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Kaur H, Jha P, Ochatt SJ, Kumar V. Single-cell transcriptomics is revolutionizing the improvement of plant biotechnology research: recent advances and future opportunities. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024; 44:202-217. [PMID: 36775666 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2023.2165900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell approaches are a promising way to obtain high-resolution transcriptomics data and have the potential to revolutionize the study of plant growth and development. Recent years have seen the advent of unprecedented technological advances in the field of plant biology to study the transcriptional information of individual cells by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). This review focuses on the modern advancements of single-cell transcriptomics in plants over the past few years. In addition, it also offers a new insight of how these emerging methods will expedite advance research in plant biotechnology in the near future. Lastly, the various technological hurdles and inherent limitations of single-cell technology that need to be conquered to develop such outstanding possible knowledge gain is critically analyzed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmeet Kaur
- Division of Research and Development, Plant Biotechnology Lab, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Faculty of Technology and Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Priyanka Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Faculty of Technology and Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
- Department of Research Facilitation, Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Sergio J Ochatt
- Agroécologie, InstitutAgro Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Division of Research and Development, Plant Biotechnology Lab, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Faculty of Technology and Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
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2
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Dai W, Li X, Liu Z, Zhang C. Identification of four neutralizing antigenic sites on the enterovirus D68 capsid. J Virol 2023; 97:e0160023. [PMID: 38047678 PMCID: PMC10734511 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01600-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is an emerging respiratory pathogen associated with acute flaccid myelitis. Currently, no approved vaccines or antiviral drugs are available. Here, we report four functionally independent neutralizing antigenic sites (I to IV) by analyses of neutralizing monoclonal antibody (MAb)-resistant mutants. Site I is located in the VP1 BC loop near the fivefold axis. Site II resides in the VP2 EF loop, and site III is situated in VP1 C-terminus; both sites are located at the south rim of the canyon. Site IV is composed of residue in VP2 βB strand and residues in the VP3 BC loop and resides around the threefold axis. The developed MAbs targeting the antigenic sites can inhibit viral binding to cells. These findings advance the understanding of the recognition of EV-D68 by neutralizing antibodies and viral evolution and immune escape and also have important implications for the development of novel EV-D68 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Dai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Vaccine Innovation Platform, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue Li
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeyu Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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3
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Hayes LH, Sadjadi R. Hereditary Neuropathies. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2023; 29:1514-1537. [PMID: 37851041 DOI: 10.1212/con.0000000000001339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article provides an overview of hereditary neuropathies, describes the different hereditary neuropathy subtypes and the clinical approach to differentiating between them, and summarizes their clinical management. LATEST DEVELOPMENTS Increasingly available clinical genetic testing has broadened the clinical spectrum of hereditary neuropathy subtypes and demonstrated a significant overlap of phenotypes associated with a single gene. New subtypes such as SORD -related neuropathy and CANVAS (cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy, vestibular areflexia syndrome) have emerged. The optimization of clinical management has improved gait and motor function in the adult and pediatric populations. Novel therapeutic approaches are entering clinical trials. ESSENTIAL POINTS Hereditary neuropathies constitute a spectrum of peripheral nerve disorders with variable degrees of motor and sensory symptoms, patterns of involvement, and clinical courses.
