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Luu H, Ris Lambers JH, Lutz JA, Metz M, Snell RS. The importance of regeneration processes on forest biodiversity in old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230016. [PMID: 38583471 PMCID: PMC10999264 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Forest diversity is the outcome of multiple species-specific processes and tolerances, from regeneration, growth, competition and mortality of trees. Predicting diversity thus requires a comprehensive understanding of those processes. Regeneration processes have traditionally been overlooked, due to high stochasticity and assumptions that recruitment is not limiting for forests. Thus, we investigated the importance of seed production and seedling survival on forest diversity in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) using a forest gap model (ForClim). Equations for regeneration processes were fit to empirical data and added into the model, followed by simulations where regeneration processes and parameter values varied. Adding regeneration processes into ForClim improved the simulation of species composition, compared to Forest Inventory Analysis data. We also found that seed production was not as important as seedling survival, and the time it took for seedlings to grow into saplings was a critical recruitment parameter for accurately capturing tree species diversity in PNW forest stands. However, our simulations considered historical climate only. Due to the sensitivity of seed production and seedling survival to weather, future climate change may alter seed production or seedling survival and future climate change simulations should include these regeneration processes to predict future forest dynamics in the PNW. This article is part of the theme issue 'Ecological novelty and planetary stewardship: biodiversity dynamics in a transforming biosphere'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Luu
- Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2978, USA
| | | | - James A. Lutz
- Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | | | - Rebecca S. Snell
- Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2978, USA
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2
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Bogdziewicz M, Chybicki I, Szymkowiak J, Ulaszewski B, Burczyk J, Szarek-Łukaszewska G, Meyza K, Sztupecka E, Ledwoń M, Piechnik Ł, Seget B, Kondrat K, Gazda A, Żywiec M. Relatives reproduce in synchrony: kinship and individual condition shape intraspecific variation in masting phenotype. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20232732. [PMID: 38412970 PMCID: PMC10898974 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Masting (synchronous and interannually variable seed production) is frequently called a reproductive strategy; yet it is unclear whether the reproductive behaviour of individuals has a heritable component. To address this, we used 22 years of annual fruit production data from 110 Sorbus aucuparia L. trees to examine the contributions of genetic factors to the reproductive phenotype of individuals, while controlling for environmental variation. Trees sharing close genetic relationships and experiencing similar habitat conditions exhibited similar levels of reproductive synchrony. Trees of comparable sizes displayed similar levels of year-to-year variation in fruiting, with relatedness contributing to this variation. External factors, such as shading, influenced the time intervals between years with abundant fruit production. The effects of genetic relatedness on the synchrony of reproduction among trees and on interannual variation provide long-awaited evidence that the masting phenotype is heritable, and can respond to natural selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Bogdziewicz
- Forest Biology Center, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Igor Chybicki
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 10, 85-090, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jakub Szymkowiak
- Forest Biology Center, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Bartosz Ulaszewski
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 10, 85-090, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Burczyk
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 10, 85-090, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | | | - Katarzyna Meyza
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 10, 85-090, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Ewa Sztupecka
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 10, 85-090, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Mateusz Ledwoń
- Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Kraków, Poland
| | - Łukasz Piechnik
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512 Kraków, Poland
| | - Barbara Seget
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kondrat
- Forest Biology Center, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Gazda
- Department of Forest Biodiversity, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture, al. 29 Listopada 46, 31-425 Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Żywiec
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512 Kraków, Poland
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3
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Journé V, Hacket-Pain A, Bogdziewicz M. Evolution of masting in plants is linked to investment in low tissue mortality. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7998. [PMID: 38042862 PMCID: PMC10693562 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43616-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Masting, a variable and synchronized variation in reproductive effort is a prevalent strategy among perennial plants, but the factors leading to interspecific differences in masting remain unclear. Here, we investigate interannual patterns of reproductive investment in 517 species of terrestrial perennial plants, including herbs, graminoids, shrubs, and trees. We place these patterns in the context of the plants' phylogeny, habitat, form and function. Our findings reveal that masting is widespread across the plant phylogeny. Nonetheless, reversion from masting to regular seed production is also common. While interannual variation in seed production is highest in temperate and boreal zones, our analysis controlling for environment and phylogeny indicates that masting is more frequent in species that invest in tissue longevity. Our modeling exposes masting-trait relationships that would otherwise remain hidden and provides large-scale evidence that the costs of delayed reproduction play a significant role in the evolution of variable reproduction in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Journé
- Forest Biology Center, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Andrew Hacket-Pain
- Department of Geography and Planning, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Michał Bogdziewicz
- Forest Biology Center, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznan, Poland.
