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Kim HJ, Julian M, Williams C, Bombara D, Hu J, Gu T, Aryana K, Sauti G, Humphreys W. Versatile spaceborne photonics with chalcogenide phase-change materials. NPJ Microgravity 2024; 10:20. [PMID: 38378811 PMCID: PMC10879159 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-024-00358-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent growth in space systems has seen increasing capabilities packed into smaller and lighter Earth observation and deep space mission spacecraft. Phase-change materials (PCMs) are nonvolatile, reconfigurable, fast-switching, and have recently shown a high degree of space radiation tolerance, thereby making them an attractive materials platform for spaceborne photonics applications. They promise robust, lightweight, and energy-efficient reconfigurable optical systems whose functions can be dynamically defined on-demand and on-orbit to deliver enhanced science or mission support in harsh environments on lean power budgets. This comment aims to discuss the recent advances in rapidly growing PCM research and its potential to transition from conventional terrestrial optoelectronics materials platforms to versatile spaceborne photonic materials platforms for current and next-generation space and science missions. Materials International Space Station Experiment-14 (MISSE-14) mission-flown PCMs outside of the International Space Station (ISS) and key results and NASA examples are highlighted to provide strong evidence of the applicability of spaceborne photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Calum Williams
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - David Bombara
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Juejun Hu
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tian Gu
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Jiang K, Li S, Chen F, Zhu L, Li W. Microstructure characterization, phase transition, and device application of phase-change memory materials. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2023; 24:2252725. [PMID: 37745781 PMCID: PMC10512918 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2023.2252725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Phase-change memory (PCM), recently developed as the storage-class memory in a computer system, is a new non-volatile memory technology. In addition, the applications of PCM in a non-von Neumann computing, such as neuromorphic computing and in-memory computing, are being investigated. Although PCM-based devices have been extensively studied, several concerns regarding the electrical, thermal, and structural dynamics of phase-change devices remain. In this article, aiming at PCM devices, a comprehensive review of PCM materials is provided, including the primary PCM device mechanics that underpin read and write operations, physics-based modeling initiatives and experimental characterization of the many features examined in nanoscale PCM devices. Finally, this review will propose a prognosis on a few unsolved challenges and highlight research areas of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jiang
- School of Arts and Sciences, Shanghai Dianji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shubing Li
- Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangfang Chen
- School of Arts and Sciences, Shanghai Dianji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenwu Li
- Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Institute of Optoelectronics, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Aryana K, Kim HJ, Popescu CC, Vitale S, Bae HB, Lee T, Gu T, Hu J. Toward Accurate Thermal Modeling of Phase Change Material-Based Photonic Devices. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2304145. [PMID: 37649187 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Reconfigurable or programmable photonic devices are rapidly growing and have become an integral part of many optical systems. The ability to selectively modulate electromagnetic waves through electrical stimuli is crucial in the advancement of a variety of applications from data communication and computing devices to environmental science and space explorations. Chalcogenide-based phase-change materials (PCMs) are one of the most promising material candidates for reconfigurable photonics due to their large optical contrast between their different solid-state structural phases. Although significant efforts have been devoted to accurate simulation of PCM-based devices, in this paper, three important aspects which have often evaded prior models yet having significant impacts on the thermal and phase transition behavior of these devices are highlighted: the enthalpy of fusion, the heat capacity change upon glass transition, as well as the thermal conductivity of liquid-phase PCMs. The important topic of switching energy scaling in PCM devices, which also helps explain why the three above-mentioned effects have long been overlooked in electronic PCM memories but only become important in photonics, is further investigated. These findings offer insight to facilitate accurate modeling of PCM-based photonic devices and can inform the development of more efficient reconfigurable optics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, 23681, USA
