1
|
Berton RR, Heidarian M, Kannan SK, Shah M, Butler NS, Harty JT, Badovinac VP. Accurate enumeration of pathogen-specific and virtual memory CD8 T cells after infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2025; 214:995-1007. [PMID: 40167212 PMCID: PMC12123210 DOI: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2025] [Indexed: 04/02/2025]
Abstract
Establishing the magnitude and kinetics of polyclonal Ag-specific CD8 T-cell responses, in addition to their functional fitness, is critical for evaluating a host's ability to respond to different kinds of infections and/or immunizations. To track CD8 T-cell responses during infection, a surrogate-activation-marker approach (CD8αloCD11ahi) is used to distinguish naïve and Ag-experienced effector/memory CD8 T cells in vivo. However, semidifferentiated virtual memory (Tvm) CD8 T cells have recently been identified in uninfected/unmanipulated mice that display a phenotype similar to Ag-experienced cells. Therefore, magnitude and breadth of CD8 T-cell responses may be overestimated when responses are profiled using only CD8α/CD11a markers. Thus, to precisely define and distinguish Tvm from pathogen-specific CD8 T cells during bacterial, parasitic, and viral infections, pathogen-specific sensor TCR-Tg cells were adoptively transferred prior to challenge. We demonstrate that Tvm CD8 T cells are found in CD8αloCD11ahi-defined Ag-experienced CD8 T cells but can be parsed out in infected host with their CD49d-CD44hiCD122hi expression pattern. However, this approach presents potential limitations as CD49d+ Ag-specific CD8 T cells can lose CD49d expression and adopt a Tvm-like phenotype depending on their Ag-stimulation history, age, and naïve CD8 T-cell precursor frequency before the infection. Importantly, Tvm cells contribute to the breadth of the CD8 T-cell response, and their contribution depends on type of infection, time after infection, and tissue examined. Thus, these data define limitations in our ability to resolve between pathogen/Ag-specific and Tvm CD8 T-cell responses during infection, a notion of direct relevance for experimental murine studies designed to follow CD8 T-cell responses in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger R Berton
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, 500 Newton Rd, 1020 ML, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, 500 Newton Rd, 1020 ML, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Mohammad Heidarian
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, 500 Newton Rd, 1020 ML, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Pathology Graduate Programs, University of Iowa, 500 Newton Rd, 1020 ML, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Shravan Kumar Kannan
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, 500 Newton Rd, 1020 ML, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, 500 Newton Rd, 1020 ML, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Manan Shah
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, 500 Newton Rd, 1020 ML, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, 500 Newton Rd, 1020 ML, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Noah S Butler
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, 500 Newton Rd, 1020 ML, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, 500 Newton Rd, 1020 ML, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - John T Harty
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, 500 Newton Rd, 1020 ML, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, 500 Newton Rd, 1020 ML, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Pathology Graduate Programs, University of Iowa, 500 Newton Rd, 1020 ML, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, 500 Newton Rd, 1020 ML, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, 500 Newton Rd, 1020 ML, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Pathology Graduate Programs, University of Iowa, 500 Newton Rd, 1020 ML, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang YT, Branche E, Xie J, McMillan RE, Ana-Sosa-Batiz F, Lu HH, Li QH, Clark AE, Valls Cuevas JM, Viramontes KM, Garretson AF, Dos Santos Alves RP, Heinz S, Benner C, Carlin AF, Shresta S. Zika but not Dengue virus infection limits NF-κB activity in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells and suppresses their ability to activate T cells. Nat Commun 2025; 16:2695. [PMID: 40133263 PMCID: PMC11937581 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-57977-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2025] [Indexed: 03/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Understanding flavivirus immunity is critical for the development of pan-flavivirus vaccines. Dendritic cells (DC) coordinate antiviral innate and adaptive immune responses, and they can be targeted by flaviviruses as a mechanism of immune evasion. Using an unbiased genome-wide approach designed to specifically identify flavivirus-modulated pathways, we found that, while dengue virus (DENV) robustly activates DCs, Zika virus (ZIKV) causes minimal activation of genes involved in DC activation, maturation, and antigen presentation, reducing cytokine secretion and the stimulation of allogeneic and peptide-specific T cell responses. Mechanistically, ZIKV inhibits DC maturation by suppressing NF-κB p65 recruitment and the subsequent transcription of proinflammatory and DC maturation-related genes. Thus, we identify a divergence in the effects of ZIKV and DENV on the host T cell response, highlighting the need to factor such differences into the design of anti-flavivirus vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ting Wang
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Emilie Branche
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jialei Xie
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rachel E McMillan
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Hsueh-Han Lu
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Qin Hui Li
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alex E Clark
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joan M Valls Cuevas
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Karla M Viramontes
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Aaron F Garretson
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Sven Heinz
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Benner
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Aaron F Carlin
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Sujan Shresta
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Darmuzey M, Touret F, Slowikowski E, Gladwyn-Ng I, Ahuja K, Sanchez-Felipe L, de Lamballerie X, Verfaillie C, Marques PE, Neyts J, Kaptein SJF. Epidemic Zika virus strains from the Asian lineage induce an attenuated fetal brain pathogenicity. Nat Commun 2024; 15:10870. [PMID: 39738084 PMCID: PMC11686291 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-55155-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 11/29/2024] [Indexed: 01/01/2025] Open
Abstract