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4
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Qiu T, Aravena MC, Ascoli D, Bergeron Y, Bogdziewicz M, Boivin T, Bonal R, Caignard T, Cailleret M, Calama R, Calderon SD, Camarero JJ, Chang-Yang CH, Chave J, Chianucci F, Courbaud B, Cutini A, Das AJ, Delpierre N, Delzon S, Dietze M, Dormont L, Espelta JM, Fahey TJ, Farfan-Rios W, Franklin JF, Gehring CA, Gilbert GS, Gratzer G, Greenberg CH, Guignabert A, Guo Q, Hacket-Pain A, Hampe A, Han Q, Holik J, Hoshizaki K, Ibanez I, Johnstone JF, Journé V, Kitzberger T, Knops JMH, Kunstler G, Kurokawa H, Lageard JGA, LaMontagne JM, Lefevre F, Leininger T, Limousin JM, Lutz JA, Macias D, Marell A, McIntire EJB, Moore CM, Moran E, Motta R, Myers JA, Nagel TA, Naoe S, Noguchi M, Oguro M, Parmenter R, Pearse IS, Perez-Ramos IM, Piechnik L, Podgorski T, Poulsen J, Redmond MD, Reid CD, Rodman KC, Rodriguez-Sanchez F, Samonil P, Sanguinetti JD, Scher CL, Seget B, Sharma S, Shibata M, Silman M, Steele MA, Stephenson NL, Straub JN, Sutton S, Swenson JJ, Swift M, Thomas PA, Uriarte M, Vacchiano G, Whipple AV, Whitham TG, Wion AP, Wright SJ, Zhu K, Zimmerman JK, Zywiec M, Clark JS. Masting is uncommon in trees that depend on mutualist dispersers in the context of global climate and fertility gradients. NATURE PLANTS 2023:10.1038/s41477-023-01446-5. [PMID: 37386149 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01446-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
The benefits of masting (volatile, quasi-synchronous seed production at lagged intervals) include satiation of seed predators, but these benefits come with a cost to mutualist pollen and seed dispersers. If the evolution of masting represents a balance between these benefits and costs, we expect mast avoidance in species that are heavily reliant on mutualist dispersers. These effects play out in the context of variable climate and site fertility among species that vary widely in nutrient demand. Meta-analyses of published data have focused on variation at the population scale, thus omitting periodicity within trees and synchronicity between trees. From raw data on 12 million tree-years worldwide, we quantified three components of masting that have not previously been analysed together: (i) volatility, defined as the frequency-weighted year-to-year variation; (ii) periodicity, representing the lag between high-seed years; and (iii) synchronicity, indicating the tree-to-tree correlation. Results show that mast avoidance (low volatility and low synchronicity) by species dependent on mutualist dispersers explains more variation than any other effect. Nutrient-demanding species have low volatility, and species that are most common on nutrient-rich and warm/wet sites exhibit short periods. The prevalence of masting in cold/dry sites coincides with climatic conditions where dependence on vertebrate dispersers is less common than in the wet tropics. Mutualist dispersers neutralize the benefits of masting for predator satiation, further balancing the effects of climate, site fertility and nutrient demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Qiu
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Marie-Claire Aravena
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y de la Conservacion de la Naturaleza (FCFCN), Universidad de Chile, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Davide Ascoli
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Yves Bergeron
- Forest Research Institute, University of Quebec in Abitibi-Temiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michal Bogdziewicz
- Department of Systematic Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Thomas Boivin
- Institut National de Recherche pour Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement (INRAE), Ecologie des Forets Mediterranennes, Avignon, France
| | - Raul Bonal
- Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Thomas Caignard
- Universite Bordeaux, Institut National de Recherche pour Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement (INRAE), Biodiversity, Genes, and Communities (BIOGECO), Pessac, France
| | - Maxime Cailleret
- NRAE, Aix-Marseille University, UMR RECOVER, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Rafael Calama
- Centro de Investigacion Forestal (INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Donoso Calderon
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y de la Conservacion de la Naturaleza (FCFCN), Universidad de Chile, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Julio Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Chia-Hao Chang-Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jerome Chave
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversite Biologique, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Benoit Courbaud
- Universite Grenoble Alpes, Institut National de Recherche pour Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire EcoSystemes et Societes En Montagne (LESSEM), St. Martin-d'Heres, France
| | - Andrea Cutini
- Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Arezzo, Italy
| | - Adrian J Das
- U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center, Three Rivers, CA, USA
| | - Nicolas Delpierre
- Universite Paris-Saclay, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systematique et Evolution, Orsay, France
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- Universite Bordeaux, Institut National de Recherche pour Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement (INRAE), Biodiversity, Genes, and Communities (BIOGECO), Pessac, France
| | - Michael Dietze
- Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laurent Dormont
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montpellier, France
| | - Josep Maria Espelta
- Centre de Recerca Ecologica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), Bellaterra, Catalunya, Spain
| | | | - William Farfan-Rios
- Washington University in Saint Louis, Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development, Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Catherine A Gehring
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Adaptive Western Landscapes, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Gregory S Gilbert
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Georg Gratzer
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Wien, Austria
| | | | | | - Qinfeng Guo
- Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Andrew Hacket-Pain
- Department of Geography and Planning, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Arndt Hampe
- Universite Bordeaux, Institut National de Recherche pour Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement (INRAE), Biodiversity, Genes, and Communities (BIOGECO), Pessac, France
| | - Qingmin Han
- Department of Plant Ecology Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Jan Holik
- Department of Forest Ecology, Silva Tarouca Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kazuhiko Hoshizaki
- Department of Biological Environment, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Ines Ibanez
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jill F Johnstone
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Valentin Journé
- Universite Grenoble Alpes, Institut National de Recherche pour Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire EcoSystemes et Societes En Montagne (LESSEM), St. Martin-d'Heres, France
| | - Thomas Kitzberger
- Department of Ecology, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas - Universidad Nacional del Comahue), Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Johannes M H Knops
- Health and Environmental Sciences Department, Xian Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Georges Kunstler
- Universite Grenoble Alpes, Institut National de Recherche pour Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire EcoSystemes et Societes En Montagne (LESSEM), St. Martin-d'Heres, France
| | - Hiroko Kurokawa
- Department of Forest Vegetation, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan, Ibaraki
| | - Jonathan G A Lageard
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Francois Lefevre
- Institut National de Recherche pour Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement (INRAE), Ecologie des Forets Mediterranennes, Avignon, France
| | - Theodor Leininger
- USDA, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Stoneville, MS, USA
| | | | - James A Lutz
- Department of Wildland Resources, and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Diana Macias
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | | | | | - Emily Moran
- School of Natural Sciences, UC Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Renzo Motta
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Jonathan A Myers
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Thomas A Nagel
- Department of Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Shoji Naoe
- Tohoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Mahoko Noguchi
- Tohoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Michio Oguro
- Department of Forest Vegetation, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan, Ibaraki
| | - Robert Parmenter
- Valles Caldera National Preserve, National Park Service, Jemez Springs, NM, USA
| | - Ian S Pearse
- U.S. Geological Survey Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ignacio M Perez-Ramos
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (IRNAS-CSIC), Seville, Andalucia, Spain
| | - Lukasz Piechnik
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Podgorski
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bialowieza, Poland
| | - John Poulsen
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Miranda D Redmond
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Chantal D Reid
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kyle C Rodman
- Ecological Restoration Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | | | - Pavel Samonil
- Department of Forest Ecology, Silva Tarouca Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Javier D Sanguinetti
- Bilogo Dpto. Conservacin y Manejo, Parque Nacional Lanin Elordi y Perito Moreno, San Marten de los Andes, Neuqun, Argentina
| | - C Lane Scher
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Barbara Seget
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Shubhi Sharma
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mitsue Shibata
- Department of Forest Vegetation, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan, Ibaraki
| | - Miles Silman
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | | | - Nathan L Stephenson
- U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center, Three Rivers, CA, USA
| | - Jacob N Straub
- Department of Environmental Science and Ecology, State University of New York-Brockport, Brockport, NY, USA
| | - Samantha Sutton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Margaret Swift
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Peter A Thomas
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Maria Uriarte
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Giorgio Vacchiano
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Territory, Agroenergy (DISAA), University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Amy V Whipple
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Thomas G Whitham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Andreas P Wion
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - S Joseph Wright
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Republic of Panama
| | - Kai Zhu
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jess K Zimmerman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, PR, USA
| | - Magdalena Zywiec
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - James S Clark
- Universite Grenoble Alpes, Institut National de Recherche pour Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire EcoSystemes et Societes En Montagne (LESSEM), St. Martin-d'Heres, France
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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5
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Yang L, Shen Z, Wang X, Wang S, Xie Y, Larjavaara M, Zhang J, Li G. Climate drivers of seed rain phenology of subtropical forest communities along an elevational gradient. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2023:10.1007/s00484-023-02481-9. [PMID: 37258689 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-023-02481-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Seed rain phenology (the start and end date of seed rain) is an essential component of plant phenology, critical for understanding population regeneration and community dynamics. However, intra- and inter-annual changes of seed rain phenology along environmental gradients have rarely been studied and the responses of seed rain phenology to climate variations are unclear. We monitored seed rain phenology of four forest communities in four years at different elevations (900 m, 1450 m, 1650 m, 1900 m a.s.l.) of a subtropical mountain in Central China. We analyzed the spatiotemporal patterns of seed rain phenology of 29 common woody plant species (total observed species in the seed rain), and related the phenological variations to seed number and climatic variables using mixed-effect models with the correlation matrix of phylogeny. We found that changes in the period length were mainly driven by the end rather than the start date. The end date and the period length of seed rain were significantly different between the mast and non-mast seeding years, while no significant elevation-related trend was detected in seed rain phenology variation. Seed number, mean temperature in spring (Tspr), and winter (Twin), summer precipitation (Psum) had significant effects on seed rain phenology. When Tspr increased, the start date of seed rain advanced, while the end date was delayed and the seed rain period length was mainly prolonged by a higher seed number, Twin and Psum. Forest canopy might have a buffering effect on understory climatic conditions, especially in precipitation that lead to difference in seed rain phenology between canopy and shrub species. Our novel evidence of seed rain phenology can improve prediction of community regeneration dynamics in responding to climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zehao Shen
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Xuejing Wang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shaopeng Wang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yuyang Xie
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Markku Larjavaara
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Guo Li
- Institute of Ecological Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
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6
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Bogdziewicz M, Kelly D, Tanentzap AJ, Thomas P, Foest J, Lageard J, Hacket-Pain A. Reproductive collapse in European beech results from declining pollination efficiency in large trees. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37177909 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming increases tree mortality which will require sufficient reproduction to ensure population viability. However, the response of tree reproduction to climate change remains poorly understood. Warming can reduce synchrony and interannual variability of seed production ("masting breakdown") which can increase seed predation and decrease pollination efficiency in trees. Here, using 40 years of observations of individual seed production in European beech (Fagus sylvatica), we showed that masting breakdown results in declining viable seed production over time, in contrast to the positive trend apparent in raw seed count data. Furthermore, tree size modulates the consequences of masting breakdown on viable seed production. While seed predation increased over time mainly in small trees, pollination efficiency disproportionately decreased in larger individuals. Consequently, fecundity declined over time across all size classes, but the overall effect was greatest in large trees. Our study showed that a fundamental biological relationship-correlation between tree size and viable seed production-has been reversed as the climate has warmed. That reversal has diverse consequences for forest dynamics; including for stand- and biogeographical-level dynamics of forest regeneration. The tree size effects suggest management options to increase forest resilience under changing climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Bogdziewicz
- Forest Biology Center, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Dave Kelly
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Andrew J Tanentzap
- Ecosystems and Global Change Group, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Thomas
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, UK
| | - Jessie Foest
- Department of Geography and Planning, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jonathan Lageard
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Andrew Hacket-Pain
- Department of Geography and Planning, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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7
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Kelly D. Mast seeding: Study of oak mechanisms carries wider lessons. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R231-R233. [PMID: 36977386 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Variable acorn crops in oaks were thought to reflect variable pollination success, but a new study shows local climates determine whether pollination or flower production drives acorn crops. This affects forest regeneration under climate change, and cautions against dichotomous summaries of biological phenomena.
