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Jia M, Wei Z, Gao F, Jiang M, Wang W, Yuan Z, Pogue BW. Time-gated single-pixel imaging of Cherenkov emission from a medical linear accelerator. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:2425-2428. [PMID: 38691735 DOI: 10.1364/ol.518624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Cherenkov imaging is an ideal tool for real-time in vivo verification of a radiation therapy dose. Given that radiation is pulsed from a medical linear accelerator (LINAC) together with weak Cherenkov emissions, time-gated high-sensitivity imaging is required for robust measurements. Instead of using an expensive camera system with limited efficiency of detection in each pixel, a single-pixel imaging (SPI) approach that maintains promising sensitivity over the entire spectral band could be used to provide a low-cost and viable alternative. A prototype SPI system was developed and demonstrated here in Cherenkov imaging of LINAC dose delivery to a water tank. Validation experiments were performed using four regular fields and an intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) delivery plan. The Cherenkov image-based projection percent depth dose curves (pPDDs) were compared to pPDDs simulated by the treatment planning system (TPS), with an overall average error of 0.48, 0.42, 0.65, and 1.08% for the 3, 5, 7, and 9 cm square beams, respectively. The composite image of the IMRT plan achieved a 85.9% pass rate using 3%/3 mm gamma index criteria, in comparing Cherenkov intensity and TPS dose. This study validates the feasibility of applying SPI to the Cherenkov imaging of radiotherapy dose for the first time to our knowledge.
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Sunnerberg J, Thomas WS, Petusseau A, Reed MS, Jack Hoopes P, Pogue BW. Review of optical reporters of radiation effects in vivo: tools to quantify improvements in radiation delivery technique. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2023; 28:080901. [PMID: 37560327 PMCID: PMC10409499 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.28.8.080901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Significance Radiation damage studies are used to optimize radiotherapy treatment techniques. Although biological indicators of damage are the best assays of effect, they are highly variable due to biological heterogeneity. The free radical radiochemistry can be assayed with optical reporters, allowing for high precision titration of techniques. Aim We examine the optical reporters of radiochemistry to highlight those with the best potential for translational use in vivo, as surrogates for biological damage assays, to inform on mechanisms. Approach A survey of the radical chemistry effects from reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxygen itself was completed to link to DNA or biological damage. Optical reporters of ROS include fluorescent, phosphorescent, and bioluminescent molecules that have a variety of activation pathways, and each was reviewed for its in vivo translation potential. Results There are molecular reporters of ROS having potential to report within living systems, including derivatives of luminol, 2'7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate, Amplex Red, and fluorescein. None have unique specificity to singular ROS species. Macromolecular engineered reporters unique to specific ROS are emerging. The ability to directly measure oxygen via reporters, such as Oxyphor and protoporphyrin IX, is an opportunity to quantify the consumption of oxygen during ROS generation, and this translates from in vitro to in vivo use. Emerging techniques, such as ion particle beams, spatial fractionation, and ultra-high dose rate FLASH radiotherapy, provide the motivation for these studies. Conclusions In vivo optical reporters of radiochemistry are quantitatively useful for comparing radiotherapy techniques, although their use comes at the cost of the unknown connection to the mechanisms of radiobiological damage. Still their lower measurement uncertainty, compared with biological response assay, makes them an invaluable tool. Linkage to DNA damage and biological damage is needed, and measures such as oxygen consumption serve as useful surrogate measures that translate to in vivo use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Sunnerberg
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - William S. Thomas
- University of Wisconsin–Madison, Department of Medical Physics, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Arthur Petusseau
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Matthew S. Reed
- Dartmouth College, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - P. Jack Hoopes
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- Dartmouth College, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- University of Wisconsin–Madison, Department of Medical Physics, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
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3
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Samandarsangari M, Kozina DO, Sokolov VV, Komarova AD, Shirmanova MV, Kritchenkov IS, Tunik SP. Biocompatible Phosphorescent O 2 Sensors Based on Ir(III) Complexes for In Vivo Hypoxia Imaging. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:680. [PMID: 37504079 PMCID: PMC10377268 DOI: 10.3390/bios13070680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we obtained three new phosphorescent iridium complexes (Ir1-Ir3) of general stoichiometry [Ir(N^C)2(N^N)]Cl decorated with oligo(ethylene glycol) fragments to make them water-soluble and biocompatible, as well as to protect them from aggregation with biomolecules such as albumin. The major photophysical characteristics of these phosphorescent complexes are determined by the nature of two cyclometallating ligands (N^C) based on 2-pyridine-benzothiophene, since quantum chemical calculations revealed that the electronic transitions responsible for the excitation and emission are localized mainly at these fragments. However, the use of various diimine ligands (N^N) proved to affect the quantum yield of phosphorescence and allowed for changing the complexes' sensitivity to oxygen, due to the variations in the steric accessibility of the chromophore center for O2 molecules. It was also found that the N^N ligands made it possible to tune the biocompatibility of the resulting compounds. The wavelengths of the Ir1-Ir3 emission maxima fell in the range of 630-650 nm, the quantum yields reached 17% (Ir1) in a deaerated solution, and sensitivity to molecular oxygen, estimated as the ratio of emission lifetime in deaerated and aerated water solutions, displayed the highest value, 8.2, for Ir1. The obtained complexes featured low toxicity, good water solubility and the absence of a significant effect of biological environment components on the parameters of their emission. Of the studied compounds, Ir1 and Ir2 were chosen for in vitro and in vivo biological experiments to estimate oxygen concentration in cell lines and tumors. These sensors have demonstrated their effectiveness for mapping the distribution of oxygen and for monitoring hypoxia in the biological objects studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozhgan Samandarsangari
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Embankment 7-9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Daria O Kozina
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Embankment 7-9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Victor V Sokolov
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Embankment 7-9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia D Komarova
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhskiy Research Medical University, Minin and Pozharsky Sq. 10/1, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarina Av., 23, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Marina V Shirmanova
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhskiy Research Medical University, Minin and Pozharsky Sq. 10/1, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Ilya S Kritchenkov
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Embankment 7-9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergey P Tunik
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Embankment 7-9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
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Jia M, Sun B, Wang Y, Gao F, Yuan Z, Pogue BW. Photon-limited Cherenkov imaging of radiation therapy dose. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:1918-1921. [PMID: 37221799 PMCID: PMC10914388 DOI: 10.1364/ol.485668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cherenkov imaging is a unique verification tool that could provide both dosimetric and tissue functional information during radiation therapy. However, the number of interrogated Cherenkov photons in tissue is always limited and tangled with stray radiation photons, severely frustrating the measurement the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). As such, here, a noise-robust photon-limited imaging technique is proposed by comprehensively exploiting the physical rationale of low-flux Cherenkov measurements together with the spatial correlations of the objects. Validation experiments confirmed that the Cherenkov signal could be promisingly recovered with high SNR by irradiating at as few as one x ray pulse from a linear accelerator (10 mGy dose), and the Cherenkov excited luminescence imaging depth can be extended by >100% on average, for most concentrations of phosphorescent probe. This approach demonstrates that improved applications in radiation oncology could be seen when signal amplitude, noise robustness, and temporal resolution are comprehensively considered in the image recovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Jia
- College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Boshuai Sun
- College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yuxia Wang
- College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Feng Gao
- College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Detecting techniques and Instruments, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhiyong Yuan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53705, USA
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH 03755, USA
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Zhang W, Hu T, Li Z, Sun Z, Jia K, Dou H, Feng J, Pogue BW. Selfrec-Net: self-supervised deep learning approach for the reconstruction of Cherenkov-excited luminescence scanned tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:783-798. [PMID: 36874507 PMCID: PMC9979688 DOI: 10.1364/boe.480429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As an emerging imaging technique, Cherenkov-excited luminescence scanned tomography (CELST) can recover a high-resolution 3D distribution of quantum emission fields within tissue using X-ray excitation for deep penetrance. However, its reconstruction is an ill-posed and under-conditioned inverse problem because of the diffuse optical emission signal. Deep learning based image reconstruction has shown very good potential for solving these types of problems, however they suffer from a lack of ground-truth image data to confirm when used with experimental data. To overcome this, a self-supervised network cascaded by a 3D reconstruction network and the forward model, termed Selfrec-Net, was proposed to perform CELST reconstruction. Under this framework, the boundary measurements are input to the network to reconstruct the distribution of the quantum field and the predicted measurements are subsequently obtained by feeding the reconstructed result to the forward model. The network was trained by minimizing the loss between the input measurements and the predicted measurements rather than the reconstructed distributions and the corresponding ground truths. Comparative experiments were carried out on both numerical simulations and physical phantoms. For singular luminescent targets, the results demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed network, and comparable performance can be attained to a state-of-the-art deep supervised learning algorithm, where the accuracy of the emission yield and localization of the objects was far superior to iterative reconstruction methods. Reconstruction of multiple objects is still reasonable with high localization accuracy, although