| | - Cosmin-Constantin Popescu
- Department of Materials & Science Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Steven Vitale
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | - Hyung Bin Bae
- KAIST Analysis Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Taewoo Lee
- KAIST Analysis Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Tian Gu
- Department of Materials & Science Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Juejun Hu
- Department of Materials & Science Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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Tang H, Stan L, Czaplewski DA, Yang X, Gao J. Wavelength-tunable infrared chiral metasurfaces with phase-change materials. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:21118-21127. [PMID: 37381219 DOI: 10.1364/oe.489841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Optical phase-change materials exhibit tunable permittivity and switching properties during phase transition, which offers the possibility of dynamic control of optical devices. Here, a wavelength-tunable infrared chiral metasurface integrated with phase-change material GST-225 is demonstrated with the designed unit cell of parallelogram-shaped resonator. By varying the baking time at a temperature above the phase transition temperature of GST-225, the resonance wavelength of the chiral metasurface is tuned in the wavelength range of 2.33 µm to 2.58 µm, while the circular dichroism in absorption is maintained around 0.44. The chiroptical response of the designed metasurface is revealed by analyzing the electromagnetic field and displacement current distributions under left- and right-handed circularly polarized (LCP and RCP) light illumination. Moreover, the photothermal effect is simulated to investigate the large temperature difference in the chiral metasurface under LCP and RCP illumination, which allows for the possibility of circular polarization-controlled phase transition. The presented chiral metasurfaces with phase-change materials offer the potential to facilitate promising applications in the infrared regime, such as chiral thermal switching, infrared imaging, and tunable chiral photonics.
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Achar SK, Schneider J, Stewart DA. Using Machine Learning Potentials to Explore Interdiffusion at Metal-Chalcogenide Interfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:56963-56974. [PMID: 36515688 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c16254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Chalcogenide alloys are key materials for selector and memory elements used in next-generation nonvolatile memory cells. However, the high electric fields and Joule heating experienced during operation can promote interdiffusion at the interfaces that degrade device performance over time. A clear atomic scale understanding of how chalcogenide alloys interact with electrodes could aid in identifying ways to improve long-term device endurance. In this work, we develop a robust set of moment tensor potentials (MTPs) to examine interactions between Ge-Se alloys and Ti electrodes. Previous works have shown evidence of strong interactions between Ti and chalcogenide alloys. This system offers an important first test in the use of ML empirical potentials to understand the role of interfaces in endurance in memory elements and broader nanoscale devices. The empirical potentials are constructed using an active learning moment tensor potential framework that leverages a broad data set of first-principles calculations for Ti, Ge, and Se compounds. Long-term simulations (>1 ns) show significant interdiffusion at the Ti|Ge-Se interface with Ti and Se both actively moving across the original interface. The strong chemical affinity of Ti and Se leads to a well-defined Ti-Se region and a severely Se-depleted central Ge-Se region with unfavorable selector characteristics. The evolution of the Ti-Se layer can be described using a self-limited growth model. By comparing effective Ti-Se diffusion constants for simulations at different temperatures, we find a low activation energy of 0.1 eV for Ti-Se layer interdiffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddarth K Achar
- Computational Modeling & Simulation Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania15260, United States
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania15261, United States
- Western Digital Corporation, 5601 Great Oaks Pkwy, San Jose, California95119, United States
| | | | - Derek A Stewart
- Western Digital Corporation, 5601 Great Oaks Pkwy, San Jose, California95119, United States