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8
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Fleurot E, Lobry JR, Boulanger V, Debias F, Mermet-Bouvier C, Caignard T, Delzon S, Bel-Venner MC, Venner S. Oak masting drivers vary between populations depending on their climatic environments. Curr Biol 2023; 33:1117-1124.e4. [PMID: 36764300 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Large interannual variation in seed production, called masting, is very common in wind-pollinated tree populations and has profound implications for the dynamics of forest ecosystems and the epidemiology of certain human diseases.1,2,3,4,5 Comparing the reproductive characteristics of populations established in climatically contrasting environments would provide powerful insight into masting mechanisms, but the required data are extremely scarce. We built a database from an unprecedented fine-scale 8-year survey of 150 sessile oak trees (Quercus petraea) from 15 populations distributed over a broad climatic gradient, including individual recordings of annual flowering effort, fruiting rate, and fruit production. Although oak masting was previously considered to depend mainly on fruiting rate variations,6,7 we show that the female flowering effort is highly variable from year to year and explains most of the fruiting dynamics in two-thirds of the populations. What drives masting was found to differ among populations living under various climates. In soft-climate populations, the fruiting rate increases initially strongly with the flowering effort, and the intensity of masting results mainly from the flowering synchrony level between individuals. By contrast, the fruiting rate of harsh-climate populations depends mainly on spring weather, which ensures intense masting regardless of the flowering synchronization level. Our work highlights the need for jointly measuring flowering effort and fruit production to decipher the diversity of masting mechanisms among populations. Accounting for such diversity will be decisive in proposing accurate, and possibly contrasted, scenarios about future reproductive patterns of perennial plants with ongoing climate change and their numerous cascading effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Fleurot
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jean R Lobry
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Vincent Boulanger
- Département Recherche, Développement et Innovation, Office National des Forêts, 77300 Fontainebleau, France
| | - François Debias
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Camille Mermet-Bouvier
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Thomas Caignard
- UMR 1202, BIOGECO, Université de Bordeaux, 33615 Pessac, France
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- UMR 1202, BIOGECO, Université de Bordeaux, 33615 Pessac, France
| | - Marie-Claude Bel-Venner
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Samuel Venner
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, 69622 Villeurbanne, France.
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9
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Yang X, Angert AL, Zuidema PA, He F, Huang S, Li S, Li SL, Chardon NI, Zhang J. The role of demographic compensation in stabilising marginal tree populations in North America. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:1676-1689. [PMID: 35598109 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Demographic compensation-the opposing responses of vital rates along environmental gradients-potentially delays anticipated species' range contraction under climate change, but no consensus exists on its actual contribution. We calculated population growth rate (λ) and demographic compensation across the distributional ranges of 81 North American tree species and examined their responses to simulated warming and tree competition. We found that 43% of species showed stable population size at both northern and southern edges. Demographic compensation was detected in 25 species, yet 15 of them still showed a potential retraction from southern edges, indicating that compensation alone cannot maintain range stability. Simulated climatic warming caused larger decreases in λ for most species and weakened the effectiveness of demographic compensation in stabilising ranges. These findings suggest that climate stress may surpass the limited capacity of demographic compensation and pose a threat to the viability of North American tree populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyu Yang
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Research Center of Global Change and Complex Ecosystems, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Biodiversity Research Centre and Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Amy L Angert
- Biodiversity Research Centre and Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Pieter A Zuidema
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Fangliang He
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Shongming Huang
- Government of Alberta, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Economic Development, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Shouzhong Li
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology, Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shou-Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, and College of Pastoral, Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Nathalie I Chardon
- Biodiversity Research Centre and Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jian Zhang
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Research Center of Global Change and Complex Ecosystems, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, P.R. China
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10
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Qiu T, Andrus R, Aravena MC, Ascoli D, Bergeron Y, Berretti R, Berveiller D, Bogdziewicz M, Boivin T, Bonal R, Bragg DC, Caignard T, Calama R, Camarero JJ, Chang-Yang CH, Cleavitt NL, Courbaud B, Courbet F, Curt T, Das AJ, Daskalakou E, Davi H, Delpierre N, Delzon S, Dietze M, Calderon SD, Dormont L, Espelta J, Fahey TJ, Farfan-Rios W, Gehring CA, Gilbert GS, Gratzer G, Greenberg CH, Guo Q, Hacket-Pain A, Hampe A, Han Q, Hille Ris Lambers J, Hoshizaki K, Ibanez I, Johnstone JF, Journé V, Kabeya D, Kilner CL, Kitzberger T, Knops JMH, Kobe RK, Kunstler G, Lageard JGA, LaMontagne JM, Ledwon M, Lefevre F, Leininger T, Limousin JM, Lutz JA, Macias D, McIntire EJB, Moore CM, Moran E, Motta R, Myers JA, Nagel TA, Noguchi K, Ourcival JM, Parmenter R, Pearse IS, Perez-Ramos IM, Piechnik L, Poulsen J, Poulton-Kamakura R, Redmond MD, Reid CD, Rodman KC, Rodriguez-Sanchez F, Sanguinetti JD, Scher CL, Schlesinger WH, Schmidt Van Marle H, Seget B, Sharma S, Silman M, Steele MA, Stephenson NL, Straub JN, Sun IF, Sutton S, Swenson JJ, Swift M, Thomas PA, Uriarte M, Vacchiano G, Veblen TT, Whipple AV, Whitham TG, Wion AP, Wright B, Wright SJ, Zhu K, Zimmerman JK, Zlotin R, Zywiec M, Clark JS. Limits to reproduction and seed size-number trade-offs that shape forest dominance and future recovery. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2381. [PMID: 35501313 PMCID: PMC9061860 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe relationships that control seed production in trees are fundamental to understanding the evolution of forest species and their capacity to recover from increasing losses to drought, fire, and harvest. A synthesis of fecundity data from 714 species worldwide allowed us to examine hypotheses that are central to quantifying reproduction, a foundation for assessing fitness in forest trees. Four major findings emerged. First, seed production is not constrained by a strict trade-off between seed size and numbers. Instead, seed numbers vary over ten orders of magnitude, with species that invest in large seeds producing more seeds than expected from the 1:1 trade-off. Second, gymnosperms have lower seed production than angiosperms, potentially due to their extra investments in protective woody cones. Third, nutrient-demanding species, indicated by high foliar phosphorus concentrations, have low seed production. Finally, sensitivity of individual species to soil fertility varies widely, limiting the response of community seed production to fertility gradients. In combination, these findings can inform models of forest response that need to incorporate reproductive potential.