with limits to the emission yield accuracy as the distribution becomes more complex. Overall though the reconstruction of Selfrec-Net provides a self-supervised way to recover the location and emission yield of molecular distributions in murine model tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Computational Intelligence and Intelligent System, Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Networks, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Ting Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Computational Intelligence and Intelligent System, Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Networks, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Computational Intelligence and Intelligent System, Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Networks, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Zhonghua Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Computational Intelligence and Intelligent System, Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Networks, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Kebin Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Computational Intelligence and Intelligent System, Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Networks, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Huijing Dou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Computational Intelligence and Intelligent System, Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Jinchao Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Computational Intelligence and Intelligent System, Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Networks, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Feng J, Zhang H, Geng M, Chen H, Jia K, Sun Z, Li Z, Cao X, Pogue BW. X-ray Cherenkov-luminescence tomography reconstruction with a three-component deep learning algorithm: Swin transformer, convolutional neural network, and locality module. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2023; 28:026004. [PMID: 36818584 PMCID: PMC9932523 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.28.2.026004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE X-ray Cherenkov-luminescence tomography (XCLT) produces fast emission data from megavoltage (MV) x-ray scanning, in which the excitation location of molecules within tissue is reconstructed. However standard filtered backprojection (FBP) algorithms for XCLT sinogram reconstruction can suffer from insufficient data due to dose limitations, so there are limits in the reconstruction quality with some artifacts. We report a deep learning algorithm for XCLT with high image quality and improved quantitative accuracy. AIM To directly reconstruct the distribution of emission quantum yield for x-ray Cherenkov-luminescence tomography, we proposed a three-component deep learning algorithm that includes a Swin transformer, convolution neural network, and locality module model. APPROACH A data-to-image model x-ray Cherenkov-luminescence tomography is developed based on a Swin transformer, which is used to extract pixel-level prior information from the sinogram domain. Meanwhile, a convolutional neural network structure is deployed to transform the extracted pixel information from the sinogram domain to the image domain. Finally, a locality module is designed between the encoder and decoder connection structures for delivering features. Its performance was validated with simulation, physical phantom, and in vivo experiments. RESULTS This approach can better deal with the limits to data than conventional FBP methods. The method was validated with numerical and physical phantom experiments, with results showing that it improved the reconstruction performance mean square error ( > 94.1 % ), peak signal-to-noise ratio ( > 41.7 % ), and Pearson correlation ( > 19 % ) compared with the FBP algorithm. The Swin-CNN also achieved a 32.1% improvement in PSNR over the deep learning method AUTOMAP. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the three-component deep learning algorithm provides an effective reconstruction method for x-ray Cherenkov-luminescence tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchao Feng
- Beijing University of Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Computational Intelligence and Intelligent System, Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Networks, Beijing, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Beijing University of Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Computational Intelligence and Intelligent System, Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Mengfan Geng
- Beijing University of Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Computational Intelligence and Intelligent System, Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Hanliang Chen
- Beijing University of Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Computational Intelligence and Intelligent System, Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Kebin Jia
- Beijing University of Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Computational Intelligence and Intelligent System, Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Networks, Beijing, China
| | - Zhonghua Sun
- Beijing University of Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Computational Intelligence and Intelligent System, Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Networks, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Beijing University of Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Computational Intelligence and Intelligent System, Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Networks, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Cao
- Xidian University, Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education and School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an, China
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Medical Physics, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
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7
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Bianfei S, Fang L, Zhongzheng X, Yuanyuan Z, Tian Y, Tao H, Jiachun M, Xiran W, Siting Y, Lei L. Application of Cherenkov radiation in tumor imaging and treatment. Future Oncol 2022; 18:3101-3118. [PMID: 36065976 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2022-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cherenkov radiation (CR) is the characteristic blue glow that is generated during radiotherapy or radioisotope decay. Its distribution and intensity naturally reflect the actual dose and field of radiotherapy and the location of radioisotope imaging agents in vivo. Therefore, CR can represent a potential in situ light source for radiotherapy monitoring and radioisotope-based tumor imaging. When used in combination with new imaging techniques, molecular probes or nanomedicine, CR imaging exhibits unique advantages (accuracy, low cost, convenience and fast) in tumor radiotherapy monitoring and imaging. Furthermore, photosensitive nanomaterials can be used for CR photodynamic therapy, providing new approaches for integrating tumor imaging and treatment. Here the authors review the latest developments in the use of CR in tumor research and discuss current challenges and new directions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao Bianfei
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liu Fang
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Henan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiang Zhongzheng
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zeng Yuanyuan
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Tian
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - He Tao
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ma Jiachun
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wang Xiran
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Siting
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liu Lei
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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8
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El Naqa I, Pogue BW, Zhang R, Oraiqat I, Parodi K. Image guidance for FLASH radiotherapy. Med Phys 2022; 49:4109-4122. [PMID: 35396707 PMCID: PMC9844128 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
FLASH radiotherapy (FLASH-RT) is an emerging ultra-high dose (>40 Gy/s) delivery that promises to improve the therapeutic potential by limiting toxicities compared to conventional RT while maintaining similar tumor eradication efficacy. Image guidance is an essential component of modern RT that should be harnessed to meet the special emerging needs of FLASH-RT and its associated high risks in planning and delivering of such ultra-high doses in short period of times. Hence, this contribution will elaborate on the imaging requirements and possible solutions in the entire chain of FLASH-RT treatment, from the planning, through the setup and delivery with online in vivo imaging and dosimetry, up to the assessment of biological mechanisms and treatment response. In patient setup and delivery, higher temporal sampling than in conventional RT should ensure that the short treatment is delivered precisely to the targeted region. Additionally, conventional imaging tools such as cone-beam computed tomography will continue to play an important role in improving patient setup prior to delivery, while techniques based on magnetic resonance imaging or positron emission tomography may be extremely valuable for either linear accelerator (Linac) or particle FLASH therapy, to monitor and track anatomical changes during delivery. In either planning or assessing outcomes, quantitative functional imaging could supplement conventional imaging for more accurate utilization of the biological window of the FLASH effect, selecting for or verifying things such as tissue oxygen and existing or transient hypoxia on the relevant timescales of FLASH-RT delivery. Perhaps most importantly at this time, these tools might help improve the understanding of the biological mechanisms of FLASH-RT response in tumor and normal tissues. The high dose deposition of FLASH provides an opportunity to utilize pulse-to-pulse imaging tools such as Cherenkov or radiation acoustic emission imaging. These could provide individual pulse mapping or assessing the 3D dose delivery superficially or at tissue depth, respectively. In summary, the most promising components of modern RT should be used for safer application of FLASH-RT, and new promising developments could be advanced to cope with its novel demands but also exploit new opportunities in connection with the unique nature of pulsed delivery at unprecedented dose rates, opening a new era of biological image guidance and ultrafast, pulse-based in vivo dosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issam El Naqa
- Department of Machine Learning, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA,Corresponding Author:
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA,Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Rongxiao Zhang
- Giesel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Ibrahim Oraiqat
- Department of Machine Learning, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Katia Parodi
- Department of Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, Garching 85748, Germany
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Abstract
Malignant tumors rank as a leading cause of death worldwide. Accurate diagnosis and advanced treatment options are crucial to win battle against tumors. In recent years, Cherenkov luminescence (CL) has shown its technical advantages and clinical transformation potential in many important fields, particularly in tumor diagnosis and treatment, such as tumor detection in vivo, surgical navigation, radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and the evaluation of therapeutic effect. In this review, we summarize the advances in CL for tumor diagnosis and treatment. We first describe the physical principles of CL and discuss the imaging techniques used in tumor diagnosis, including CL imaging, CL endoscope, and CL tomography. Then we present a broad overview of the current status of surgical resection, radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and tumor microenvironment monitoring using CL. Finally, we shed light on the challenges and possible solutions for tumor diagnosis and therapy using CL.
