evidence for rapid evolutionary responses to additional anthropogenic processes such as deforestation. These recent findings indicate that diverse insect assemblages can indeed respond dynamically to major anthropogenic evolutionary challenges. Our synthesis also emphasizes the critical roles of genomic architecture, standing variation and gene flow in maintaining future adaptive potential. Broadly, it is clear that genomic approaches are essential for predicting, monitoring and responding to ongoing anthropogenic biodiversity shifts in a fast-changing world.
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8
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Bernal XE, Page RA. Tactics of evasion: strategies used by signallers to deter eavesdropping enemies from exploiting communication systems. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:222-242. [PMID: 36176190 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Eavesdropping predators, parasites and parasitoids exploit signals emitted by their prey and hosts for detection, assessment, localization and attack, and in the process impose strong selective pressures on the communication systems of the organisms they exploit. Signallers have evolved numerous anti-eavesdropper strategies to mitigate the trade-off between the costs imposed from signal exploitation and the need for conspecific communication. Eavesdropper strategies fall along a continuum from opportunistic to highly specialized, and the tightness of the eavesdropper-signaller relationship results in differential pressures on communication systems. A wide variety of anti-eavesdropper strategies mitigate the trade-off between eavesdropper exploitation and conspecific communication. Antagonistic selection from eavesdroppers can result in diverse outcomes including modulation of signalling displays, signal structure, and evolutionary loss or gain of a signal from a population. These strategies often result in reduced signal conspicuousness and in decreased signal ornamentation. Eavesdropping enemies, however, can also promote signal ornamentation. While less common, this alternative outcome offers a unique opportunity to dissect the factors that may lead to different evolutionary pathways. In addition, contrary to traditional assumptions, no sensory modality is completely 'safe' as eavesdroppers are ubiquitous and have a broad array of sensory filters that allow opportunity for signal exploitation. We discuss how anthropogenic change affects interactions between eavesdropping enemies and their victims as it rapidly modifies signalling environments and community composition. Drawing on diverse research from a range of taxa and sensory modalities, we synthesize current knowledge on anti-eavesdropper strategies, discuss challenges in this field and highlight fruitful new directions for future research. Ultimately, this review offers a conceptual framework to understand the diverse strategies used by signallers to communicate under the pressure imposed by their eavesdropping enemies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena E Bernal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 W State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
| | - Rachel A Page
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
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9
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Gallagher JH, Zonana DM, Broder ED, Herner BK, Tinghitella RM. Decoupling of sexual signals and their underlying morphology facilitates rapid phenotypic diversification. Evol Lett 2022; 6:474-489. [PMID: 36579170 PMCID: PMC9783451 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
How novel phenotypes evolve is challenging to imagine because traits are often underlain by numerous integrated phenotypic components, and changes to any one form can disrupt the function of the entire module. Yet novel phenotypes do emerge, and research on adaptive phenotypic evolution suggests that complex traits can diverge while either maintaining existing form-function relationships or through innovations that alter form-function relationships. How these alternate routes contribute to sexual signal evolution is poorly understood, despite the role of sexual signals in generating biodiversity. In Hawaiian populations of the Pacific field cricket, male song attracts both female crickets and a deadly acoustically orienting parasitoid fly. In response to this conflict between natural and sexual selection, male crickets have evolved altered wing morphologies multiple times, resulting in loss and dramatic alteration of sexual signals. More recently, we and others have observed a radical increase in sexual signal variation and the underlying morphological structures that produce song. We conducted the first combined analysis of form (wing morphology), function (emergent signal), and receiver responses to characterize novel variation, test alternative hypotheses about form-function relationships (Form-Function Continuity vs. Form-Function Decoupling), and investigate underlying mechanistic changes and fitness consequences of novel signals. We identified three sound-producing male morphs (one previously undescribed, named "rattling") and found that relationships between morphology and signals have been rewired (Form-Function Decoupling), rapidly and repeatedly, through the gain, loss, and alteration of morphological structures, facilitating the production of signals that exist in novel phenotypic space. By integrating across a hierarchy of phenotypes, we uncovered divergent morphs with unique solutions to the challenge of attracting mates while evading fatal parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David M. Zonana
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of DenverDenverColoradoUSA
| | - E. Dale Broder
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of DenverDenverColoradoUSA
| | - Brianna K. Herner
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of DenverDenverColoradoUSA
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10