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11
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Bogdziewicz M. How will global change affect plant reproduction? A framework for mast seeding trends. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:14-20. [PMID: 34409608 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Forest ecology traditionally focuses on plant growth and survival, leaving seed production as a major demographic process lacking a framework for how it will be affected by global change. Understanding plant reproductive responses to changing climate is complicated by masting, the annually variable seed production synchronized within populations. Predicting trends in masting is crucial, because masting impacts seed predation and pollination enough to override simple trends in mean seed production. Proximate mechanisms of seed production patterns in perennial plants are gathered to identify processes through which masting may be affected by a changing environment. Predicting trends in masting will require understanding the mechanisms that cause predictable seed failure after high-seed years, and the stochastic mechanisms that synchronize individuals in high-seed years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Bogdziewicz
- Department of Systematic Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Ulica Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
- INRAE, LESSEM, University Grenoble Alpes, 2 rue de la Papeterie, BP 76, Saint-Martin-d'Hères, 38400, France
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12
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Abstract
Masting, or synchronous production of large seed crops, is widespread among plants. The predator satiation hypothesis states that masting evolved to overwhelm seed predators with an excess of food. Yet, this popular explanation faced few rigorous tests. We conducted a meta-analysis of studies that related the magnitude of seed production to the intensity of seed predation. Our results validate certain theoretical notions (e.g., that predator satiation is more effective at higher latitudes) but challenge others (e.g., that specialist and generalist consumers differ in the type of functional response to masting). We also found that masting is losing its ability to satiate consumers, probably because global warming affected masting patterns. This shift might considerably impair the reproduction of masting plants. Predator satiation is the most commonly tested hypothesis that explains the evolutionary advantages of masting. It proposes that masting benefits plant reproduction by reducing the proportion of seed crop that is consumed by predators. This hypothesis is widely accepted, but many theoretical notions about predator satiation have not been subjected to a robust evaluation. To address this issue, we conducted a meta-analysis of studies that quantified seed predation in relation to mast seeding. We found evidence of both numerical (starvation between mast years) and functional (satiation during mast years) response of consumers to masting. These two effects reinforced each other. Masting satiated invertebrate but not vertebrate seed predators. Satiation was more pronounced at higher, temperate, and boreal latitudes, perhaps because masting is more effective in reducing seed losses when plant communities are less diverse. The effectiveness of masting in satiating invertebrate consumers declined over time (1972 to 2018), probably reflecting the impact of climate change on the frequency and intensity of masting. If masting ceases to reduce seed losses, a crucial advantage of this reproductive strategy will be lost, and sustainability of many tree populations will decline.
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13
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Núñez CL, Poulsen JR, White LJT, Medjibe V, Clark JS. Distinct Community-Wide Responses to Forecasted Climate Change in Afrotropical Forests. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.742626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
More refined knowledge of how tropical forests respond to changes in the abiotic environment is necessary to mitigate climate change, maintain biodiversity, and preserve ecosystem services. To evaluate the unique response of diverse Afrotropical forest communities to disturbances in the abiotic environment, we employ country-wide tree species inventories, remotely sensed climate data, and future climate predictions collected from 104 1-ha plots in the central African country of Gabon. We predict a 3–8% decrease in Afrotropical forest species richness by the end of the century, in contrast to the 30–50% loss of plant diversity predicted to occur with equivalent warming in the Neotropics. This work reveals that forecasts of community species composition are not generalizable across regions, and more representative studies are needed in understudied diverse biomes. This study serves as an important counterpoint to work done in the Neotropics by providing contrasting predictions for Afrotropical forests with substantially different ecological, evolutionary, and anthropogenic histories.
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14
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North American tree migration paced by climate in the West, lagging in the East. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2116691118. [PMID: 34983867 PMCID: PMC8784119 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2116691118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Suitable habitats for forest trees may be shifting fast with recent climate change. Studies tracking the shift in suitable habitat for forests have been inconclusive, in part because responses in tree fecundity and seedling establishment can diverge. Analysis of both components at a continental scale reveals a poleward migration of northern species that is in progress now. Recruitment and fecundity both contribute to poleward spread in the West, while fecundity limits spread in the East, despite a fecundity hotspot in the Southeast. Fecundity limitation on population spread can confront conservation and management efforts with persistent disequilibrium between forest diversity and rapid climate change. Tree fecundity and recruitment have not yet been quantified at scales needed to anticipate biogeographic shifts in response to climate change. By separating their responses, this study shows coherence across species and communities, offering the strongest support to date that migration is in progress with regional limitations on rates. The southeastern continent emerges as a fecundity hotspot, but it is situated south of population centers where high seed production could contribute to poleward population spread. By contrast, seedling success is highest in the West and North, serving to partially offset limited seed production near poleward frontiers. The evidence of fecundity and recruitment control on tree migration can inform conservation planning for the expected long-term disequilibrium between climate and forest distribution.