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Chelushkin PS, Shakirova JR, Kritchenkov IS, Baigildin VA, Tunik SP. Phosphorescent NIR emitters for biomedicine: applications, advances and challenges. Dalton Trans 2021; 51:1257-1280. [PMID: 34878463 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03077a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Application of NIR (near-infrared) emitting transition metal complexes in biomedicine is a rapidly developing area of research. Emission of this class of compounds in the "optical transparency windows" of biological tissues and the intrinsic sensitivity of their phosphorescence to oxygen resulted in the preparation of several commercial oxygen sensors capable of deep (up to whole-body) and quantitative mapping of oxygen gradients suitable for in vivo experimental studies. In addition to this achievement, the last decade has also witnessed the increased growth of successful alternative applications of NIR phosphors that include (i) site-specific in vitro and in vivo visualization of sophisticated biological models ranging from 3D cell cultures to intact animals; (ii) sensing of various biologically relevant analytes, such as pH, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, RedOx agents, etc.; (iii) and several therapeutic applications such as photodynamic (PDT), photothermal (PTT), and photoactivated cancer (PACT) therapies as well as their combinations with other therapeutic and imaging modalities to yield new variants of combined therapies and theranostics. Nevertheless, emerging applications of these compounds in experimental biomedicine and their implementation as therapeutic agents practically applicable in PDT, PTT, and PACT face challenges related to a critically important improvement of their photophysical and physico-chemical characteristics. This review outlines the current state of the art and achievements of the last decade and stresses the most promising trends, major development prospects, and challenges in the design of NIR phosphors suitable for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel S Chelushkin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr., 26, 198504, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Julia R Shakirova
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr., 26, 198504, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Ilya S Kritchenkov
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr., 26, 198504, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Vadim A Baigildin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr., 26, 198504, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Sergey P Tunik
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr., 26, 198504, St. Petersburg, Russia.
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11
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Wang L, He X, Yu J. Prior Compensation Algorithm for Cerenkov Luminescence Tomography From Single-View Measurements. Front Oncol 2021; 11:749889. [PMID: 34631587 PMCID: PMC8495210 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.749889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerenkov luminescence tomography (CLT) has attracted much attention because of the wide clinically-used probes and three-dimensional (3D) quantification ability. However, due to the serious morbidity of 3D optical imaging, the reconstructed images of CLT are not appreciable, especially when single-view measurements are used. Single-view CLT improves the efficiency of data acquisition. It is much consistent with the actual imaging environment of using commercial imaging system, but bringing the problem that the reconstructed results will be closer to the animal surface on the side where the single-view image is collected. To avoid this problem to the greatest extent possible, we proposed a prior compensation algorithm for CLT reconstruction based on depth calibration strategy. This method takes full account of the fact that the attenuation of light in the tissue will depend heavily on the depth of the light source as well as the distance between the light source and the detection plane. Based on this consideration, a depth calibration matrix was designed to calibrate the attenuation between the surface light flux and the density of the internal light source. The feature of the algorithm was that the depth calibration matrix directly acts on the system matrix of CLT reconstruction, rather than modifying the regularization penalty items. The validity and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm were evaluated with a numerical simulation and a mouse-based experiment, whose results illustrated that it located the radiation sources accurately by using single-view measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- School of Information Sciences and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,School of Computer Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaowei He
- School of Information Sciences and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingjing Yu
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
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12
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What Is the Meaning of an Oxygen Measurement? : Analysis of Methods Purporting to Measure Oxygen in Targeted Tissues. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1269:301-308. [PMID: 33966234 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-48238-1_48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Clinical measurements of O2 in tissues will inevitably provide data that are at best aggregated and will not reflect the inherent heterogeneity of O2 in tissues over space and time. Additionally, the nature of all existing techniques to measure O2 results in complex sampling of the volume that is sensed by the technique. By recognizing these potential limitations of the measures, one can focus on the very important and useful information that can be obtained from these techniques, especially data about factors that can change levels of O2 and then exploit these changes diagnostically and therapeutically. The clinical utility of such data ultimately needs to be verified by careful studies of outcomes related to the measured changes in levels of O2.
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Intravital Optical Imaging to Monitor Anti-Tumor Immunological Response in Preclinical Models. Bioanalysis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-78338-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Cheng MHY, Mo Y, Zheng G. Nano versus Molecular: Optical Imaging Approaches to Detect and Monitor Tumor Hypoxia. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001549. [PMID: 33241672 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a ubiquitous feature of solid tumors, which plays a key role in tumor angiogenesis and resistance development. Conventional hypoxia detection methods lack continuous functional detection and are generally less suitable for dynamic hypoxia measurement. Optical sensors hereby provide a unique opportunity to noninvasively image hypoxia with high spatiotemporal resolution and enable real-time detection. Therefore, these approaches can provide a valuable tool for personalized treatment planning against this hallmark of aggressive cancers. Many small optical molecular probes can enable analyte triggered response and their photophysical properties can also be fine-tuned through structural modification. On the other hand, optical nanoprobes can acquire unique intrinsic optical properties through nanoconfinement as well as enable simultaneous multimodal imaging and drug delivery. Furthermore, nanoprobes provide biological advantages such as improving bioavailability and systemic delivery of the sensor to enhance bioavailability. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the physical, chemical, and biological analytes for cancer hypoxia detection and focuses on discussing the latest nano- and molecular developments in various optical imaging approaches (fluorescence, phosphorescence, and photoacoustic) in vivo. Finally, this review concludes with a perspective toward the potentials of these optical imaging approaches in hypoxia detection and the challenges with molecular and nanotechnology design strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miffy Hok Yan Cheng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre University Health Network 101 College Street, PMCRT 5–354 Toronto Ontario M5G 1L7 Canada
| | - Yulin Mo
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre University Health Network 101 College Street, PMCRT 5–354 Toronto Ontario M5G 1L7 Canada
- Institute of Medical Science University of Toronto 101 College Street Toronto Ontario M5G 1L7 Canada
| | - Gang Zheng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre University Health Network 101 College Street, PMCRT 5–354 Toronto Ontario M5G 1L7 Canada
- Institute of Medical Science University of Toronto 101 College Street Toronto Ontario M5G 1L7 Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics University of Toronto 101 College Street Toronto Ontario M5G 1L7 Canada
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Pogue BW, Zhang R, Cao X, Jia JM, Petusseau A, Bruza P, Vinogradov SA. Review of in vivo optical molecular imaging and sensing from x-ray excitation. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-200308VR. [PMID: 33386709 PMCID: PMC7778455 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.1.010902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Deep-tissue penetration by x-rays to induce optical responses of specific molecular reporters is a new way to sense and image features of tissue function in vivo. Advances in this field are emerging, as biocompatible probes are invented along with innovations in how to optimally utilize x-ray sources. AIM A comprehensive review is provided of the many tools and techniques developed for x-ray-induced optical molecular sensing, covering topics ranging from foundations of x-ray fluorescence imaging and x-ray tomography to the adaptation of these methods for sensing and imaging in vivo. APPROACH The ways in which x-rays can interact with molecules and lead to their optical luminescence are reviewed, including temporal methods based on gated acquisition and multipoint scanning for improved lateral or axial resolution. RESULTS While some known probes can generate light upon x-ray scintillation, there has been an emergent recognition that excitation of molecular probes by x-ray-induced Cherenkov light is also possible. Emission of Cherenkov radiation requires a threshold energy of x-rays in the high kV or MV range, but has the advantage of being able to excite a broad range of optical molecular probes. In comparison, most scintillating agents are more readily activated by lower keV x-ray energies but are composed of crystalline inorganic constituents, although some organic biocompatible agents have been designed as well. Methods to create high-resolution structured x-ray-optical images are now available, based upon unique scanning approaches and/or a priori knowledge of the scanned x-ray beam geometry. Further improvements in spatial resolution can be achieved by careful system design and algorithm optimization. Current applications of these hybrid x-ray-optical approaches include imaging of tissue oxygenation and pH as well as of certain fluorescent proteins. CONCLUSIONS Discovery of x-ray-excited reporters combined with optimized x-ray scan sequences can improve imaging resolution and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W. Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Rongxiao Zhang