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Chaturvedi S, Gompert Z, Feder JL, Osborne OG, Muschick M, Riesch R, Soria-Carrasco V, Nosil P. Climatic similarity and genomic background shape the extent of parallel adaptation in Timema stick insects. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:1952-1964. [PMID: 36280782 PMCID: PMC7613875 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01909-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Evolution can repeat itself, resulting in parallel adaptations in independent lineages occupying similar environments. Moreover, parallel evolution sometimes, but not always, uses the same genes. Two main hypotheses have been put forth to explain the probability and extent of parallel evolution. First, parallel evolution is more likely when shared ecologies result in similar patterns of natural selection in different taxa. Second, parallelism is more likely when genomes are similar because of shared standing variation and similar mutational effects in closely related genomes. Here we combine ecological, genomic, experimental and phenotypic data with Bayesian modelling and randomization tests to quantify the degree of parallelism and its relationship with ecology and genetics. Our results show that the extent to which genomic regions associated with climate are parallel among species of Timema stick insects is shaped collectively by shared ecology and genomic background. Specifically, the extent of genomic parallelism decays with divergence in climatic conditions (that is, habitat or ecological similarity) and genomic similarity. Moreover, we find that climate-associated loci are likely subject to selection in a field experiment, overlap with genetic regions associated with cuticular hydrocarbon traits and are not strongly shaped by introgression between species. Our findings shed light on when evolution is most expected to repeat itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samridhi Chaturvedi
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Biology and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA.
| | - Zachariah Gompert
- Department of Biology and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA.
| | - Jeffrey L Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Owen G Osborne
- Molecular Ecology and Evolution Bangor, Environment Centre Wales, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Moritz Muschick
- Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Rüdiger Riesch
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
| | | | - Patrik Nosil
- Department of Biology and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
- CEFE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ. Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
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11
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Chen N, Zhang H, Zang E, Liu ZX, Lan YF, Hao WL, He S, Fan X, Sun GL, Wang YL. Adaptation insights from comparative transcriptome analysis of two Opisthopappus species in the Taihang mountains. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:466. [PMID: 35751010 PMCID: PMC9233376 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08703-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Opisthopappus is a major wild source of Asteraceae with resistance to cold and drought. Two species of this genus (Opisthopappus taihangensis and O. longilobus) have been employed as model systems to address the evolutionary history of perennial herb biomes in the Taihang Mountains of China. However, further studies on the adaptive divergence processes of these two species are currently impeded by the lack of genomic resources. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved, a comparative analysis of these two species was conducted. Among the identified transcription factors, the bHLH members were most prevalent, which exhibited significantly different expression levels in the terpenoid metabolic pathway. O. longilobus showed higher level of expression than did O. taihangensis in terms of terpenes biosynthesis and metabolism, particularly monoterpenoids and diterpenoids. Analyses of the positive selection genes (PSGs) identified from O. taihangensis and O. longilobus revealed that 1203 genes were related to adaptative divergence, which were under rapid evolution and/or have signs of positive selection. Differential expressions of PSG occurred primarily in the mitochondrial electron transport, starch degradation, secondary metabolism, as well as nucleotide synthesis and S-metabolism pathway processes. Several PSGs were obviously differentially expressed in terpenes biosynthesis that might result in the fragrances divergence between O. longilobus and O. taihangensis, which would provide insights into adaptation of the two species to different environments that characterized by sub-humid warm temperate and temperate continental monsoon climates. The comparative analysis for these two species in Opisthopappus not only revealed how the divergence occurred from molecular perspective, but also provided novel insights into how differential adaptations occurred in Taihang Mountains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Chen
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan, 030031, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan, 030031, China
| | - En Zang
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan, 030031, China
| | - Zhi-Xia Liu
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan, 030031, China
| | - Ya-Fei Lan
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan, 030031, China
| | - Wei-Li Hao
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan, 030031, China
| | - Shan He
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan, 030031, China
| | - Xing Fan
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Gen-Lou Sun
- Department of Biology, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, B3H3C3, Canada.
| | - Yi-Ling Wang
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan, 030031, China.