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Jiang TT, Wang XD, Wang JJ, Zhang HY, Lu L, Jia C, Wuttig M, Mazzarello R, Zhang W, Ma E. In situ characterization of vacancy ordering in Ge-Sb-Te phase-change memory alloys. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Ma N, Zhang Z, Nan P, Bai W, Li K, Zhao J, Zhou S, Ge B, Yang J, Xiao C, Xie Y. Phonon Symphony of Stacked Multilayers and Weak Bonds Lowers Lattice Thermal Conductivity. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2202677. [PMID: 35612001 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202202677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Controlling lattice vibrations to obtain intrinsic low thermal conductivity play a critical role in thermal management of electronic and photonic devices, energy converters, and thermal insulation, which necessitates exploring new compounds and a thorough understanding of their chemical structure, bonding, and lattice dynamics. Herein, a new chalcogenide, Ga6 Cr5 Se16 , shows intrinsic low lattice thermal conductivity κlat , which crystallizes in the monoclinic phase (C2/m) with the stacked inverse GaSe4 layers (g'), close-packed Cr3+ Se6 layers (c), GaSe4 layers (g) and loosely-stacked Cr2+ Se6 layers (c') along the c-axis. In this structure, a wide variety of chemical bonding is arranged in each layer, such as covalent Ga-Se, covalent Cr3+ -Se, and weaker Cr2+ -Se bonding, which endow it with a large phonon symphony by strong coupling of soft acoustic and low-lying optical phonons. As a result, Ga6 Cr5 Se16 realizes an intrinsic low κlat of 0.79 W m- 1 K- 1 at 323 K, which is almost four times, or twice lower than that of Cr3 Se4 (2.95 W m- 1 K- 1 ), or Cr2 Se3 (1.56 W m- 1 K- 1 ), Ga2 Se3 (1.36 W m- 1 K- 1 ) at 323 K, respectively. These insights will offer comprehensive understanding of the phonon propagation in complex layered chalcogenides, and also shed useful light on future design of low-κlat solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Ma
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
- Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, P. R. China
| | - Zhou Zhang
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Nan
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Wei Bai
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Kai Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jiyin Zhao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Shiming Zhou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Binghui Ge
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Jiong Yang
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311100, P. R. China
| | - Chong Xiao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
- Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, P. R. China
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Yi Xie
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
- Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, P. R. China
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Wang Z, Guan Z, Sun H, Luo Z, Zhao H, Wang H, Yin Y, Li X. High-Speed Nanoscale Ferroelectric Tunnel Junction for Multilevel Memory and Neural Network Computing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:24602-24609. [PMID: 35604049 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ferroelectric tunnel junction (FTJ) is one promising candidate for next-generation nonvolatile data storage and neural network computing systems. In this work, the high-performance 50 nm-diameter Au/Ti/PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 (∼3 nm, (111)-oriented)/Nb:SrTiO3 (Nb: 0.7 wt %) FTJs are achieved to demonstrate the scaling down capability of FTJ. As a nonvolatile memory, the FTJ shows eight distinct resistance states (3 bits) with a large ON/OFF ratio (>103), and these states can be switched at a fast speed of 10 ns. Intriguingly, the long-term potentiation/depression and spike timing-dependent plasticity, that is, fundamental functions of biological synapses, can be emulated in the nanoscale FTJ-based artificial synapse. A convolutional neural network (CNN) simulation is then carried out based on the experimental results, and a high recognition accuracy of ∼93.8% on fashion product images is obtained, which is very close to the result of ∼94.4% by a floating-point-based CNN software. In particular, the FTJ-based CNN simulation also exhibits robustness to input image noises. These results indicate the great potential of FTJ for high-density information storage and neural network computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Wang
- Department of Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zeyu Guan
- Department of Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Haoyang Sun
- Department of Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhen Luo
- Department of Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Haoyu Zhao
- Department of Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - He Wang
- Department of Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yuewei Yin