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Xu Cao
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Jeremy Mengyu Jia
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Palo Alto, California, United States
| | - Arthur Petusseau
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Petr Bruza
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Sergei A. Vinogradov
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Arts of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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Pratt EC, Tamura R, Grimm J. Cerenkov Imaging. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Cao X, Jiang S, Gunn JR, Bruza P, Pogue BW. Single pixel hyperspectral Cherenkov-excited fluorescence imaging with LINAC X-ray sheet scanning and spectral unmixing. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:6130-6133. [PMID: 33186932 DOI: 10.1364/ol.401286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cherenkov light induced from megavolt (MV) X-rays during external beam radiotherapy serves as an internal light source to excite phosphors or fluorophores within biological tissues for molecular imaging. The broad spectrum of Cherenkov light leads to significant spectral overlap with any luminescence emission and, to overcome this problem, a single pixel hyperspectral imaging methodology was demonstrated here by coupling the detection with light sheet scanning and filtered back projection reconstruction of hyperspectral images. Thin scanned sheets of MV X-rays produce Cherenkov light to illuminate the planes deep within the tissue-simulating media. A fluorescence probe was excited by Cherenkov light, and a complete hyperspectral sinogram of the data was obtained through translation and rotation of the beam. Hyperspectral 2D images finally were reconstructed. Through this approach of spectral unmixing, it was possible to resolve hyperspectral images of both the Cherenkov and resulting fluorescence intensity from molecular sensors.
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Cao X, Gunn JR, Allu SR, Bruza P, Jiang S, Vinogradov SA, Pogue BW. Implantable sensor for local Cherenkov-excited luminescence imaging of tumor pO2 during radiotherapy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2020; 25:JBO-200229SSR. [PMID: 33236619 PMCID: PMC7685386 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.11.112704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The necessity to use exogenous probes for optical oxygen measurements in radiotherapy poses challenges for clinical applications. Options for implantable probe biotechnology need to be improved to alleviate toxicity concerns in human use and facilitate translation to clinical trial use. AIM To develop an implantable oxygen sensor containing a phosphorescent oxygen probe such that the overall administered dose of the probe would be below the Federal Drug Administration (FDA)-prescribed microdose level, and the sensor would provide local high-intensity signal for longitudinal measurements of tissue pO2. APPROACH PtG4, an oxygen quenched dendritic molecule, was mixed into an agarose matrix at 100 μM concentration, allowing for local injection into tumors at the total dose of 10 nmol per animal, forming a gel at the site of injection. Cherenkov-excited luminescence imaging (CELI) was used to acquire the phosphorescence and provide intratumoral pO2. RESULTS Although PtG4 does not form covalent bonds with agarose and gradually leaches out into the surrounding tissue, its retention time within the gel was sufficiently long to demonstrate the capability to measure intratumoral pO2 with the implantable gel sensors. The sensor's performance was first evaluated in vitro in tissue simulation phantoms, and then the sensor was used to measure changes in oxygen in MDA-MB-231 tumors during hypofractionated radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that implantable oxygen sensors in combination with CELI present a promising approach for quantifying oxygen changes during the course of radiation therapy and thus for evaluating the tumor response to radiation. By improving the design of the gel-probe composition in order to prevent leaching of the probe into the tissue, biosensors can be created that should allow longitudinal oxygen measurements in tumors by means of CELI while using FDA-compliant microdose levels of the probe and thus lowering toxicity concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cao
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuroimaging, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Address all correspondence to Xu Cao, ; Brian W. Pogue,
| | - Jason R. Gunn
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Srinivasa Rao Allu
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- University of Pennsylvania, School or Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Petr Bruza
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Shudong Jiang
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Sergei A. Vinogradov
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- University of Pennsylvania, School or Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States
- Address all correspondence to Xu Cao, ; Brian W. Pogue,
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LaRochelle EPM, Pogue BW. Theoretical lateral and axial sensitivity limits and choices of molecular reporters for Cherenkov-excited luminescence in tissue during x-ray beam scanning. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2020; 25:JBO-200235R. [PMID: 33185051 PMCID: PMC7658603 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.11.116004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Unlike fluorescence imaging utilizing an external excitation source, Cherenkov emissions and Cherenkov-excited luminescence occur within a medium when irradiated with high-energy x-rays. Methods to improve the understanding of the lateral spread and axial depth distribution of these emissions are needed as an initial step to improve the overall system resolution. METHODS Monte Carlo simulations were developed to investigate the lateral spread of thin sheets of high-energy sources and compared to experimental measurements of similar sources in water. Additional simulations of a multilayer skin model were used to investigate the limits of detection using both 6- and 18-MV x-ray sources with fluorescence excitation for inclusion depths up to 1 cm. RESULTS Simulations comparing the lateral spread of high-energy sources show approximately 100 × higher optical yield from electrons than photons, although electrons showed a larger penumbra in both the simulations and experimental measurements. Cherenkov excitation has a roughly inverse wavelength squared dependence in intensity but is largely redshifted in excitation through any distance of tissue. The calculated emission spectra in tissue were convolved with a database of luminescent compounds to produce a computational ranking of potential Cherenkov-excited luminescence molecular contrast agents. CONCLUSIONS Models of thin x-ray and electron sources were compared with experimental measurements, showing similar trends in energy and source type. Surface detection of Cherenkov-excited luminescence appears to be limited by the mean free path of the luminescence emission, where for the given simulation only 2% of the inclusion emissions reached the surface from a depth of 7 mm in a multilayer tissue model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
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Tuchina DK, Meerovich IG, Sindeeva OA, Zherdeva VV, Savitsky AP, Bogdanov AA, Tuchin VV. Magnetic resonance contrast agents in optical clearing: Prospects for multimodal tissue imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e201960249. [PMID: 32687263 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201960249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Skin optical clearing effect ex vivo and in vivo was achieved by topical application of low molecular weight paramagnetic magnetic resonance contrast agents. This novel feature has not been explored before. By using collimated transmittance the diffusion coefficients of three clinically used magnetic resonance contrast agents, that is Gadovist, Magnevist and Dotarem as well as X-ray contrast agent Visipaque in mouse skin were determined ex vivo as (4.29 ± 0.39) × 10-7 cm2 /s, (5.00 ± 0.72) × 10-7 cm2 /s, (3.72 ± 0.67) × 10-7 cm2 /s and (1.64 ± 0.18) × 10-7 cm2 /s, respectively. The application of gadobutrol (Gadovist) resulted in efficient optical clearing that in general, was superior to other contrast agents tested and allowed to achieve: (a) more than 12-fold increase of transmittance over 10 minutes after application ex vivo; (b) markedly improved images of skin architecture obtained with optical coherence tomography; (c) an increase of the fluorescence intensity/background ratio in TagRFP-red fluorescent marker protein expressing tumor by five times after 15 minutes application into the skin in vivo. The obtained results have immediate implications for multimodality imaging because many contrast agents are capable of simultaneously enhancing the contrast of multiple imaging modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria K Tuchina
- Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
- Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
- А.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina G Meerovich
- А.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Victoria V Zherdeva
- А.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander P Savitsky
- А.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexei A Bogdanov
- А.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valery V Tuchin
- Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
- Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
- А.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov, Russia
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Yao C, Li J, Cao X, Gunn JR, Wu M, Jiang S, Pogue BW. X-ray-Induced Cherenkov Optical Triggering of Caged Doxorubicin Released to the Nucleus for Chemoradiation Activation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:44383-44392. [PMID: 32914957 PMCID: PMC10851348 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c05189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Concurrent chemoradiotherapy is used for advanced cancers, but the chemotherapy is dose limited by normal tissue toxicity. Localized X-ray activation of chemotherapy could overcome this, as studied here, with release from self-assembled nanomicelles (NMs) created from copolymers loaded with doxorubicin (DOX) having a photocleavable o-nitrobenzyl ester (o-Ne) group. The micelles demonstrated release of DOX from X-ray-induced Cherenkov light and conversion from a caged hydrophobic form to hydrophilic DOX, which achieves nuclear localization. Folate on the exterior of the NMs directed them for effective intracellular uptake prior to irradiation. Irradiation with 8 Gy released the DOX, which then entered the cell nucleus, providing near-complete in vivo tumor eradication and negligible off-target organ damage. Micelles were assembled from molecular component materials that are commonly in human use. This study realizes triple targeting in chemoradiation with potential for cell-receptor-mediated uptake, localized radiotherapy activation, and nuclear relocalization, all leading to limited off-target toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Yao