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4
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Li X, Liu Z, Yan X, Tian Y, Liu K, Zhao Y, Shao J, Hao P, Zhang C. VP2 residue N142 of coxsackievirus A10 is critical for the interaction with KREMEN1 receptor and neutralizing antibodies and the pathogenicity in mice. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011662. [PMID: 37788227 PMCID: PMC10547193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A10 (CVA10) has recently emerged as one of the major causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease. CVA10 may also cause a variety of complications. No approved vaccine or drug is currently available for CVA10. The residues of CVA10 critical for viral attachment, infectivity and in vivo pathogenicity have not been identified by experiment. Here, we report the identification of CVA10 residues important for binding to cellular receptor KREMEN1. We identified VP2 N142 as a key receptor-binding residue by screening of CVA10 mutants resistant to neutralization by soluble KREMEN1 protein. The receptor-binding residue N142 is exposed on the canyon rim but highly conserved in all naturally occurring CVA10 strains, which provides a counterexample to the canyon hypothesis. Residue N142 when mutated drastically reduced receptor-binding activity, resulting in decreased viral attachment and infection in cell culture. More importantly, residue N142 when mutated reduced viral replication in limb muscle and spinal cord of infected mice, leading to lower mortality and less severe clinical symptoms. Additionally, residue N142 when mutated could decrease viral binding affinity to anti-CVA10 polyclonal antibodies and a neutralizing monoclonal antibody and render CVA10 resistant to neutralization by the anti-CVA10 antibodies. Overall, our study highlights the essential role of VP2 residue N142 of CVA10 in the interactions with KREMEN1 receptor and neutralizing antibodies and viral virulence in mice, facilitating the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of CVA10 infection and immunity. Our study also provides important information for rational development of antibody-based treatment and vaccines against CVA10 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeyu Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingyu Yan
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Institutional Center for Shared Technologies and Facilities of Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Institutional Center for Shared Technologies and Facilities of Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Shao
- Institutional Center for Shared Technologies and Facilities of Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei Hao
- Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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5
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Krug PW, Wang L, Shi W, Kong WP, Moss DL, Yang ES, Fisher BE, Morabito KM, Mascola JR, Kanekiyo M, Graham BS, Ruckwardt TJ. EV-D68 virus-like particle vaccines elicit cross-clade neutralizing antibodies that inhibit infection and block dissemination. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadg6076. [PMID: 37196074 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg6076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) causes severe respiratory illness in children and can result in a debilitating paralytic disease known as acute flaccid myelitis. No treatment or vaccine for EV-D68 infection is available. Here, we demonstrate that virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines elicit a protective neutralizing antibody against homologous and heterologous EV-D68 subclades. VLP based on a B1 subclade 2014 outbreak strain elicited comparable B1 EV-D68 neutralizing activity as an inactivated viral particle vaccine in mice. Both immunogens elicited weaker cross-neutralization against heterologous viruses. A B3 VLP vaccine elicited more robust neutralization of B3 subclade viruses with improved cross-neutralization. A balanced CD4+ T helper response was achieved using a carbomer-based adjuvant, Adjuplex. Nonhuman primates immunized with this B3 VLP Adjuplex formulation generated robust neutralizing antibodies against homologous and heterologous subclade viruses. Our results suggest that both vaccine strain and adjuvant selection are critical elements for improving the breadth of protective immunity against EV-D68.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Krug
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lingshu Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Shi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wing-Pui Kong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel L Moss
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eun Sung Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Brian E Fisher
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kaitlyn M Morabito
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Masaru Kanekiyo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tracy J Ruckwardt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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6
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Zhang C, Liu C, Shi J, Wang Y, Xu C, Ye X, Liu Q, Li X, Qiao W, Yin Y, Cong Y, Huang Z. Molecular mechanism of antibody neutralization of coxsackievirus A16. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7854. [PMID: 36543790 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35575-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) causes hand, foot and mouth disease in infants and young children. However, no vaccine or anti-viral agent is currently available for CVA16. Here, the functions and working mechanisms of two CVA16-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), 9B5 and 8C4, are comprehensively investigated. Both 9B5 and 8C4 display potent neutralization in vitro and prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy in a mouse model of CVA16 infection. Mechanistically, 9B5 exerts neutralization primarily through inhibiting CVA16 attachment to cell surface via blockade of CVA16 binding to its attachment receptor, heparan sulfate, whereas 8C4 functions mainly at the post-attachment stage of CVA16 entry by interfering with the interaction between CVA16 and its uncoating receptor SCARB2. Cryo-EM studies show that 9B5 and 8C4 target distinct epitopes located at the 5-fold and 3-fold protrusions of CVA16 capsids, respectively, and exhibit differential binding preference to three forms of naturally occurring CVA16 particles. Moreover, 9B5 and 8C4 are compatible in formulating an antibody cocktail which displays the ability to prevent virus escape seen with individual MAbs. Together, our work elucidates the functional and structural basis of CVA16 antibody-mediated neutralization and protection, providing important information for design and development of effective CVA16 vaccines and antibody therapies.