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12
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Tanner JC, Johnson ER, Zuk M. Is plasticity in field cricket mating behaviour mediated by experience of song quality? Anim Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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13
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Rayner JG, Sturiale SL, Bailey NW. The persistence and evolutionary consequences of vestigial behaviours. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:1389-1407. [PMID: 35218283 PMCID: PMC9540461 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Behavioural traits are often noted to persist after relaxation or removal of associated selection pressure, whereas it has been observed that morphological traits under similar conditions appear to decay more rapidly. Despite this, persistent non‐adaptive, ‘vestigial’ behavioural variation has received little research scrutiny. Here we review published examples of vestigial behavioural traits, highlighting their surprising prevalence, and argue that their further study can reveal insights about the widely debated role of behaviour in evolution. Some vestigial behaviours incur fitness costs, so may act as a drag on adaptive evolution when that adaptation occurs via trait loss or reversal. In other cases, vestigial behaviours can contribute to future evolutionary trajectories, for example by preserving genetic and phenotypic variation which is later co‐opted by selection during adaptive evolution or diversification, or through re‐emergence after ancestral selection pressures are restored. We explore why vestigial behaviours appear prone to persistence. Behavioural lag may be a general phenomenon arising from relatively high levels of non‐genetic variation in behavioural expression, and pleiotropic constraint. Long‐term persistence of non‐adaptive behavioural traits could also result when their expression is associated with morphological features which might be more rapidly lost or reduced. We propose that vestigial behaviours could provide a substrate for co‐option by novel selective forces, and advocate further study of the fate of behavioural traits following relaxed and reversed selection. Vestigial behaviours have been relatively well studied in the context of antipredator behaviours, but they are far from restricted to this ecological context, and so deserve broader consideration. They also have practical importance, with mixed evidence, for example, as to whether predator/parasite‐avoidance behaviours are rapidly lost in wildlife refuges and captivity. We identify important areas for future research to help determine whether vestigial behaviours essentially represent a form of evolutionary lag, or whether they have more meaningful evolutionary consequences distinct from those of other vestigial and behavioural traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack G Rayner
- Centre for Biological Diversity, Harold Mitchell Building, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9TH, U.K
| | - Samantha L Sturiale
- Centre for Biological Diversity, Harold Mitchell Building, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9TH, U.K
| | - Nathan W Bailey
- Centre for Biological Diversity, Harold Mitchell Building, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9TH, U.K
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14
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Kataoka K, Togawa Y, Sanno R, Asahi T, Yura K. Dissecting cricket genomes for the advancement of entomology and entomophagy. Biophys Rev 2022; 14:75-97. [PMID: 35340598 PMCID: PMC8921346 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00924-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant advances in biophysical methods such as next-generation sequencing technologies have now opened the way to conduct evolutionary and applied research based on the genomic information of greatly diverse insects. Crickets belonging to Orthoptera (Insecta: Polyneoptera), one of the most flourishing groups of insects, have contributed to the development of multiple scientific fields including developmental biology and neuroscience and have been attractive targets in evolutionary ecology for their diverse ecological niches. In addition, crickets have recently gained recognition as food and feed. However, the genomic information underlying their biological basis and application research toward breeding is currently underrepresented. In this review, we summarize the progress of genomics of crickets. First, we outline the phylogenetic position of crickets in insects and then introduce recent studies on cricket genomics and transcriptomics in a variety of fields. Furthermore, we present findings from our analysis of polyneopteran genomes, with a particular focus on their large genome sizes, chromosome number, and repetitive sequences. Finally, how the cricket genome can be beneficial to the food industry is discussed. This review is expected to enhance greater recognition of how important the cricket genomes are to the multiple biological fields and how basic research based on cricket genome information can contribute to tackling global food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Kataoka
- Comprehensive Research Organization, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Togawa
- School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuto Sanno
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Asahi