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Xi’an Jiaotong University, Institute of Biomedical Analytical Technology and Instrumentation, School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiong Li
- Xi’an Jiaotong University, Institute of Biomedical Analytical Technology and Instrumentation, School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xu Cao
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Xidian University, Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jason R. Gunn
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Ming Wu
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, P.R. China
| | - Shudong Jiang
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Xi’an Jiaotong University, Institute of Biomedical Analytical Technology and Instrumentation, School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
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Cao X, Allu SR, Jiang S, Gunn Bs JR, Yao PhD C, Xin PhD J, Bruza PhD P, Gladstone ScD DJ, Jarvis Md PhD LA, Tian PhD J, Swartz Md Msph PhD HM, Vinogradov PhD SA, Pogue PhD BW. High-Resolution pO 2 Imaging Improves Quantification of the Hypoxic Fraction in Tumors During Radiation Therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2020; 109:603-613. [PMID: 33002542 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The extreme microscopic heterogeneity of tumors makes it difficult to characterize tumor hypoxia. We evaluated how changes in the spatial resolution of oxygen imaging could alter measures of tumor hypoxia and their correlation to radiation therapy response. METHODS AND MATERIALS Cherenkov-Excited Luminescence Imaging in combination with an oxygen probe, Oxyphor PtG4 was used to directly image tumor pO2 distributions with 0.2 mm spatial resolution at the time of radiation delivery. These pO2 images were analyzed with variations of reduced spatial resolution from 0.2 mm to 5 mm, to investigate the influence of how reduced imaging spatial resolution would affect the observed tumor hypoxia. As an in vivo validation test, mice bearing tumor xenografts were imaged for hypoxic fraction and median pO2 to examine the predictive link with tumor response to radiation therapy, while accounting for spatial resolution. RESULTS In transitioning from voxel sizes of 200 μm to 3 mm, the median pO2 values increased by a few mm Hg, and the hypoxic fraction decreased by more than 50%. When looking at radiation-responsive tumors, the median pO2 values changed just a few mm Hg as a result of treatment, and the hypoxic fractions changed by as much as 50%. This latter change, however, could only be seen when sampling was performed with high spatial resolution. Median pO2 or similar quantities obtained from low resolution measurements are commonly used in clinical practice, however these parameters are much less sensitive to changes in the tumor microenvironment than the tumor hypoxic fraction obtained from high-resolution oxygen images. CONCLUSIONS This study supports the hypothesis that for adequate measurements of the tumor response to radiation therapy, oxygen imaging with high spatial resolution is required to accurately characterize the hypoxic fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cao
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire; Xidian University, Engineering Research Center of Molecular & Neuroimaging, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Srinivasa Rao Allu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Chemistry, School or Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shudong Jiang
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Jason R Gunn Bs
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Cuiping Yao PhD
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire; Xi'an Jiaotong University, Institute of Biomedical Analytical Technology and Instrumentation, School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Xin PhD
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire; Xi'an Jiaotong University, Institute of Biomedical Analytical Technology and Instrumentation, School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Petr Bruza PhD
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - David J Gladstone ScD
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire; Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Lesley A Jarvis Md PhD
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire; Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Jie Tian PhD
- Xidian University, Engineering Research Center of Molecular & Neuroimaging, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Sergei A Vinogradov PhD
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Chemistry, School or Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Brian W Pogue PhD
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire.
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Boschi F, Spinelli AE. Nanoparticles for Cerenkov and Radioluminescent Light Enhancement for Imaging and Radiotherapy. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10091771. [PMID: 32906838 PMCID: PMC7559269 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cerenkov luminescence imaging and Cerenkov photodynamic therapy have been developed in recent years to exploit the Cerenkov radiation (CR) generated by radioisotopes, frequently used in Nuclear Medicine, to diagnose and fight cancer lesions. For in vivo detection, the endpoint energy of the radioisotope and, thus, the total number of the emitted Cerenkov photons, represents a very important variable and explains why, for example, 68Ga is better than 18F. However, it was also found that the scintillation process is an important mechanism for light production. Nanotechnology represents the most important field, providing nanosctructures which are able to shift the UV-blue emission into a more suitable wavelength, with reduced absorption, which is useful especially for in vivo imaging and therapy applications. Nanoparticles can be made, loaded or linked to fluorescent dyes to modify the optical properties of CR radiation. They also represent a useful platform for therapeutic agents, such as photosensitizer drugs for the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Generally, NPs can be spaced by CR sources; however, for in vivo imaging applications, NPs bound to or incorporating radioisotopes are the most interesting nanocomplexes thanks to their high degree of mutual colocalization and the reduced problem of false uptake detection. Moreover, the distance between the NPs and CR source is crucial for energy conversion. Here, we review the principal NPs proposed in the literature, discussing their properties and the main results obtained by the proponent experimental groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Boschi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Antonello Enrico Spinelli
- Experimental Imaging Center, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy;
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Swartz HM, Flood AB, Schaner PE, Halpern H, Williams BB, Pogue BW, Gallez B, Vaupel P. How best to interpret measures of levels of oxygen in tissues to make them effective clinical tools for care of patients with cancer and other oxygen-dependent pathologies. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14541. [PMID: 32786045 PMCID: PMC7422807 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well understood that the level of molecular oxygen (O2 ) in tissue is a very important factor impacting both physiology and pathological processes as well as responsiveness to some treatments. Data on O2 in tissue could be effectively utilized to enhance precision medicine. However, the nature of the data that can be obtained using existing clinically applicable techniques is often misunderstood, and this can confound the effective use of the information. Attempts to make clinical measurements of O2 in tissues will inevitably provide data that are aggregated over time and space and therefore will not fully represent the inherent heterogeneity of O2 in tissues. Additionally, the nature of existing techniques to measure O2 may result in uneven sampling of the volume of interest and therefore may not provide accurate information on the "average" O2 in the measured volume. By recognizing the potential limitations of the O2 measurements, one can focus on the important and useful information that can be obtained from these techniques. The most valuable clinical characterizations of oxygen are likely to be derived from a series of measurements that provide data about factors that can change levels of O2 , which then can be exploited both diagnostically and therapeutically. The clinical utility of such data ultimately needs to be verified by careful studies of outcomes related to the measured changes in levels of O2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold M Swartz
- Department of Radiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Radiation Oncology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Ann Barry Flood
- Department of Radiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Philip E Schaner
- Department of Medicine, Section of Radiation Oncology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Howard Halpern
- Department Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Benjamin B Williams
- Department of Radiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Radiation Oncology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Brian W Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
- Department of Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Bernard Gallez
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter Vaupel
- Department Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Center Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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25