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15
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Qiu T, Sharma S, Woodall CW, Clark JS. Niche Shifts From Trees to Fecundity to Recruitment That Determine Species Response to Climate Change. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.719141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticipating the next generation of forests requires understanding of recruitment responses to habitat change. Tree distribution and abundance depend not only on climate, but also on habitat variables, such as soils and drainage, and on competition beneath a shaded canopy. Recent analyses show that North American tree species are migrating in response to climate change, which is exposing each population to novel climate-habitat interactions (CHI). Because CHI have not been estimated for either adult trees or regeneration (recruits per year per adult basal area), we cannot evaluate migration potential into the future. Using the Masting Inference and Forecasting (MASTIF) network of tree fecundity and new continent-wide observations of tree recruitment, we quantify impacts for redistribution across life stages from adults to fecundity to recruitment. We jointly modeled response of adult abundance and recruitment rate to climate/habitat conditions, combined with fecundity sensitivity, to evaluate if shifting CHI explain community reorganization. To compare climate effects with tree fecundity, which is estimated from trees and thus is "conditional" on tree presence, we demonstrate how to quantify this conditional status for regeneration. We found that fecundity was regulated by temperature to a greater degree than other stages, yet exhibited limited responses to moisture deficit. Recruitment rate expressed strong sensitivities to CHI, more like adults than fecundity, but still with substantial differences. Communities reorganized from adults to fecundity, but there was a re-coalescence of groups as seedling recruitment partially reverted to community structure similar to that of adults. Results provide the first estimates of continent-wide community sensitivity and their implications for reorganization across three life-history stages under climate change.
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16
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Pearse IS, Wion AP, Gonzalez AD, Pesendorfer MB. Understanding mast seeding for conservation and land management. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200383. [PMID: 34657466 PMCID: PMC8520776 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Masting, the intermittent and synchronous production of large seed crops, can have profound consequences for plant populations and the food webs that are built on their seeds. For centuries, people have recorded mast crops because of their importance in managing wildlife populations. In the past 30 years, we have begun to recognize the importance of masting in conserving and managing many other aspects of the environment: promoting the regeneration of forests following fire or other disturbance, conserving rare plants, conscientiously developing the use of edible seeds as non-timber forest products, coping with the consequences of extinctions on seed dispersal, reducing the impacts of plant invasions with biological control, suppressing zoonotic diseases and preventing depredation of endemic fauna. We summarize current instances and future possibilities of a broad set of applications of masting. By exploring in detail several case studies, we develop new perspectives on how solutions to pressing conservation and land management problems may benefit by better understanding the dynamics of seed production. A lesson common to these examples is that masting can be used to time management, and often, to do this effectively, we need models that explicitly forecast masting and the dynamics of seed-eating animals into the near-term future. This article is part of the theme issue 'The ecology and evolution of synchronized seed production in plants'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian S. Pearse
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Andreas P. Wion
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1177, USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1177, USA
| | - Angela D. Gonzalez
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1177, USA
| | - Mario B. Pesendorfer
- Institute of Forest Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna 1190, Austria
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Migratory Bird Center, Washington, DC 20013, USA
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17
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Pesendorfer MB, Ascoli D, Bogdziewicz M, Hacket-Pain A, Pearse IS, Vacchiano G. The ecology and evolution of synchronized reproduction in long-lived plants. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200369. [PMID: 34657462 PMCID: PMC8520778 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Populations of many long-lived plants exhibit spatially synchronized seed production that varies extensively over time, so that seed production in some years is much higher than on average, while in others, it is much lower or absent. This phenomenon termed masting or mast seeding has important consequences for plant reproductive success, ecosystem dynamics and plant-human interactions. Inspired by recent advances in the field, this special issue presents a series of articles that advance the current understanding of the ecology and evolution of masting. To provide a broad overview, we reflect on the state-of-the-art of masting research in terms of underlying proximate mechanisms, ontogeny, adaptations, phylogeny and applications to conservation. While the mechanistic drivers and fitness consequences of masting have received most attention, the evolutionary history, ontogenetic trajectory and applications to plant-human interactions are poorly understood. With increased availability of long-term datasets across broader geographical and taxonomic scales, as well as advances in molecular approaches, we expect that many mysteries of masting will be solved soon. The increased understanding of this global phenomenon will provide the foundation for predictive modelling of seed crops, which will improve our ability to manage forests and agricultural fruit and nut crops in the Anthropocene. This article is part of the theme issue 'The ecology and evolution of synchronized seed production in plants'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario B. Pesendorfer
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1180 Vienna, Austria
- Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC 20008, USA
| | - Davide Ascoli
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Michał Bogdziewicz
- Department of Systematic Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-712 Poznań, Poland
- INRAE, LESSEM, University Grenoble Alpes, 38400 Saint-Martin-d'Hères, France
| | - Andrew Hacket-Pain
- Department of Geography and Planning, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Ian S. Pearse
- Fort Collins Science Center, US Geological Survey, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Giorgio Vacchiano
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
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18
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Hacket-Pain A, Bogdziewicz M. Climate change and plant reproduction: trends and drivers of mast seeding change. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200379. [PMID: 34657461 PMCID: PMC8520772 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is reshaping global vegetation through its impacts on plant mortality, but recruitment creates the next generation of plants and will determine the structure and composition of future communities. Recruitment depends on mean seed production, but also on the interannual variability and among-plant synchrony in seed production, the phenomenon known as mast seeding. Thus, predicting the long-term response of global vegetation dynamics to climate change requires understanding the response of masting to changing climate. Recently, data and methods have become available allowing the first assessments of long-term changes in masting. Reviewing the literature, we evaluate evidence for a fingerprint of climate change on mast seeding and discuss the drivers and impacts of these changes. We divide our discussion into the main characteristics of mast seeding: interannual variation, synchrony, temporal autocorrelation and mast frequency. Data indicate that masting patterns are changing but the direction of that change varies, likely reflecting the diversity of proximate factors underlying masting across taxa. Experiments to understand the proximate mechanisms underlying masting, in combination with the analysis of long-term datasets, will enable us to understand this observed variability in the response of masting. This will allow us to predict future shifts in masting patterns, and consequently ecosystem impacts of climate change via its impacts on masting. This article is part of the theme issue 'The ecology and evolution of synchronized seed production in plants'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Hacket-Pain