- Department of Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- Department of Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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Guo J, Xu G, Tian D, Qu Z, Qiu CW. Passive Ultra-Conductive Thermal Metamaterials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2200329. [PMID: 35243695 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-conductive heat transport showcases significant potentials in popular thermal managements with convection, phase change, and heat source. However, it is captivated impossible for passive thermal manipulation, usually bounded by intrinsic thermal conductivities of natural materials, to outperform these active recipes in need of extra energy payload. Here, a robust recipe to create passive ultra-conductive thermal metamaterials consisting of nothing but bulk natural materials is reported. Thanks to the local thermal resistance regulation by vertical thermal transport channel, the proof-of-concept thermal metamaterials experimentally demonstrate extreme effective conductivity (1915 W m-1 K-1 ) solely with naturally occurring materials. The purely conductive modulation without any external energy is comparable to active counterparts, and further reveals its robustness and unexpected convenience. The findings construct a high-efficient paradigm of passive thermal management with ultra-conductive heat transport, and further hint potentials in other Laplace fields, e.g., DC and magnetostatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Di Tian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhiguo Qu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
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Zeng YJ, Ding ZK, Pan H, Feng YX, Chen KQ. Nonequilibrium Green's function method for phonon heat transport in quantum system. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:223001. [PMID: 35263716 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac5c21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phonon heat transport property in quantum devices is of great interesting since it presents significant quantum behaviors. In the past few decades, great efforts have been devoted to establish the theoretical method for phonon heat transport simulation in nanostructures. However, modeling phonon heat transport from wavelike coherent regime to particlelike incoherent regime remains a challenging task. The widely adopted theoretical approach, such as molecular dynamics, semiclassical Boltzmann transport equation, captures quantum mechanical effects within different degrees of approximation. Among them, Non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) method has attracted wide attention, as its ability to perform full quantum simulation including many-body interactions. In this review, we summarized recent theoretical advances of phonon NEGF method and the applications on the numerical simulation for phonon heat transport in nanostructures. At last, the challenges of numerical simulation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jia Zeng
- Department of Physics, School of Physics and Electronic Science, Hunan University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Ke Ding
- Department of Physics, School of Physics and Electronic Science, Hunan University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Pan
- Department of Physics, School of Physics and Electronic Science, Hunan University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye-Xin Feng
- Department of Physics, School of Physics and Electronic Science, Hunan University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Qiu Chen
- Department of Physics, School of Physics and Electronic Science, Hunan University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
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Observation of solid-state bidirectional thermal conductivity switching in antiferroelectric lead zirconate (PbZrO 3). Nat Commun 2022; 13:1573. [PMID: 35322003 PMCID: PMC8943065 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29023-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Materials with tunable thermal properties enable on-demand control of temperature and heat flow, which is an integral component in the development of solid-state refrigeration, energy scavenging, and thermal circuits. Although gap-based and liquid-based thermal switches that work on the basis of mechanical movements have been an effective approach to control the flow of heat in the devices, their complex mechanisms impose considerable costs in latency, expense, and power consumption. As a consequence, materials that have multiple solid-state phases with distinct thermal properties are appealing for thermal management due to their simplicity, fast switching, and compactness. Thus, an ideal thermal switch should operate near or above room temperature, have a simple trigger mechanism, and offer a quick and large on/off switching ratio. In this study, we experimentally demonstrate that manipulating phonon scattering rates can switch the thermal conductivity of antiferroelectric PbZrO3 bidirectionally by −10% and +25% upon applying electrical and thermal excitation, respectively. Our approach takes advantage of two separate phase transformations in PbZrO3 that alter the phonon scattering rate in different manners. In this study, we demonstrate that PbZrO3 can serve as a fast (<1 second), repeatable, simple trigger, and reliable thermal switch with a net switching ratio of nearly 38% from ~1.20 to ~1.65 W m−1 K−1. Materials with tunable thermal properties enable on-demand control of temperature and heat flow. Here, the authors demonstrate how thermal conductivity of an antiferroelectric solid can be bi-directionally switched to 10% lower and 25% higher values without any moving components.