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7
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Tian X, Zhu X, Song W, Yang Z, Wu Y, Ying T. The prominent role of a CDR1 somatic hypermutation for convergent IGHV3-53/3-66 antibodies in binding to SARS-CoV-2. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:1186-1190. [PMID: 35380101 PMCID: PMC9045774 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2063074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the fight against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) serve as key strategies for the rapid prevention and treatment of COVID-19. However, analysis to fully characterize functional SARS-CoV-2 mAbs is still needed. In this study, by interrogating 1,695 published or patented mAbs of human origin and validated SARS-CoV-2-binding potency, we found a highly preferential usage of IGHV3-53/3-66 germline genes that was then revealed as a distinct selectivity of SARS-CoV-2-induced humoral immunity across other coronaviruses. Moreover, among the rare somatic hypermutations, we identified a novel mutation signature of F27 to I, L, or V with high frequency, which was located in the CDR1 region of the heavy chain among IGHV3-53/3-66-encoded antibodies. This convergent mutation contributed to improving SARS-CoV-2 binding affinity and may advance our knowledge of the humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Tian
- MOE/NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyi Zhu
- MOE/NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenping Song
- MOE/NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenlin Yang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Synthetic Immunology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and Injury, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanling Wu
- MOE/NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Synthetic Immunology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianlei Ying
- MOE/NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Synthetic Immunology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and Injury, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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8
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Xu S, Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhang C, Hong Q, Gu C, Xu R, Wang T, Yang Y, Zang J, Zhou Y, Li Z, Liu Q, Zhou B, Bai L, Zhu Y, Deng Q, Wang H, Lavillette D, Wong G, Xie Y, Cong Y, Huang Z. Mapping cross-variant neutralizing sites on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:351-367. [PMID: 34964428 PMCID: PMC8794075 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.2024455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of multiple severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern threatens the efficacy of currently approved vaccines and authorized therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). It is hence important to continue searching for SARS-CoV-2 broadly neutralizing MAbs and defining their epitopes. Here, we isolate 9 neutralizing mouse MAbs raised against the spike protein of a SARS-CoV-2 prototype strain and evaluate their neutralizing potency towards a panel of variants, including B.1.1.7, B.1.351, B.1.617.1, and B.1.617.2. By using a combination of biochemical, virological, and cryo-EM structural analyses, we identify three types of cross-variant neutralizing MAbs, represented by S5D2, S5G2, and S3H3, respectively, and further define their epitopes. S5D2 binds the top lateral edge of the receptor-binding motif within the receptor-binding domain (RBD) with a binding footprint centred around the loop477-489, and efficiently neutralizes all variant pseudoviruses, but the potency against B.1.617.2 was observed to decrease significantly. S5G2 targets the highly conserved RBD core region and exhibits comparable neutralization towards the variant panel. S3H3 binds a previously unreported epitope located within the evolutionarily stable SD1 region and is able to near equally neutralize all of the variants tested. Our work thus defines three distinct cross-variant neutralizing sites on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, providing guidance for design and development of broadly effective vaccines and MAb-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yifan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenjian Gu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tingfeng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinkai Zang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zuyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qixing Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bingjie Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lulu Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanfei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- BSL-3 Laboratory of Fudan University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haikun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dimitri Lavillette
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gary Wong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Youhua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- BSL-3 Laboratory of Fudan University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yao Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhong Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Qualls D, Kumar A, Epstein-Peterson Z. Targeting the immune microenvironment in mantle cell lymphoma: implications for current and emerging therapies. Leuk Lymphoma 2022; 63:2515-2527. [PMID: 35704674 PMCID: PMC9741766 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2022.2086244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a morphologically and phenotypically heterogeneous subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and has historically been associated with poor outcomes. However, recent advances in our understanding of this disease have yielded new targeted and immune-based therapies with promising activity. Immune-based therapies such as monoclonal antibodies, immunomodulators, and CAR T cells have significantly improved outcomes and are now standard of care in MCL. In this review, we describe our current understanding of the immune microenvironment of MCL, discuss current immunotherapeutic approaches, and highlight promising novel immune-based therapies and combination therapies that may further improve outcomes for patients with MCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Qualls