- Comprehensive Research Organization, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Research of Biosystem Dynamics, Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Organization for Nano & Life Innovation, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Yura
- School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Organization for Nano & Life Innovation, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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OUP accepted manuscript. Behav Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arac049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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16
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Chafin TK, Regmi B, Douglas MR, Edds DR, Wangchuk K, Dorji S, Norbu P, Norbu S, Changlu C, Khanal GP, Tshering S, Douglas ME. Parallel introgression, not recurrent emergence, explains apparent elevational ecotypes of polyploid Himalayan snowtrout. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:210727. [PMID: 34729207 PMCID: PMC8548808 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The recurrence of similar evolutionary patterns within different habitats often reflects parallel selective pressures acting upon either standing or independently occurring genetic variation to produce a convergence of phenotypes. This interpretation (i.e. parallel divergences within adjacent streams) has been hypothesized for drainage-specific morphological 'ecotypes' observed in polyploid snowtrout (Cyprinidae: Schizothorax). However, parallel patterns of differential introgression during secondary contact are a viable alternative hypothesis. Here, we used ddRADseq (N = 35 319 de novo and N = 10 884 transcriptome-aligned SNPs), as derived from Nepali/Bhutanese samples (N = 48 each), to test these competing hypotheses. We first employed genome-wide allelic depths to derive appropriate ploidy models, then a Bayesian approach to yield genotypes statistically consistent under the inferred expectations. Elevational 'ecotypes' were consistent in geometric morphometric space, but with phylogenetic relationships at the drainage level, sustaining a hypothesis of independent emergence. However, partitioned analyses of phylogeny and admixture identified subsets of loci under selection that retained genealogical concordance with morphology, suggesting instead that apparent patterns of morphological/phylogenetic discordance are driven by widespread genomic homogenization. Here, admixture occurring in secondary contact effectively 'masks' previous isolation. Our results underscore two salient factors: (i) morphological adaptations are retained despite hybridization and (ii) the degree of admixture varies across tributaries, presumably concomitant with underlying environmental or anthropogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler K. Chafin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309, USA
| | - Binod Regmi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
- National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marlis R. Douglas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - David R. Edds
- Department of Biological Sciences, Emporia State University, Emporia, KS 66801, USA
| | - Karma Wangchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
- National Research and Development Centre for Riverine and Lake Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Royal Government of Bhutan, Haa, Bhutan
| | - Sonam Dorji
- National Research and Development Centre for Riverine and Lake Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Royal Government of Bhutan, Haa, Bhutan
| | - Pema Norbu
- National Research and Development Centre for Riverine and Lake Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Royal Government of Bhutan, Haa, Bhutan
| | - Sangay Norbu
- National Research and Development Centre for Riverine and Lake Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Royal Government of Bhutan, Haa, Bhutan
| | - Changlu Changlu
- National Research and Development Centre for Riverine and Lake Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Royal Government of Bhutan, Haa, Bhutan
| | - Gopal Prasad Khanal
- National Research and Development Centre for Riverine and Lake Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Royal Government of Bhutan, Haa, Bhutan
| | - Singye Tshering
- National Research and Development Centre for Riverine and Lake Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Royal Government of Bhutan, Haa, Bhutan
| | - Michael E. Douglas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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17
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Calboli FCF, Delahaut V, Deflem I, Hablützel PI, Hellemans B, Kordas A, Raeymaekers JAM, Bervoets L, De Boeck G, Volckaert FAM. Association between Chromosome 4 and mercury accumulation in muscle of the three-spined stickleback ( Gasterosteus aculeatus). Evol Appl 2021; 14:2553-2567. [PMID: 34745343 PMCID: PMC8549617 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic stressors, such as pollutants, act as selective factors that can leave measurable changes in allele frequencies in the genome. Metals are of particular concern among pollutants, because of interference with vital biological pathways. We use the three-spined stickleback as a model for adaptation to mercury pollution in natural populations. We collected sticklebacks from 21 locations in Flanders (Belgium), measured