- Department of Geography and Planning, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZT, UK
| | - Michał Bogdziewicz
- Department of Systematic Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Ulica Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, Poznań, 61‐614 Poland
- INRAE, LESSEM, University Grenoble Alpes, 2 rue de la Papeterie, BP 76, Saint‐Martin‐d'Hères, 38400 France
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19
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QnAs with James S. Clark. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2116719118. [PMID: 34725169 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2116719118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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20
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Qiu T, Aravena MC, Andrus R, Ascoli D, Bergeron Y, Berretti R, Bogdziewicz M, Boivin T, Bonal R, Caignard T, Calama R, Julio Camarero J, Clark CJ, Courbaud B, Delzon S, Donoso Calderon S, Farfan-Rios W, Gehring CA, Gilbert GS, Greenberg CH, Guo Q, Hille Ris Lambers J, Hoshizaki K, Ibanez I, Journé V, Kilner CL, Kobe RK, Koenig WD, Kunstler G, LaMontagne JM, Ledwon M, Lutz JA, Motta R, Myers JA, Nagel TA, Nuñez CL, Pearse IS, Piechnik Ł, Poulsen JR, Poulton-Kamakura R, Redmond MD, Reid CD, Rodman KC, Scher CL, Schmidt Van Marle H, Seget B, Sharma S, Silman M, Swenson JJ, Swift M, Uriarte M, Vacchiano G, Veblen TT, Whipple AV, Whitham TG, Wion AP, Wright SJ, Zhu K, Zimmerman JK, Żywiec M, Clark JS. Is there tree senescence? The fecundity evidence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2106130118. [PMID: 34400503 PMCID: PMC8403963 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2106130118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its importance for forest regeneration, food webs, and human economies, changes in tree fecundity with tree size and age remain largely unknown. The allometric increase with tree diameter assumed in ecological models would substantially overestimate seed contributions from large trees if fecundity eventually declines with size. Current estimates are dominated by overrepresentation of small trees in regression models. We combined global fecundity data, including a substantial representation of large trees. We compared size-fecundity relationships against traditional allometric scaling with diameter and two models based on crown architecture. All allometric models fail to describe the declining rate of increase in fecundity with diameter found for 80% of 597 species in our analysis. The strong evidence of declining fecundity, beyond what can be explained by crown architectural change, is consistent with physiological decline. A downward revision of projected fecundity of large trees can improve the next generation of forest dynamic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Qiu
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Marie-Claire Aravena
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y de la Conservación de la Naturaleza (FCFCN), La Pintana, 8820808 Santiago, Chile
| | - Robert Andrus
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Davide Ascoli
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Yves Bergeron
- Forest Research Institute, University of Quebec in Abitibi-Temiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC J9X 5E4, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Quebec in Abitibi-Temiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC H2L 2C4, Canada
| | - Roberta Berretti
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Michal Bogdziewicz
- Department of Systematic Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Thomas Boivin
- l'Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Ecologie des Forets Mediterranennes, 84000 Avignon, France
| | - Raul Bonal
- Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Thomas Caignard
- Université Bordeaux, l'Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Biodiversity, Genes, and Communities (BIOGECO), 33615 Pessac, France
| | - Rafael Calama
- Centro de Investigación Forestal - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CIFOR), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Julio Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPE-CSIC), 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Connie J Clark
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Benoit Courbaud
- Université Grenoble Alpes, l'Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire EcoSystémes et Sociétés En Montagne (LESSEM), 38402 St.-Martin-d'Heres, France
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- Université Bordeaux, l'Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Biodiversity, Genes, and Communities (BIOGECO), 33615 Pessac, France
| | - Sergio Donoso Calderon
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y de la Conservación de la Naturaleza (FCFCN), La Pintana, 8820808 Santiago, Chile
| | - William Farfan-Rios
- Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development, Missouri Botanical Garden, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Catherine A Gehring
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011
| | - Gregory S Gilbert
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - Cathryn H Greenberg
- Bent Creek Experimental Forest, US Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Asheville, NC 28801
| | - Qinfeng Guo
- Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center, US Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Janneke Hille Ris Lambers
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kazuhiko Hoshizaki
- Department of Biological Environment, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Ines Ibanez
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Valentin Journé
- Université Grenoble Alpes, l'Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire EcoSystémes et Sociétés En Montagne (LESSEM), 38402 St.-Martin-d'Heres, France
| | | | - Richard K Kobe
- Department of Plant Biology, Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Walter D Koenig
- Hastings Reservation, University of California Berkeley, Carmel Valley, CA 93924
| | - Georges Kunstler
- Université Grenoble Alpes, l'Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire EcoSystémes et Sociétés En Montagne (LESSEM), 38402 St.-Martin-d'Heres, France
| | | | - Mateusz Ledwon
- Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-016 Krakow, Poland
| | - James A Lutz
- Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322
- Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322
| | - Renzo Motta
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Jonathan A Myers
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Thomas A Nagel
- Department of Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Chase L Nuñez
- Department for the Ecology of Animal Societies, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ian S Pearse
- US Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, CO 80526
| | - Łukasz Piechnik
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-512 Krakow, Poland
| | - John R Poulsen
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | | | - Miranda D Redmond
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Chantal D Reid
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Kyle C Rodman
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - C Lane Scher
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Harald Schmidt Van Marle
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y de la Conservación de la Naturaleza (FCFCN), La Pintana, 8820808 Santiago, Chile
| | - Barbara Seget
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-512 Krakow, Poland
| | - Shubhi Sharma
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Miles Silman
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27106
| | | | - Margaret Swift
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Maria Uriarte
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Giorgio Vacchiano