- Lymphoma Service, Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. New York, NY, USA
| | - Anita Kumar
- Lymphoma Service, Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. New York, NY, USA
| | - Zachary Epstein-Peterson
- Lymphoma Service, Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. New York, NY, USA
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10
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Chen X, Lei S, Lin J, Huang P. Stimuli-responsive image-guided nanocarriers as smart drug delivery platforms. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2022; 19:1487-1504. [PMID: 36214740 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2134853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In recent years, to improve the precision of drug delivery and reduce toxicity associated from the uncontrolled drug release at off-target locations, extensive efforts have been paid to develop stimuli-responsive nanocarriers, which enable precise control over on-demand drug release due to internal stimuli like pH, redox, enzyme and external stimuli like light, magnetic field, and ultrasound. Moreover, some stimuli-responsive nanocarriers have been strategically incorporated with imaging probes for simultaneous monitoring of the drug delivery process and region of interest for treatment optimization. AREAS COVERED In this review, the state-of-art progress in developing stimuli-responsive image-guided nanocarriers are summarized, including their designed strategies, synergistic mechanism, and biomedical applications in cancer therapy, and the current challenges and new perspectives are discussed. EXPERT OPINION The stimuli-responsive nanocarriers provide assurance for precise release of drugs and imaging probes, and the molecular imaging techniques can monitor the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and bioavailability of drugs in vivo, and feedback the drug delivery profile. Therefore, stimuli-responsive image-guided nanocarriers can integrate diagnosis and therapy in one nanoplatform and facilitate optimal therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China, 518071
| | - Shan Lei
- Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China, 518060
| | - Jing Lin
- Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China, 518060
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11
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Zheng Q, Zhu R, Yin Z, Xu L, Sun H, Yu H, Wu Y, Jiang Y, Huang Q, Huang Y, Zhang D, Liu L, Yang H, He M, Zhou Z, Jiang Y, Chen Z, Zhao H, Que Y, Kong Z, Zhou L, Li T, Zhang J, Luo W, Gu Y, Cheng T, Li S, Xia N. Structural basis for the synergistic neutralization of coxsackievirus B1 by a triple-antibody cocktail. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:1279-1294.e6. [PMID: 36002016 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B1 (CVB1) is an emerging pathogen associated with severe neonatal diseases including aseptic meningitis, myocarditis, and pancreatitis and also with the development of type 1 diabetes. We characterize the binding and therapeutic efficacies of three CVB1-specific neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) identified for their ability to inhibit host receptor engagement. High-resolution cryo-EM structures showed that these antibodies recognize different epitopes but with an overlapping region in the capsid VP2 protein and specifically the highly variable EF loop. Moreover, they perturb capsid-receptor interactions by binding various viral particle forms. Antibody combinations achieve synergetic neutralization via a stepwise capsid transition and virion disruption, indicating dynamic changes in the virion in response to multiple nAbs targeting the receptor-binding site. Furthermore, this three-antibody cocktail protects against lethal challenge in neonatal mice and limits pancreatitis and viral replication in a non-obese diabetic mouse model. These results illustrate the utility of nAbs for rational design of therapeutics against picornaviruses such as CVB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhichao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Longfa Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Yichao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiongzi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Maozhou He
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqiong Que
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhibo Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Lizhi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China; Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Ebhodaghe SO. A short review on chitosan and gelatin-based hydrogel composite polymers for wound healing. Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition 2022; 33:1595-1622. [DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2022.2068941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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13
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Abstract
A global rise in antimicrobial resistance among pathogenic bacteria has proved to be a major public health threat, with the rate of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections increasing over time. The gut microbiome has been studied as a reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) that can be transferred to bacterial pathogens via horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of conjugative plasmids and mobile genetic elements (the gut resistome). Advances in metagenomic sequencing have facilitated the identification of resistome modulators, including live microbial therapeutics such as probiotics and fecal microbiome transplantation that can either expand or reduce the abundances of ARG-carrying bacteria in the gut. While many different gut microbes encode for ARGs, they are not uniformly distributed across, or transmitted by, various members of the microbiome, and not all are of equal clinical relevance. Both experimental and theoretical approaches in microbial ecology have been applied to understand differing frequencies of ARG horizontal transfer between commensal microbes as well as between commensals and pathogens. In this commentary, we assess the evidence for the role of commensal gut microbes in encoding antimicrobial resistance genes, the degree to which they are shared both with other commensals and with pathogens, and the host and environmental factors that can impact resistome dynamics. We further discuss novel sequencing-based approaches for identifying ARGs and predicting future transfer events of clinically relevant ARGs from commensals to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Crits-Christoph