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Zhu H, Li J, Lu X, Shi Q, Du L, Zhai Z, Zhong S, Wang W, Huang W, Zhu L. Volatile and Nonvolatile Switching of Phase Change Material Ge 2Sb 2Te 5 Revealed by Time-Resolved Terahertz Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:947-953. [PMID: 35050624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c04072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phase change materials exhibit unique advantages in reconfigurable photonic devices due to drastic tunability of photoelectric properties. Here, we systematically investigate the thermal equilibrium process and the ultrafast dynamics of Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) driven by femtosecond (fs) pulses, using time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy. Both fs-pulse-driven crystallization and amorphization are demonstrated, and the threshold of photoinduced crystallization (amorphization) is determined to be 8.4 mJ/cm2 (10.1 mJ/cm2). The ultrafast carrier dynamics reveal that the cumulative photothermal effect plays a crucial role in the ultrafast crystallization, and modulation depth of volatile (nonvolatile) THz has switching limits up to 30% (15%). A distinctive phonon absorption at 1.1 THz is observed, providing fingerprint spectrum evidence of crystalline lattice formation driven by intense fs pulses. Finally, multistate volatile (nonvolatile) THz switching is implemented by tuning optical pump fluence. These results provide insight into the photoinduced phase change of GST and offer benefits for all optical THz functional devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfu Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Jiang Li
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China
- Microsystem & Terahertz Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Chengdu, Sichuan 610200, China
| | - Xueguang Lu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Qiwu Shi
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Lianghui Du
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China
- Microsystem & Terahertz Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Chengdu, Sichuan 610200, China
| | - Zhaohui Zhai
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China
- Microsystem & Terahertz Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Chengdu, Sichuan 610200, China
| | - Sencheng Zhong
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China
- Microsystem & Terahertz Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Chengdu, Sichuan 610200, China
| | - Weijun Wang
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China
- Microsystem & Terahertz Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Chengdu, Sichuan 610200, China
| | - Wanxia Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Liguo Zhu
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China
- Microsystem & Terahertz Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Chengdu, Sichuan 610200, China
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13
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Aryana K, Zhang Y, Tomko JA, Hoque MSB, Hoglund ER, Olson DH, Nag J, Read JC, Ríos C, Hu J, Hopkins PE. Suppressed electronic contribution in thermal conductivity of Ge 2Sb 2Se 4Te. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7187. [PMID: 34893593 PMCID: PMC8664948 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27121-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrated nanophotonics is an emerging research direction that has attracted great interests for technologies ranging from classical to quantum computing. One of the key-components in the development of nanophotonic circuits is the phase-change unit that undergoes a solid-state phase transformation upon thermal excitation. The quaternary alloy, Ge2Sb2Se4Te, is one of the most promising material candidates for application in photonic circuits due to its broadband transparency and large optical contrast in the infrared spectrum. Here, we investigate the thermal properties of Ge2Sb2Se4Te and show that upon substituting tellurium with selenium, the thermal transport transitions from an electron dominated to a phonon dominated regime. By implementing an ultrafast mid-infrared pump-probe spectroscopy technique that allows for direct monitoring of electronic and vibrational energy carrier lifetimes in these materials, we find that this reduction in thermal conductivity is a result of a drastic change in electronic lifetimes of Ge2Sb2Se4Te, leading to a transition from an electron-dominated to a phonon-dominated thermal transport mechanism upon selenium substitution. In addition to thermal conductivity measurements, we provide an extensive study on the thermophysical properties of Ge2Sb2Se4Te thin films such as thermal boundary conductance, specific heat, and sound speed from room temperature to 400 °C across varying thicknesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiumars Aryana
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Yifei Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John A Tomko
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Md Shafkat Bin Hoque
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Eric R Hoglund
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - David H Olson
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Joyeeta Nag
- Western Digital Corporation, San Jose, CA, 95119, USA
| | - John C Read
- Western Digital Corporation, San Jose, CA, 95119, USA
| | - Carlos Ríos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Juejun Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Patrick E Hopkins
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.