the accumulated levels of mercury in the skeletal muscle tissue, and genotyped the fish by sequencing (GBS). The spread of muscle mercury content across locations was considerable, ranging from 21.5 to 327 ng/g dry weight (DW). We then conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) between 28,450 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the accumulated levels of mercury, using different approaches. Based on a linear mixed model analysis, the GWAS yielded multiple hits with a single top hit on Chromosome 4, with eight more SNPs suggestive of association. A second approach, a latent factor mixed model analysis, highlighted one single SNP on Chromosome 11. Finally, an outlier test identified one additional SNP on Chromosome 4 that appeared under selection. Out of all ten SNPs we identified as associated with mercury in muscle, three SNPs all located on Chromosome 4 and positioned within a 2.5 kb distance of an annotated gene. Based on these results and the genome coverage of our SNPs, we conclude that the selective effect of mercury pollution in Flanders causes a significant association with at least one locus on Chromosome 4 in three-spined stickleback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico C. F. Calboli
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary GenomicsKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Present address:
Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke)HelsinkiFinland
| | - Vyshal Delahaut
- Department of BiologySystemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE)University of AntwerpAntwerpenBelgium
| | - Io Deflem
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary GenomicsKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | | | - Bart Hellemans
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary GenomicsKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Anna Kordas
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary GenomicsKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | | | - Lieven Bervoets
- Department of BiologySystemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE)University of AntwerpAntwerpenBelgium
| | - Gudrun De Boeck
- Department of BiologySystemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE)University of AntwerpAntwerpenBelgium
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18
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Miyazaki S, Fujiwara K, Kai K, Masuoka Y, Gotoh H, Niimi T, Hayashi Y, Shigenobu S, Maekawa K. Evolutionary transition of doublesex regulation from sex-specific splicing to male-specific transcription in termites. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15992. [PMID: 34362973 PMCID: PMC8346542 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95423-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The sex determination gene doublesex (dsx) encodes a transcription factor with two domains, oligomerization domain 1 (OD1) and OD2, and is present throughout insects. Sex-specific Dsx splicing isoforms regulate the transcription of target genes and trigger sex differentiation in all Holometabola examined to date. However, in some hemimetabolous insects, dsx is not spliced sexually and its sequence is less conserved. Here, to elucidate evolutionary changes in dsx in domain organisation and regulation in termites, we searched genome and/or transcriptome databases for the dsx OD1 and OD2 in seven termite species and their sister group (Cryptocercus woodroaches). Molecular phylogenetic and synteny analyses identified OD1 sequences of termites and C. punctulatus that clustered with dsx of Holometabola and regarded them as dsx orthologues. The Cryptocercus dsx orthologue containing OD2 was spliced sexually, as previously shown in other insects. However, OD2 was not found in all termite dsx orthologues. These orthologues were encoded by a single exon in three termites for which genome information is available; they were not alternatively spliced but transcribed in a male-specific manner in two examined species. Evolution of dsx regulation from sex-specific splicing to male-specific transcription may have occurred at an early stage of social evolution in termites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Miyazaki
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tamagawa University, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8610, Japan.
| | - Kokuto Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Gofuku, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan
| | - Keima Kai
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Gofuku, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan
| | - Yudai Masuoka
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Gofuku, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan.,Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO (National Agriculture and Food Research Organization), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Hiroki Gotoh
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Niimi
- Division of Evolutionary Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Hayashi
- Department of Biology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8521, Japan
| | - Shuji Shigenobu
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.,NIBB Research Core Facilities, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Maekawa
- Faculty of Science, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Gofuku, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan.
