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Kettel P, Karagöz GE. Endoplasmic reticulum: Monitoring and maintaining protein and membrane homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum by the unfolded protein response. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2024; 172:106598. [PMID: 38768891 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2024.106598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) regulates essential cellular processes, including protein folding, lipid synthesis, and calcium homeostasis. The ER homeostasis is maintained by a conserved set of signaling cascades called the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR). How the UPR senses perturbations in ER homeostasis has been the subject of active research for decades. In metazoans, the UPR consists of three ER-membrane embedded sensors: IRE1, PERK and ATF6. These sensors detect the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER lumen and adjust protein folding capacity according to cellular needs. Early work revealed that the ER-resident chaperone BiP binds to all three UPR sensors in higher eukaryotes and BiP binding was suggested to regulate their activity. More recent data have shown that in higher eukaryotes the interaction of the UPR sensors with a complex network of chaperones and misfolded proteins modulates their activation and deactivation dynamics. Furthermore, emerging evidence suggests that the UPR monitors ER membrane integrity beyond protein folding defects. However, the mechanistic and structural basis of UPR activation by proteotoxic and lipid bilayer stress in higher eukaryotes remains only partially understood. Here, we review the current understanding of novel protein interaction networks and the contribution of the lipid membrane environment to UPR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kettel
- Max Perutz Laboratories Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria; Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - G Elif Karagöz
- Max Perutz Laboratories Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Pereira AC, De Pascale J, Resende R, Cardoso S, Ferreira I, Neves BM, Carrascal MA, Zuzarte M, Madeira N, Morais S, Macedo A, do Carmo A, Moreira PI, Cruz MT, Pereira CF. ER-mitochondria communication is involved in NLRP3 inflammasome activation under stress conditions in the innate immune system. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:213. [PMID: 35344105 PMCID: PMC11072401 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04211-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, which are key events in the initiation and/or progression of several diseases, are correlated with alterations at ER-mitochondria contact sites, the so-called "Mitochondria-Associated Membranes" (MAMs). These intracellular structures are also implicated in NLRP3 inflammasome activation which is an important driver of sterile inflammation, however, the underlying molecular basis remains unclear. This work aimed to investigate the role of ER-mitochondria communication during ER stress-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in both peripheral and central innate immune systems, by using THP-1 human monocytes and BV2 microglia cells, respectively, as in vitro models. Markers of ER stress, mitochondrial dynamics and mass, as well as NLRP3 inflammasome activation were evaluated by Western Blot, IL-1β secretion was measured by ELISA, and ER-mitochondria contacts were quantified by transmission electron microscopy. Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and polarization were analyzed with fluorescent probes, and measurement of aconitase and SOD2 activities monitored mitochondrial ROS accumulation. ER stress was demonstrated to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome in both peripheral and central immune cells. Studies in monocytes indicate that ER stress-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation occurs by a Ca2+-dependent and ROS-independent mechanism, which is coupled with upregulation of MAMs-resident chaperones, closer ER-mitochondria contacts, as well as mitochondrial depolarization and impaired dynamics. Moreover, enhanced ER stress-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the immune system was found associated with pathological conditions since it was observed in monocytes derived from bipolar disorder (BD) patients, supporting a pro-inflammatory status in BD. In conclusion, by demonstrating that ER-mitochondria communication plays a key role in the response of the innate immune cells to ER stress, this work contributes to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying NLRP3 inflammasome activation under stress conditions, and to disclose novel potential therapeutic targets for diseases associated with sterile inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catarina Pereira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CACC-Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jessica De Pascale
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rosa Resende
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CACC-Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Susana Cardoso
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CACC-Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel Ferreira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CACC-Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bruno Miguel Neves
- iBiMED-Department of Medical Sciences and Institute for Biomedicine, University Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mylène A Carrascal
- CACC-Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Tecnimede Group, Sintra, Portugal
| | - Mónica Zuzarte
- Faculty of Medicine, University Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CACC-Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- iCBR-Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, University Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nuno Madeira
- Faculty of Medicine, University Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CACC-Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CIBIT-Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Psychiatry, CHUC-UC-Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sofia Morais
- Faculty of Medicine, University Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CACC-Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Psychiatry, CHUC-UC-Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António Macedo
- Faculty of Medicine, University Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CACC-Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Psychiatry, CHUC-UC-Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Anália do Carmo
- CACC-Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Clinical Pathology, CHUC-UC-Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula I Moreira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CACC-Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Cruz
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CACC-Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cláudia F Pereira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Faculty of Medicine, University Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
- CACC-Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
- , Coimbra, Portugal.