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Territory, Agroenergy (DISAA), University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Thomas T Veblen
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Amy V Whipple
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011
| | - Thomas G Whitham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011
| | - Andreas P Wion
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - S Joseph Wright
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Republic of Panama
| | - Kai Zhu
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - Jess K Zimmerman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico, United States 00936
| | - Magdalena Żywiec
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-512 Krakow, Poland
| | - James S Clark
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708;
- Université Grenoble Alpes, l'Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire EcoSystémes et Sociétés En Montagne (LESSEM), 38402 St.-Martin-d'Heres, France
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21
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Oddou-Muratorio S, Petit-Cailleux C, Journé V, Lingrand M, Magdalou JA, Hurson C, Garrigue J, Davi H, Magnanou E. Crown defoliation decreases reproduction and wood growth in a marginal European beech population. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 128:193-204. [PMID: 33928352 PMCID: PMC8324029 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Abiotic and biotic stresses related to climate change have been associated with increased crown defoliation, decreased growth and a higher risk of mortality in many forest tree species, but the impact of stresses on tree reproduction and forest regeneration remains understudied. At the dry, warm margin of species distributions, flowering, pollination and seed maturation are expected to be affected by drought, late frost and other stresses, eventually resulting in reproduction failure. Moreover, inter-individual variation in reproductive performance versus other performance traits (growth, survival) could have important consequences for population dynamics. This study investigated the relationships among individual crown defoliation, growth and reproduction in a drought-prone population of European beech, Fagus sylvatica. METHODS We used a spatially explicit mating model and marker-based parentage analyses to estimate effective female and male fecundities of 432 reproductive trees, which were also monitored for basal area increment and crown defoliation over 9 years. KEY RESULTS Female and male fecundities varied markedly between individuals, more than did growth. Both female fecundity and growth decreased with increasing crown defoliation and competition, and increased with size. Moreover, the negative effect of defoliation on female fecundity was size-dependent, with a slower decline in female fecundity with increasing defoliation for the large individuals. Finally, a trade-off between growth and female fecundity was observed in response to defoliation: some large trees maintained significant female fecundity at the expense of reduced growth in response to defoliation, while some other defoliated trees maintained high growth at the expense of reduced female fecundity. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that, while decreasing their growth, some large defoliated trees still contribute to reproduction through seed production and pollination. This non-coordinated decline of growth and fecundity at individual level in response to stress may compromise the evolution of stress-resistance traits at population level, and increase forest tree vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Matthieu Lingrand
- URFM, INRAE, Avignon, France
- ECOBIOP, INRAE, St-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | | | | | - Joseph Garrigue
- Réserve Naturelle Nationale de la forêt de la Massane, France
| | | | - Elodie Magnanou
- Réserve Naturelle Nationale de la forêt de la Massane, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM), Observatoire Océanologique, 66650 Banyuls/Mer, France
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22
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Bogdziewicz M, Hacket-Pain A, Ascoli D, Szymkowiak J. Environmental variation drives continental-scale synchrony of European beech reproduction. Ecology 2021; 102:e03384. [PMID: 33950521 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Spatial synchrony is the tendency of spatially separated populations to display similar temporal fluctuations. Synchrony affects regional ecosystem functioning, but it remains difficult to disentangle its underlying mechanisms. We leveraged regression on distance matrices and geography of synchrony to understand the processes driving synchrony of European beech masting over the European continent. Masting in beech shows distance-decay, but significant synchrony is maintained at spatial scales of up to 1,500 km. The spatial synchrony of the weather cues that drive interannual variation in reproduction also explains the regional spatial synchrony of masting. Proximity played no apparent role in influencing beech masting synchrony after controlling for synchrony in environmental variation. Synchrony of beech reproduction shows a clear biogeographical pattern, decreasing from the northwest to southeast Europe. Synchrony networks for weather cues resemble networks for beech masting, indicating that the geographical structure of weather synchrony underlies the biogeography of masting synchrony. Our results support the hypothesis that environmental factors, the Moran effect, are key drivers of spatial synchrony in beech seed production at regional scales. The geographical patterns of regional synchronization of masting have implications for regional forest production, gene flow, carbon cycling, disease dynamics, biodiversity, and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Bogdziewicz
- Department of Systematic Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Andrew Hacket-Pain
- Department of Geography and Planning, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Davide Ascoli
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Jakub Szymkowiak
- Population Ecology Research Unit, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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23
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Bogdziewicz M, Hacket-Pain A, Kelly D, Thomas PA, Lageard J, Tanentzap AJ. Climate warming causes mast seeding to break down by reducing sensitivity to weather cues. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:1952-1961. [PMID: 33604979 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is altering patterns of seed production worldwide with consequences for population recruitment and migration potential. For the many species that regenerate through synchronized, quasiperiodic reproductive events termed masting, these changes include decreases in the synchrony and interannual variation in seed production. This breakdown in the occurrence of masting features harms reproduction by decreasing the efficiency of pollination and increasing seed predation. Changes in masting are often paralleled by warming temperatures, but the underlying proximate mechanisms are unknown. We used a unique 39-year study of 139 European beech (Fagus sylvatica) trees that experienced masting breakdown to track the seed developmental cycle and pinpoint phases where weather effects on seed production have changed over time. A cold followed by warm summer led to large coordinated flowering efforts among plants. However, trees failed to respond to the weather signal as summers warmed and the frequency of reproductive cues changed fivefold. Less synchronous flowering resulted in less efficient pollination that further decreased the synchrony of seed maturation. As global temperatures are expected to increase this century, perennial plants that fine-tune their reproductive schedules based on temperature cues may suffer regeneration failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Bogdziewicz
- Department of Systematic Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Andrew Hacket-Pain
- Department of Geography and Planning, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Dave Kelly
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Peter A Thomas
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Jonathan Lageard
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Andrew J Tanentzap
- Ecosystems and Global Change Group, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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