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14
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Kwon H, Khan AI, Perez C, Asheghi M, Pop E, Goodson KE. Uncovering Thermal and Electrical Properties of Sb 2Te 3/GeTe Superlattice Films. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:5984-5990. [PMID: 34270270 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Superlattice-like phase change memory (SL-PCM) promises lower switching current than conventional PCM based on Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST); however, a fundamental understanding of SL-PCM requires detailed characterization of the interfaces within such an SL. Here we explore the electrical and thermal transport of SLs with deposited Sb2Te3 and GeTe alternating layers of various thicknesses. We find up to an approximately four-fold reduction of the effective cross-plane thermal conductivity of the SL stack (as-deposited polycrystalline) compared with polycrystalline GST (as-deposited amorphous and later annealed) due to the thermal interface resistances within the SL. Thermal measurements with varying periods of our SLs show a signature of phonon coherence with a transition from wave-like to particle-like phonon transport, further described by our modeling. Electrical resistivity measurements of such SLs reveal strong anisotropy (∼2000×) between the in-plane and cross-plane directions due to the weakly interacting van der Waals-like gaps. This work uncovers electrothermal transport in SLs based on Sb2Te3 and GeTe for the improved design of low-power PCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heungdong Kwon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Asir Intisar Khan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Christopher Perez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Mehdi Asheghi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Eric Pop
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Kenneth E Goodson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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15
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16
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Hoque MSB, Koh YR, Aryana K, Hoglund ER, Braun JL, Olson DH, Gaskins JT, Ahmad H, Elahi MMM, Hite JK, Leseman ZC, Doolittle WA, Hopkins PE. Thermal conductivity measurements of sub-surface buried substrates by steady-state thermoreflectance. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:064906. [PMID: 34243549 DOI: 10.1063/5.0049531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Measuring the thermal conductivity of sub-surface buried substrates is of significant practical interests. However, this remains challenging with traditional pump-probe spectroscopies due to their limited thermal penetration depths. Here, we experimentally and numerically investigate the TPD of the recently developed optical pump-probe technique steady-state thermoreflectance (SSTR) and explore its capability for measuring the thermal properties of buried substrates. The conventional definition of the TPD (i.e., the depth at which temperature drops to 1/e value of the maximum surface temperature) does not truly represent the upper limit of how far beneath the surface SSTR can probe. For estimating the uncertainty of SSTR measurements of a buried substrate a priori, sensitivity calculations provide the best means. Thus, detailed sensitivity calculations are provided to guide future measurements. Due to the steady-state nature of SSTR, it can measure the thermal conductivity of buried substrates that are traditionally challenging by transient pump-probe techniques, exemplified by measuring three control samples. We also discuss the required criteria for SSTR to isolate the thermal properties of a buried film. Our study establishes SSTR as a suitable technique for thermal characterizations of sub-surface buried substrates in typical device geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shafkat Bin Hoque
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Yee Rui Koh
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Kiumars Aryana
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Eric R Hoglund
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Braun
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - David H Olson
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - John T Gaskins
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Habib Ahmad
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | | | | | - Zayd C Leseman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Eastern Province 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - W Alan Doolittle
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Patrick E Hopkins
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
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17
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Aryana K, Stewart DA, Gaskins JT, Nag J, Read JC, Olson DH, Grobis MK, Hopkins PE. Tuning network topology and vibrational mode localization to achieve ultralow thermal conductivity in amorphous chalcogenides. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2817. [PMID: 33990553 PMCID: PMC8121845 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22999-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Amorphous chalcogenide alloys are key materials for data storage and energy scavenging applications due to their large non-linearities in optical and electrical properties as well as low vibrational thermal conductivities. Here, we report on a mechanism to suppress the thermal transport in a representative amorphous chalcogenide system, silicon telluride (SiTe), by nearly an order of magnitude via systematically tailoring the cross-linking network among the atoms. As such, we experimentally demonstrate that in fully dense amorphous SiTe the thermal conductivity can be reduced to as low as 0.10 ± 0.01 W m-1 K-1 for high tellurium content with a density nearly twice that of amorphous silicon. Using ab-initio simulations integrated with lattice dynamics, we attribute the ultralow thermal conductivity of SiTe to the suppressed contribution of extended modes of vibration, namely propagons and diffusons. This leads to a large shift in the mobility edge - a factor of five - towards lower frequency and localization of nearly 42% of the modes. This localization is the result of reductions in coordination number and a transition from over-constrained to under-constrained atomic network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiumars Aryana
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - John T Gaskins
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Joyeeta Nag
- Western Digital Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA
| | - John C Read
- Western Digital Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA
| | - David H Olson
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Patrick E Hopkins
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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