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Soter JA, LaRochelle EPM, Byrd BK, Tendler II, Gunn JR, Meng B, Strawbridge RR, Wirth DJ, Davis SC, Gladstone DJ, Jarvis LA, Pogue BW. Tracking tumor radiotherapy response in vivo with Cherenkov-excited luminescence ink imaging. Phys Med Biol 2020; 65:095004. [PMID: 32135522 PMCID: PMC7190437 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab7d16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrates remote imaging for in vivo detection of radiation-induced tumor microstructural changes by tracking the diffusive spread of injected intratumor UV excited tattoo ink using Cherenkov-excited luminescence imaging (CELI). Micro-liter quantities of luminescent tattoo ink with UV absorption and visible emission were injected at a depth of 2 mm into mouse tumors prior to receiving a high dose treatment of radiation. X-rays from a clinical linear accelerator were used to excite phosphorescent compounds within the tattoo ink through Cherenkov emission. The in vivo phosphorescence was detected using a time-gated intensified CMOS camera immediately after injection, and then again at varying time points after the ink had broken down with the apoptotic tumor cells. Ex vivo tumors were imaged post-mortem using hyperspectral cryo-fluorescence imaging to quantify necrosis and compared to Cherenkov-excited light imaging of diffusive ink spread measured in vivo. Imaging of untreated control mice showed that ink distributions remained constant after four days with less than 3% diffusive spread measured using full width at 20% max. For all mice, in vivo CELI measurements matched within 12% of the values estimated by the high-resolution ex vivo sliced luminescence imaging of the tumors. The tattoo ink spread in treated mice was found to correlate well with the nonperfusion necrotic core volume (R2 = 0.92) but not well with total tumor volume changes (R2 = 0.34). In vivo and ex vivo findings indicate that the diffusive spread of the injected tattoo ink can be related to radiation-induced necrosis, independent of total tumor volume change. Tracking the diffusive spread of the ink allows for distinguishing between an increase in tumor size due to new cellular growth and an increase in tumor size due to edema. Furthermore, the imaging resolution of CELI allows for in vivo tracking of subtle microenvironmental changes which occur earlier than tumor shrinkage and this offers the potential for novel, minimally invasive radiotherapy response assay without interrupting a singular clinical workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brook K. Byrd
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Irwin I. Tendler
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Jason R. Gunn
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Boyu Meng
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | | | - Dennis J. Wirth
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Scott C. Davis
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - David J. Gladstone
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | | | - Brian W. Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
- DoseOptics LLC, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA
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26
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Guo H, Gao L, Yu J, He X, Wang H, Zheng J, Yang X. Sparse-graph manifold learning method for bioluminescence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e201960218. [PMID: 31990430 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201960218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In preclinical researches, bioluminescence tomography (BLT) has widely been used for tumor imaging and monitoring, imaged-guided tumor therapy, and so forth. For these biological applications, both tumor spatial location and morphology analysis are the leading problems needed to be taken into account. However, most existing BLT reconstruction methods were proposed for some specific applications with a focus on sparse representation or morphology recovery, respectively. How to design a versatile algorithm that can simultaneously deal with both aspects remains an impending problem. In this study, a Sparse-Graph Manifold Learning (SGML) method was proposed to balance the source sparseness and morphology, by integrating non-convex sparsity constraint and dynamic Laplacian graph model. Furthermore, based on the nonconvex optimization theory and some iterative approximation, we proposed a novel iteratively reweighted soft thresholding algorithm (IRSTA) to solve the SGML model. Numerical simulations and in vivo experiments result demonstrated that the proposed SGML method performed much superior to the comparative methods in spatial localization and tumor morphology recovery for various source settings. It is believed that the SGML method can be applied to the related optical tomography and facilitate the development of optical molecular tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Guo
- School of Information Sciences and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- The Xi'an Key Laboratory of Radiomics and Intelligent Perception, Xi'an, China
- The State-Province Joint Engineering and Research Center of Advanced Networking and Intelligent Information Services, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ling Gao
- School of Information Sciences and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- The State-Province Joint Engineering and Research Center of Advanced Networking and Intelligent Information Services, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- The State-Province Joint Engineering and Research Center of Advanced Networking and Intelligent Information Services, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingjing Yu
- The School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaowei He
- School of Information Sciences and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- The Xi'an Key Laboratory of Radiomics and Intelligent Perception, Xi'an, China
| | - Hai Wang
- School of Information Sciences and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- The State-Province Joint Engineering and Research Center of Advanced Networking and Intelligent Information Services, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- School of Information Sciences and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- The State-Province Joint Engineering and Research Center of Advanced Networking and Intelligent Information Services, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xudong Yang
- School of Information Sciences and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- The State-Province Joint Engineering and Research Center of Advanced Networking and Intelligent Information Services, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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27
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Zhang Z, Qu Y, Cao Y, Shi X, Guo H, Zhang X, Zheng S, Liu H, Hu Z, Tian J. A novel in vivo Cerenkov luminescence image-guided surgery on primary and metastatic colorectal cancer. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e201960152. [PMID: 31800171 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201960152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Intraoperative Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) can effectively improve the performance of tumor surgery. Nevertheless, the existing approaches are still unsatisfying to the clinical demands of open surgery. This study develops a novel intraoperative in vivo CLI approach to investigate the potential and value of Cerenkov luminescence (CL) image-guided surgery. A system characterized with high sensitivity (19.61 kBq mL-1 18 F-FDG) and desirable spatial resolution (88.34 μm) is developed. CL image-guided surgery is performed on colorectal cancer (CRC) models of mice and swine. Tumor surgery is guided by the static CL images, and the resection quality is evaluated quantitatively and contrasted with other imaging modalities exemplified by bioluminescence imaging (BLI). The in vivo results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed intraoperative CLI approach for removing primary and metastatic CRC. Safety of performing in vivo CL image-guided surgery is verified as well through radiation measurements of related staffs. Overall, the developed intraoperative in vivo CLI approach can efficiently improve the cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, The State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yawei Qu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Third Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Control Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Anorectal, the Third medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojing Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, The State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbo Guo
- School of Information Sciences and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Third Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Third Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhua Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, The State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, The State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, China
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28
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Cao X, Rao Allu S, Jiang S, Jia M, Gunn JR, Yao C, LaRochelle EP, Shell JR, Bruza P, Gladstone DJ, Jarvis LA, Tian J, Vinogradov SA, Pogue BW. Tissue pO 2 distributions in xenograft tumors dynamically imaged by Cherenkov-excited phosphorescence during fractionated radiation therapy. Nat Commun 2020; 11:573. [PMID: 31996677 PMCID: PMC6989492 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14415-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia in solid tumors is thought to be an important factor in resistance to therapy, but the extreme microscopic heterogeneity of the partial pressures of oxygen (pO2) between the capillaries makes it difficult to characterize the scope of this phenomenon without invasive sampling of oxygen distributions throughout the tissue. Here we develop a non-invasive method to track spatial oxygen distributions in tumors during fractionated radiotherapy, using oxygen-dependent quenching of phosphorescence, oxygen probe Oxyphor PtG4 and the radiotherapy-induced Cherenkov light to excite and image the phosphorescence lifetimes within the tissue. Mice bearing MDA-MB-231 breast cancer and FaDu head neck cancer xenografts show different pO2 responses during each of the 5 fractions (5 Gy per fraction), delivered from a clinical linear accelerator. This study demonstrates subsurface in vivo mapping of tumor pO2 distributions with submillimeter spatial resolution, thus providing a methodology to track response of tumors to fractionated radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cao
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.,Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Srinivasa Rao Allu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shudong Jiang
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Mengyu Jia
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Jason R Gunn
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Cuiping Yao
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Analytical Technology and Instrumentation, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | | | - Jennifer R Shell
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Petr Bruza
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - David J Gladstone
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.,Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Lesley A Jarvis
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.,Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Jie Tian
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, The State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sergei A Vinogradov
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Brian W Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA. .,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.