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Sahin GS, Lee H, Engin F. An accomplice more than a mere victim: The impact of β-cell ER stress on type 1 diabetes pathogenesis. Mol Metab 2021; 54:101365. [PMID: 34728341 PMCID: PMC8606542 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic β-cells are the insulin factory of an organism with a mission to regulate glucose homeostasis in the body. Due to their high secretory activity, β-cells rely on a functional and intact endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Perturbations to ER homeostasis and unmitigated stress lead to β-cell dysfunction and death. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by the autoimmune-mediated destruction of β-cells. Although autoimmunity is an essential component of T1D pathogenesis, accumulating evidence suggests an important role of β-cell ER stress and aberrant unfolded protein response (UPR) in disease initiation and progression. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this article, we introduce ER stress and the UPR, review β-cell ER stress in various mouse models, evaluate its involvement in inflammation, and discuss the effects of ER stress on β-cell plasticity and demise, and islet autoimmunity in T1D. We also highlight the relationship of ER stress with other stress response pathways and provide insight into ongoing clinical studies targeting ER stress and the UPR for the prevention or treatment of T1D. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Evidence from ex vivo studies, in vivo mouse models, and tissue samples from patients suggest that β-cell ER stress and a defective UPR contribute to T1D pathogenesis. Thus, restoration of β-cell ER homeostasis at various stages of disease presents a plausible therapeutic strategy for T1D. Identifying the specific functions and regulation of each UPR sensor in β-cells and uncovering the crosstalk between stressed β-cells and immune cells during T1D progression would provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of disease process, and may reveal novel targets for development of effective therapies for T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulcan Semra Sahin
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Hugo Lee
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Feyza Engin
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA; Department of Cell & Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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Durand S, Grajeda-Iglesias C, Aprahamian F, Nirmalathasan N, Kepp O, Kroemer G. The intracellular metabolome of starving cells. Methods Cell Biol 2021; 164:137-156. [PMID: 34225912 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Fasting induces vast metabolic adaptations on the cellular level and leads to an organism-wide induction of autophagy. Autophagic degradation subserves resource recycling and facilitates the maintenance of energetic homeostasis. Mass spectrometry offers the possibility to assess changes in the metabolome that occur in conditions of nutrient deprivation and to profile such adaptations. Here we describe a detailed workflow for the targeted quantitation and untargeted profiling of metabolites that can be used to assess the intracellular metabolome of starving cells. Moreover, we outline a workflow for the use of non-radioactive isotope labeled metabolites. Altogether, we show that mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for monitoring metabolic changes in conditions of fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvère Durand
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Équipe 11 Labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Claudia Grajeda-Iglesias
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Équipe 11 Labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Fanny Aprahamian
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Équipe 11 Labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Nitharsshini Nirmalathasan
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Équipe 11 Labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Oliver Kepp
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Équipe 11 Labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Équipe 11 Labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France; Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France.
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Vig S, Lambooij JM, Zaldumbide A, Guigas B. Endoplasmic Reticulum-Mitochondria Crosstalk and Beta-Cell Destruction in Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:669492. [PMID: 33936111 PMCID: PMC8085402 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.669492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-cell destruction in type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from the combined effect of inflammation and recurrent autoimmunity. In response to inflammatory signals, beta-cells engage adaptive mechanisms where the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria act in concert to restore cellular homeostasis. In the recent years it has become clear that this adaptive phase may trigger the development of autoimmunity by the generation of autoantigens recognized by autoreactive CD8 T cells. The participation of the ER stress and the unfolded protein response to the increased visibility of beta-cells to the immune system has been largely described. However, the role of the other cellular organelles, and in particular the mitochondria that are central mediator for beta-cell survival and function, remains poorly investigated. In this review we will dissect the crosstalk between the ER and mitochondria in the context of T1D, highlighting the key role played by this interaction in beta-cell dysfunctions and immune activation, especially through regulation of calcium homeostasis, oxidative stress and generation of mitochondrial-derived factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Vig
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Joost M Lambooij
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Arnaud Zaldumbide
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Bruno Guigas