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Haley Anne Hallowell
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kalia Koutouvalis
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jotham Suez
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,CONTACT Jotham Suez Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, 21205
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McFadden EJ, Baserga SJ. U8 variants on the brain: a small nucleolar RNA and human disease. RNA Biol 2022; 19:412-418. [PMID: 35389826 PMCID: PMC8993069 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2022.2048563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are non-coding RNAs vital for ribosomal RNA (rRNA) maturation. The U8 snoRNA, encoded by the SNORD118 gene in humans, is an atypical C/D box snoRNA as it promotes rRNA cleavage rather than 2′–O–methylation and is unique to vertebrates. The U8 snoRNA is critical for cleavage events that produce the mature 5.8S and 28S rRNAs of the large ribosomal subunit. Unexpectedly, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the SNORD118 gene were recently found causal to the neurodegenerative disease leukoencephalopathy, brain calcifications, and cysts (LCC; aka Labrune syndrome), but its molecular pathogenesis is unclear. Here, we will review current knowledge on the function of the U8 snoRNA in ribosome biogenesis, and connect it to the preservation of brain function in humans as well as to its dysregulation in inherited white matter disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J McFadden
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Susan J Baserga
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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15
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Yi Y, Wang S, Wang X, Xiong P, Liu Q, Zhang C, Yin F, Huang Z. Identification of Human Norovirus GII.3 Blockade Antibody Epitopes. Viruses 2021; 13:2058. [PMID: 34696487 DOI: 10.3390/v13102058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses are a common pathogen causing acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Among all norovirus genotypes, GII.3 is particularly prevalent in the pediatric population. Here we report the identification of two distinct blockade antibody epitopes on the GII.3 capsid. We generated a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from mice immunized with virus-like particle (VLP) of a GII.3 cluster 3 strain. Two of these mAbs, namely 8C7 and 8D1, specifically bound the parental GII.3 VLP but not VLPs of GII.4, GII.17, or GI.1. In addition, 8C7 and 8D1 efficiently blocked GII.3 VLP binding with its ligand, histo-blood group antigens (HBGA). These data demonstrate that 8C7 and 8D1 are GII.3-specific blockade antibodies. By using a series of chimeric VLPs, we mapped the epitopes of 8C7 and 8D1 to residues 385-400 and 401-420 of the VP1 capsid protein, respectively. These two blockade antibody epitopes are highly conserved among GII.3 cluster 3 strains. Structural modeling shows that the 8C7 epitope partially overlaps with the HBGA binding site (HBS) while the 8D1 epitope is spatially adjacent to HBS. These findings may enhance our understanding of the immunology and evolution of GII.3 noroviruses.
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16
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Abstract
Human noroviruses are the dominant causative agent of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide. During the winter of 2014-2015, genotype GII.17 cluster IIIb strains emerged as the leading cause of norovirus infection in Asia and later spread to other parts of the world. It is speculated that mutation at blockade epitopes may have resulted in virus escape from herd immunity, leading to the emergence of GII.17 cluster IIIb variants. Here, we identify a GII.17 cluster IIIb-specific blockade epitope by monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based epitope mapping. Four mAbs (designated as M1 to M4) were generated from mice immunized with virus-like particle (VLP) of a GII.17 cluster IIIb strain. Among them, M1 and M3 reacted specifically with the cluster IIIb VLP but not with the VLPs from clusters II or IIIa. Moreover, M1 and M3 dose-dependently blocked cluster IIIb VLP binding with its ligand, histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs). Epitope mapping revealed that M1 and M3 recognized the same highly exposed epitope consisting of residues 293-296 and 299 in the capsid protein VP1. Sequence alignment showed that the M1/M3 epitope sequence is highly variable among different GII.17 clusters whereas it is identical for cluster IIIIb strains. These data define a dominant blockade epitope of GII.17 norovirus and provide evidence that blockade epitope evolution contributes to the emergence of GII.17 cluster IIIb strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufang Yi
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, People's Republic of China.,Hainan Medical University - The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuxia Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Xiong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingwei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Feifei Yin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, People's Republic of China.,Hainan Medical University - The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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