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29
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Brůža P, Pétusseau A, Tisa S, Jermyn M, Jarvis LA, Gladstone DJ, Pogue BW. Imaging Cherenkov photon emissions in radiotherapy with a Geiger-mode gated quanta image sensor. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:4546-4549. [PMID: 31517927 PMCID: PMC7181332 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.004546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The emission of Cherenkov photons from human and animal tissue can be observed during clinical x-ray or particle beam irradiation. However, imaging this weak emission with the necessary single-photon sensitivity in the clinical room is challenging because of milliwatt-level ambient room lighting and the presence of stray high-energy radiation. In this Letter, we demonstrate, to the best of our knowledge, the first Cherenkov imaging with a time-gated quanta image sensor employing a large single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) array. Detecting single Cherenkov photons was possible with high photon avalanche gain, fast temporal gating, and moderately high ∼7% photon detection probability. Single-bit digitization and active SPAD quenching enabled stray x-ray noise suppression and photon-noise-limited imaging in a clinical environment. This type of imaging allows the knowledge of location, shape, and surface dose of the therapeutic beam radiotherapy with the stability of solid state-based detection.
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30
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Hirano Y, Yamamoto S. Estimation of the fractions of luminescence of water at higher energy than Cerenkov-light threshold for various types of radiation. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-9. [PMID: 31218874 PMCID: PMC6977019 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.6.066005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although the luminescence of water at a lower energy than the Cerenkov-light (CL) threshold has been found for various types of radiation, the fractions of the luminescence of water to the total produced light have not been obvious for radiations at a higher energy than the CL threshold because it is difficult to separate these two types of light. Thus, we used a Monte Carlo simulation to estimate the fractions of the luminescence of water for various types of radiation at a higher energy than the CL threshold to confirm the major component of the produced light. After we confirmed that the estimated light production of the luminescence of water could adequately simulate the experimental results, we calculated the produced light photons of this luminescence and the CL from water for protons (170 MeV), carbon ions (330 MeV/n), high-energy x-ray (6 MV) from a linear accelerator (LINAC), high-energy electrons (9 MeV) from LINAC, positrons (F-18, C-11, O-15, and N-13), and high-energy gamma photon radionuclides (Co-60). For protons, the major fraction of the produced light was the luminescence of water in addition to the CL from the prompt gamma photons produced by the nuclear interactions. For carbon ions, the major fraction of the produced light was the luminescence of water and the CL produced by the secondary electrons in addition to the prompt gamma photons produced by the nuclear interactions. For high-energy x-ray and electrons from LINAC, the fractions of luminescence of water were ∼0.1 % to 0.2%. The fractions of luminescence of water for positrons were 0.2% to 1.5% and that for Co-60 was 0.4%. We conclude that the major fractions of light produced from x-ray and electrons from LINAC, positron radionuclides, and the Co-60 source are CL, with fractions of the luminescence of water from <0.1 % to 1.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Hirano
- Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Seiichi Yamamoto
- Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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31
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Jia MJ, Bruza P, Andreozzi JM, Jarvis LA, Gladstone DJ, Pogue BW. Cherenkov-excited luminescence scanned imaging using scanned beam differencing and iterative deconvolution in dynamic plan radiation delivery in a human breast phantom geometry. Med Phys 2019; 46:3067-3077. [PMID: 30980725 DOI: 10.1002/mp.13545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to demonstrate high resolution optical luminescence sensing, referred to as Cherenkov excited luminescence scanning imaging (CELSI), could be achieved during a standard dynamic treatment plan for a whole breast radiotherapy geometry. METHODS The treatment plan beams induce Cherenkov light within tissue, and this excitation projects through the beam trajectory across the medium, inducing luminescence where there can be molecular reporter. Broad beams generally produce higher signal but low spatial resolution, yet for dynamic plans the scanning of the multileaf collimator allows for a beam-narrowing strategy by recursively temporal differencing each of the Cherenkov images and associated luminescence images. Then reconstruction from each of these size-reduced beamlets defined by the differenced Cherenkov images provides a well-conditioned matrix inversion, where the spatial frequencies are limited by the higher signal-to-noise ratio beamlets. A built-in stepwise convergence relies on stepwise beam size reduction, which is associated with a widening of the bandwidth of Cherenkov spatial frequency and resultant increase in spatial resolution. For the phantom experiments, europium nanoparticles were used as luminescent probes and embedded at depths ranging from 3 to 8 mm. An intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) plan was used to test this. RESULTS The Cherenkov images spatially guided where the luminescence was measured from, providing high lateral resolution, and iterative reconstruction convergence showed that optimization of the initial and stopping beamlet widths could be achieved with 15 and 4.5 mm, respectively, using a luminescence imaging frame rate of 5/s. With the IMRT breast plan, the original lateral resolution was improved 2X, that is, 0.08-0.24 mm for target depths of 3-8 mm. In comparison, a dynamic wedge (DW) plan showed an inferior image fidelity, with relative contrast recovery decreasing from 0.86 to 0.79. The methodology was applied to a three-dimensional dataset to reconstruct Cherenkov excited luminescence intensity distributions showing volumetric recovery of a 0.5 mm diameter object composed of 0.5 μM luminescent microbeads. CONCLUSIONS High resolution CELSI was achieved with a clinical breast external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) plan. It is anticipated that this method can allow visualization and localization for luminescence/fluorescence tagged vasculature, lymph nodes, or superficial tagged regions with most dynamic treatment plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Jeremy Jia
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Petr Bruza
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | | | - Lesley A Jarvis
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - David J Gladstone
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.,Norris Cotton Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA.,Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Brian W Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.,Norris Cotton Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
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32
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Jia MJ, Cao X, Gunn JR, Bruza P, Jiang S, Pogue BW. Tomographic Cherenkov-excited luminescence scanned imaging with multiple pinhole beams recovered via back-projection reconstruction. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:1552-1555. [PMID: 30933088 PMCID: PMC7104332 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.001552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cherenkov-excited luminescence scanned imaging (CELSI) is achieved with a clinical linear accelerator during external beam radiotherapy to map out molecular luminescence intensity or lifetime in tissue. In order to realize a deeper imaging depth with a reasonable spatial resolution in CELSI, we optimized the original scanning procedure to complete this in a way similar to x-ray computed tomography and with image reconstruction from maximum-likelihood expectation maximization and multi-pinhole irradiation for parallelization. Resolution phantom studies showed that a 0.3 mm diameter capillary tube containing 0.01 nM luminescent nanospheres could be recognized at a depth of 21 mm into tissue-like media. Small animal imaging with a 1 mm diameter cylindrical target demonstrated that fast 3D data acquisition can be achieved by this multi-pinhole collimator approach to image high-resolution luminescence through a whole animal.