The 2015-2016 Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak in the Americas revealed the ability of ZIKV from the Asian lineage to cause birth defects, generically called congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). Notwithstanding the long circulation history of Asian ZIKV, no ZIKV-associated CZS cases were reported prior to the outbreaks in French Polynesia (2013) and Brazil (2015). Whether the sudden emergence of CZS resulted from an evolutionary event of Asian ZIKV has remained unclear. We performed a comparative analysis of the pathogenicity of pre-epidemic and epidemic Asian ZIKV strains in mouse embryonic brains using a female immunocompetent intraplacental infection mouse model. All studied Asian ZIKV strains are neurovirulent, but pre-epidemic strains are consistently more pathogenic in the embryos than their epidemic equivalents. Pathogenicity is not directly linked to viral replication. By contrast, an influx of macrophages/microglial cells is noted in infected fetal brains for both pre-epidemic and epidemic ZIKV strains. Moreover, all tested ZIKV strains trigger an immunological response, whereby the intensity of the response differs between strains, and with epidemic ZIKV strains generally mounting a more attenuated immunostimulatory response. Our study reveals that Asian ZIKV strains evolved towards pathogenic attenuation, potentially resulting in CZS emergence in neonates rather than premature death in utero.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maïlis Darmuzey
- Virology and Immunology Unit, GIGA-Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Virology, Antiviral Drug & Vaccine Research Group, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Franck Touret
- Unité Des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille University - IRD 190 - Inserm 1207), Marseille, France
| | - Emily Slowikowski
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ivan Gladwyn-Ng
- Department of Application Scientists, Taconic Biosciences, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Karan Ahuja
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lorena Sanchez-Felipe
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Virology, Antiviral Drug & Vaccine Research Group, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Unité Des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille University - IRD 190 - Inserm 1207), Marseille, France
| | - Catherine Verfaillie
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pedro E Marques
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Virology, Antiviral Drug & Vaccine Research Group, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Suzanne J F Kaptein
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Virology, Antiviral Drug & Vaccine Research Group, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang Y, Ling L, Zhang Z, Marin-Lopez A. Current Advances in Zika Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10111816. [PMID: 36366325 PMCID: PMC9694033 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10111816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), an emerging arthropod-borne flavivirus, was first isolated in Uganda in 1947 from monkeys and first detected in humans in Nigeria in 1952; it has been associated with a dramatic burden worldwide. Since then, interventions to reduce the burden of ZIKV infection have been mainly restricted to mosquito control, which in the end proved to be insufficient by itself. Hence, the situation prompted scientists to increase research on antivirals and vaccines against the virus. These efforts are still ongoing as the pathogenesis and immune evasion mechanisms of ZIKV have not yet been fully elucidated. Understanding the viral disease mechanism will provide a better landscape to develop prophylactic and therapeutic strategies against ZIKV. Currently, no specific vaccines or drugs have been approved for ZIKV. However, some are undergoing clinical trials. Notably, different platforms have been evaluated for the design of vaccines, including DNA, mRNA, viral vectors, virus-like particles (VLPs), inactivated virus, live attenuated virus, peptide and protein-based vaccines, passive immunizations by using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), and vaccines that target vector-derived antigens. These vaccines have been shown to induce specific humoral and cellular immune responses and reduce viremia and viral RNA titers, both in vitro and in vivo. This review provides a comprehensive summary of current advancements in the development of vaccines against Zika virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Wang
- Department of Inspection and Quarantine Technology Communication, Shanghai Customs College, Shanghai 201204, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Lin Ling
- Department of Inspection and Quarantine Technology Communication, Shanghai Customs College, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Zilei Zhang
- Department of Inspection and Quarantine Technology Communication, Shanghai Customs College, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Alejandro Marin-Lopez
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06420, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pardy RD, Gentile ME, Carter AM, Condotta SA, King IL, Richer MJ. An Epidemic Zika Virus Isolate Drives Enhanced T Follicular Helper Cell and B Cell-Mediated Immunity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1719-1728. [PMID: 35346966 PMCID: PMC8976755 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen that recently caused a series of increasingly severe outbreaks. We previously demonstrated that, compared with a pre-epidemic isolate (ZIKVCDN), a Brazilian ZIKV isolate (ZIKVBR) possesses a novel capacity to suppress host immunity, resulting in delayed viral clearance. However, whether ZIKVBR modulates CD4 T cell responses remains unknown. In this study, we show that, in comparison with ZIKVCDN infection, CD4 T cells are less polarized to the Th1 subtype following ZIKVBR challenge in mice. In contrast, we observed an enhanced accumulation of T follicular helper cells 10, 14, and 21 d postinfection with ZIKVBR This response correlated with an enhanced germinal center B cell response and robust production of higher avidity-neutralizing Abs following ZIKVBR infection. Taken together, our data suggest that contemporary ZIKV strains have evolved to differentially induce CD4 T cell, B cell, and Ab responses and this could provide a model to further define the signals required for T follicular helper cell development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Pardy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maria E Gentile
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Alexandria M Carter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Stephanie A Condotta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Irah L King
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Martin J Richer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada;
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| |
Collapse
|