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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Chidawanyika T, Chakrabarti R, Beauchemin KS, Higgs HN, Supattapone S. SEC24A facilitates colocalization and Ca 2 + flux between the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs.249276. [PMID: 33622772 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.249276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A genome-wide screen recently identified SEC24A as a novel mediator of thapsigargin-induced cell death in HAP1 cells. Here, we determined the cellular mechanism and specificity of SEC24A-mediated cytotoxicity. Measurement of Ca2+ levels using organelle-specific fluorescent indicator dyes showed that Ca2+ efflux from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and influx into mitochondria were significantly impaired in SEC24A-knockout cells. Furthermore, SEC24A-knockout cells also showed ∼44% less colocalization of mitochondria and peripheral tubular ER. Knockout of SEC24A, but not its paralogs SEC24B, SEC24C or SEC24D, rescued HAP1 cells from cell death induced by three different inhibitors of sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPases (SERCA) but not from cell death induced by a topoisomerase inhibitor. Thapsigargin-treated SEC24A-knockout cells showed a ∼2.5-fold increase in autophagic flux and ∼10-fold reduction in apoptosis compared to wild-type cells. Taken together, our findings indicate that SEC24A plays a previously unrecognized role in regulating association and Ca2+ flux between the ER and mitochondria, thereby impacting processes dependent on mitochondrial Ca2+ levels, including autophagy and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamutenda Chidawanyika
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Guarini School of Graduate and Advanced Studies, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Rajarshi Chakrabarti
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Guarini School of Graduate and Advanced Studies, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Kathryn S Beauchemin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Guarini School of Graduate and Advanced Studies, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Henry N Higgs
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Guarini School of Graduate and Advanced Studies, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Surachai Supattapone
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Guarini School of Graduate and Advanced Studies, Hanover, NH 03755, USA .,Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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Kumar V, Maity S. ER Stress-Sensor Proteins and ER-Mitochondrial Crosstalk-Signaling Beyond (ER) Stress Response. Biomolecules 2021; 11:173. [PMID: 33525374 PMCID: PMC7911976 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies undoubtedly show the importance of inter organellar connections to maintain cellular homeostasis. In normal physiological conditions or in the presence of cellular and environmental stress, each organelle responds alone or in coordination to maintain cellular function. The Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria are two important organelles with very specialized structural and functional properties. These two organelles are physically connected through very specialized proteins in the region called the mitochondria-associated ER membrane (MAM). The molecular foundation of this relationship is complex and involves not only ion homeostasis through the shuttling of calcium but also many structural and apoptotic proteins. IRE1alpha and PERK are known for their canonical function as an ER stress sensor controlling unfolded protein response during ER stress. The presence of these transmembrane proteins at the MAM indicates its potential involvement in other biological functions beyond ER stress signaling. Many recent studies have now focused on the non-canonical function of these sensors. In this review, we will focus on ER mitochondrial interdependence with special emphasis on the non-canonical role of ER stress sensors beyond ER stress.
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Gastrodin Ameliorates Acute Rejection via IRE1 α/TRAF2/NF- κB in Rats Receiving Liver Allografts. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:9276831. [PMID: 31828147 PMCID: PMC6886336 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9276831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Liver transplantation (LT) is currently an effective treatment for end-stage liver disease, but the occurrence of acute rejection (AR) is still the main problem to be solved. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of gastrodin (GAS) on LT. Methods Rat transplant models were established and divided into SHAM, LT, GAS-L (50 mg/kg GAS), and GAS-H (100 mg/kg GAS) groups. The liver function, inflammatory factors, liver histopathology, survival of rats, number of M2-type macrophages, liver cell apoptosis, and pathway proteins were assayed at 7 days and 14 days after the operations. Results With increasing GAS concentrations, liver function, expression of proinflammatory factors in the liver, and expression of M2-type molecules in macrophages were significantly improved, and the survival time of rats was significantly prolonged (P < 0.05). All rats treated with low or high doses of GAS were judged to have nondeterministic acute rejection. Flow cytometry showed that liver cell apoptosis was decreased significantly in the GAS-L and GAS-H groups after GAS administration compared with apoptosis and differentiation in the LT group (P < 0.05). Expression levels of Caspase-3, Bad, and Bax proteins were decreased, and the expression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 was increased in the GAS-L and GAS-H groups (P < 0.05). Mechanistically, the ERS-related IRE1α/TRAF2/NF-κB pathway was suppressed by GAS, and GAS acted mainly on intrahepatic macrophages to affect AR and reduce ROS production (P < 0.05). Conclusion GAS ameliorated AR by inhibiting the IRE1α/TRAF2/NF-κB pathway in LT.
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