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19
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Brown JG. Ticks, Hair Loss, and Non-Clinging Babies: A Novel Tick-Based Hypothesis for the Evolutionary Divergence of Humans and Chimpanzees. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:435. [PMID: 34066043 PMCID: PMC8150933 DOI: 10.3390/life11050435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human straight-legged bipedalism represents one of the earliest events in the evolutionary split between humans (Homo spp.) and chimpanzees (Pan spp.), although its selective basis is a mystery. A carrying-related hypothesis has recently been proposed in which hair loss within the hominin lineage resulted in the inability of babies to cling to their mothers, requiring mothers to walk upright to carry their babies. However, a question remains for this model: what drove the hair loss that resulted in upright walking? Observers since Darwin have suggested that hair loss in humans may represent an evolutionary strategy for defence against ticks. The aim of this review is to propose and evaluate a novel tick-based evolutionary hypothesis wherein forest fragmentation in hominin paleoenvironments created conditions that were favourable for tick proliferation, selecting for hair loss in hominins and grooming behaviour in chimpanzees as divergent anti-tick strategies. It is argued that these divergent anti-tick strategies resulted in different methods for carrying babies, driving the locomotor divergence of humans and chimpanzees.
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20
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Rayner JG, Hitchcock TJ, Bailey NW. Variable dosage compensation is associated with female consequences of an X-linked, male-beneficial mutation. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210355. [PMID: 33757350 PMCID: PMC8059673 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent theory has suggested that dosage compensation mediates sexual antagonism over X-linked genes. This process relies on the assumption that dosage compensation scales phenotypic effects between the sexes, which is largely untested. We evaluated this by quantifying transcriptome variation associated with a recently arisen, male-beneficial, X-linked mutation across tissues of the field cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus, and testing the relationship between the completeness of dosage compensation and female phenotypic effects at the level of gene expression. Dosage compensation in T. oceanicus was variable across tissues but usually incomplete, such that relative expression of X-linked genes was typically greater in females. Supporting the assumption that dosage compensation scales phenotypic effects between the sexes, we found tissues with incomplete dosage compensation tended to show female-skewed effects of the X-linked allele. In gonads, where expression of X-linked genes was most strongly female-biased, ovaries-limited genes were much more likely to be X-linked than were testes-limited genes, supporting the view that incomplete dosage compensation favours feminization of the X. Our results support the expectation that sex chromosome dosage compensation scales phenotypic effects of X-linked genes between sexes, substantiating a key assumption underlying the theoretical role of dosage compensation in determining the dynamics of sexual antagonism on the X.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack G. Rayner
- Centre for Biological Diversity, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TH, UK
| | - Thomas J. Hitchcock
- Centre for Biological Diversity, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TH, UK
| | - Nathan W. Bailey
- Centre for Biological Diversity, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TH, UK
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21
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Tinghitella RM, Broder ED, Gallagher JH, Wikle AW, Zonana DM. Responses of intended and unintended receivers to a novel sexual signal suggest clandestine communication. Nat Commun 2021; 12:797. [PMID: 33542210 PMCID: PMC7862365 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-20971-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Inadvertent cues can be refined into signals through coevolution between signalers and receivers, yet the earliest steps in this process remain elusive. In Hawaiian populations of the Pacific field cricket, a new morph producing a novel and incredibly variable song (purring) has spread across islands. Here we characterize the current sexual and natural selection landscape acting on the novel signal by (1) determining fitness advantages of purring through attraction to mates and protection from a prominent deadly natural enemy, and (2) testing alternative hypotheses about the strength and form of selection acting on the novel signal. In field studies, female crickets respond positively to purrs, but eavesdropping parasitoid flies do not, suggesting purring may allow private communication among crickets. Contrary to the sensory bias and preference for novelty hypotheses, preference functions (selective pressure) are nearly flat, driven by extreme inter-individual variation in function shape. Our study offers a rare empirical test of the roles of natural and sexual selection in the earliest stages of signal evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E Dale Broder
- Department of Biology, St Ambrose University, Davenport, IA, USA
| | - James H Gallagher
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Aaron W Wikle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - David M Zonana
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
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