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33
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Abstract
The electromagnetic spectrum contains different frequency bands useful for medical imaging and therapy. Short wavelengths (ionizing radiation) are commonly used for radiological and radionuclide imaging and for cancer radiation therapy. Intermediate wavelengths (optical radiation) are useful for more localized imaging and for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Finally, longer wavelengths are the basis for magnetic resonance imaging and for hyperthermia treatments. Recently, there has been a surge of interest for new biomedical methods that synergize optical and ionizing radiation by exploiting the ability of ionizing radiation to stimulate optical emissions. These physical phenomena, together known as radioluminescence, are being used for applications as diverse as radionuclide imaging, radiation therapy monitoring, phototherapy, and nanoparticle-based molecular imaging. This review provides a comprehensive treatment of the physics of radioluminescence and includes simple analytical models to estimate the luminescence yield of scintillators and nanoscintillators, Cherenkov radiation, air fluorescence, and biologically endogenous radioluminescence. Examples of methods that use radioluminescence for diagnostic or therapeutic applications are reviewed and analyzed in light of these quantitative physical models of radioluminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Klein
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Conroy Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Portland, OR 97201
| | - Guillem Pratx
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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34
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Cao X, Jiang S, Jia MJ, Gunn JR, Miao T, Davis SC, Bruza P, Pogue BW. Cherenkov excited short-wavelength infrared fluorescence imaging in vivo with external beam radiation. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 24:1-4. [PMID: 30468044 PMCID: PMC6250216 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.5.051405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cherenkov emission induced by external beam radiation therapy from a clinical linear accelerator (LINAC) can be used to excite phosphors deep in biological tissues. As with all luminescence imaging, there is a desire to minimize the spectral overlap between the excitation light and emission wavelengths, here between the Cherenkov and the phosphor. Cherenkov excited short-wavelength infrared (SWIR, 1000 to 1700 nm) fluorescence imaging has been demonstrated for the first time, using long Stokes-shift fluorophore PdSe quantum dots (QD) with nanosecond lifetime and an optimized SWIR detection. The 1 / λ2 intensity spectrum characteristic of Cherenkov emission leads to low overlap of this into the fluorescence spectrum of PdSe QDs in the SWIR range. Additionally, using a SWIR camera itself inherently ignores the stronger Cherenkov emission wavelengths dominant across the visible spectrum. The SWIR luminescence was shown to extend the depth sensitivity of Cherenkov imaging, which could be used for applications in radiotherapy sensing and imaging in human tissue with targeted molecular probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cao
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire United States
- Xidian University, Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shudong Jiang
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire United States
- Address all correspondence to: Shudong Jiang, E-mail: ; Brian W. Pogue, E-mail:
| | - Mengyu Jeremy Jia
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire United States
| | - Jason R. Gunn
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire United States
| | - Tianshun Miao
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire United States
| | - Scott C. Davis
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire United States
| | - Petr Bruza
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire United States
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire United States
- Address all correspondence to: Shudong Jiang, E-mail: ; Brian W. Pogue, E-mail:
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35
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Pogue BW, Wilson BC. Optical and x-ray technology synergies enabling diagnostic and therapeutic applications in medicine. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-17. [PMID: 30350489 PMCID: PMC6197862 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.12.121610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
X-ray and optical technologies are the two central pillars for human imaging and therapy. The strengths of x-rays are deep tissue penetration, effective cytotoxicity, and the ability to image with robust projection and computed-tomography methods. The major limitations of x-ray use are the lack of molecular specificity and the carcinogenic risk. In comparison, optical interactions with tissue are strongly scatter dominated, leading to limited tissue penetration, making imaging and therapy largely restricted to superficial or endoscopically directed tissues. However, optical photon energies are comparable with molecular energy levels, thereby providing the strength of intrinsic molecular specificity. Additionally, optical technologies are highly advanced and diversified, being ubiquitously used throughout medicine as the single largest technology sector. Both have dominant spatial localization value, achieved with optical surface scanning or x-ray internal visualization, where one often is used with the other. Therapeutic delivery can also be enhanced by their synergy, where radio-optical and optical-radio interactions can inform about dose or amplify the clinical therapeutic value. An emerging trend is the integration of nanoparticles to serve as molecular intermediates or energy transducers for imaging and therapy, requiring careful design for the interaction either by scintillation or Cherenkov light, and the nanoscale design is impacted by the choices of optical interaction mechanism. The enhancement of optical molecular sensing or sensitization of tissue using x-rays as the energy source is an important emerging field combining x-ray tissue penetration in radiation oncology with the molecular specificity and packaging of optical probes or molecular localization. The ways in which x-rays can enable optical procedures, or optics can enable x-ray procedures, provide a range of new opportunities in both diagnostic and therapeutic medicine. Taken together, these two technologies form the basis for the vast majority of diagnostics and therapeutics in use in clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W. Pogue
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Brian C. Wilson
- University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Jia MJ, Bruza P, Jarvis LA, Gladstone DJ, Pogue BW. Multi-beam scan analysis with a clinical LINAC for high resolution Cherenkov-excited molecular luminescence imaging in tissue. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:4217-4234. [PMID: 30615721 PMCID: PMC6157777 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.004217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cherenkov-excited luminescence scanned imaging (CELSI) is achieved with external beam radiotherapy to map out molecular luminescence intensity or lifetime in tissue. Just as in fluorescence microscopy, the choice of excitation geometry can affect the imaging time, spatial resolution and contrast recovered. In this study, the use of spatially patterned illumination was systematically studied comparing scan shapes, starting with line scan and block patterns and increasing from single beams to multiple parallel beams and then to clinically used treatment plans for radiation therapy. The image recovery was improved by a spatial-temporal modulation-demodulation method, which used the ability to capture simultaneous images of the excitation Cherenkov beam shape to deconvolve the CELSI images. Experimental studies used the multi-leaf collimator on a clinical linear accelerator (LINAC) to create the scanning patterns, and image resolution and contrast recovery were tested at different depths of tissue phantom material. As hypothesized, the smallest illumination squares achieved optimal resolution, but at the cost of lower signal and slower imaging time. Having larger excitation blocks provided superior signal but at the cost of increased radiation dose and lower resolution. Increasing the scan beams to multiple block patterns improved the performance in terms of image fidelity, lower radiation dose and faster acquisition. The spatial resolution was mostly dependent upon pixel area with an optimized side length near 38mm and a beam scan pitch of P = 0.33, and the achievable imaging depth was increased from 14mm to 18mm with sufficient resolving power for 1mm sized test objects. As a proof-of-concept, in-vivo tumor mouse imaging was performed to show 3D rendering and quantification of tissue pO2 with values of 5.6mmHg in a tumor and 77mmHg in normal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Jeremy Jia
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Petr Bruza
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Lesley A. Jarvis
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - David J. Gladstone
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
- Norris Cotton Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
- Norris Cotton Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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Cao X, Jiang S, Jia M, Gunn J, Miao T, Davis SC, Bruza P, Pogue BW. Observation of short wavelength infrared (SWIR) Cherenkov emission. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:3854-3857. [PMID: 30106900 PMCID: PMC7577552 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.003854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cherenkov emission induced by external beam radiation from a clinical linear accelerator has been shown in preclinical molecular imaging and clinical imaging. The broad spectrum Cherenkov emission should have a short wavelength infrared (SWIR, 1000-1700 nm) component, as predicted theoretically. To the best of our knowledge, this Letter is the first experimental observation of this SWIR Cherenkov emission induced by external beam radiation. The measured spectrum of SWIR Cherenkov emission matches the theoretical prediction, with a fluence rate near one-third of the visible and near-infrared red emissions (Vis-NIR, 400-900 nm). Imaging in water-based phantoms and biological tissues indicates that there is a sufficient fluence rate for radiotherapy dosimetry applications. The spatial resolution is improved approximately 5.3 times with SWIR Cherenkov emission detection versus Vis-NIR Cherenkov emission, which provides some improvement in the potential for higher resolution Cherenkov emission dosimetry and molecular sensing during clinical radiotherapy by imaging with SWIR wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cao
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education & School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Shudong Jiang
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Mengyu Jia
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Jason Gunn
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Tianshun Miao
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Scott C. Davis
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Petr Bruza
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
- Corresponding author:
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